Basic Anatomy (English)

Human Anatomy
The Science Dealing with the Structure of the Human Body
Standard reference posture of the human body. (Anatomical Position)

-standing upright, with your feet slightly apart, your arms hanging down, and your palms facing
1
forward.
1 Basic anatomy (English) - 2024년 1월 1일

Anatomical Terminology
“ Superior top side of the body
“ Inferior lower side of the body
“ Cranial toward the head
“ Caudal toward the tail
“ Medial toward midline of the body
“ Lateral away from midline of the body
“ Anterior, ventral toward the front
“ Posterior, dorsal toward the back
“ Proximal situated nearest to point of attachment
“ Distal situated farthest from point of attachment
“ Superficial shallow proximity in relation to the surface
“ Deep extending inward from the surface
“ Supine lying face up
“ Prone lying face down
“ Unilateral one side
“ Bilateral both sides
“ Ipsilateral same side
“ Contralateral opposite side

Planes of Movement
Frontal (coronal) plane
“ Divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior)
Sagittal plane
“ Divides body into left and right (midsagittal-divides
into equal halves)
Transverse plane
“ Divides body into upper and lower (superior and
inferior) portions; horizontal
Movements are defined by the plane

that they Move within/along and
the axis that they move about

Movements in the Frontal Plane
“ Abduction – Movement of
a part of the body away from
the vertical midline of the body
“ Adduction – Movement of
a part of the body toward the
vertical midline of the body

Movements in the Frontal Plane
“ Side-bending (lateral flexion) – A movement in which the angle is
decreased laterally (occurs at the trunk and neck)

Planes of Movement
Sagittal plane
into equal halves)
Transverse plane


Movements in the Sagittal Plane
“Flexion – Decreasing the joint angle, bending
“ Extension – Increasing the joint angle,

straightening

Planes of Movement
Sagittal plane
into equal halves)
Transverse plane


Movements in the Transverse Plane
“ External Rotation – Movement of the anterior side of a segment
Away from the midline of the body
“ Internal Rotation - Movement of the anterior side of a segment

Inward toward the midline of the body

Movements in the Transverse Plane
“ Horizontal Adduction – Bringing the humerus from the side horizontal
position of the body to the front of the body
“ Horizontal Abduction – Return from horizontal adduction
10

The Skeleton
Our body can be divided into Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton.
The Axis Skeleton

- Forms the Longitudinal axis of the body
- Divided into three parts
a. Skull : 22
b. Vertebral column
c. Bony thorax (b.c Total 58 )
The Appendicular Skeleton

Make up of 126 bones
Our body is a structure made up of a total of 206 bones.
Components of Axial Skeleton:

The skull that contains 22 bones.
The bones associated with the skull including the ear
ossicles and hyoid bones.
The vertebral column that consists of 24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum and 1
coccyx.
The thoracic cage with 24 ribs and one sternum.
11

Vertebral Column
The vertebral column consists of 26 bones including 24 vertebrae,

the sacrum and the coccyx.
12

A Typical Vertebrae
13

Cervical Vertebrae
14

Thoracic Vertebrae
15

Lumbar Vertebrae
16

Sacral Vertebrae
The sacrum represent the fusion of 5 vertebrae. Transverse lines mark where the bodies of the vertebrae fused.
The bone is curved when viewed from the side with a convex dorsal surface.
17

Bony Thorax
The thoracic cage consists of thoracic vertebrae,
ribs and costae, and the sternum.
It protects organs in the thoracic cavity and
serves as attachment site for muscles.
Ribs
There are 12 pairs of ribs which include:
true ribs - connect to the sternum by separate

costal cartilages.
false ribs - do not attach directly to the sternum.
Ribs 8-10 have costal cartilages that fuses

to the costal cartilage of superior ribs.
Ribs 11 and 12 have no connection to the sternum and

are called oating ribs.
18

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BASIC ANATOMY & KINESILOGY Part.3 Composition
and character for joint form
19

Ligaments
■ The ligament is a strong, dense connective organs that supports the internal lining.
■ It is a dens bundle of irregularly arranged collagen fibers.
“ Fibrous bands of connective tissue that connect one bone to another."
■ Function
▶ It has the function of passively strengthening and fixing.
▶ Attaches bone to bone.

▶ Unlike muscles, ligaments cannot be actively contracted.
▶ Except for a few ligaments, can not be stretched.
▶ They can become tense or loose depending on the specific posture.

▶ Usually remains tight, regardless of whether the muscles contract
or notwithstanding the contraction of the muscles.
20

Tendons
• A hard tissue that connects the periosteum surrounding muscles and
“ Bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscle to bone.
• It is a hard tissue that similar to a ligament, these connectaments are found with one or more Tendons on both sides of the muscle.
• It is a flexible tissue and its thickness length shape depends on which muscle it is connected to.
21

Muscles
A body organ that is responsible for moving, maintaining posture, maintaining body temperature, and fluid secreting through
contraction exercises as a connective tissue of muscle cells.
22

Joints
■ combination method in which two or more then two bones
■ It has a variety of mobility
Joints can be classified according to the range

form and angle of the movement.
“ There are three major classifications of joints
in the human body;
“ Fibrous joints : It moves fixed or very small
“ Cartilaginous joints : Moves small
“ Synovial joints : Move freely
23

Joints
Synovial joints
“ Ball and Socket
“ Hinge
“ Saddle
“ Ellipsoid / Condyloid
“ Pivot
“ Gliding / Plane
24

Joints
Ball and Socket
Ball and socket joints are structured so that one side is ball shaped surface of one
rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bon, and moves freely
(shoulder, hip)
Hinge
Hinge joints are convex on one side, concave on the other, and can only move in one
direction (Elbow, Knee)
25

Joints
Saddle
A saddle joint is a joint in which both concave
sides are shaped like a horse's saddle and fit
together to allow movement forward, backward,
left, and right (thumb)
Ellipsoid Joints
Ellipsoid joint has one side convex and one side concave,
forming an oval shape, allowing bending, extension, and
Abduction& adduction movements. (Temporomandibular joint)
26

Joints
Pivot Joints
Pivot joint is can rotates around a limited
circle range.
C1(atlas) on C2(axis)
Gliding Joints
It is a joint in which the angle between the two bones changes or the movement of sliding
like rubbing each other on a plane without rotation. It can be seen in the joints between
the palms of the hands or feet joint, which are representative parts, and only sliding
movements are allowed, but if you move in combination with other joint surfaces, you can
create a variety of movements.
27

Body Movement
“ The body has its own rules, so it's systematized.
“ In the body lower limb and upper limb has the same system of movement.
First, ball and socket joint(hip/shoulder)& hinge joint (knee/elbow), and It also consists of several movable joints (ankle/wrist.
These are prepared for combining the range of motion and stability.
“ Each joint is made up of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones and joints.
The combination of these elements provides a range of motion (mobility)
and stability of each joint.
28

The Upper Body
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their supporting elements,
the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle that attach them the axial skeleton.
Pectoral Girdle
The pectoral girdle, or shoulder girdle, consists of the clavicle and scapula.
The pectoral girdle positions the shoulder joint and provides a base for arm movement. The only direct connection between the girdle and the axial
skeleton is the articulation of the clavicle with the sternum. Only skeletal muscles support and position the scapula.
29

The Upper Body
30

The Upper Body
Shoulder Girdle Scapula Clavicle Sternum
Acromioclavicular Joint
Glenohumeral
Joint
Coracoclavicular Sternoclavicular
Joint Joint
Scapulothoracic
joint
31

The Upper Body
Joint Function of shoulder girdle
Sternoclavicular joint (SC Joint ) - Occurs with the ST Joint movement.

: It is a joint consisting of the inner side of the Sterum and Clavicle, and mobility occurs in this joint according to the
movement of the Scapular.
Acromioclavicular Joint (AC Joint ) - Occurs with GH Joint motion.

: A joint consisting of the outer surface of the Clavicle and the acromion process of the Scapular. This joint provides
static stability of the upper limb and is exerted compensatory motility by the movement of the shoulder joint..
Scapulothoracic Joint (ST Joint )

: It is a joint consisting of the shoulderbone and Thorax, which is also called a “functional joint” because the
shoulderbone is suspended by muscles on the ribcage. The movement of the scapula is mostly triggered by the
muscles that connect this structure, and the action of these muscles plays a role in fixing or actively moving the
shoulder.
Glenohumeral Going (GH joint )

: Also called Shoulder Joint, it shows the range of motion of the largest joints in the human body.
The upper four joints move together.

32

The Upper Body
33

The Upper Body
The radius is the lateral bone of the forearm. The proximal radius has:
Radial head disc-shaped head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.
Radial tuberosity the attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle.
The distal radius widens to the:
Styloid process process on lateral side of distal extremity stabilizes the wrist joint.
Ulnar notch of radius notch on medial side articulates with the ulnar head.
Ulna
The ulna is the medial bone of the forearm.
The proximal end of the ulna articulates with the humerus and
has the following features:
Olecranon superior and posterior portion of the epiphysis
that forms the point of the elbow.
Trochlear (semilunar) notch anterior portion that interlocks with
the groove of the trochlea.
Coronoid process forms the inferior lip of the trochlear notch.
Radial notch lateral to the coronoid process, this notch accommodates the radial head.
The distal end of the ulna narrows and shows the following features:
Ulnar head disc-shaped distal part.
Styloid process short process posterior to the ulnar head
34

The Upper Body
Muscles Attachment Terms
“Origin (O) – the more proximal muscle attachment
“Insertion (I) – the more distal muscle attachment
“Action (A) – the movement that results from a concentric contraction
of a muscle
35

The Upper Body
Trapezius
O: External occipital protuberance of skull, spinous process C7 and T1-T12
I :Acromion and spine of scapula, lateral 1/3 of clavicle
A: This muscle can be separated into 3 parts, upper, middle, and lower
Upper trapezius will elevate and upwardly rotate the scapulae

Middle trapezius will retract the scapulae
Lower trapezius will retract, depress, and downwardly rotate the scapulae
36

The Upper Body
Levator scapulae
O: Transverse process of C1-C4
I : Superior medial border of scapula
A: Elevates and downwardly rotates
the scapulae
Rhomboid major and minor

O: Spinous processes of C7-T5
I : Medial border of the scapula
A: Retract, elevates and downwardly
rotates the scapulae
37

The Upper Body
Rotator Cuff (SITS)
Supraspinatus(above spine of scapula)
O: Supraspinous fossa
I : Greater tubercle of humerus
A: Abduction shoulder first 30 degrees
Infraspinatus (below spine of scapula)

O: infraspinous fossa
A: External rotation of the shoulder
Teres Minor
O: Lateral border of scapula(two-thirds of the upper
part of scapula)
A: External rotation of the shoulder 38

The Upper Body
Rotator Cuff (SITS)
Subscapularis(between scapula
and rib cage)
O: Subscapular fossa
I : Lesser tubercle of humerus
A: Internal rotation
of the shoulder
39

The Upper Body
Serratus Anterior
O: Upper 1 ~ 9 ribs
I : Anterior medial border of Scapula
A: Upward rotation, Protraction of scapulae
Pectoralis minor
O: Ribs 3,4 and 5
I : Coracoid process
A: Depression and protraction of the scapulae
40

The Upper Body
Pectoralis major
O: Clavicular head(upper fibers):

medial half of clavicle
Sternal head(lower fibers)
sternum and costal cartilages
I : Intertubercular groove of humerus
A: Flexion of shoulder(upper fibers)

Horizontal adduction of shoulder(lower fibers)
internal rotation of shoulder
** Thoracic muscle contraction functions as Extension and adduction in
the flexion state of the upper arm.
41

The Upper Body
Deltoid
O: Anterior head: lat 1/3 of clavicle

Middle head: acromion process
Posterior head: scapular spine
I : Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
A: Anterior head: internally rotates,

flexes, and horizontally adducts
the shoulder
Middle head: abducts shoulder
Posterior head: externally rotates,
extends, and horizontally abducts
the shoulder
42

The Upper Body
Latissimus dorsi Teres major
O: Inferior angle of the scapula; the 9th-12th ribs; This is a scapular humeral muscle. Because
the spinous processes of T7-T12 vertebrae; It has a similar insertion as latissimus dorsi,
the thoracolumbar fascia; It has the same actions
the posterior one-third of the iliac crest.
O:Inferior angle of scapula
I : Intertubercular groove of humerus I : Intertubercular groove of humerus
A: Adducts, extends, and internally rotates A: Same as latissimus dorsi(AKA lats little helper)
shoulder
43

The Upper Body
Bicep brachii
O: Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Short head: Coracoid process of scapula
I : Radial tuberosity
A: Flexes elbow, supinates forearm, flexes shoulder
44

The Upper Body
Coracobrachialis Brachialis
O:Coracoid process of scapula O:Distal 2/3 of humerus
I : Middle 1/3 of humerus I : Ulnar tuberosity
A: Flexes, adducts and horizontally adducts shoulder A: Flexes elbow
45

The Upper Body
Triceps
O: Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Lateral head: Posterior and lateral humerus
Medial head: Distal half of posterior humerus
I : Olecranon process of ulna
A: Extends the elbow, also long head extends

the shoulder
46

The Upper Body
Brachioradialis
O: Distal lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and
the lateral intermuscular septum.
I : Lateral part of the styloid process of the radius.
A: Flexes elbow, supinates forearm
This muscle is nicknamed the beer

drinkers muscle because its primary
actions is elbow flexion with a neutral grip.
47

The Upper Body Part 7.Shoulder movement
48

The Upper Body
Movement of the Scapulothoracic Joint (ST)
Frontal Plane
Elevation – Shrugging of the shoulder

Depression – Return from elevation
49

The Upper Body
Frontal Plane
Upward rotation – Glenoid fossa elevates;

inferior angle of scapula moves upward;
Superior angle lowers
Downward rotation – Lowering of the glenoid

fossa and inferior angle
50

The Upper Body
Transverse plane
“Protraction (abduction) – Movement of scapulae

forward toward anterior surface of the body
“Retraction (adduction) – Medial border of scapulae
move closer to vertebral column
51

The Upper Body
Movement of the Glenohumeral Joint (GH)
Sagittal plane
“Flexion – elevation of the humerus toward the

front of the body(forward)
“Extension – Return from flexion (backward)
52

The Upper Body
Frontal plane
“Abduction – Lifting the humerus to the side of the body(forward)

“Adduction – Return from abduction
53

The Upper Body
Transverse plane
“Internal Rotation – Turning anterior aspect of the humerus toward toward the
midline of the body
“External Rotation – Return form internal rotation to anatomic positon or turning
the anterior of the humerus outward and away from the midline of the body
54

The Upper Body
Transverse plane
“Horizontal adduction – Swinging the humerus from the side horizontal position
toward the front of the body
“Horizontal Abduction – Return from horizontal adduction
55

The Upper Body
Scapulohumeral Rhythm
The coordinated movement between the scapula(ST)
and the humerus(GH)
Humerus (GH) Scapula (ST)
Protraction
Flexion or Abduction Elevation
Upward Rotation
Retraction
Extension or Adduction Depression
Downward Rotation
Horizontal Abduction Retraction
Horizontal Adduction Protraction 56

The Upper Body
57

The Upper Body
Movements of the Elbow Joint
Sagittal Plane
“Flexion – Decreasing the angle between the anterior aspect of the
humerus and the forearm
“Extension – Return from flexion or an increase in the angle between
the anterior aspect of the humerus and forearm
58

The Upper Body
Movements of Radioulnar Joint
Transverse Plane
“Pronation – Starting from anatomic position, rotating the
forearm medially so that the palm is turned posteriorly
“Supination – Return from pronation back to the anatomical position
59

The Upper Body - Review
Functional Anatomy of the Scapula
“Elevation
Upper Trapezius “Upward rotation
Levator Scapulae Serratus Anterior
Rhomboids Trapezius
“Depression “Downward rotation

Lower Trapezius Rhomboids
Pectoralis Minor Levator Scapulae
“Protraction
Serratus Anterior
Pectoralis Minor
“Retraction
Trapezius
Rhomboids
60

Functional Anatomy of the Glenohumeral Joint
“Shoulder Flexion
Clavicular Head of Pec Major
“Shoulder Extension
Latissimus Dorsi
Teres Major
Posterior Deltoid
Tricep Brachii(long head)
“Shoulder Abduction
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
“Shoulder Addution
Latissimus Dorsi
Teres Major
Pectoralis Major
61

Functional Anatomy of the Glenohumeral Joint
“Shoulder External Rotation “Horizontal Adduction

Infraspinatus Pectoralis
Teres Minor Anterior Deltoid
Posterior Deltoid Coracobrachilais
“Shoulder Internal Rotation “Horizontal Abduction

Latissimus Dorsi Posterior Deltoid
Teres Major
Pectoralis Major
Subscapularis
62

Functional Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
“Elbow Flexion
Brachioradialis
Brachilais
Biceps Brachii
“Elbow Extension
Triceps
63

The Lower Body
The Pelvis
“The pelvis is composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Iliac crest
Ilium
Sacrum
Coccyx
Symphysis pubis
Ischia tuberosity
64

The Lower Body
Pelvis Landmarks
lliac bone Posterior superior
Iliac spine
Sacroiliac
(SI) joint
Ischial
tuberosity
65

The Lower Body
Pelvis Landmarks
Pelvis Lateral View
66

The Lower Body
Movement of the Pelvis
Sagittal Plane
“Anterior tilt – ASIS moves anteriorly and inferiorly
“Posterior tilt – PIIS moves Posteriorly and inferiorly
67

The Lower Body
Movement of the Pelvis
Frontal Plane
“Elevation – One iliac crest is higher than the other
“Depression – One iliac crest is lower than the other
Transverse Plane
“Rotation – One pelvic bone is anterior to the other
68

The Lower Body
The Hip Joint
69

The Lower Body
Movements of the Hip
Frontal Plane
“ Abduction – Movement of the femur away from the midline
of the body
“ adduction – Return from abduction.
70

The Lower Body
Sagittal Plane
“ Flexion – Forward movement of the femur
“ Extension – Return form the flexion.
71

The Lower Body
Transverse Plane
“ External Rotation – Rotation of the femur so that the anterior
surface is turned outward.
“ Internal Rotation – Rotation of the femur so that the anterior
surface is turned inward.
72

The Lower Body
Knee Joint
“ it is composed of the joint between the femur and tibia.
Femur
Patellofemoral Joint
Tibiofemoral Joint
Tibia
73

The Lower Body
Bones of the Leg
Head of fibula
Tibia (weight bearing
Bone of lower leg)
Shaft of fibula
Tibia tuberosity
Attachment of quadriceps
Shaft of tibia
Lateral malleolus
(ankle bone)
Medial malleolus
(ankle bone)
74

The Lower Body
Movements of the Knee Joint
Sagittal Plane
“Flexion – Decreasing the space between
the posterior surfaces of the femur and the
Leg (example: walking)
“Extension – Return form flexion

(example : kicking a ball)
75

The Lower Body
The Ankle (Talocrural Joint)
76

The Lower Body
The Ankle (Talocrural Joint)
The ankle is made up of joints between three bones
(the distal end of the tibia and fibula, and the talus)
77

The Lower Body
Arches of the Foot
78

The Lower Body
Movements of the Ankle
Sagittal Plane
“Plantar flexion – the angle between the rear surface of the
tibia and fibula and the heel decreases as the ankle moves
down.
“ Dorsi flexion – the angle between the front surface of the tibia
and fibula and the heel decreases.
79

The Lower Body
Subtalar Joint
Subtalar Joint is composed of the joints of the talus and
calcaneus.
80

The Lower Body
Hip Flexor
Psoas Major
(attached crosswise to the lumbar spine and hip joint , causes movement of both joints)
O ; Anterior surfaces and lower borders of the transverse processes of the vertebrae T12 - L5.
I ; Lesser trochanter of the femur inserts as the iliopsoas tendon.
A ; Flexion of the hip joint; external rotation;
bends the lumbar vertebral column.
81

The Lower Body
Hip Flexor
Iliacus
(it is only connected to the hip joint.)
O ; Iliac fossa
I ; Lesser trochanter
A ; Hip flexion, trunk flexion
These are mostly Hip Flexors
muscles.
This muscle is associated with the
iliopsoas.
82

The Lower Body
Muscles of the Hip
Gluteus Maximus
O ; Fascia of the gluteus medius;
the external surface of the ilium behind the posterior gluteal line;
the fascia of the erector spinae; the dorsal surface of the sacrum;
the lateral margin of the coccyx; the sacrotuberal ligament.
I ; Upper fibers: the posterior part of the iliotibial tract and
the fasciae latae muscles;
Lower fibers: the gluteal tuberosity of the proximal femur.
A ;Extension of the femur from the flexed position in the hip joint;
lateral stabilization of the hip and knee joints;
external rotation of the femur.
83

The Lower Body
Muscles of the Hip
Gluteus Medius
O ; External surface of the ilium between the anterior
and posterior gluteal lines.
I ; Lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
A ; Abduction of the hip and stabilization of the pelvis;
Anterior part: flexion and internal rotation;
Posterior part: extension and external rotation.
Gluteus minimus
O; External surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines.
I; Greater trochanter of the femur.
A; Abduction of the hip and stabilization of the pelvis;
Anterior part: flexion and internal rotation;
Posterior part: extension and external rotation.
84

The Lower Body
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus medius is a hip abductor, which is most function to prevent hip adduction
when walking. When the weight of the body is moved over a standing leg, Gluteus
medius is used to operate for the stability of the pelvis and to maintain the same
through each gait.
85

The Lower Body
Muscles of the Hip
Piriformis
O ; Pelvic surface of the sacrum.
I ; Superior border of the greater trochanter of the femur.
A ;External rotation, abduction and extension of the hip joint;
stabilization of the hip.
86

The Lower Body
Muscles of the Hip
Obturator Internus
O ; Inner surface of the obturator membrane and
the margin of the obturator foramen.
I ; Medial surface of the greater trochanter above the trochanteric fossa.
A ;External rotation, abduction and extension of the hip joint.
Obturator Externus
O ; Outer surface of obturator membrane, superior and inferior pubic rami.
I ; Trochanteric fossa of femur.
A ;Adduction and external rotation at hip joint;
stabilizes pelvis in sagittal plane.
87

The Lower Body
Anterior Thigh
Sartorius (AKA sewers muscle)
O ;Anterior superior iliac spine. (ASIS)
I; Medial part of the tibia near the tibial tuberosity.
A; Flexion, abduction and external rotation of the hip joint;
flexion and internal rotation of the knee joint.
Anterior Thigh ; The Quadriceps Groups

Rectus femoris (only quad that Crosses the hip and knee)
O;AIIS (Anterior inferior iliac spine)
I; Tibial Tuberosity (via the patella
and patellar ligament)
A; Hip Flexion and Knee Extension
88

The Lower Body
Anterior Thigh ; The Quadriceps Groups
Vastus lateralis
O; Greater trochanter of the femur; the lateral lip of the linea aspera; the gluteal tuberosity.
I; Tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament.
A; Extension of the knee joint.
Vastus intermedius
O; Anterior and lateral surface of the femur.
I; Tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament.
Vastus Medialis
O; Medial lip of the linea aspera of the femur
and the intertrochanteric line.
I; The patella and tibial tuberosity
via the patellar ligament.
VMO (Vastus Medialis Oblique)
89

The Lower Body
Posterior Thigh ; The Hamstrings
Semimembranosus
(has more muscle)
O; Ischial tuberosity
I; Medial condyle of tibia
A; Hip extension and IR,
Knee flexion.
Semitendinosus
(has more tendon)
O; Ischial tuberosity
I; Proximal medial tibia
A; Hip extension and IR,
Knee flexion.
Biceps femoris
(has two origins and one Insertion)
Long Head O: Ischial tuberosity
Short Head O: Shaft of femur
I : Head of fibula
Long Head A : Hip extension
and ER, Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semiembranosus
knee flexion
90
Short Head A : Knee flexion

The Lower Body
Medial Thigh ; Adductors
(listed from shortest to longest)
Pectineus
O; Pubic bone
I; Shaft of femur
A; Adduction, flexion and internal rotation of hip
Adductor brevis
O; Pubic bone
I; Shaft of femur
A; Adduction and flexion of hip
Adductor longus
O; Pubic bone
I; Shaft of femur
A; Adduction and flexion of hip
91

The Lower Body
Medial Thigh ; Adductors
(listed from shortest to longest)
Adductor Magnus
O; Pubic bone and Ischial tuberosity
I; Shaft of femur
A; Adduction, flexion, extension and
internal rotation of the hip
Gracilis
(the only adductor that crosses the knee)
O; Pubic symphysis and the inferior pubic ramus.
I; Medial surface of the tibia.
A; Adduction and flexion of the hip joint; flexion
and internal rotation of the knee joint.
92

The Lower Body
Lateral Thigh
Tensor fasciae latae (TFL)
O; Anterior superior iliac spine and

the anterior part of the iliac crest.
I; Iliotibial tract.
A; Tenses the fascia lata; abduction, flexion and
internal rotation at the hip joint.
iliotibial band (ITB)

O; Anterior superior iliac spine and
the anterior part of the iliac crest.
I; Lateral condyle of the tibia
A; Acts as tendon for TFL
(thickended band of fascia that
supports and protects the lateral thigh)
Tenses the fascia lata; abduction, flexion and internal rotation at the hip joint.
93

The Lower Body Part.11 Lower Muscles_2
94

The Lower Body
Anterior Leg
Anterior tibialis
O; Proximal ½ of lateral tibia
I; First metatarsal
A; Dorsiflexion and inversion
95

The Lower Body
Lateral Leg
Peroneus longus :
O; Head and lateral surface of fibula
I; First metatarsal
A; Eversion and Plantar flexion
Peroneus brevis :
O; Distal 2/3 of fibula
I; 5th metatarsal
A; Eversion and Plantar flexion
96

The Lower Body
Posterior Leg Superficial Muscles
Gastrocnemius :
(Acts on both the ankle and the knee)
O; Medial head; Medial condyle and popliteal surface of
femur.
Lateral head; Lateral condyle and lateral
supracondylar line of femur.
I; Calcaneus (heel bone)
A; Plantar flexion, knee flexion
Popliteus :
O; Lateral condyle of the femur.
I; Posterior surface of the tibia above the soleus.
A; Flexion and internal rotation of the knee joint.
Gastrocnemius and soleus share a common insertion through the Achilles tendon. 97

The Lower Body
Posterior Leg Superficial Muscles
Soleus :
O; Posterior surface of the proximal fibula
and the soleal line of the tibia.
I; Dorsum of the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon.
A; Plantar flexion of the foot.
(Acting as a postural muscle, soleus
Prevents passive dorsiflexion)
Plantaris
O; Lateral condyle of the femur.
I; Dorsum of the calcaneus medial to the calcaneal tendon.
A; Flexion of the knee and plantar flexion of the foot.
98

The Lower Body
Posterior Leg Deep Muscles
Posterior Tibialis :
O; Proximal 1/2 of tibia and fibula
I; Navicular bone (tarsal bone)
A; Plantar flexion and Inversion
Posterior tibialis wraps around the medial malleolus, Like the peroneals, when posterior tibialis shortens,
99
The ankle plantar flexes.

The Lower Body
Ankle
■ The muscles in the ankle are interesting because they work together or against each
other depending on the situation.
■ The posterior tibialis, peroneus longus, and brevis cooperate in plantar flexion of the
ankle, but the posterior tibialis works in inversion of the ankle and the peroneus
eversion of the ankle works against each other.
■ This is for ankle stability.
100

The Lower Body - Review
Functional Anatomy of the Hip
■ Hip Flexion ■ Hip Abduction
Iliacus Gluteus Medius
Psoas Gluteus Minimus
Rectus Femoris TFL
Sartorious
TFL
Adductor longus, brevis and magnus
Pectineus
■ Hip Adducion
■ Hip Extension Adductor Magnus
Gluteus Maximus Adductor Longus
Hamstrings: Bicep Femoris Adductor Brevis
Semitendinosis Gracilis
Semimembranosis Pectineus
Adductor magnus
101

Functional Anatomy of the Hip
■ Hip External Rotation
■ Hip Internal Rotation
Sartorious Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus Gluteus minimus
Piriformis TFL
Biceps Femoris Adductor Magnus
Pectinus
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
102

Functional Anatomy of the Knee
■ Knee Flexion
■ Knee Extension
Hamstrings: Bicep Femoris Quadriceps: Rectus Femoris
Semitendinosis Vastus lateralis
Semimembranosis Vastus intermedius
Gastrocnemius Vastus medialis
103

Functional Anatomy of the Ankle & Subtalar Joints
■ Plantar Flexion
■ Inversion
Gastrocnemius Posterior Tibialis
Soleus Anterior Tibialis
Posterior Tibialis
Peronius Longus
Peronius Brevis
■ Dorsi Flexion ■ Eversion

Anterior Tibialis Peronius Longus
Peronius Brevis
104

Part.12 The Spine
105

The Spine
■ The spine refers to a state in which the vertebrae and discs are together to form a pillar.
■ The spine protects and stores the spinal cord.
■ The spine is made up of three parts: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar.
■ Cervical vertebrae is the smallest. This is because it only has to bear the weight of our
head: It is made up of seven bones
■ The twelve thoracic vertebrae are connected to the ribs and are of recognizable size.
■ Under of thoracic vertebrae, lumbar spine is made up of five bones: Lumbar is the made
by largest bone because it supports the weight of the upper body, facilitates movement,
and protects all the nerves for the lower limbs.
■ The five lumbar vertebrae are jointed wiith the sacrum.
106

The Spine
The Spine has three main Segments:
■ Cervical Spine – 7 vertebrae
■ Thoracic Spine – 12 vertebrae
■ Lumbar Spine – 5 vertebrae
■ Sacrum : Top (base) is S1

Bottom(apex) is S5
107

The Spine
Bone of the Spine:
■The natural curves of the spine are either lordotic (anterior curve), or Kyphotic
(posterior curve)
Cervical lordosis
Thoracic Kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis
■ If any of these curves are missing or exaggerated,

it results in bad posture.
■ Strengthening the posture maintenance muscles is
essential to maintain the natural curve of the spine.
108

The Spine
Movement of the Spine:
■ Frontal Plane
Lateral Flexion – Side bending
■ Sagittal Plane
Flexion – Bending forward.
Extension – Return from flexion or bending back
■ Transverse Plane
Rotation – Twisting right or left
109

Muscles of the Trunk
■The muscles of the torso play a very important role in maintaining body stability.
■ Since the only supporting bone between the hip bone and the rib cage is the lumbar
vertebrae, if the muscles of the torso do not function properly, the stability of the body will
inevitably decrease.
110

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
■ Four muscles that create the Abdominal Wall: external oblique, Rectus abdominis,
internal oblique, and transverse abdominis.
■ The direction of these muscle fibers is very important. The strongest force at a natural angle
is 90 degrees.
■ The direction of each muscle is located at 90 degrees from the other muscles. This creates a
very strong,supportive and Functional wall.
External oblique Rectus abdominis Internal oblique Transverse abdominis
111

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Middle
■ Rectus Abdominus
O : Pubis and the pubic symphysis.
I : Xiphoid process of the sternum and the costal
cartilages of the 5th to 7th ribs.
A: Compression of the abdomen; flexion of the trunk;
stabilization of the pelvis.
■ Internal Oblique
O : Deep layer of the thoracolumbar fascia; the
anterior two-thirds of the iliac crest; the lateral two-
thirds of the inguinal ligament; the iliopsoas fascia.
I : Lower margins of the 9th-12th ribs; the pubic crest;
the anterior and posterior layers of the linea alba.
A: Rotation and lateral flexion of the trunk
ipsilaterally, compressor of the abdomen, antagonist
to the diaphragm.
112

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Superficial
■ External Oblique
O : Outer surface of the 5th to the 12th ribs.
I : Linea alba; the pubic crest and tubercle; the anterior
superior iliac spine and iliac crest.
A : Rotates trunk to the opposite side and bends trunk to the
same side (Unilateral); aids expiration by compressing and
depressing the lower thoracic cavity, weakly assists in
flexion of the trunk and helps maintain abdominal tone
(Bilateral)
■ Linea alba (white line)

The fascia of all abdominal muscles is interconnected
along the midline.
113

Deep muscle of the Abdominal
■ Diaphamg
O :Xiphoid process; the inner surface of the 7th-12th ribs;
the anterior surfaces of the L1-L3 vertebrae;
the fascia over the quadratus lumborum;
the psoas major muscles via the medial
and lateral arcuate ligaments.
I : Central tendon of the diaphragm.

A: Contracts to increase intrathoracic volume during inhalation
and pushes the abdominal viscera inferiorly.
114

■ Multifidus
O :Sacrum and the transverse processes of the C2-L5 vertebrae.
I : Spinous processes of the vertebrae superior to their origins.
A: Extension, ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation of the spine.
115

■ Transverse abdominis
O : Inner surface of the 7th-12th cartilages
of the ribs; the deep layer of the
thoracolumbar fascia; the anterior two-thirds
of the iliac crest; the lateral one-third of the
inguinal ligament.
I : Linea alba; the pubic crest; the pecten
pubis.
A: Rotation, flexion and lateral flexion of the
trunk.
116

Extensors of the Spine
■ Quadratus Lumborum
O : Posterior part of the iliac crest and the iliolumbar ligament.
I : 12th rib and the transverse processes of the vertebrae L1-L5.
A: Bends the trunk ipsilaterally; fixes the 12th rib; aids in expiration.
■ Erector Spine
O : Iliac crest, sacrum
2th rib, lumbar transverse Processes
I : Iliac crest
A: Trunk extension and side bending,
and stabilizes last rib during inspiration
Medial ← → lateral
Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis 117

Extensors of the Spine
■ Pelvic Floor
O : Posterior part of the iliac crest and the iliolumbar ligament.
I : 12th rib and the transverse processes of the vertebrae L1-L5.
A: Bends the trunk ipsilaterally; fixes the 12th rib; aids in expiration.
118

Lumbar Spine & Pelvis Associated Movements.
Spine Pelvis
Extension Anterior Tilt
Flexion Posterior Tilt
119

Muscles of the Trunk c
Functional Anatomy of the Trunk
■ Trunk Flexion ■ Lateral Flexion of Trunk

Rectus Abdominus Ipsilateral contraction of Erector Spinae
Bilateral contraction of External Obliques Ipsilateral contraction of internal Obliques
Bilateral contraction of Internal Obliques and External Obliques.
Psoas Ipsilateral contraction of Q.L
Iliacus Ipsilateral contraction of Psoas
■ Trunk Extension
Bilateral contraction of Erector Spinae ■ Trunk Rotation
Bilateral Contraction of Quadratus Internal Oblique
Lumborum External Oblique
120

Basic Anatomy (English)

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Basic Anatomy (English)

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Human Anatomy

The Science Dealing with the Structure of the Human Body

Standard reference posture of the human body. (Anatomical Position)

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Movements are defined by the plane

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Movements are defined by the plane

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“ Extension – Increasing the joint angle,

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Movements are defined by the plane

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“ Internal Rotation - Movement of the anterior side of a segment

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“ Horizontal Abduction – Return from horizontal adduction

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The Axis Skeleton

The Appendicular Skeleton

Our body is a structure made up of a total of 206 bones.

Components of Axial Skeleton:

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The vertebral column consists of 26 bones including 24 vertebrae,

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true ribs - connect to the sternum by separate

false ribs - do not attach directly to the sternum.

Ribs 8-10 have costal cartilages that fuses

Ribs 11 and 12 have no connection to the sternum and

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▶ It has the function of passively strengthening and fixing.

▶ Attaches bone to bone.

▶ Except for a few ligaments, can not be stretched.

▶ They can become tense or loose depending on the specific posture.

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Joints can be classified according to the range

“ Cartilaginous joints : Moves small

“ Synovial joints : Move freely

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Sternoclavicular joint (SC Joint ) - Occurs with the ST Joint movement.

Acromioclavicular Joint (AC Joint ) - Occurs with GH Joint motion.

Scapulothoracic Joint (ST Joint )

Glenohumeral Going (GH joint )

The upper four joints move together.

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