F.3 Chemistry Ch.7 and Ch.

8 notes
Chemical bond is a force holding the particles together. There are three types of chemical bond.
- Ionic bond: holding cations and non-metal ions/anions together. Monoatomic ion: ion with one
- Metallic bond: holding metal ions together by mobile electrons. atom only. Ca2+, Na+, N3-
- Covalent bond: holding non-metal atom together as a molecule. Polyatomic ion: ion with more
Cation(Metal ion/Positive ion) is formed by losing electrons. than one atoms. SO42-, NH4+
Anion(Non-metal ion/Negative ion) is formed by gaining electrons.

Atoms tend to lose or gain electrons to form octet structure in order to become stable.
For metal, depends on the outermost shell electron. Like calcium has two o.s.e, then the charge is +2, Mg2+.
For non-metal, how many electrons are needed to form octet. We use 8 – ose. Like oxygen has 6, then is O2-.

Name of cation: Full name of metal.

Roman numerals = number of lost electrons for transition metal
Name of anion: end with -ide.
Name of polyatomic anion: -ite (less oxygen) || -ate (more oxygen)

Some ions are in visible colour.

E.g. Iron(III) sulphate. It is yellow-brown in colour.

Naming of ionic compound: First cation, then anion. Sodium ion + chloride ion -> Sodium chloride

Ionic compounds in molten state(liquid but no water) or aqueous state (mix with water) can conduct
electricity. So molten/aqueous ionic substances can be separated by electrolysis, is called electrolyte.
In an electrolysis set-up, there is positive electrode and negative electrode. Like, magnet. Positive cation
flow to negative electrode. Negative anion flow to positive electrode. (+ =><= –)

E.g. Electrolysis of K2Cr2O7. K+ ions flow to -ve electrode. Cr2O72- ions flow to +ve electrode. Observation?

Metal atoms are usually unstable. Their outermost shell electrons can be delocalized. Hence, negative
mobile electrons and positive metal ions are formed. Since both of them are in opposite charges, attraction
forces are formed. The mobile electrons hold the metal ions together and thus form metallic bond.

Formula mass = sum of relative atomic mass of all atom in the ionic compound.
When non-metal atoms combine, they need to gain electrons to obtain octet rule. So, they share electrons to
form covalent bond. Each covalent bond contains two electrons. It is also called bond pair electrons.
[Covalent bond is the attractive force which holds non-metal atoms together.]
Compound formed by covalent bond is called covalent compound. The major
type is called molecule.

Proton in the nucleus is positively charged. So when non-metal atoms is

nearby each other, there will be attraction between the protons and electrons.

Monoatomic molecule: Only one atom in the molecule. [Noble gas]

Diatomic molecule: Two atoms in the molecule. [O2, N2, HCl]
Polyatomic molecule: Three or more atoms in the molecule. [NH3, CO2, H2O]

Single bond: Share one pair of electrons only. [H2, Cl2]

Double bond: Share two pairs of electrons. [O2]
Triple bond: Share three pairs of electrons. [N2]

If two electrons are left, did not share with other atoms. It is
called lone pair electrons. E.g. Ammonia. 3 single bonds and
1 lone pair of electrons.

Dative covalent bond is a covalent bond form by donating

electrons from one atom to another, but not sharing.
Compounds contain dative covalent bonds usually bring charges.

Relative molecular mass = Total sum of relative atomic mass of all atoms in the molecule.