Narration

Description
Types of texts
Argument
Exposition
Dialogue

Complaint - apology/denial/excuse Dialogic texts : conversation, communication or

Compliment - acceptance/rejection Adjacency pairs: utterances produced by two different exchange of information between 2+ speakers. Oral realization
speakers in which the second utterance is identified as an
Farewell - farewell expected follow-up to the first Written realization
Greeting - greeting
Offer - acceptance/rejection
Question - answer
Request - grant
Summons - answer

The next turn goes to the person addressed by the current Conversational analysis: the structure of
speaker Turn taking dialogues
The next turn goes to the person who speaks first
36 DIALOGIC TEXTS: STRUCTURE AND
The next turn goes to the current speaker, if he resumes before CHARACTERISTICS Opening phase
anyone else speaks
Verbal signals
Back-channel signals: question tags
Opening conversations: summons-answer sequence Turn over signals
Turn-taking
Closing conversations Sequential organization of talk
pre-empt signals
Central phase Non-verbal signals

Formal conventions of spoken language

Topic change: discourse markers

Maxim of quantity: give as much information as is needed

The cooperative principle
Maxim of quality: speak truthfully
Closing phase
Maxim of relevance: make contributions that are pertinent
Maxim of manner: be clear, brief and orderly

Implicature: when a herarer judges that the speaker has

intentionally flouted one of the maxims
Characteristics of conversations : people engage
into conversations to fulfill a purpose
Locutionary: form
Commisive: commit the speaker to doing something in the future
Declarative: change the state of affairs in the world
Illocutionary: function
Directive: get the listener to do something
Expressive: the speaker expresses feelings and attitudes The Speech Act theory
Representative: the speaker describes states or events in the
world
Perlocutionary: reaction