Date: 22.10.

2021
RESPIRATION AND GAS EXCHANGE (cont)
V. What is lactic acid?
• Lactic acid is the waste product produced during anaerobic respiration.

C6H12O6 => 2…………. + 2ATP

………..... => ………………….. + Energy

• When you run fast lactic acid builds up in the muscles, causing painful cramps.
After running you continue to breathe quickly => “Oxygen debt”
C3H6O3 + O2 => ……………. + H2O + ATP
Lactic acid + ………. => ………………… + water +
energy

• Lactic acid is also made in the mouth, where specialised bacteria convert glucose
and other sugars to lactic acid. Lactic acid in your mouth can cause …………….

VI. The circulatory system

a. Blood vessels
There are three types of blood vessel:
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart straight after it has been pumped. This
means it is under high pressure. The walls of arteries are made of thick muscle to
withstand this pressure. This muscle is also elastic to allow a pulse of blood to
travel along when your heart beats.
• Veins carry blood back to the heart. This blood is under lower pressure because
some of it has been lost as it travelled around your body. The walls of veins are
made of thinner muscle and are less elastic than arteries. Because the blood is
under lower pressure, one-way valves in your veins stop it flowing backwards.
• Capillaries are the tiny blood vessels that branch out into every tissue in your body
carrying substances your cells need like oxygen and glucose for respiration and for
removing waste products like carbon dioxide. They have very thin walls to allow
these substances to move by diffusion in and out of your cells. Capillaries join
your arteries to your veins.
 b. The heart
The heart is a large muscular organ which
pumps blood to the lungs and then the rest of
your body.

It has four chambers.

The two top chambers are called atria (right

atrium and left atrium) and the bottom chambers
are called ventricles (right ventricle and left
ventricle). The atria collect blood and then pump
them to the ventricles below. The ventricles then
pump the blood to the body. It looks as though
the ventricles are bigger but the four chambers
inside are the same size. It is the muscular lining
of the ventricles that are bigger because they
have to pump the blood further than the atria.
VII. Double circulatory system
Humans have a double circulatory
system, which means the blood passes
through the heart twice on each loop
around the body.

It travels from the heart to the lungs, to

the heart, to the rest of the body before
returning to the heart. This is often
called a 'figure of eight system'.
Questions
1. Describe the features (or 'adaptions') and explain the purpose of the three types of
blood vessel.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. In which direction do arteries carry blood?
A. Towards the heart B. Away from the heart
C. Elastic walls D. One way valves E. Thick muscular walls
3. What are the smallest vessels which carry blood called?
A. Capillaries B. Veins C. Arteries D. Tubes
4. Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
A. Left atrium B. Right atrium C. Lungs D. Rest of body
5. Where does the right atrium pump blood to?
A. Pulmonary vein B. Right ventricle C. Aorta D. Vena cava
6. By which process does oxygen move from your blood to the tissues?
A. Active transport B. Respiration C. Osmosis D. Diffusion
7. What usually controls the beating of your heart?
A. Enzymes B. Hormones C. Proteins D. Electrical signals
8. Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?
A. Pulmonary vein B. Pulmonary artery C. Aorta D. Vena cava

VIII. Photosynthesis
a. The process of photosynthesis
Plants need food to respire, grow and reproduce. Unlike animals, plants are able to make
their own food by the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis takes place in the part of the plant cell containing ………………………..,
these are small structures that contain ………………………..
……………… + …………………. => ………………… + ……………..

Carbon dioxide enters through the …………………………….. on the underside of the

leaf.
Water is absorbed by the …………………………………………….. and is transported
to the leaf by the ……………………………...
Sunlight provides the energy needed for photosynthesis to take place
Oxygen is released through the stomata on the underside of the leaf; glucose is
transported around the plant in the …………………………………………….

b. How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis?

 • They are …………………………. because they contain lots of chlorophyll to
absorb sunlight.
• They have a ………………………………… to maximise the amount of sunlight
they can absorb.
• They are ………….., allowing easy diffusion of gases into and out of the leaf.
• They have ………… (xylem and phloem) to allow the transport of water, mineral
ions and glucose (food).
• They have holes, called ……………., on their underside through which gases
move in and out
Questions
1. In photosynthesis, a plant...
A. Grows roots B. Grows taller C. Makes its own food D. Makes seeds
2. The starting substances in photosynthesis are...
A. Carbon dioxide and oxygen B. Glucose and oxygen
C. Water and glucose D. Water and carbon dioxide
3. Water for photosynthesis enters a plant through its…
A. Flowers B. Leaves C. Roots D. Stem
4. The products of photosynthesis are…
A. Carbon dioxide and oxygen B. Glucose and oxygen
C. Water and glucose D. Water and carbon dioxide
5. Installing and switching on electric lights over a grass football pitch helps with...
A. Photosynthesis B. Drying the mud C. Respiration D. Scoring goals

IX. How to measure photosynthesis

X. How to measure your lung capacity
The maximum amount of air you can breathe in and out is your ………………………….
Everybody’s vital lung capacity is different depending on factors such as
their age and fitness levels.
When you breathe in and out, the …………………… inside our lungs changes, allowing
oxygen to enter or carbon dioxide to leave.
The ………………………. your lung capacity the more oxygen can be breathed in and
transported around the body.

Quesitons
1. What happens when we inhale?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What happens when we exhale?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. How can you increase your lung capacity?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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April 2012.
October 2016
October 2018
April 2018