Bahir Dar University

Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Faculty of Computing

Laboratory Manual for the Course

Computer Maintenance and
Technical Support Based on
Curriculum 2020

Prepared By: ________

Reviewed By: [Course chair members]

1. --------------------------
 July / 2020

Computing Faculty

Bahir Dar University

Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Faculty of Computing

Approval Certification of the Reviewer/Evaluator:

I have certified and approved Computer Maintenance and Technical Support laboratory
manual prepared by ---------. As I have reviewed and commented the manual it carries
out the objectives, tasks, exercises and completes practical parts of the course and fulfills
the standard of the curriculum of the course.

Reviewed/Evaluated by: Course Chair name

1. ---------------------------------------

2. ---------------------------------------

Approved by: Chair Holder’s name

1. ----------------------------------------

Approved by: Dean, Computing Faculty

1. --------------------------------------
Contents

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 7

DESCRIPTION ABOUT THIS MANUAL ............................................................................................. 8

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT .............................................................................................................. 9

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT ............................................................................................................... 9

GENERAL OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................... 9

LABORATORY 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND ITS COMPONENTS .................... 11

What is a computer? .......................................................................................................................................... 11

Types of Computers ........................................................................................................................................... 12

Components of a Personal Computer ................................................................................................................ 15

LABORATORY 2: ASSEMBLE AND DISASSEMBLE DESKTOP COMPUTER ......................... 20

Tools used to assemble and disassemble ............................................................................................................ 20

System Case and Power supply (SMPS) ............................................................................................................ 21

Motherboard assemble and disassemble ............................................................................................................ 22

LABORATORY 3: COMPUTER SYSTEM LAYOUT ........................................................................ 27

Components/Tools: ............................................................................................................................................. 27

Main Components of Motherboard ................................................................................................................... 27

Processor Socket ................................................................................................................................................. 29

Primary Memory ................................................................................................................................................ 29

Main Memory ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

Hard-Disk Drive: ................................................................................................................................................ 31

CD-ROM: ........................................................................................................................................................... 32
DVD - Rom: ........................................................................................................................................................ 32

Floppy Drive: ...................................................................................................................................................... 33

Power Supply: .................................................................................................................................................... 33

LABORATORY 4: INSTALL AND CONFIGURE HARD DISK ....................................................... 36

Components/Tools: ............................................................................................................................................. 36

Install Hard Disk ................................................................................................................................................ 36

Identify Master /Slave / IDE Devices ................................................................................................................. 37

Configure CMOS-Setup ..................................................................................................................................... 38

Partition and Format Hard Disk ........................................................................................................................ 39

LABORATORY 5: CAUSE OF FAILURE, SYMPTOM AND SOLUTION OF HDD ..................... 44

Reason, symptom and solution of Hard Disk ..................................................................................................... 44

Scan disk, disk cleanup, disk De-fragment, Virus Detecting and Rectifying Software ..................................... 48

LABORATORY 6: CAUSE OF FAILURE, SYMPTOM AND SOLUTION OF CPU ...................... 52

Symptoms of a CPU failure .................................................................................................................................. 52

Reasons for CPU failure ..................................................................................................................................... 54

How to troubleshoot a failing CPU .................................................................................................................... 55

How to prevent CPU failure ............................................................................................................................... 56

LABORATORY 7: CAUSE OF FAILURE, SYMPTOM AND SOLUTION OF RAM ..................... 59

Causes of RAM Failure ...................................................................................................................................... 59

Symptoms of a RAM Problem ........................................................................................................................... 59

Fix RAM Problems/ Fixing the Problem by Removing Memory ...................................................................... 60

LABORATORY 8: CAUSE OF FAILURE, SYMPTOM AND SOLUTION OF MOTHER BOARD

................................................................................................................................................................... 61

Symptoms of Motherboard Failure .................................................................................................................... 61

Reasons for Motherboard Failure ...................................................................................................................... 62

Solution for Mother Board ................................................................................................................................. 62

LABORATORY 9: CAUSE OF FAILURE, SYMPTOM AND SOLUTION OF DISPLAY UNIT .. 64

Symptoms of display unit Failure ...................................................................................................................... 64

Reasons for display unit Failure ........................................................................................................................ 65

Solution for display unit ..................................................................................................................................... 66

Incorrect Resolution ........................................................................................................................................... 69

Random Shutoffs ................................................................................................................................................ 69

LABORATORY 10: WRITER AND RECORDING DVD AND BOOTABLE USB........................ 70

To install an external DVD & Blu-ray drive: ..........................................................................................................70
To install an internal DVD & Blu-ray drive:...........................................................................................................70
To record a blank DVD & Blu-ray:.........................................................................................................................71
To install windows on USB and make bootable......................................................................................................73

LABORATORY 11: PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ...................................................................... 77

Computer Preventive Maintenance ................................................................................................................... 77

Cleaning the computer and its components ....................................................................................................... 77

Case cleaning ...................................................................................................................................................... 79

Procedure: .......................................................................................................................................................... 79

CD-ROM, DVD, and other disc drive cleaning .................................................................................................. 80

Procedure: .......................................................................................................................................................... 80

CD, DVD, and other discs cleaning .................................................................................................................... 80

Procedure: .......................................................................................................................................................... 80

Hard drive cleaning ............................................................................................................................................ 80

Procedure: .......................................................................................................................................................... 81

How to clean a computer hard drive .................................................................................................................. 81

LCD/LED cleaning ............................................................................................................................................. 82

CRT monitors cleaning ...................................................................................................................................... 83

Motherboard cleaning ........................................................................................................................................ 83

Computer mouse cleaning .................................................................................................................................. 84

Printer cleaning .................................................................................................................................................. 85

Computer scanner cleaning ................................................................................................................................ 85

LABORATORY 12: CONFIGURE BIOS SETUP ............................................................................... 86

Bios Setup: .......................................................................................................................................................... 86

BIOS Setup Utility menus and settings .............................................................................................................. 87

File menu.................................................................................................................................................................87
Storage menu...........................................................................................................................................................88
Security menu..........................................................................................................................................................89
Power menu.............................................................................................................................................................91
Advanced menu .......................................................................................................................................................92

Navigating BIOS Setup Utility menus ................................................................................................................ 93

Reload default BIOS Setup settings ................................................................................................................... 93

LABORATORY 13: INSTALLATIONS OF WINDOWS .................................................................. 94

Install Windows 7 ............................................................................................................................................... 94

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................94

Recommended Equipment ................................................................................................................................. 94

Steps .................................................................................................................................................................... 94

Upgrade Windows 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 107

Repair Windows 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 113

Reference .......................................................................................................................................................... 118

Figure 1 : Supercomputer............................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 2: IBM System Z............................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3: Dell T7910 ................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 4: Desktop Computers ..................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 5: Laptop Computer ......................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 6: HP PDA ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 7 : Apple ipad ................................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 8: Intel DX50Mother Board............................................................................................................. 17
Figure 9: SMPS Figure 10: System Case .................................................. 21
Figure 11: Processor and Processor Socket direction for assembling ...................................................... 22
Figure 12 : Heat sink Figure 13: Thermal grease ............................................ 22
Figure 14: Heat sink with fan ...................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 15: RAM Placement ......................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 16: Disk Racks in system case ......................................................................................................... 24
Figure 17: Front Panel Connectors ............................................................................................................ 25
Figure 18: Expansion Slots ......................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 19: Monitor Connectors .................................................................................................................. 26
Figure 20: PS/2 and USB connector ........................................................................................................... 26
Figure 21: Audio Jack ................................................................................................................................. 26
Figure 22: Mother board ............................................................................................................................. 28
Figure 23: Processor Sockets .................................................................................................................... 29

Introduction

This Maintenance and Technical Support laboratory manual designed by including concepts that
can provide students some fundamental concepts of pc maintenance and troubleshoot. This manual
includes introductory topics which provides a highlight for pc and its component.
Description about this manual

To introduce computer maintenance and support laboratory manual use different tools and
software like computer maintenance tool lit, desktop computer/laptop and windows operating
system.
Hardware requirement

Hardware requirements includes full set desktop computer (motherboard, ram, cpu, power
supply, etc.), full maintenance tool kit (screw driver with different screw, cleaning tool, etc.),
blower, antistatic risk strap etc.

Software requirement

Windows operating system 7 or 10 either 32 or 64 bit and different utilities software.

General objectives

At the end this laboratory computer maintenance and support, you will be able to:

Cause of failure, symptom and solution of hard disk

Cause of failure, symptom and solution of central processing unit
Cause of failure, symptom and solution of ram
Cause of failure, symptom and solution of mother board
Cause of failure, symptom and solution of display unit
Writer and recording DVD and bootable USB
Preventive maintenance
Configure bios setup
Installations of windows
LABORATORY 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND ITS COMPONENTS

Objectives

➢ Understand the functions of computer

➢ Identify types of computers
➢ Identify components of Desktop Computer

What is a computer?
Computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory that can:
✓ Accept data (input)
✓ Process the data according to specified rules (process)
✓ Produce results (output)
✓ Store the results (storage) for future use.

Computer uses many electronic Components which run on Direct Current such as Integrated
circuits, Capacitors, Transistors, Resistors, Buses, Printed Circuit boards.
Computer is Digital it means it process the data stores the data in the form of binary digits (0, 1)
which are represented in the form of electric voltages 0= -Negative Current 1= + positive voltages.
Input is done through input devices like Keyboard, Mouse, and Scanner etc.
Output is done through output devices like Monitor, Printer, and Projector etc.
Processing5 is done mainly by Processor and also there are many Supporting components for
processor to execute the work.
Storage6 of data and information is done on Storage devices or Memories like Hard Disk Drive,
CD/DVD, and Flash Drives permanently. Other memories used by Processing Unit are RAM,
ROM Cache stores the data temporarily during execution or Processing.

Types of Computers
Super Computers: Supercomputers are High performance Computers with multi-tasking high-
throughput. Build with thousands of Processor. Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-
intensive tasks such as problems including quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research,
oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling and physical simulations such as nuclear fusion.

First Supercomputer was first designed by Seymour Cray in 1960’s. As of the 2012 world’s fastest
super computer is IBM Sequoia with 16.32 PFLOPS followed by Fujitsu K-Computer with
capacity of 10.51 PLFOPS. Since June 2013, China's Tianhe-2supercomputer is currently the
fastest in the world at 33.86 peta FLOPS (PFLOPS), or 33.86 quadrillions of FLOPS.

Figure 1 : Supercomputer

Mainframes: Mainframe computers are powerful computers used primarily by corporate and
governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing such as census, industry
and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and transaction processing. Mainframes are
designed to handle very high-volume input and output (I/O) and emphasize throughput computing.
Mainframes are measured in millions of instructions per second (MIPS).
Figure 2: IBM System Z

Workstations

A workstation is a special computer designed for technical or scientific applications. With higher
configuration than a personal computer, main applications include running a multi-user operating
systems, 3D graphics and oil and gas exploration and simulation as well other application which
requires high computing power. Example in given below image is Dell Precision T7910 with Intel
Xeon 2.3 GHz processor with 10 cores, 32 GB RAM and NVIDIA Quadro 4GB graphics card.

Figure 3: Dell T7910

Desktop Computers: Desktop Computers are Personal Computers for single users with Speed of
3 to 4 GHz of processing speed.
Figure 4: Desktop Computers

Laptop Computers: Laptop is a personal computer and it is portable and all in one layout in which
the keyboard, pointing device, are integrated into computer chassis and an LCD display is in a
hinged lid. Additionally laptop has a built in battery which supports up to 5 to 6 hours. It is often
referred as Notebook.

Figure 5: Laptop Computer

Laptop Computers
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA): is a portable computer small enough to fit in your hand and it
is also referred to as palmtop computer. It allows you to perform only a small number of functions.
Figure 6: HP PDA

Tablet Computer: is a portable computer larger than PDA with Touch screen for input and with
many functionalities different variants are available in the market like Apple iPad, HTC Pad,
Samsung, HP, Archos, and Microsoft etc.

Figure 7 : Apple ipad

Components of a Personal Computer

1. System Case: The system case or System Unit, sometimes called the chassis or enclosure,
is the metal and plastic box that houses the main components of the computer.
2. Monitor - Your monitor is the component that displays the visual output from your
computer as generated by the video card.
3. Keyboard - This is the input device to enter the text data in to the computer.
 4. Mouse - A point and click interface for entering commands which works well in graphical
environments.
Components inside the System Case

1. Power Supply (SMPS) it’s a Switch Mode Power Supply, which takes 220 V/ 110 V AC
current as input and converts that in to multiple DC voltages.
2. Hard disk drive(s) this is where your files are permanently stored on your computer.
Also, normally, your operating system is installed here.
3. CD/DVD drive(s) this is normally a read only drive where files are permanently stored.
There are now read/write CD/DVD drives that use special software to allow users to read
from and write to these drives.
4. Motherboard mother board is the central printed circuit board (PCB) holds many of the
crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. It is
also known as Main Board.

Components on a Motherboard

➢ Processor Socket: processor is installed in this socket.

➢ Memory Slots: Primary memory RAM is installed in this slot
➢ IDE Connectors: Hard Disk Drive, CD/DVD Drive, Floppy drive connected here.
➢ PCI Slot: Adapter cards are installed in this slot like Display card, Sound card, Network
Interface card, etc.
➢ PCI-Ex Slot: it is used to connect Advanced Graphics cards.
➢ Power Connectors: power supply is connected to this.
➢ Chipset: Group of specialized chips on the mother board
➢ Back Panel Connectors: External devices are connected to motherboard or system through
this back panel.
Figure 8: Intel DX50Mother Board
Chipset Memory Control Hub (MCH) also know as North Bridge7 Input Output Control Hub
(ICH) also know as South Bridge8 Buses ROM (Read Only Memory) Other Chips.

Back-Panel9 Display Connector (VGA) PS/2 Mouse and Keyboard RJ 45 Network Connector
Audio Connectors USB Others (HDMI, LPT, COM1, Mini USB, SATA connector etc)
Safety
➢ Check for Static Electricity before you touch system case
➢ Turn-off power supply or unplug power cable before system inspection
LABORATORY 2: ASSEMBLE AND DISASSEMBLE DESKTOP COMPUTER

Objectives

➢ Assemble and disassemble the whole Desktop computer

➢ Identity and use tools
➢ Troubleshoot connection problems

The components used in building a typical PC are as follows:

➢ Case and power supply
➢ Motherboard
➢ Processor with heat-sink1 and fan2
➢ Memory
➢ Floppy drive (optional)
➢ Hard disk drive
➢ Optical drive(s) (CD and/or DVD)
➢ Keyboard and pointing device (mouse)
➢ Video card and display
➢ Sound card (optional) and speakers
➢ Modem (optional) or network interface card (optional)
➢ Cables
➢ Hardware (nuts, bolts, screws, and brackets)
➢ Operating system software

Tools used to assemble and disassemble

✓ Flat or straight screw driver
✓ Phillips/square or Quadrex screw
✓ Trox screw driver etc

Figure 4.0 Quadrex bits Figure 4.1 Tweezers

 Figure 3.2 Cable Cutter Figure 4.3 Claw Tool

The following sections cover the assembly and disassembly procedure:

1. System Case and Power Supply
2. Motherboard, Processor, Heat sink, RAM.
3. Adapter cards
4. Disk Drives
5. External Devices

System Case and Power supply (SMPS)

System Case and Power Supply are available as single unit pre-attached, if not, assemble
the power supply as fallows.

Figure 9: SMPS Figure 10: System Case

Note: SMPS should be set to proper Input Voltage Level 220 or 110.
Motherboard assemble and disassemble
Motherboard should be prepared as follows
✓ Processor: While inserting Processor, in to processor socket. One should follow
the marking on the processor and processor socket they should be on same side.

Figure 11: Processor and Processor Socket direction for assembling

Heat sink and Processor Fan:

Heat sink is the metal peace made of Aluminum Alloy which acts as heat exchanger, it
disperses the heat in to surrounding air, and heat-sink is used to cool the high power
semiconductor devices. On computer motherboard it used on processor, memory control
hub and Input Output Control hub. Before placing heating on any chip heat sink compound
is used it is a viscous fluid it is also known as thermal grease4 it increases thermal
conductivity.

Figure 12 : Heat sink Figure 13: Thermal grease

Heat sink Fan: a fan is attached on the top of processor heat sink and other heat sink is
left without fan or it is not required. This fan will exhort the hot air from heat sink.

Figure 14: Heat sink with fan

Insert RAM in to DIMM Slots

Figure 15: RAM Placement

Disk Drives:
Disk drives (Hard Disk Drives, CD/DVD Drives) should be mounted in to racks of the
system case and alignment should be proper.
Figure 16: Disk Racks in system case

Motherboard should be placed in to the system case here two things should be taken in to
account.
1. Position of the screw holes and standoffs
2. Back panel alignment
After motherboard is placed in to system case and screws and standoffs are fixed carefully
next step is to connect all the cables.
Connect Power cable to motherboard
Hard Disk Drive CD/DVD power cable and Data cable (SATA/PATA)
Connect Front panel cables for Power Switch, Restart, USB, LEDs, and Audio Jacks. Refer
motherboard manual for connections or follow the labels of connectors and motherboard
or in few motherboards pin pattern act as guide.
Figure 17: Front Panel Connectors

Adapter cards:
Like Network interface cards, Display cards, Modem cards. Etc is installed in to system on
Slots like PCI AGP PCIe and others. To install an adapter card first identify the card and
slot required for it. If available place the card in to slot carefully insert with little force and
ensure complete connect.

Figure 18: Expansion Slots

External Devices: External Device like Monitor Keyboard, mouse, Speakers, Printers etc
are connected through back panel and USB devices and audio devices can be connected
through front panel5 also
Monitor requires power and data through separate connections. Power is given directly or
even through SMPS, Data cable is connected to the back –panel of the system
(motherboard). There are different types of connectors, but VGA is the standard connector.
Other than VGA there are HDMI and DVI as shown in the figure given below.
Figure 19: Monitor Connectors

Keyboard and Mouse are connected to the system in two ways

1. PS/2 (green for Mouse, blue for keyboard)
2. USB

Figure 20: PS/2 and USB connector

Audio System and Head Phones are connected through Audio jack and USB also.

Figure 21: Audio Jack

LABORATORY 3: COMPUTER SYSTEM LAYOUT

Objective

To familiarize a computer system layout and mark the positions of SMPS, Motherboard, FDD,
HDD, CD / DVD drive and add on cards.

Components/Tools:
SMPS, Motherboard, FDD, HDD, CD / DVD drive, processor, PATA/SATA Cables, different
types of RAM, and add on cards.
Procedure:

Main Components of Motherboard

➢ Processor Socket
➢ Memory Slots
➢ Chipset
➢ Bus Architecture
➢ Firmware
➢ BIOS
 ➢ CMOS
➢ Motherboard Connectors
➢ Adapter cards Slots

Figure 22: Mother board

The motherboard has been an integral part of most personal computers. The motherboard is a
common circuit board. Each circuit card performs a unique function in the computer and gets its
power from the socket.

CPU
The CPU, or processor, is the heart of your computer no matter what type (PC, Server, and Laptop).
There are many brands for processors such as Intel and Athlon all with different processors for
your computer.
Processor Socket
Processor is mounted on the motherboard in a socket.
Types of Socket

➢ Pin Grid Array (PGA)

➢ Land Grid Array (LGA) (socket T)
➢ Ball Grid Array (BGA)
➢ Flip Chip PGA

Figure 23: Processor Sockets

Primary Memory
Objectives

➢ Understand Primary Memory

 ➢ Identify Different Memories and their Specifications
➢ Install and Upgrade Memories
➢ Troubleshoot Memories

Memory of computer is a storage area and there are many types of memories with different
purpose. Basically we can categorize memory in to Main memory and Secondary memory.
Main Memories
✓ RAM
✓ ROM
✓ Cache
Secondary Memories3 (Secondary Storages)
✓ Hard disk
✓ CD/DVD disk
✓ Floppy
✓ USB Drive (pen drive, flash drive)
✓ Tape Drive

Main Memory
Main Memory: is the workspace for the computer's processor where the programs and data
being operated on by the processor must reside. Main memory can also be referred as Primary
Memory.
Secondary Memory: is the storage area, where we store the data for a long time.
Why we need different types of memories in our computer?
When processor wants to perform any job it needs program (instructions) and Data, programs like
windows operating system, Microsoft word etc. Data like files and folders. All of the programs
and Data reside in the permanent secondary storage device (Hard disk) transferring data between
hard disk and processor is logical because processor bus and hard disk data transfer rates are quite
different.
For example Pentium 4 processor with bus speed 800 MHz means transfers 6400 MBps and a Hard
disk 133 MBps .RAM and Cache are used to improve the performance. Speed of RAM is nearly
equal to processor bus speed and cache runs at the same speed of processor bus.
Figure given below illustrate you the concept of data path.
RAM:

Random Access Memory (RAM) is the form of memory contained in most computers.
When an application is running it stores its information in the RAM. When you close the
application the information is deleted from the RAM.

Hard-Disk Drive:
A hard drive stores all your files and information in a permanent form unlike storing it in RAM
(which is temporary). The larger your hard disk (drive) the more information and files you're able
to store.
CD-ROM:
The CD-ROM is reads CD's. CD-Rom completely stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory.
CD's have much more data than a floppy disk. Using CD-RW you can make your own CD's and
use them more like a floppy disk.

DVD - Rom:
DVD-ROM is a digital optical disc storage format. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than
compact discs while having the same dimensions. Blank recordable DVD discs (DVD-R and
DVD+R) can be recorded once; Rewritable DVDs (DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM) can
be recorded and erased multiple times.
Floppy Drive:
A floppy drive reads the popular floppy disk. Floppy disk is easy to use, rewritable, compact, and
great for storing information. The floppy drive is simple and allows you to read, write to, and write
over information stored on a floppy disk.

Power Supply:
Objectives

➢ Understand the Power Supply Units, Specifications and Cable Connections

➢ Identity and Trouble Shoot Power Supply problems
➢ Understand Voltage Regulatory Module on motherboard
➢ Test and Trouble shoot Voltage Regulatory Module on motherboard
The power supply is usually a small metal box in the top corner of a case (tower). You can see the
power supply as below diagrams.
 Power Connectors: Power Supply
(SMPS) supplies power to mother
board. Different Form factors of power
supply are available for desktop
computers, such as ATX, BTX, LPX,
microATX, Flex ITX.
ATX (Advanced Technology Extension) is widely used. The ATX specification requires
the power supply to produce three main outputs, +3.3 V, +5 V and +12 V.
The power supply connectors

4 Pin Molex Connector This is used to power various

components, including hard drives and CD/DVD drives.
available in: AT, ATX & ATX-2

20 Pin Molex ATX Power Connector This is used to

power the motherboard in ATX systems. available in:
ATX( ATX-2 have four extra pins)

4 Pin Molex P4 12V Power Connector Used specifically

for Pentium 4 Processor Motherboards.

6 Pin AUX Connector Provides +5V DC, and two

connections of +3.3V. available in: ATX/ATX-2

15 pin SATA Connector

Provides + 3.3 DC available in ATX-2

Used for Hard disk and CD/DVD drive

Inside the power supply unit there are electronic components that are inductor coils, transformers,
capacitors, resistors, transistors and diodes. Quality of these components plays the main role in
reliable functioning of power supply units.

Access Slots:

Access slots or expansion slots are openings in a computer where a circuit board can be inserted
to add new capabilities to the computer. Examples of drives that may go here would be modems;
USB drives, networking cards, video adapters, and sound cards.

QUESTIONS

1. Number of cores in Intel Core i5 processor?

2. What is FSB?
3. What is the purpose of heat sink?
4. What motherboard spec affects performance the most?
5. What is a tuner card?
LABORATORY 4: INSTALL AND CONFIGURE HARD DISK

Objectives

(A) Install Hard Disk. (B)Identify Master /Slave / IDE Devices (C) Configure CMOS Setup.
(D)Partition and Format Hard Disk.(E)Practice with scan disk, disk cleanup, disk Defragment,
Virus Detecting and Rectifying Software.

Components/Tools:
Hard disk, Computer running windows7, Active sync utility, Avast anti-virus

Procedure:

Install Hard Disk:

How to Install a Hard Drive:
Steps:

➢ Unplug your computer and switch off the power supply.

➢ Locate the hard drive bay on the front of the computer. Put the hard drive in the hard
drive bay and line up the screw. Secure the hard drive into the hard drive bay with screws.
 ➢ Find the cables that came with your hard drive. Match the connectors on the back of the
hard drive to the cables and attach them. Find the corresponding connectors on the
motherboard and plug them in.
➢ Set the drive jumper to the master setting if you are installing an IDE drive. Look on the hard
drive or in the manual that came with your hard drive for the jumper settings. Use a pair of
needle nose pliers to adjust the jumper to the proper setting.
➢ Put the side panel back on the computer and secure it with the screws. Plug the computer
back in and flip the power supply switch back to "On."

Identify Master /Slave / IDE Devices:

➢ How to Set Jumpers for Your Computer’s IDE Drive:

➢ SATA drives each have their own cable that connects to the computer’s motherboard.
IDE drives share a single cable. When two drives share one cable, you give them different names.
IDE drives, those names are “Master” and “Slave.”
 1. Find the drive’s Master/Slave identification chart usually printed in black on a sticker
attached to your drive.
2. If your drive doesn’t have a sticker, visit the drive manufacturer’s Web site and downloads
the pin settings.
3. Locate the drive’s Master/Slave pins.
4. These both live near where the data and power cables plug into the drive. You’ll find six
or more pins, but they’re always set in pairs like the ones in the photo.
5. With a pair of tweezers or needle-nose pliers, place the jumper (a little plastic thingy) across
the correct pair of pins, either Master or Slave.

Configure CMOS-Setup:

Procedure:
➢ Go into your BIOS. Press F10 or DEL at startup.
➢ Advanced settings
➢ Go to "auto detects hard drives."
Ensure that it detects your new hard drive.
If it doesn't detect the drive, go back and make sure the cables are inserted tightly.

Partition and Format Hard Disk:

Create and format a hard disk partition:

You must be logged on as an administrator to perform these steps.

To create a partition or on a hard disk, there must be either unallocated (empty) space on the hard
disk or free space within an extended partition on the hard disk.
If there is no unallocated space, you can create some by shrinking an existing partition, deleting a
partition, or by using a third-party partitioning program.

To create and format a partition (volume):

Open Computer Management by clicking the Start button➔ Control Panel➔ clicking System and
Maintenance➔ clicking Administrative Tools, and then double-clicking Computer Management.
1. In the Navigation pane, under Storage, click Disk Management.
2. Right-click an unallocated region on your hard disk, and then click New Simple Volume.

3. In the New Simple Volume Wizard, click next.

4. Type the size of the volume you want to create in megabytes (MB) or accept the maximum
1. Default size, and then click next.
5. On the Assign Drive Letter Or Path page, specify whether you want to assign a drive letter or
path and then click Next. The available options are as follows.

Assign The Following Drive Letter Select an available drive letter in the selection list provided.
By default, Windows 7 selects the lowest available drive letter and excludes reserved drive letters
as well as those assigned to local disks or network drives.
Mount in the Following Empty NTFS Folder Choose this option to mount the partition in an empty
NTFS folder. You must then type the path to an existing folder or click Browse to search for or
create a folder to use.
Do Not Assign a Drive Letter or Drive Path Choose this option if you want to create the partition
without assigning a drive letter or path. Later, if you want the partition to be available for storage,
you can assign a drive letter or path at that time.
6. Use the Format Partition page to determine whether and how the volume should be formatted.
If you want to format the volume, choose Format This Volume with the Following Settings, and
then configure the following.
➢ File System Sets the file system type as FAT, FAT32, or NTFS. NTFS is selected by default
in most cases. If you create a file system as FAT or FAT32, you can later convert it to
NTFS by using the Convert utility. You can’t, however, convert NTFS partitions to FAT
or FAT32.
➢ Allocation Unit Size Sets the cluster size for the file system. This is the basic unit in which
disk space is allocated. The default allocation unit size is based on the size of the volume
and, by default, is set dynamically prior to formatting. To override this feature, you can set
 the allocation unit size to a specific value. If you use many small files, you might want to
use a smaller cluster size, such as 512 or 1,024 bytes. With these settings, small files use
less disk space.
➢ Volume Label Sets a text label for the partition. This label is the partition’s volume name
and by default is set to New Volume. You can change the volume label at any time by
right-clicking the volume in Windows Explorer, choosing Properties, and typing a new
value in the Label field provided on the General tab.
➢ Perform A Quick Format Tells Windows 7 to format without checking the partition for
errors. With large partitions, this option can save you a few minutes.
However, it’s usually better to check for errors, which enables Disk Management to mark bad
sectors on the disk and lock them out.
➢ Enable File and Folder Compression Turns on compression for the disk. Built-in
compression is available only for NTFS. Under NTFS, compression is transparent to users
and compressed files can be accessed just like regular files. If you select this option, files
and directories on this drive are compressed automatically.
7. Click Next, confirm your options, and then click Finish.
To format an existing partition (volume):
➢ Formatting a volume will destroy any data on the partition. Be sure to make backups of
any data you want to save before you begin.
➢ You cannot format a disk or partition that is currently in use, including the partition that
contains Windows.
➢ Quick format is a formatting option that creates a new file table but does not fully
overwrite or erase the volume.
1. Open Computer Management by clicking the Start button, clicking Control Panel, clicking
System and Maintenance, clicking Administrative Tools, and then double-clicking Computer
Management. If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the
password or provide confirmation.
2. In the Navigation pane, under Storage, click Disk Management.
3. Right-click the volume that you want to format, and then click Format.
4. To format the volume with the default settings, in the Format dialog box, click OK, and then
click OK again.
QUESTIONS

1. What is primary, extended and logical partition?

2. What are the features of NTFS file system?
3. What is Boot sector virus?
4. How anti-virus detect virus programs?
5. Difference between basic disk and dynamic disk?
LABORATORY 5: CAUSE OF FAILURE, SYMPTOM AND SOLUTION OF HDD

Objectives

(A) Install Hard Disk. (B)Identify Master /Slave / IDE Devices (C) Configure CMOS Setup.
(D)Partition and Format Hard Disk.(E)Practice with scan disk, disk cleanup, disk Defragment,
Virus Detecting and Rectifying Software.

Reason, symptom and solution of Hard Disk

1. Firmware or Manufacturer Faults

Symptoms:

➢ The hard disk is undetectable or not recognized at all by the System.

➢ The system fails to boot or hang in the middle of the booting process.

Reason:

This problem occurs mainly with the brand new hard disk which prevents it from working properly.
It can happen even after few days of purchasing and there are chances that manufacturer had
delivered the faulty disk. These types of hard disks are delivered to the customer without testing.

Solution:

Users can contact hard disk manufacturer and ask for RA (Return Authorization) as the disk is still
under warranty. Therefore, this type of problems can be addressed without inquiring any further
and paying any extra amount. However, a user may lose important data that is stored on the hard
disk in between before corruption actually took place. The manufacturer won’t offer any guarantee
of the safety of your data and to recover your lost data from the corrupted hard disk, you definitely
require data recovery software for Windows and Mac if the problem is severe and damages are
logical.
2. Heat

Symptoms:

➢ Fans are moving too slow or not at all

➢ Clicking sounds or noise is arising from the system hardware
➢ Desktop or Laptop gets heated soon after starting

Reason:

This is the most common cause of all the hard drive failure causes and occurs too frequently. Due
to improper ventilation or faulty CPU fan, a system would heat to the peak point and leads to the
sudden hard disk crash or severe damage to the computer hardware which is irreversible.

Solution:

To ensure that the CPU fans are working fine, double check that the sufficient cooling is delivered
to the processor and their peripherals. You can use thermal paste and employ them between the
heat sinks of CPU fan to make them run smoothly for the upcoming time. Use Stellar SMART
tool, it will notify the user about the hard disk conditions and any future risks associated with the
hardware. It also helps user about developing bad sectors on the hard disk platter which can cause
sudden system freeze or complete system breakdown.

3. Electronic Failure or Power Surges

Symptoms:

➢ System BIOS will unable to detect the hard drive

➢ Hard drive couldn’t be able to spin up
➢ Sudden startup failure

Reason:

The UPS may not be able to deliver the required power supply, either too high or too low. It can
also occur due to the use of unreliable power source that delivers interrupted power supply.
Solution:

Make sure that the system hardware is getting only the required power supply. You can
troubleshoot it by using UPS of a well-known brand. Also, always switched off your system when
not in use or away from your reach. If still, your hard disk drive is inaccessible and not showing
up then use Stellar Data Recovery Professional to recover your data immediately.

4. Mechanical or Internal failure

This error happens internally into the hard disk due to of bad sectors and blocks, spindle motor
stops functioning, PCB board itself is damaged and read/write head may become immovable.

Symptoms:

• Clicking or grinding sounds from the hard drive

• Files & Folders become invisible by the time. Files and folders can also become corrupt
and prevent you from accessing it.
• Complete system freezes
• Black screen appears after the booting screen which keeps resisting you from starting the
system.

Reason:

The hard drive carries moving parts which may degrade over time and ultimately results in the
mechanically damaged hard disk. A virus attack can erase hard disk data, alter hard disk operation
or make the system files corrupt etc. which ultimately contributes to mechanical failure. Many
rootkits virus were introduced earlier which becomes active as soon as you start the system and
corrupt system functioning at BIOS level. Though, latest Windows operating system such as
Windows 8/ Windows 8.1 has the capability to detect that malware and remove it using UEFI
(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) technology.
Solution:

Updating the system regularly or weekly, running latest copy of antivirus program, replacing the
hard drive after 3-4 years of use etc. are the common measures which can increase your hard disk
life.

5. Corrupted Files Symptoms

Symptoms:

➢ Important system files may become damaged or corrupt and prevent users from
accessing their system.
➢ Sudden shutdown due to power failure or force restart can cause files to become
corrupt and make your hard disk inaccessible whatsoever.

Reason:

An Unethical way to shut down the PC, accidentally close running programs, use of malicious or
faulty applications, power surges are the factors which contributes towards system file corruption
and make the hard disk unstable or stops functioning properly.

Solution:

Always use the standard way to shut down your PC which can help your computer to close
everything properly and command kernel to stops powering remaining CPU equipment. It is also
recommended to close all the running programs before closing the system. Avoid installing
malicious or faulty software into your PC to keep the hard disk live longer.

6. Human Errors

This error happens mainly due to of human mistakes and may cause serious damages to the system.
For ex, modifying the system registry settings, altering system files attribute and location, wrong
installation of OS etc. These types of errors were hard to repair and require the most powerful
recovery software to scan deeply and recover seriously damaged data.
Scan disk, disk cleanup, disk De-fragment, Virus Detecting and Rectifying Software.
Procedure:
Using Scandisk and Disk Defragmenter:

Scandisk and Disk Defragmenter (Defrag) are two programs that when run in conjunction with
each other have the ability to detect and resolve many of the problems which can cause poor
performance and in more serious cases the loss of files.
Running Scandisk:
✓ Open My Computer ➔ Right click on the drive ➔ select Properties
✓ Select tools tab and click check now

In the Check Disk <disk name> window, select the automatically fix file system errors check
box
✓ Click Start
✓ If the drive that you want to check is currently in use and it is your system drive, you will
see a dialog box with a warning message. In this case, click Schedule disk check.
✓ Exit all open programs, and then restart your computer. The checking will start
automatically before next Windows startup and display the results when completed
✓ If you are not checking the system drive, you do not have to turn off the computer.
However, the selected drive may also be in use. In this case, you receive a message. After you
have saved all files and close all open programs, click Force a dismount.
The checking starts immediately. After it is completed, the results will be displayed.
✓ If you run Scandisk monthly you need only check the "Thorough" box the first time you
run the program.
 ✓ Always be sure to check the "Automatically fix errors" radio button

Running Defragment:
Click the Start button. In the search box, type disk defragment, and then, in the list of results, click
Disk defragment
1. Under Current status, select the disk you want to defragment.
2. To determine if the disk needs to be defragmented or not, click Analyze disk. If you are
prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide
confirmation.
Once Windows is finished analyzing the disk, you can check the percentage of fragmentation on
the disk in the Last Run column. If the number is above 10%, you should defragment the disk.
3. Click Defragment disk. If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type
the password or provide confirmation. Disk Defragmenter might take from several minutes to a
few hours to finish, depending on the size and degree of fragmentation of your hard disk. You can
still use your computer during the defragmentation process.
Notes
✓ If the disk is already in exclusive use by another program, or if the disk is formatted using
a file system other than NTFS file system, FAT, or FAT32, it can't be defragmented
✓ Network locations can't be defragmented.
✓ If a disk that you're expecting to see under Current status is not showing up there, it might
be because it contains an error. You should try to repair the disk first, and then return to
Disk Defragmenter to try again. See Check your hard disk for errors for more information.
Running Disk Cleanup:

Procedure:

1. Open Disk Cleanup by clicking the Start button , clicking All Programs, clicking
Accessories, clicking System Tools, and then clicking Disk Cleanup

2. Disk Cleanup will calculate the free space on your computer, which may take a few
minutes.
 3. After the calculation is complete, you should see a dialog box that looks similar to the
following: Confirm that only the following check boxes are checked:
➢ Downloaded Program Files
➢ Temporary Internet Files
➢ Recycle Bin
➢ Temporary Files
4. Click OK.

5. You should see a dialog box that asks Are you sure you want to permanently delete these files?
6. Click Delete Files.
7. Disk Cleanup will delete the files and close automatically.

Virus Detecting and Rectifying Software:

1. Click Start.
2. Click All Programs ➔a vast antivirus.

3. Click Scan.
Result:
Thus Installation of Hard Disk, configure CMOS-Setup, partition and format Hard Disk and
Identify Master /Slave / IDE Devices are done successfully. Scan disks, disk cleanup, disk
Defragment, Virus Detecting and Rectifying Software to the pc’s are executed successfully.

LABORATORY 6: CAUSE OF FAILURE, SYMPTOM AND SOLUTION OF CPU

Objectives

➢ Troubleshoot the cause of CPU failure

➢ fix from there problems

Symptoms of a CPU failure

By design, today’s computers won’t load the operating system if an essential component like a
CPU is not working. In other words, the usual boot up process can’t be completed as POST or
Power-On Self-Test will indicate that a critical component is missing in the system. Other
components such as fans, hard drive, and the motherboard in general will continue to work but the
boot up process will eventually end up in a blue screen of death error. Still, there are other
observable symptoms before and during a CPU failure that you must be aware of. Knowing them
can help you identify the problem faster, shortening downtime.

Lock ups and overheating immediately before PC shuts down. If you noticed that your
computer had lock up instances before the final crash, one of the things that you should consider
is a bad CPU. It may have overheated causing the system to shut down automatically to prevent
further damage. A CPU has a built-in fan to keep itself cool but if the fan fails for some reason,
the CPU can temporarily overheat. This is one of the reasons why you should ensure that all fans
in your computer are checked and cleaned once every year. Dust can sometimes choke fans so
keeping it away regularly can make or break a system. If your CPU appears to suffer from frequent
overheating, consider cleaning its fan first. If that won’t work, check the BIOS to see if there’s a
way for you to lower its RPM. Doing so may have significant impact on performance, especially
if you’re using your computer for graphics-intensive activities but it can also be the only effective
remedy short of replacing the CPU.

Keep in mind that prolonged overheating can permanently damage the CPU. If you are 100% sure
that the CPU is overheating (some motherboards have diagnostic tools to let you monitor the
CPU’s temperature), find a way to lower the temperature down, or consult an expert how to fix it.

Beeping. As mentioned above, your computer runs a self-check (POST) to verify if all the essential
peripherals are working or not. If the test will find out that the CPU is not working, the boot up
process will then be interrupted and the motherboard will produce a beeping sound. The beeps are
actually codes that helps a technician identify the problem so make sure that you take note how
many beeps there are. You can then search Google what the beep code means.

Charred motherboard or CPU. Severe overheating can melt or leave charred appearance on both
the motherboard and the CPU itself. Try to remove the motherboard from the tower and disconnect
the CPU to see if this is the case (steps provided below). If overheating was bad, the CPU may be
damaged permanently. In this case, there’s nothing more than you can do about it. Simply replace
it and go on with your life. Depending on the damage, the motherboard can also be rendered useless
so make sure that you troubleshoot the motherboard too afterwards.

Reasons for CPU failure

Like any other electronic component, the CPU can die for simple reasons. Below are the items that
you should minimize in the system if you want to lengthen a CPU’s lifespan.

Heat. A working CPU generates heat but if heat levels go beyond the normal threshold, the CPU
can die from it. Again, never underestimate the power of fans. There’s a reason why extensive
cooling systems are expensive. If possible, put the computer in an air-conditioned room so heat
buildup becomes slow.

Aging. Some processors can outlive all other components but most of the time, you can expect an
old CPU to just give up anytime. If you have an older system (over 5 years old), the CPU can
suddenly die even if it’s taken care of properly. The first component in the CPU assembly that
usually gives up is the fan. Over time, this moving part simply reaches its natural limit and there’s
nothing that you can do about it. There are millions of transistors in a CPU and if one of two stop
working, the CPU may malfunction if it does a specific task. This one is difficult to check directly
so if you’ve ruled out all possible causes, the only thing that you can do is to replace the CPU.
Undue stress or overclocking. CPUs are rated based on their clock speeds. Some CPUs are
designed to allow faster clock speeds for enhanced performance but this comes at a price.
Overclocking can add stress to the unit, shortening its overall lifespan in the process. In other
words, you are trading longevity of the CPU for more processing power, which is not entirely bad.
If you have the resources to get a faster CPU though, we suggest that you do so instead of
overclocking.

Power surge or unstable voltage. Many of today’s processors are so reliable they can run
continually for years without breaking down. However, if you are in an area with frequent lightning
storm or unstable power lines, a power surge can effectively kill a processor, if not the rest of
components in the motherboard. Try not to connect your computer directly to the wall outlet. If
possible, use a surge protector to safeguard your computer from sudden power spikes.

Bad motherboard. A motherboard is a sophisticated interconnection of many different

components and sometimes, even one bad capacitor can cause another component to fail. Try to
do a visual hardware check on the motherboard and watch out for leaking or bulging capacitor. If
you find one, there’s high probability that it’s causing the CPU to fail.

How to troubleshoot a failing CPU

A CPU either works… or not. If properly installed, a CPU will work until it dies, unless it
something drastic happens like a power surge, lightning strike, severe motherboard damage. That
said, if a CPU appears to be not working anymore, the best thing that you can do is to replace it.
Period.

Check if the system is overheating. Before you consider the physical removal of the CPU and
testing a new one, you must double check if the system is showing signs of overheating. These are
some of the concrete steps that you can try:

• Make sure that airflow is clear. Sometimes, extra cables inside the case can block important
vents.
• Keep the number of fans under control. Too many fans does not necessarily mean its better.
• If you can still access the BIOS, make sure that it runs the latest firmware version. The
update process depends on the board you’re using so make sure that you consult the
 documentation that came with it. Usually, you’ll know the BIOS version by checking the
BIOS string that shows up during boot-up. Other motherboards may have a different way
to showing their firmware version so again, do a small Google search or use the manual.
• Check the fan or heat sink. This step is only applicable if you know how to remove and re-
place the CPU. If you do, make sure that the push pins are in the correct position and that
the heat sink is correctly attached to the motherboard. Together with this step is to check if
there’s a thermal interface material on the bottom of the heat sink. If there’s none, it may
be the reason why the computer overheats. Thermal interface material often comes in the
form of a thermal glue.

If nothing happens during boot up, that is, the display remains blue or black and you suspect a
processor failure, you must do the following steps:

• Check if the power LED light on the motherboard is on or off.

• If the LED light is off, check for motherboard or power supply issues.
• If the LED light is on, check if the processor fan spins when the system is powered on.
• If the processor fan spins, you must do a swap test using another workable processor.
Confirm the other devices are working correctly.

How to prevent CPU failure

Despite its reliability, you want to make sure that your computer’s CPU lives to its fullest. Because
overheating is often the most common reason for CPU failure, here are the things that you must
do to prevent it.

Monitor the CPU’s heat levels. High quality motherboards provide a monitoring tool for CPU
temperature and fan speed within BIOS so make sure to use it. Again, how the monitoring tool is
implemented depends on the motherboard you have so use the accompanying documentation for
reference. Monitoring tools in BIOS are designed to be user friendly so you may even have the
capability to use a mouse. Temperature readings are often in plain form so you can understand
them and if you’re lucky, there may be a reference on what’s normal and not.

In case you can’t establish the baseline temperature, you must figure it on your own by noting
what the CPU temperature is when it’s on idle state. After that, you then need to put the CPU under
load so you can also take note of its operating temperature. If you run the motherboard monitoring
program, set reasonable tripwire values for temperatures and configure the program to notify you
when those temperatures are exceeded.

Use good CPU coolers. CPUs bought in retail stores include stock coolers but if you can afford
quality third party coolers, go for it. Aftermarket coolers are usually more efficient than the stock
cooler but they can also be noisier so make your choice depending on your need. If you’re after
good performance, go ahead with aftermarket ones. If you are the one installing the cooler, make
sure that you clean the processor surface properly before you apply the thermal compound. Also,
make sure that the heat sink fits snugly in the processor.

Summery

Prevent static electricity from damaging computer components. Disconnect all cables, unplug your
computer and wear an anti-static wristband when removing the case cover or working inside your
computer.

While opening the case cover on a desktop computer is usually a simple matter of removing two
to three screws, removing a laptop case cover can be more difficult. Instructions vary according to
brand so read the user manual for your computer, or find case cover removal information on the
company website.

Removing and replacing your processor is the best and often only way to know for sure whether
your processor is damaged. As a result, if you do not have the time or resources to troubleshoot
your CPU, testing via replacement may be your best “first” option.

1. Unplug the processor fan.

2. Locate and unlatch the clips securing the processor fan and underlying heatsink.
3. Release the locking lever securing the processor often appearing as a horizontal arm running
the length of the processor by lifting it upward.
4. Grasp the processor by its sides using your thumb and index finger, and then remove it by lifting
it straight up.
5. Set the new processor in place using gentle pressure to secure it and then return the locking lever
to its horizontal, locked position.
6. Squirt a small amount of thermal compound about the size of a dried pea in the middle of the
new processor.
7. Set the heatsink/fan combination in place and relatch the locking clips.
LABORATORY 7: CAUSE OF FAILURE, SYMPTOM AND SOLUTION OF RAM

Objectives

➢ Troubleshoot the cause of RAM failure

➢ fix from there problems

RAM a very common word among the techy people. The full form is Random Access Memory
Computer stores temporary data on it and use when it needs these data. These are cleared when
you shut down your PC. Nowadays, Mobile, tab or any smart devices may have RAM as well as
CPU. RAM problem is not very common.

Causes of RAM Failure

➢ Power surges can damage most computer components, including RAM. You should plug your
computer and other expensive electronics into a surge protector. Make sure you know the
difference between a surge protector and a power strip.
➢ Before you handle any parts in your computer, make sure you ground yourself by touching a
piece of grounded metal to discharge static electricity. Electrostatic discharge can damage your
computer.
➢ Excessive heat can cause RAM and other parts to wear out over time. Individual components
can overheat, or heat from one component can cause damage to adjacent parts.
➢ If you have overclocked any part of your computer incorrectly, it may cause damage in the
form of excess heat.
➢ Your memory module may have some fault that passed through quality control and worsened
over time. This is the most likely cause behind a damaged RAM.

Symptoms of a RAM Problem

➢ When you first turn on your computer it runs fine, but as you go about your business you notice
that its performance diminishes. By lunch time, websites take minutes to load and local
programs run at a snail's pace. This type of gradual deterioration of PC performance, especially
with memory-intensive programs, may be caused by a RAM problem.
➢ Your computer randomly restarts while you are in the middle of something or freeze
sporadically. It may also reboot almost immediately upon opening the desktop. This could be
a sign of faulty RAM.
➢ A blue screen with white text flashes before restarting. Blue-screen errors are annoying
because you don't even have a chance to read the error message. Bad RAM is one thing that
cause them.
➢ Files—particularly ones you frequently access and save—seem to be inexplicably corrupted.
RAM issues can lead to this problem, which can worsen over time. The file structure of your
hard drive may slowly degenerate and you will no longer be able to boot your machine.
➢ Your attempts to install a new program repeatedly fail for unknown reasons. You try to reinstall
the operating system, but keep getting odd error messages.

There are certainly a variety of problems that could cause the issues above, but faulty RAM is an
often-overlooked root cause of inexplicable issues. If you have one or a combination of the above
problems you are likely facing a memory issue.

Fix RAM Problems/ Fixing the Problem by Removing Memory

➢ To rem
➢ RAM module you need to press the tiny levers on each end to release it.
➢ Test each of your memory modules one at a time to find which ones are bad. When you find
the sticks that are bad you can order replacements. It is possible all the memory modules are
damaged if your computer experienced a serious power surge.
➢ If all the memory modules appear bad, then the problem is likely with the memory slot itself.
Try testing each memory module in each of the memory slots to find if one of the slots is faulty.
To fix a faulty slot you would need to replace your motherboard.
➢ When replacing a module, make sure the indention on the bottom is lined up correctly with the
slot and then press it in until you hear the levers snap. Note that some levers do not make a
snapping sound.
LABORATORY 8: CAUSE OF FAILURE, SYMPTOM AND SOLUTION OF MOTHER
BOARD

Objectives

➢ Troubleshoot the cause of motherboard failure

➢ fix from there problems

Cause of failure, symptom and solution of Mother Board

If your computer suddenly (or not so suddenly) stops working, the motherboard is one of the
likely culprits. Unfortunately, they’re also one of the most problematic computer components to
repair or replace.

Symptoms of Motherboard Failure

Blue Screen

A computer blue screen can happen for a lot of different reasons. However, a hardware issue is
quite a common reason for a blue screen. If you get a blue screen, you can try to troubleshoot it
by searching the error code in Google or on Microsoft's site. If you are unable to fix the blue
screen, it could be an indication that the problem is on your motherboard.

Random Restarts

This is one of the most common signs of a failing motherboard. However, it is advisable to
carefully check so as to rule out any possibility of a virus or an error on the hard disk. If the
problem still occurs after you have checked the hard disk for viruses and errors, it might be an
indication of a failing motherboard.

Burning Smell

If there is any burning smell from your motherboard, shut down the PC right away. A burning
smell may result from overheating or an incompatible component. Note that, every motherboard
has its own specifications (i.e. every motherboard has its own specific processor, RAM, video
card or hard disk among other components). If an incompatible component is used, it may cause
serious problems/damage to the motherboard.

Bloated Capacitators

This is also another obvious symptom of a failing motherboard and is often a result of
overheating the motherboard. This is however common with Pentium 4 motherboards which are
prone to overheating. If your capacitator looks like it is ready to blow, it means it is already
bloated. You can replace your capacitator if you do not want to change the whole motherboard.

Reasons for Motherboard Failure

➢ Electricity and voltage spikes

➢ Age
➢ Pressure or force
➢ Smoke, dust
➢ Heating issues or fan failure (clean fans once a year)

Solution for Mother Board

Replacing Capacitors

The constant problem of popping capacitors is well-known by professionals and enthusiasts

alike. Capacitors are the first thing to blow in a well-built electronic unit. The problem persists
wherever a capacitor is used (commonly called the 'Capacitor Plague'). The only option to this is
to replace the capacitor with a new one. Spotting a bad capacitor is easy: it's the one with the
bulging top and leaking electrolytic goo. Most capacitors expel the electrolytic fluid inside them.
It either dries up on the outer part of the top of the capacitor or leaks on to the circuit board.
Worst-case scenario, the capacitor explodes due to too much electrical stress. If you see no
damage on them, you can still check them using a capacity gauge or a multi meter.
POST Check with Beep Codes

To diagnose a problem, you need to know where to look. The first stop would be the BIOS
POST (Power-On Self-Test). If your computer (not your speakers, your cabinet) makes beeping
sounds when you start it up, it means there is a problem with certain part/s on the MoBo. This is
good (relatively speaking) because the beeps will directly tell you what's wrong. Pay close
attention to the kind of beeping sound (the duration - short or long and the number of beeps).
Search online for the 'computer beep code' and you should have found out which component is
faulty. This will only work if the parts are on the verge of going down. If something does go
down, your computer probably wouldn't start and you'll have to figure out the problem manually.
LABORATORY 9: CAUSE OF FAILURE, SYMPTOM AND SOLUTION OF DISPLAY
UNIT

➢ Troubleshoot the cause of display unit failure

➢ fix from there problems
➢ Symptoms of Motherboard Failure

Computer monitors are an essential element of every PC setup. Users can choose from older CRT
(cathode ray tube) monitors, or modern flat-screen monitors such as LCDs (liquid crystal displays),
high-efficiency LED (light-emitting diode) screens and plasma displays. Each type of monitor is
subject to failure and may need replacement after a number of years.

Symptoms of display unit Failure

Not Powering Up

Some monitors may fail to power up even while plugged into a working outlet. The screen remains
black and the status light fails to illuminate after pressing the power button. This can indicate a
problem with the monitor's power supply or a loose connection within the monitor's housing. A
new power supply may solve the problem, and is an easy fix for monitors with an external power
supply. Faulty power cords can cause the same symptoms, so using a different cord to test the
monitor is important to isolating the problem to the monitor itself.

Dim Image

CRT monitors have a tendency to become dim over time. The monitor may not be able to produce
the full range of brightness that it once could, and images will begin to appear flat and dark. This
indicates that the cathode ray tube is wearing out, which is an inevitable occurrence with this type
of technology. New tubes may cost more than a new monitor, so tube replacement is not likely to
be a cost-effective option. Adjusting brightness settings on the monitor, or through the computer's
display settings, may help temporarily in producing a sufficiently bright image on an aging CRT
monitor.
Image Distortion

As a monitor begins to fail, it may produce distorted images, these can take on a specific color tint,
such as a yellow or green cast that adjusting the color settings can't eliminate. In other cases, an
image will exhibit static distortion with lines of a solid color interrupting the image on screen. This
may be due to a failure of the electronics, or a buildup of magnetic particles on the electron gun in
a CRT monitor.

Dead Pixels

LED monitors are composed of thousands of tiny pixels, each of which can change colors rapidly
to display an image. Individual pixels can begin to fail as an LED monitor ages. Dead, or stuck,
pixels will stop displaying a range of colors, instead remaining a single color. These can be hard
to identify depending on the screen image, but clusters of dead pixels can gradually become
obvious and begin to interrupt viewing.

Screen Burn

CRT, LCD and plasma monitors are all susceptible to some form of screen burn. This occurs when
an image remains on the screen for an extended period of time and becomes a permanent part of
the screen. It may result in a ghosting effect; in some cases, actual images or text remain visible
on the screen even when it is displaying another image. Screen burn is a matter of fatigue and
indicates that a monitor has been overused without varying the image it displays.

Reasons for display unit Failure

Loose Connections

Many easily fixed factors can cause a dark monitor, such as loose connections in various cords and
circuit boards. Check the monitor's adapter plug to make sure it is securely fastened to the back of
the monitor and plugged into the outlet or surge protector, allowing the device to receive the proper
flow of electricity. Verify that the video cable connections are tight and secure, in both the monitor
and the back of your computer. Ensure the graphics card is seated snugly in the motherboard, with
all the necessary wires and cables connected properly and securely.
Faulty Video Card

The video card inside your computer's tower allows the translation of electronic data into visual
images. If this card fails, through damage or manufacturer defect, your screen will go black. Try a
different monitor on your computer and watch for a display. If the second monitor shows nothing,
your video card may be at fault and will need to be replaced. If the new monitor does show a
normal display, you know your first monitor has failed.

Motherboard Failure

In some instances, your video card is fine, but the large circuit board it's attached to isn't. All the
components within your computer's case connect to the motherboard, a large circuit board that
allows the various pieces of hardware to communicate and interact properly. If the motherboard
suffers a short circuit, from a spill or electrical surge, it may malfunction and be unable to read
and use the various cards and components attached. Examine your motherboard for signs of
damage, such as burn marks from a short circuit or warped areas. Try a different video card in the
motherboard and see if your monitor's image returns. If not, you may have suffered motherboard
failure, which requires replacement of the entire board.

Faulty Monitor

Sometimes a dark monitor occurs simply because the device itself has reached the end of its life
span. Electronics inside the monitor can fail, or environmental factors such as high levels of
humidity may introduce moisture inside the unit, causing a short circuit. Connect your monitor to
a different computer to see if it will work. If not, the monitor itself is faulty and requires
replacement. If the monitor does display an image, then you can continue troubleshooting to
narrow down the true culprit and correct the problem.

Solution for display unit

A lot of monitor problems are related to the VGA cable. Sometimes the plug on one or more of
the pins gets damaged or bent and a wire brakes inside the cable from frequent bending or usage.
This is when we get a one color screen.
Stuttering or Flickering

If your monitor’s screen is often flashing or stuttering, there are a few different problems that you
could be facing. It might be something as simple as a loose or faulty video cable. So first, tighten
down the cable on both the monitor and the computer end (making sure to completely tighten any
retention screws, if your cable has them) or simply replace the cable. The same thing goes for the
power cable: make sure it’s secure at both ends, and if the problem persists, replace it if possible.

An incorrect refresh rate setting can also cause flickering. The refresh rate is the number of times
the computer sends an image to the monitor per second, expressed in hertz. Most LCD monitors
use either 59 or 60 hertz, though 75Hz, 120Hz, and 144Hz are also found on premium monitors.
Go into your operating system’s display settings (right-click desktop and head to Display settings
> Display adapter properties > Monitor in Windows 10) to make sure the right hertz setting is
applied—you may need to update your video drivers as well.

Vertical Lines

Black or single-colored lines on LCD screens are caused by a lot of different issues, but if the
standard fixes outlined in the flickering section above don’t fix them (check your video and power
cables for problems, install new drivers), it’s probably a physical defect in the screen itself. Try
your monitor on another computer or laptop to see if the problem persists; if it does, you’re
probably looking at a replacement, since the error is almost certainly in the LCD panel (the most
expensive component of the monitor).
Dead or Stuck Pixels

Dead pixel is a single dot on your LCD screen that doesn’t illuminate, showing up as one or more
black squares. “Stuck” pixels are similar, but instead of showing black they’re stuck on a single
color that doesn’t match the computer screen’s image, typically either red, green, or blue.

There isn’t much you can do for a dead pixel—it’s a physical malfunction of the screen panel.
Luckily one or two dead pixels usually doesn’t mean you have to throw the whole monitor away;
it’s certainly possible to work around it or ignore it. You can also look into a warranty replacement,
though many monitor manufacturers won’t replace a screen until multiple pixels have gone out.

Cracks, Spots, and Blotches

If your monitor has a visible crack, a large discolored area, or a black/multicolored spot that doesn’t
align with the pixel grid, it’s been subjected to physical trauma and the LCD panel is damaged.
There’s nothing you can do here: even if your monitor is within its warranty period, it almost
certainly won’t cover physical damage. You could try to replace the LCD panel itself, but since
the replacement part will be almost as expensive as a new monitor anyway, you might as well start
shopping.

Buzzing

The most common problem that can cause a buzz or whine noise in a monitor is an issue with the
backlight, usually with the compact florescent tubes used for lighting in older models. (This design
has been largely superseded by LED backlighting, but there are still plenty of CFL-equipped
monitors in use.) Buzzing can occur due to problems in power regulation to one or more bulbs.
Try adjusting the brightness of your screen up or down to see if the noise dissipates; of course, this
can be a less than optimal solution if you need your screen brightness at a specific setting.

Fortunately, a faulty CFL bulb is a fairly standard issue, as is a malfunctioning power regulator in
various other components that can cause similar problems. If your monitor is out of its warranty
period, take it to a local electronics shop—they can probably swap out the part for considerably
less than the cost of a new screen.
Incorrect Resolution

If your screen is suddenly showing the wrong resolution for your desktop which is indeed the
most likely culprit is your graphics card. It’s probable that either the software component (the
graphics driver) or the graphics card itself is where the problem is located. Updating the driver
usually fixes this problem, though a new graphics card might be in order.

If the problem persists even when you’re testing the monitor on another machine, there might be
something wrong with the internal electronics. Try an alternative input (HDMI/DisplayPort/DVI)
if possible.

Random Shutoffs

A monitor that periodically turns itself off might not be getting sufficient power from the outlet or
surge protector again, check your home’s circuit breaker and make sure the power cable is correctly
plugged in. It’s also possible that the internal or external power converter (the latter will be a box
or “wall wart” on the power cable) is overheating. Carefully check the casing of the monitor itself
or the power adapter; if either is too hot to touch for more than a few seconds, they need to be
replaced.
LABORATORY 10: WRITER AND RECORDING DVD AND BOOTABLE USB

Objectives

To Install and Configure a DVD Writer and a Blu-ray Disc writer and recording a Blank DVD and
Blu-ray Disc blank in a computer system.

Components/Tools:

Computer running Windows 7 or 10, DVD/Blue-ray writer, Blank DVD, USB drive, Nero DVD
burning software
Procedure:

To install an external DVD & Blu-ray drive:

➢ When purchasing a new drive be sure to: DVD+/-RW and Blu-Ray Disc
➢ If you have a USB connection on your computer you can use an external drive. The
advantage to an exterior drive is that you can use it on other computers as well.

To install an internal DVD & Blu-ray drive:

➢ Look for a DVD with the letters RW on the box this is so you can read disks and record
them as well. Make sure the speed rating is 16X.
➢ Disconnect the power cord from the back of the
➢ Open the case of the computer
➢ Locate the DVD drive. Most have two connections and can only be snapped in place one
way. One connection is for data and one for power.
➢ Check to see if your computer mounts the DVD/CD ROM drives from the inside or if they
are pushed through the front panel (you may have to remove the plastic panel on some
models.)
➢ Carefully remove the plastic “knock-off.
➢ Slide the DVD drive into an empty compartment or bay.
➢ Connect the DVD drive to the data cable.
➢ Look the DVD to the power connector.
➢ Re-assemble the cover and plug the computer back in.
To record a blank DVD & Blu-ray:
➢ Insert the blank DVD in the DVD writer.
➢ Double click the Nero icon in the desktop.
➢ Then selection the needed options

To add the favorites file to copy in the disk.

➢ Click the burn button.

➢ Then the files are recorded into the blank disk.

 ➢ Then finished recorded.

To install windows on USB and make bootable

➢ Insert empty USB drive
➢ Fi it’s not empty ISO remove all the file during installation
➢ Open ISO application

➢ Click on tools and

➢ Create bootable USB Drive
➢ Select the source of the file /the file must be ISO file
➢ Select the destination drive and
➢ Click start
➢ Selected drive must be empty unless deleted

➢ Click ok
 ➢ Close the application

Result:

Thus Installation and Configuration of DVD Writer and recording DVD and bootable drive to the
pc is done successfully.
QUESTIONS

1. What are the difference between CD and DVD?

2. What are the features of ISO image?
3. What is meant by multisession in CD/DVD burning?
4. How will you create a bootable CD/DVD?
5. Normal storage capacity of CD and DVD is?
LABORATORY 11: PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

The act of a regularly scheduled check of the computer hardware or software to help ensure it
continues to operate properly. Below is a list of some preventive maintenance steps you can take
with your computer or computer hardware.

Computer Preventive Maintenance

✓ Cleaning your computer hardware.
✓ Downloading the latest drivers for your hardware.
✓ Downloading the latest updates for your computer software.
✓ Verifying you have the latest antivirus protection updates on your computer.
✓ Running disk software utilities such as Defrag and ScanDisk on your hard drive.
✓ Deleting unused programs or other files on your computer.
✓ If you don't turn off your computer it may be good to reboot your computer every few
months, unless the computer is a critical computer such as a computer server.

Cleaning the computer and its components

Cleaning your computer, components, and peripherals help keep everything in good working
condition, helps prevent germs from spreading, and helps allow proper air flow. The picture shows
a good example of how dirty the inside of your computer case can get. Looking at this picture it's
immediately obvious that all the dust and dirt is going to prevent proper air flow and may even
prevent the fan from working.

How often should I clean my computer?

The frequency of how often you should clean your computer varies on different factors. To help
you determine how often you need to clean your computer, we created the checklist below. Check
each of the boxes below that apply to your computer's conditions to help determine how often you
should clean the computer.

General cleaning tips

1. Below is a listing of suggestions to follow when cleaning any computer components or

peripherals as well as tips to help keep a computer clean.
2. Never spray or squirt any liquid onto any computer component. If a spray is needed, spray
the liquid onto a cloth.
3. You can use a vacuum to suck up dirt, dust, or hair around the computer. However, do not
use a vacuum inside your computer as it generates static electricity that can damage your
computer. If you need to use a vacuum inside your computer, use a portable battery
powered vacuum or try compressed air.
4. When cleaning a component or the computer, turn it off before cleaning.
5. Be cautious when using any cleaning solvents; some people have allergic reactions to
chemicals in cleaning solvents, and some solvents can even damage the case. Try always
to use water or a highly diluted solvent.
6. When cleaning, be careful to not accidentally adjust any knobs or controls. Also, when
cleaning the back of the computer, if anything is connected make sure not to disconnect
the plugs.
When cleaning fans, especially smaller fans, hold the fan or place something in-between
the fan blades to prevent it from spinning. Spraying compressed air into a fan or cleaning
a fan with a vacuum may cause damage or generate a back voltage.
7. Never eat or drink around the computer.
8. Limit smoking around the computer.
Cleaning tools

Although computer cleaning products are available, you can also use household items to clean
your computer and its peripherals. Below is a listing of items you may need or want to use while
cleaning your computer.
Cloth - A cotton cloth is the best tool used when rubbing down computer components. Paper
towels can be used with most hardware, but we always recommend using a cloth whenever
possible. However, only use a cloth when cleaning components such as the case, a drive, mouse,
and keyboard. You should not use a cloth to clean any circuitry such as the RAM or motherboard.

Water or rubbing alcohol - When moistening a cloth, it is best to use water or rubbing alcohol.
Other solvents may be bad for the plastics used with your computer.

Portable Vacuum - Sucking the dust, dirt, hair, cigarette particles, and other particles out of a
computer can be one of the best methods of cleaning a computer. However, do not use a vacuum
that plugs into the wall since it creates lots of static electricity that can damage your computer.

Cotton swabs - Cotton swaps moistened with rubbing alcohol or water are excellent tools for
wiping hard to reach areas in your keyboard, mouse, and other locations.

Foam swabs - Whenever possible, it is better to use lint-free swabs such as foam swabs.

Tip: See our computer tools page for a list of other tools every technician should have.

Case cleaning
Why? Cleaning your case keeps the appearance of the computer looking new. While cleaning, if
you see ventilation slots, these can be cleaned or cleared to help keep a steady airflow into the
computer and keep all components cool.

Procedure:

The plastic case that houses the PC components can be cleaned with a slightly damp lint-free cloth.
For stubborn stains, add a little household detergent to the cloth. You should not use a solvent
cleaner on plastics.

Make sure all vents and air holes are hair and lint-free by rubbing a cloth over the holes and vents.
It is also helpful to take a vacuum around each of the hole, vents, and crevices on the computer. It
is safe to use a standard vacuum when cleaning the outside vents of a computer.

If you are looking for steps on cleaning the inside of the computer, see the motherboard cleaning
section.
CD-ROM, DVD, and other disc drive cleaning
Why? A dirty CD-ROM drive or other disc drives can cause read errors when reading discs. These
read errors could cause software installation issues or issues while running the program.

Procedure:

To clean the CD-ROM drive, we recommend purchasing a CD-ROM cleaner from your local
computer retailer. Using a CD-ROM cleaner should sufficiently clean the CD-ROM laser from
dust, dirt, and hair.

You can also use a cloth dampened with water to clean the tray that ejects from the drive. However,
make sure that after the tray is cleaned that it completely dry before putting the tray back into the
drive.

CD, DVD, and other discs cleaning

Why? Dirty CDs can cause read errors or cause CDs not to work at all.

Procedure:

Use a cleaning kit or damp clean cotton cloth to clean CDs, DVDs, and other discs. When cleaning
a disc wipe against the tracks, starting from the middle of the CD or DVD and wiping towards the
outer side as shown in the picture below. Never wipe with the tracks; doing so may put more
scratches on the disc.

Tip: If the substance on a CD cannot be removed using water, pure alcohol can also be used.

Hard drive cleaning

Why? Computer hard drives cannot be physically cleaned. However, they can be cleaned with
software utilities to help it run fast and efficiently. Utilizing these utilities prevent the hard drive
from slowing down.
Procedure:

Refer to our basic troubleshooting section for your operating system for steps that can be done to
help improve the performance of your computer.

How to clean a computer hard drive

A hard drive for a desktop or laptop computer has external casing that is very durable and strong,
making it difficult to damage. The casing also helps to protect the internal components from dust,
dirt, and moisture.

Cleaning the inside of a hard drive is not necessary, due to how tight the outside casing is put
together. Even if you wanted to try cleaning the drive, dismantling the drive to get at the inside is
quite difficult and would result in a non-functional hard drive. The casing is put together using
special rivets in most cases and not designed to be removed and put back together.

The only time a hard drive is dismantled is for the purposes of retrieving data off the magnetic
platters inside the drive, where data is stored. Companies that specialize in data retrieval may
dismantle a hard drive to access these platters. There is no attempt at putting the hard drive back
together after the data retrieval is completed. Once dismantled, the drive is rendered unusable

Keyboard cleaning

These steps are for cleaning a desktop keyboard. See the cleaning a laptop keyboard page for
laptop steps.

➢ Dust, dirt, and bacteria

The computer keyboard is usually the most germ infected items in your home or office. A keyboard
may even contain more bacteria than your toilet seat. Cleaning it helps remove any dangerous
bacteria and keeps the keyboard working properly.

Procedure:

Before cleaning the keyboard, first turn off the computer or if you are using a USB keyboard
unplug it from the computer. Not unplugging the keyboard can cause other computer problems as
you may press keys that cause the computer to perform a task you do not want it to perform.

Many people clean the keyboard by turning it upside down and shaking. A more efficient method
is to use compressed air. Compressed air is pressurized air contained in a can with a very long
nozzle. To clean a keyboard using compressed air, aim between the keys and blow away all the
dust and debris that has gathered there. A vacuum cleaner can also be used, but make sure the
keyboard does not have loose "pop off" keys can be sucked up by the vacuum.

➢ If you want to clean the keyboard more extensively, remove the keys from the
keyboard.

After the dust, dirt, and hair have been removed. Spray a disinfectant onto a cloth or use
disinfectant cloths and rub each of the keys on the keyboard. As mentioned in our general cleaning
tips, never spray any liquid onto the keyboard.

LCD/LED cleaning
Why? Dirt, dust, and fingerprints can cause the computer screen to be difficult to read.

Procedure
 ➢ Unlike a CRT computer monitor, the LCD or LED monitor is not glass and
requires special cleaning procedures.

When cleaning the LCD or LED screen, it is important to remember to not spray any liquids onto
the screen directly. Press gently while cleaning and do not use a paper towel since it can scratch
the screen.

To clean the LCD or LED screen, use a non-rugged microfiber cloth, soft cotton cloth, or Swiffer
duster. If a dry cloth does not completely clean the screen, you can apply rubbing alcohol to the
cloth and wipe the screen with a damp cloth. Rubbing alcohol is used to clean LCD and LED
monitors before it leaves the factory.

CRT monitors cleaning

Tip: This section is for CRT computer monitors. If you have a flat screen monitor, see the
LCD/LED cleaning section.

Why? Dirt, dust, and fingerprints can cause the computer screen to be difficult to read.

Procedure:

A glass monitor screen can be cleaned with ordinary household glass cleaner. Be sure to unplug
the power cord from the monitor and spray the cleaner onto a lint-free cloth so the fluid does not
leak into the electrical components inside the monitor. Vacuum off any dust that has settled on top
of the monitor and makes sure no books or papers are covering the air vents. Obstructed monitor
vents can cause the monitor to overheat or even catch on fire.

Caution: We suggest only using a cloth dampened with water when cleaning non-glass monitors
or any anti-glare screens. Using ordinary household glass cleaner on special screens, especially
cleaners with ammonia can remove anti-glare protection or other special surfaces.

Motherboard cleaning
Why? Dust and especially particles of cigarette smoke can build up and corrode circuitry, causing
various problems such as computer lockups.

Caution: When inside the computer, take the necessary ESD precautions and try to avoid
unplugging any cables or other connections.
Procedure:

Our recommendation when cleaning the motherboard from dust, dirt, or hair is to use compressed
air. When using compressed air, hold it in the upright position to prevent any of the chemicals
from coming out of the container, which may damage or corrode the motherboard or other
components. Also, ensure when using compressed air that you always blow the dust or dirt away
from the motherboard or out of the case.

Another good alternative to compressed air is a portable battery powered vacuum. Portable
vacuums can effectively remove the dust, dirt, and hair from the motherboard completely and
prevent it from getting trapped in the case.

Warning: Never use an electrically powered vacuum, as it can cause lots of static electricity that
can damage the computer. When using a vacuum, keep it a couple of inches away from the
motherboard and other components to prevent damage and anything from being sucked into the
vacuum (e.g., jumpers or small cables).

Tip: When cleaning the inside of the case, also look at any fans or heat sinks. Dust, dirt, and hair
can collect around these components the most.

Computer mouse cleaning

Optical or laser mouse

Why? A dirty optical or laser mouse can cause the mouse cursor to be difficult to move or move
erratically.

Procedure:

Use a can of compressed air that is designed for use with electronic equipment, spraying around
the optical sensor on the bottom of the mouse. Blowing air on the bottom of the mouse clears away
any dirt, dust, hair, or other obstructions that may be blocking the optical sensor.

Avoid using any cleaning chemicals or wiping a cloth directly on the optical sensor, as it could
scratch or damage the optical sensor.
Printer cleaning
Why? Cleaning the outside of a printer can help keep the printer's appearance looking good and if
used by many different people keep the printer clean of germs.

Procedure:

First, make sure to turn off the printer before cleaning it. Dampen a cloth with water or rubbing
alcohol and wipe the case and each of the buttons or knobs on the printer. As mentioned earlier,
never spray any liquid directly onto the printer.

Why? Some printers require the inside to be cleaned to help keep the printer running smoothly.

Computer scanner cleaning

Why? Flatbed scanners commonly become dirty with dust, fingerprints, and hair. When the
scanner is dirty, the images may have distortions.

Procedure:

Clean a flatbed scanner's surface by spraying a window cleaner onto a paper towel or cotton cloth
and wipe the glass until clean. As mentioned earlier, never spray a liquid directly onto the
component.

The same towel or cotton cloth can also be used to clean the outside of the scanner.
LABORATORY 12: CONFIGURE BIOS SETUP

Objectives

To configure BIOS setup program and troubleshoot the typical problems using BIOS utility.

Components/Tools:

✓ Computer
Procedure:

Bios Setup:

The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) controls communication between system devices such as
the disk drive, display, and keyboard. It also stores configuration information for peripherals types,
startup sequence, system and extended memory amounts, and more. Each BIOS version is
customized based on the computer model line's hardware configuration and includes a built-in
setup utility to access and change certain computer settings.

Power on or power cycle the server.

1. To enter the BIOS Setup utility, press the F2 for DELL or F10 for HP key while the system
is performing the power-on self-test (POST)
2. Press 10 to Run Setup Prompt
BIOS Setup Utility menus and settings

Use the top menu bar to access computer information, security settings, and system configuration
options. Available settings vary by computer model.

File Storage Security Power Advanced

Review system Get storage device Set passwords Configure Select power-
information, set information, and security power on, bus, and
date and time, and configure and test settings for management device options
save or discard storage devices, system devices features. such as Num
changes to Setup and select boot and view the lock key
program options. options. System IDs for behavior.
the computer.

File menu

Review system information, a system log, and options on how to save changes to BIOS settings.

• System Information: Lists BIOS-related system information, computer model and serial
numbers, and the processor type.
 • About: Read information about the BIOS setup utility.
• System Log: Review a log of BIOS updates.
• Set Time and Date: Set the computer time and date.
• Default Setup: Save BIOS settings changes as the new defaults or restore settings to
factory defaults.
• Apply Defaults and Exit: Return the computer to the default settings and exit from
Setup.
• Ignore Changes and Exit: Ignore any settings changes and exit from Setup.
• Save Changes and Exit: Save any new settings and exit from Setup.

Storage menu

Manage system-related security settings and passwords.

Device Configuration: Use the arrow keys to select a storage device, and then press Enter to review the
model number, firmware version, and serial number information.

Storage Options: Change from SATA emulation to AHCI.

• Setup Password: Create a password for accessing to the BIOS Setup Utility.
• Power-On Password: Create a password used to turn on the computer.
 • Device Security: Choose if certain devices, such as System Audio, Network Controller,
and SATA are hidden or available.

Note: If the computer uses integrated audio on the motherboard, System Audio does not
display. System Audio displays only if a separate sound card is installed.

Boot order: Change the order in which the computer uses the boot devices. Use the arrow keys to
move to the item you want to change, and then press Enter to drag the device to a new location.

Security menu

Manage system-related security settings and passwords.

• Setup Password: Create a password for accessing to the BIOS Setup Utility.
• Power-On Password: Create a password used to turn on the computer.
 • Device Security: Choose if certain devices, such as System Audio, Network Controller,
and SATA are hidden or available.

Note: If the computer uses integrated audio on the motherboard, System Audio does not display.
System Audio displays only if a separate sound card is installed.

• USB Security: Enable or disable computer USB ports.

• Slot Security: Enable or disable computer PCI Express Slots.
• Network Boot: Enable or disable the Network Boot feature.
• System IDs: View computer System IDs, including Universally Unique Identifier
(UUID), SKU number, feature byte, and the hardware and software configuration build
ID.

• System Security: Change the system security settings such as Virtualization Technology,
Software Guard Extensions, and Data Execution Prevention. Includes an option to restore
security settings to factory defaults.
 • Secure Boot Configuration: Enable or disable secure boot or Legacy boot and select the
secure boot key type.

Power menu

Manage hardware and operating system-related power settings and view the CPU fan speed.

OS Power Management: Enable or disable runtime power management and change idle power savings
settings.

Hardware Power Management: Enable or disable power management settings for devices including
SATA, S4, and S5.

Thermal: View the speed for the CPU fan.

Advanced menu

Manage advanced power and bus options and device options including the number lock state at start up.

Power-On Options: Change what happens after the computer loses power and to the behavior of
the Power on Self-Test (POST).

BIOS Power-On: Select days and time to automatically turn on the computer.

Bus Options: Enable or disable advanced bus options.

Device Options: Change device options such as the behavior on the number lock key.
Navigating BIOS Setup Utility menus

Identify the keyboard key used to navigate to and select menus and settings in the setup utility.

Key on keyboard Description of function

Left or right arrow Selects a different menu screen (moves the cursor left or right).
key
Up or down arrow Selects an item (moves the cursor up or down).
key
Enter Executes a command or selects a submenu.
F10 Saves the current values and returns to the previous menu.
Esc (Escape) Exits the menu or the BIOS Setup program without saving any
changes.

Information stored by the BIOS Setup Utility is essential. Use caution when making changes in
the BIOS. A mistake might cause the computer to not perform as expected.

Reload default BIOS Setup settings

Use the BIOS Setup Utility to restore the factory installed BIOS settings.

1. In the BIOS Setup utility, select the File tab.

2. Select Apply Defaults and Exit, the BIOS setup utility closes, and the computer boots
into Windows.

QUESTIONS
 1. What is Power on Self-Test?
2. What is bootstrap loader?
3. How will you change the boot order in CMOS?
4. How will you reset the supervisor password of BIOS if you forgot it?
5. What is CPU over clocking? Explain its advantages and limitations?

LABORATORY 13: INSTALLATIONS OF WINDOWS

Objectives

➢ Install windows by cleaning and assigning drives

➢ Upgrading existing windows
➢ Repair existing windows

Install Windows 7

Introduction
In this lab, you will install the Windows 7 operating system.

Recommended Equipment
The following equipment is required for this exercise:

➢ A computer with a blank hard disk drive.

➢ Windows 7 installation DVD or USB flash drive.

Steps
Step 1

Insert the Windows 7 installation DVD into the DVD-ROM drive or plug the USB flash drive into
a USB port.

When the system starts up, watch for the message “Press any key to boot from CD or DVD.”.

If the message appears, press any key on the keyboard to boot the system from the
DVD. If the press any key message does not appear, the computer automatically starts loading files
from the DVD

The computer starts loading files from the DVD or USB flash drive.

Step 2

The “Windows 7 boot” screen appears.

Step 3

The “Install Windows” window opens. Press Next unless you need to change the default settings.

Step 4

Press Install now to continue.

Step 5

The Collecting information section of the installation begins.

The “Setup is starting…” screen appears.

Next the “Please read the license terms” screen appears. Read and confirm that you accept the
license by selecting the box “I accept the license terms”. Click Next.
Step 6

The “Which type of installation do you want?” screen appears. Click Custom (advanced).

Step 7

The “Where do you want to install Windows?” screen appears. Select the hard drive or partition
on which

Windows 7 will be installed.

Click Next to select “Disk 0 Unallocated Space”, which is the default setting.
The Collecting information section of the installation ends.

Step 8

The Installing Windows section begins.

The “Installing Windows…” screen appears. Windows 7 Setup may take up to 50 minutes to
configure your computer

Step 9
The “Windows needs to restart to continue” screen appears. Your computer will automatically
restart or you can click Restart now.

If you get the message “Press any key to boot from CD or DVD.” do not press any key and
Windows will boot from the hard disk to continue the installation.

Step 10

The “Setup is updating registry settings” message appears.

Step 11

The “Setup is starting services” message appears.

Step 12

The “Installing Windows…” screen appears again. Windows may reboot a few more times. This
may take several minutes
The Installing Windows section of the installation is completed.

Step 13

The “Set Up Windows” section begins.

Type the user name and computer name provided by your instructor. Click Next.

Step 14

The “Set a password for your account” screen appears. Type the password provided by your
instructor.

➢ Retype the password and enter the password hint. Click Next.
Step 15

The “Type your Windows product key” screen appears. On this page, type your product key as it
appears on your Windows 7 DVD case. Click Next.

Note: If you entered your product key, Setup will not ask you the following:

“Do you want to enter your product key now?” screen appears. If you were instructed not to enter
a product key, click No.

Step 16
On the “Help protect your computer and improve Windows automatically” screen, click Use
recommended settings.

Step 17

On the “Review your time and date settings” screen, configure the computer clock to match your
local date, time, and time zone. Click Next.

Step 18

The “Select your computer’s current location” screen appears. Select the option provided by your
instructor
Step 19

The “Windows is finalizing your settings” screen appears.

The “Set Up Windows” section is completed.

Step 20

The “Welcome” message appears

Step 21

The “Preparing your desktop…” message appears.

Step 22

You are logged in to Windows 7 for the first time.

Upgrade Windows 7
Upgrades aren’t without the occasional hiccup, but from a time-saving and ease-of-use standpoint,
they’re much faster and easier than doing a full wipe and then dealing with importing all your old
files and installing apps.

Just because it’s a pretty simple process (or should be if everything goes smoothly), doesn’t mean
there aren’t things you need to do before you upgrade and important choices to make during the
upgrade process. While a lot of sites point people at the installer and tell them to just download it
and run it, we’re taking the time to give you some pregame tips and walk you through the process.

Running the Upgrade Installer

When you’re ready to upgrade, run the installer tool to get started.

You’ll first be prompted to upgrade the PC now, or create installation media for another PC. Select
“Upgrade this PC now” to begin the upgrade process, and click the “Next” button. The tool begins
downloading the Windows 10 installation files. The time that takes just depends on your Internet
connection speed. We zoomed to 100 percent in a matter of minutes on a speedy cable connection,
but if you’re on a slow connection you might be watching the meter for some time.
When it finally finishes downloading and unpacking the installation media you’ll be prompted to accept
the terms of the license agreement. Click “Accept” and the installer will do a last update check before
kicking you over to the final confirmation page.

By default the installer selects the largest “what to keep” selection it can, meaning it will keep all your
personal files and installed apps safely in place. If that’s what you want to do, go ahead and click “Install”
to get started with the installation. Otherwise, click the small “Change what to keep” link specify what you
want to keep during the update process.
If you clicked the “Change what to keep” link, you’ll see a screen that lets you make a choice
about what you want to keep during the update. Your choices include:

• Keep personal files and apps: This option retains all your personal files, all installed
applications, and your current Windows settings. Choosing this option is the same as if
you’d skipped the screen altogether.
• Keep personal files only: This option retains all your personal files, but removes any
installed applications and current Windows settings. You’ll need to reinstall the
applications you want after Windows is done updating.
• Nothing: This option removes all your personal files, all installed applications, and your
Windows settings. It’s the closest you can get to perform a clean install using the update
procedure and, honestly, you might be better off just doing a clean install if you’re thinking
of using this setting. The update tool does move your personal files a folder named
windows old, so you can recover them for a while after the update. Still, you should make
sure any important files are backed up, anyway. You can find more info online at
http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=12416.

Select your option, and then click the “Next” button to continue. You’ll be returned to the recap
screen you saw in the last step and you can then click “Install” to get started with the update.
During the update, your PC will reboot a few times as the installer works. When it’s done, you’ll
have the chance to do a little configuration.

Configuring Windows after the Upgrade

Before you can sign in to Windows for the first time after updating, you’ll be asked to configure a
few options. There are quite a few little setups and tweaks you can perform here, and we
recommend you take advantage of them. The first thing you’ll be prompted to do is verify your
user account. This should be the same account you used under Windows 7 or 8.1. If you want to
set up a new account, you can click the little “I’m not…” link at the bottom left of the screen. That
would let you, for example, create a new online Microsoft account rather than use your existing
local account.
If you create a new account, the screens you run into will be slightly different than if you just select
the existing account (which is what we’re going to detail here). Nonetheless, many of the options
will be the same.

After selecting your account, the next thing you’ll be asked to do is verify some privacy settings. You have
to scroll down a bit to see them all, but they’re all included in the two images below. Mostly, it’s about
what kind of stuff Microsoft can send to your PC and what your PC can send to them. The super privacy-
conscious among you may want to just turn everything off (and that’s fine), but take the time to poke
through the options.

Next, you can choose whether or not you want to turn on Cortana—Microsoft’s digital assistant. If you
don’t turn her on now, you can always do it later.
And finally, you’re introduced to some of Windows 10’s new built-in apps—apps that will become the
default for opening the types of files they support unless you click the little “Let me choose my default
apps” link at the bottom left of the screen. Again, it’s also easy to change your default apps later on, so
don’t fret too much over this decision.

After that, Windows will check for the latest updates, possibly restart your PC, and then you’ll be ready to
sign in to Windows 10.
Repair Windows 7
Fix problems in Windows 7 automatically with Startup Repair

The Startup Repair tool repairs Windows 7 by replacing important operating system files that
might be damaged or missing. Startup Repair is an easy diagnostic and repair tool to use when
Windows 7 fails to start properly.

Boot from the Windows

To begin the Windows 7 Startup Repair process, you'll need to boot from the Windows 7 DVD.

1. Watch for a Press any key to boot from CD or DVD... message similar to the one shown
in the screenshot above.
2. Press any key to force the computer to boot from the Windows 7 DVD.
1. If you don't press a key, your PC will try to boot to the operating system that's
currently installed on your hard drive. If this happens, just restart your computer
and try to boot to the Windows 7 DVD again.
Choose Windows 7 Setup Language and Other Settings

Click Next.

Click Repair Your Computer

Click Repair your computer on the bottom-left of the Install Windows window.
Wait for System Recovery Options to Locate Windows 7 on Your Computer

System Recovery Options, the set of tools that contains Startup Repair, will now search your hard drive(s)
for any Windows 7 installations.

Choose Your Windows 7 Installation

Click Next.

Choose the Startup Repair Recovery Tool

Click Startup Repair from the list of recovery tools in System Recovery Options.

Wait While Startup Repair Searches for Problems with Windows 7 Files

Wait While Startup Repair Attempts to Repair Windows 7 Files

Startup Repair will now attempt to repair whatever problems it found with Windows 7 files. No user
intervention is required during this step.

Click Finish to Restart to Windows 7

Click Finish once you see the Restart your computer to complete the repairs window to restart your PC
and start Windows 7 normally.
Reference
https://www.scribd.com

https://www.slideshare.net

https://www.softwarebattle.com

https://neosmart.net