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LOOP FUNCTIONS:

EXAMPLES:
(i)

x <- c(rnorm(10), runif(10), rnorm(10, 1))

x
f <- gl(3, 10)
f
split(x, f)
class(split(x, f))
split(x, gl(3, 10))
lapply(split(x,f),mean)

(ii)

install.packages("datasets")
library(datasets)
View(airquality)
class(airquality)
s<-split(airquality,airquality$Month)
s
class(s)
lapply(s,function(x)colMeans(x[,c("Ozone","Solar.R","Wind")]))
sapply(s,function(x)colMeans(x[,c("Ozone","Solar.R","Wind")]))
sapply(s,function(x)colMeans(x[,c("Ozone","Solar.R","Wind")],na.rm=TRUE))

GRAPHS/PLOTS/SIMULATION

(i) Scatter diagram

(ii) Paired Graph
(iii) Line charts
(iv) Pie chart
(v) Dot chart
(vi) Bar Chart
(vii) Histogram

setwd("G:/NITT 2022/MSC/MSC JAN 2024/R Code/")

getwd()
load("Beginning.rdata")
fw

(i) Scatter diagram

View(mf)
plot(mf)

(ii) Paired Graph

pairs(~Length+Speed+Algae,data=mf)
pairs(~Length+Speed+Algae,data=mf,col='red',cex=2,pch=8,cex.labels=2,font.labels=3)
pairs(~Length+NO3+BOD,data=mf,col='violet',cex=4,pch=17,cex.labels=3,font.labels=4)

(iii) Line charts

View(Nile)
plot(Nile,type='l')
# p, b, l, o, c, n
rainfall
plot(rainfall$rain,type='b')
plot(rainfall$rain,type='b',axes='FALSE',xlab='Month',ylab='Rainfall cm')
month=c('Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','Jun','Jul','Aug','Sep','Oct','Nov','Dec')
axis(side=1,at=1:length(rain),labels=month)
axis(side=2)
box()

(iv) PIE Chart

# pie()

library(datasets)
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data8
data11
pie(data11,labels=data8,init.angle=90)
pc=c('yellow','violetred1','olivedrab1','orangered','hotpink','tan1')
pie(data11,labels=data8,init.angle=180, col=pc)

class(fw)
fw
pie(fw$count,labels=row.names(fw),col=pc,cex=0.75)

library(datasets)
bird
class(bird)
pie(bird['Great Tit',],col=pc)

(v) dotchart()
dotchart(data11,labels=data8)
bird
t(bird)
dotchart(t(bird))
dotchart(bird, color='violetred1',gcolor='limegreen',lcolor='blue',
cex=0.8,xlab='Bird Count',bg='yellow',pch=21)

dotchart(bird,gdata=colMeans(bird),gpch=15,gcolor='blue',color='violetred1',
lcolor='pink',cex=0.8,xlab='Bird Count',bg='yellow',pch=21)
mtext('Grouping=Mean',side=1,adj=1)
title(main='Bird Species and habitat')
title(xlab='Bird abundance',col='blue')

(vi) Bar Chart

rain
# barplot()
barplot(rain)
barplot(data11,names=data8,xlab='Month',ylab='Rainfall cm',
col='orangered',ylim=c(0,10))
barplot(rain)
title(xlab='Month', ylab='Rainfall cm')
box()
abline(h=0)
abline(h=seq(1,9,2),lty=2,lwd=2,col='blue')

fw
barplot(fw$count,names=row.names(fw),ylab='Invertebrate Count',col='tan')
box()

barplot(bird)
barplot(bird,beside=TRUE,ylab='Total Birds Counted',xlab="Habitat",
legend=TRUE,col=pc,cex.names=0.5)
barplot(bird,beside=TRUE,horiz=TRUE,col=pc)
barplot(bird,beside=TRUE,legend=TRUE)
barplot(bird,beside=TRUE,legend=TRUE,args.legend=list(x='right',bty='n'))

mf
barplot(mf)
barplot(colMeans(mf),ylab='Measurement')
barplot(apply(mf,2,median,na.rm=TRUE),ylab='Measurement')

(vii) Histogram

data2
hist(data2)

hist(data2,col='orangered',xlab='x axis', main='Sample Histogram',

ylab='y axis',xlim=c(0,10),ylim=c(0,5))
box()

TO INSERT MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS

fw
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plot(count~speed,data=fw,xlab="",ylab="")
title(xlab=expression(italic(Speed~ms^-1)))
title(ylab=expression(bolditalic(count[per~count])))
x1=expression(bolditalic(count[per~count]))
title(ylab=x1)