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 Evolution of the City of Udaipur: Understanding the Historical and Ecological context

Roy Bulton1,Buam Haziel Mercy2,Mukhopadhyay Nandini1,Bharule Shreyas2,Sen Joy12,Singh Parmar Shivangi3

1
Centre of Excellence for Indian Knowledge Systems, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
2
Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
3
RCG School of Infrastructure Design and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India

Abstract

Cities have witnessed rapid growth, and smaller towns rapidly grow into cities. In India, Udaipur is a city of rich
cultural heritage and has been a political power with a strategic topographical location in the Mewar region of
Rajasthan state. Primarily renowned as a tourist destination for its lake water system and built heritage interface
depicting the exemplary creations of the rulers of Mewar. The region's ancient history is contemporary with the
Indus Valley Civilisation with the archaeological discovery of towns belonging to the Ahar-Banas Culture tradition.
However, in recent years with a rise in heritage tourism, the city has been experiencing adverse effects of rapid
urbanisation and gentrification. The paper attempts to outline the city's evolution and understand the interplay of
the Aravalli Ranges, the water system formed by linking seven lakes, the traditional socio-cultural systems, and
how the urban fabric has resulted in the present-day form and aided the expansion of Udaipur. The paper also
assesses the formal indicators of the city in the context of the present legislative framework. Finally, it infers that
sustainable, smart, and resilient infrastructure with a sensitive eye to the details of rich cultural heritage is the
future of historic towns and cities like Udaipur, not only to add value to the citizens but also to help conserve its
rich heritage.

Keywords: Udaipur, Mewar, Historical Evolution, Ecological Dynamics.

1. Introduction
Cities, around the world, possess distinctive characteristics and uniqueness in their origin, growth, and
development trajectories. Owing to diversity in their natural setting, size, physical form, and functions, cities
represent dynamics of urban evolution with a unique identity and urban image which can be seen in the city’s past,
present, and future as well (Salehi et al., 2012). India, with a long history of urbanization, shows a complex and
diversified form of urban system where the establishment, evolution, and historical trajectories of each urban
center is distinctive, evolved through successive phases of the historical past by profound human interaction with
the society, culture, economy and political environment. Hence in order to understand the evolving nature of the
city, it must be contextualized in the light of history and in reference to the resultant complex relationship among
socio-economic, environmental processes, and practices (Tonkiss, 2013).
Indian cities have evolved over time witnessing kingship, invasions, urban centers, architectural marvels, socio-
economic development, and many more. The present study focuses on the city of Udaipur, which was once an
important Indian medieval historic city that emerged in the middle of the 16th century. It was also a dominant
centre of political power and administration in the Mewar region. It has now grown into a multi-functional city
acting as a major mining, educational, recreational, and tourism hub. The picturesque landscape has made this
small city possible to grow into a popular tourist destination that boasts over 244 hotels and 941 restaurants of
various sizes, leading tourism as a prime industry (The Hindu, 2016). In 2016, Udaipur was taken under the
‘Smart City Mission’ with an aim to make the city smart, sustainable and to preserve and restore the deep cultural
and natural heritage that the city is associated with.
The city represents a unique urban fabric having a co-existence of the built landscape and natural infrastructure.
The built form in Udaipur is “a result of evolution that has been guided by dominant determinants such as
socioeconomic hierarchy/structure, political and religious factors, climate, availability of material and
technology” (Quoted Jain, 1998). Owing to this co-existence of built and natural heritage, the image of the city has
been formed by two dominant identities that the city is known for and hence, commonly referred to as a ‘historic
city’ and ‘The City of Lakes. The historic identity can easily be visible in the symbolic architecture and royal
heritage of dynasties in the forms of royal palaces, havelis (large residences), temples and the natural identity lies
over the spectacular beauty of inter-connected lake systems and waterfront developments.
Drawing over the formal characteristics (topography and physiography) of the city and its region, the paper
reflects on the evolution of Udaipur from the historical and ecological context because any understanding of the
city related to growth and development dynamics would not be possible without considering the long-past history
of political influences of Rajput dynasty and its connection with broader ecological and hydrological importance
of the Aravallis and major lakes systems. The paper first outlines the broader physiographic setting of the region,
followed by the analysis of the historical backdrop under political and development dynamics, development of
water infrastructure, and environmental significance, and finally looks at the present context from sustainability.

2. Physiographic Setting
The city of Udaipur in the Udaipur District is located in southeast Rajasthan, India (see Figure 1). It is surrounded
by the Aravalli Ranges and is located in a saucer-shaped valley in the Mewar Region amongst the other districts
like Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Dungarpur, Banswara, and Bhilwara districts. The Mewar region has a “dendritic”
form of drainage pattern which spreads throughout the region catering to different parts of the area (Singh et al.,
2018). The River Ayad (Ahar River) is one of the major rivers that flow through the city in the southeast direction
and it is a non-perenial river. It is a tributary of the Berach River and ends in the Udaisagar Lake situated in the
southeast part of the city. The city is known for its various lakes that were built throughout time for consumption
and agricultural activities stored for the dry season primarily. However, in present times apart from the
aforementioned functions, the lake system has many more sectors to cater to like tourism, industries, etc. The
lakes comprise the Fateh Sagar Lake, Lake Pichola and many more. The geological makeup of the region includes
rocks like “schist, phyllite, quartzite, and granite gneiss”, known as hard rocks and the porosity of these rocks is
lacking. The water system of the area is fed primarily through rainwater during the monsoon periods.
Groundwater resources are therefore dependent on the type of rocks present in the area thereby dictating the
hydrogeological character of the region (Machiwal et al., 2010). The climate of Udaipur is that of a “warm semi-
arid type” which can be defined by its humid conditions during the monsoon season which distinguishes it from
the arid climate of east Rajasthan. The highest temperatures in the Udaipur District vary (Meteorological Center,
2013) from 35 Degree Celsius to 42 Degree Celsius whereas the lowest temperatures vary from 5 Degree Celsius
to 10 Degree Celsius. The average rainfall of the district is approximately 587 mm. High variability in the number
of days and the amount of rainfall can be observed in the Udaipur District.

Figure 1 Location of Udaipur

Source: Authors and Base map of Udaipur used: Urban Improvement Trust,
https://urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/uit-udaipur/en/town-planning/key-maps-.html
 3. Historical Evolution of Udaipur

3.1. Udaipur: Emergence as a Capital of Mewar Kingdom

The analysis of the urban evolution of historic towns during the pre-colonial period in Rajasthan suggests that
these towns were mostly emerged out of the regional political dominance to reflect and promote the authority of
the ruler and predominantly affected by the trajectories of regional political economy (Thelen, 2018). Udaipur like
other Rajput capitals, including Jaipur, Jodhpur reflects the sign of political authority into urban space, emerged as
a new capital of Mewar region after the fall of Chittorgarh in the 16th century.
Named after Raja Udai Singh II, the founder of the city, Udaipur became the capital of Mewar kingdom after
Nagda and Chittorgarh, ruled by Sisodian Rajput rulers since the 8th century. Primarily to escape the incursion of
Mughal powers and to sustain the glorious legacy of the Rajput dynasty, the new capital emerged in 1559 AD into
a secluded place in the Girwa Valley which was well protected by the natural fortification of Aravalli providing an
uphill strategic location and military surveillance with an abundance of water, forests and mineral resources.
“When Udai Singh abandoned Chitor, he found refuge in the valley of the Girwoh in the Aravalli, close to the
retreat of his great ancestor, Bappa, where he conquered Chitor. At the entrance to this valley, several years
previously, he had formed the lake still called after him, Udai Sagar, and he now raised a dyke between the hills
which dammed up another stream. On the cluster of hills adjoining, he built the small palace called Nauchoki,
around which edifices soon arose to which he gave his name, Udaipur, henceforth the capital of Mewar” (Quoted
from Tod, 1829). The old city continued to serve as the last capital of the Mewar region until 1818 AD before it
became the first princely state to come under British rule to avert the rising power of the Maratha kingdom.

3.2 Udaipur: Growth and development dynamics

The history of Udaipur ranges over 450 years that reflects successive phases of development through the
construction of major symbolic built heritage and natural infrastructure under the influence of various Rajput
kings after Udai Singh II. Like other historic cities, Udaipur also shows a typical dual form of urban structure
representing the walled city and the outer city. The historic core bounded by the 6 km wall remained protected
from rivalry attacks. It was typically dominated by the imprints of cultural richness and old heritage structures
such as forts, royal palaces, havellis (large residences), temples, bazaars (market), ghats (access steps to a
waterbody), etc. The expansion of Udai Sagar Lake and Fateh Sagar Lake by Udai Singh and the building of Jag
Mandir, Jagdish temple within the walled city marked the initial development (Chaplot, 2017). However, the
outer city, connected through the major 11 gates locally known as ‘pols’, represents the sights of modern
developments and public infrastructural establishments comprising industrial, educational, and healthcare centers
mostly developed in the post-independence phases.
Presently, the municipal limit of the city (see Figure 2) grows over 64 sq. km of areas comprising 55 wards,
holding a total population of 451,100 and it holds a population of 474,531 in the urbanised region (Census of
India, 2011). Among the total urban coverage, the walled city covers a 3.4 sq. km area with a density of 445
persons per acre (Chobisa, 2021). In 2015, Udaipur came under the administration of Municipal governance,
forming Udaipur Municipal Corporation (UMC) to manage the planned development within the municipal area,
apart from another civic body, Udaipur Improvement Trust (UIT), responsible for the planning and development in
the outer region.
Over the last two decades with the growing economic activities in the educational, mining, commercial, and
tourism sector and due to the rapidly increasing population, Udaipur is experiencing urban expansion, resulting in
the sprawling and outgrowth of the city towards the surrounding peri-urban and rural areas. This rapid urban
sprawling of built-up areas has also resulted in the redrawing of municipal limits by five times since 1946
(Chaplot, 2017). The current urban sprawl indicates the growth of urban fabric mainly in the eastern and southern
parts of the city along the national highways and waterbodies and it is restricted in the Western part due to the
location of Aravalli.
 Figure 2 Administrative Boundaries of Udaipur City
Source: Authors and Base map of Udaipur used: Urban Improvement Trust,
https://urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/uit-udaipur/en/town-planning/key-maps-.html

4. Ecological Evolution
The ecological characteristics of Udaipur and its surrounding regions have contributed to a great extent
concerning the location and its establishment as the capital of the Mewar Region. The sprawl of the city can be
attributed to the plain terrain in the aforementioned directions against the undulating terrain in the other directions
for agricultural purposes, the presence of the Ayad (Ahar) River for water resources, and the construction of the
National Highways for connectivity within and outside the region. Presently, due to easier access to other regions
and improvements in infrastructural facilities the city has started growing in the southern regions of the lakes as
well (Gangani et al., 2017). However before the advent of major urbanisation consequences on the city fabric,
majorly, two characteristics of the region that is the Aravalli Ranges and the elaborate Lake System have aided in
the evolution of the city to current times and they still do.

4.1 Aravalli Ranges

The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest mountain ranges in India. The range extends from Delhi and Haryana in
the northeast to Gujarat in the southwest for a distance of approximately 690km. The elevation of the range
increases towards the southwest (Habib et al., 2017). The city had an advantage to it during the time of war as the
Aravalli Range and the region’s undulating terrain acted as good defense systems against the Mughal armies.
Therefore, Udaipur predominantly stayed protected from invasions, especially during the Battle of Udaipur in
1680. The Aravalli Range has been protecting the eastern part of Rajasthan including Udaipur from desertification.
It acts as a natural barrier between the Thar Desert and the Mewar Region (Habib et al., 2017). The small-velocity
winds are held in the southern part of the hills which in turn leads to humid conditions resulting in a mild climate
for the city throughout the year, distinguishing it from the eastern part of Rajasthan (Meteorological Center, 2013).
The rich biodiversity and flora and fauna of the hills lead to increased rainfall which in turn supports the natural
biodiversity of the region and feeds the tributaries and drainage system of the area. Being a reserve of important
ecological elements, the region is rich in resources for the nearby communities in the form of food, wood,
commercially viable products, etc. The Aravalli Range is also known to have supported civilizations called the
Ahars which are believed to have existed during the same time as the Harappan civilization (Parihar, 2001). The
presence of the Ayad River (Ahar River) is known to have been a pivotal cause for the civilisation to flourish at
that time.
However, through time, human interventions have caused weakening effects on the ecosystem of the Aravalli. The
forest covers (moderately dense forests and open forests) as studied in (Forest Survey of India, 2019) have
reduced by 6.46 percent from 2017 to 2019 and reduced by 4.15 percent from 2019 to 2021 (Forest Department,
2021-22) due to rapid urbanisation, population explosion, mining activities, and infrastructure developments.
Consequently, more variability in rainfall has been noticed and the number of rainy days in the region including
Udaipur has reduced throughout the years (Verma, 2013). Water scarcity has been recorded in the Udaipur
District in recent years due to an increase in temperature and decreasing rainfall. Soil erosion in the region is
prevalent, thereby leading to less water retention capacity in the basin area. The range which was once a barrier
against the encroaching desertification towards the eastern side is now facing threats, where it is now unable to
carry out the aforementioned functions. In recent years, the drifting of sand and periods of sandstorms have been
escalating which is affecting the city and its people (Kumar, 2019). The Mewar region has several protected areas
which are catered to by the Aravalli Ranges. These protected areas include Jaisamand, Kumbhalgarh, Bassi and
Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary (NIUA, 2018). The pressures of anthropogenic activities are even felt in these
protected areas throughout the years and this is indirectly affecting the villages that are dependent on these forest
resources (Panchal et al., 2020).

4.2 Waterscape of Udaipur

The city is cradled in a saucer-shaped valley surrounded by the Aravalli. Additionally one of the most pivotal
reasons for establishing Udaipur as the capital of the Mewar Region was due to the Pichola Lake, which was seen
as a source of water for the inhabitants. Consequently, artificial lakes were constructed by various rulers of the
region, which now defines the city as having an elaborate water system. The lakes were built to initially support
the populace during times of water shortage and for agriculture. However, with the rapid evolution in the
economic realm, other sectors are presently highly dependent on the water system, hence the water ecology of the
region has been evolving throughout the years (see Figure 3). Udaipur is also renowned for its well-established
water resource management system. The idea of watershed management can be seen to have been applied by Rana
Udai Singh II in Udai Sagar Lake. Fateh Sagar and Swaroop Sagar can also be described as small watershed areas
that were constructed by following rulers for usage.

Figure 3 Rivers and Lakes of Udaipur

Source: Authors and Base map of Udaipur used: Urban Improvement Trust,
https://urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/uit-udaipur/en/town-planning/key-maps-.htm
Due to the high variability of rainfall in the region, sustainable measures were taken up to store water for the
population of the Mewar Region. The waters of the Ayad (Ahar) River were channelised to Fateh Sagar Lake by
Maharana Fateh Singh and similarly, the waters of Ubeshwar River were drained through the Morvani River by
Rana Raj Singh I, both depicting the ideas of linking rivers to lakes and river diversion technique respectively
(Rathore, 2010). From the 6th century, the rulers of the Mewar Region have been very mindful of the needs of the
people and these interventions have enabled Udaipur to stand the test of time in the following years.
The ripple effect of urbanisation in the regions of Mewar is negatively affecting the precious and well-preserved
water system in various ways. The thriving tourism population is now increasing the water demand against the
stipulated water supply for the population. Policies and interventions have been set in place, to increase the water
supply by bringing water from the rural areas which are otherwise using the water for agricultural purposes.
Additionally, various industries are disposing untreated water in the Ayad (Ahar) River which feeds various lakes,
therefore degrading the quality of the water (Heinrich Boll Foundation, 2018). It has been noted that in recent
years the Pichola Lake dries up, and also the lakes in Udaipur are shrinking in size due to the anthropogenic
activities, which serves as an important harbinger of the consequences of the degrading Aravalli Range on the
Mewar region including Udaipur city.

4.3 Ecological Dynamics

The ecological dynamics of the Udaipur region have played and continue to play an important role in the
evolution of the city as an entity and as a part of the Mewar region. The consequences of rapid urbanisation have
started to materialise in the form of threats to the ecological mechanism of the city and its people. It is therefore
still important for authorities and the people to take into consideration the region and its biodiversity in the pursuit
of a smart and sustainable city or region. The interplay of the Aravalli Ranges, the water system of the city, the
traditional systems, and the way the urban and rural fabric is developing have to be dutifully pursued for a
sustainable future for Udaipur.

5. Inferences: from the lens of History and Ecology

Swot Analysis of Udaipur as a historic city in context to its evolution, power dynamics and ecology has been done
to learn from the way the city has been evolving and how it will evolve in the future.
Strengths

• Traditional water system infrastructure including man-made lakes, water tanks/baolis for rainwater
harvesting, and its connection with the existing river systems are present.
• The city is strategically located in terms of topography like the natural fortification of the Aravalli Hills in
the west and on its windward side of the Thar desert.
• The historic city has witnessed power struggles but managed to continue its lineage and protection from
the Mughals and the Marathas.
Weakness

• Due to non-functional traditional water infrastructure, piped city-wide water distribution system was
introduced to meet the needs of the population explosion and growth of the city.
• There is a lack of heritage-sensitive modern development in the historic city. Modern construction/
restoration does not reflect the traditional Mewari architectural character of the old city.
• Heritage tourism and its ancillary expansions are on a verge of transforming the identity/character of the
old city.
Opportunities

• Rich cultural heritage like forts, palaces, walled city, bazaars (markets), havelis (large residences), lakes
in the city, and also the Mewar region gives the opportunity for the promotion of heritage tourism circuit
and revenue generation, thereby boosting the local economy.
• Promotion of ancient Ahar civilization for tourist attraction can be propagated.
 • A better water interface development for the tourist through improvement in sewage and sanitation
network can be encouraged.
Threats

• The rise in water pollution in the lakes is due to the traditional systems being gradually non-functional.
• The rivers like Ahar, once the main source of water supply to the old city is slowly getting converted into
a Nala (drain) with improper sewage and solid waste management.
• Loss of traditional Mewari architectural character in the old city can be observed.
• The desertification of the Aravalli is impacting the climate of the city.
• Natural rainwater harvesting measures like the step-wells/baolis are on the verge of depletion.
In order to understand the evolution of the city, from its functionality in the historic context to its operation in
contemporary times it is significant to draw a comparison of the city in terms of design, ecology, and
sustainability. A comparative chart showing the evolution of the city in terms of its historic planning, modern
interventions – the Government schemes and policies, and its impact on a sustainable future has been provided
below.

Table 1- Comparative chart of the historic and modern planning of Udaipur

Sl. The historic city as designed
No.
1. The walled city of Udaipur was
designed by the Mewar Kings
with water infrastructures like
lakes, baolis/water tanks
(rainwater harvesting), and a
drainage system in line with the
natural terrain/slope.
2. A historic city with built and
natural heritage like City Palace,
the bazaars (market), and the
Lake Pichola is the major
components of the walled city.
3. Udaipur is known as the city of
lakes, a lake water ecosystem.
4. Udaipur is a historic city in the
Mewar Region and is
surrounded by the Aravalli Hills
in the western side.
5. Udaipur is a city rich in cultural
infrastructure with its tangible
and intangible attributes
depicting the glorious age of the
Kings of Mewar.
Govt. Schemes and policies
AMRUT Mission has looked into
the improvement of water supply,
sewerage and drainage systems of
the historic city.
Udaipur Smart City Mission
includes projects like rejuvenation
of nalas (drains), restoration of city
gates, lakefront development, and
façade improvement in the historic
bazaars (markets).
National Lake Conservation Plan
(NLCP) includes improvement of
water quality, biodiversity
conservation and ecosystem
rejuvenation.
Inclusive revitalization of Udaipur,
Strategic Framework, Govt. of
Rajasthan.
The vision and mission of Udaipur
Municipal Corporation include
lake conservation, preservation of
the old city, efficient citizen-centric
governance, smart resilient
infrastructure, and tourism boost
for revenue.
Impact on the Sustainable
future
An integrated water
management plan for the city
will cater to the future needs of
the city and make it sustainable.
The preservation and
sustainability of a historic city
taking into account the local
community is a significant step.
Rejuvenation of the water
infrastructure and biodiversity
conservation is an important
step towards a sustainable
future.
Revitalization of the historic
city and connecting it with the
important cities in the region
through a tourist circuit will
re-establish the glory of the
Mewar region. There should be
policies for regulating
uncontrolled developments like
mining activities etc in the
Aravalli Ranges on a regional
level.
Comprehensive solid waste
management, conservation of
cultural identity, and efficient
urban governance are
significant.
The threats to the city of Udaipur in context to rapid urbanization, tourism boom, economic development and
accommodating the population explosion have been taken into consideration in the present Government schemes
and policies. It looks into the preservation of the identity of the city with a sustainable approach. A revitalization
framework of Government of Rajasthan also takes into account the prominent historic towns and villages in the
Mewar region and connecting the dots of the thread through a tourism circuit.

5. Way Forward
The development of the city of Udaipur was always of a sustainable kind where the rulers of the region were
aware of its ecological importance, thereby influencing the historical evolution through time. The traditional
techniques of sustainably catering to the population without harming the ecology like the water system of the
region have been forgotten down the line as urbanisation followed. Government authorities and organisations are
now able to notice the pressures of the same and policies are being implemented to tackle them. However doing
this without the participation of the traditional systems and lessons would disregard the historical and the
ecological importance of the city with which it started off. It would be beneficial to identify areas of intervention
where there is a need for immediate action and also integrate the traditional and newer mechanisms from a
bottom-up approach where the identity of Udaipur remains intact and true to its roots. Historic towns like Udaipur
are cyclic in nature in context to evolution and functionality. It originated with formal indicators (topography and
physiography of the region) dictating the nature of the city, and now the functional indicators (economy,
demography, culture etc) play an important role in defining the development of the city. However, we are again
moving toward preserving the formal indicators amidst improving the functional ones for a sustainable future.
Sustainable, smart, and resilient infrastructure with a sensitive eye to the details of rich cultural heritage is the
future of historic towns and cities like Udaipur.

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