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Vitriniconus 16
Sitala 2
Kaliella 8
Trochomorpha 21
Endodonta 1
Plectopylis 3
Plectotropis 1
Aulacospira 3
Pupisoma 1
Satsuma 2
Dorcasia 2
Chloritis 7
Obbina 19
Papuina 1
Phoenicobius 7
Cochlostyla 247
Amphidromus 2
Hapalus (?) 4
Hypselostoma 1
Pupa 4
Clausilia 1
Subulina 3
Prosopeas 2
Opeas 4
Geostilbia 1
Tornalellina 1
Succinea 3
Vaginula 2
Ancylus 1
Limnaea 3
Planorbis 3
Physa 2
Melania 50
Pirena 2
Bithynia 1
Vivipara 7
Ampullaria 5
Acmella 2
Diplommatina 41
Arinia 6
Pupina 5
Registoma 7
Hargreavesia 1
 Callia 2
Pupinella 3
Helicomorpha 4
Coptochilus 1
Alycaeus 1
Leptopoma 42
Lagochilus 11
Cyclophorus 31
Ditropis 7
Cyathopoma 5
Cyclotus 19
Omphalotropis 3
Helicina 18
Georissa 3
Anodonta 1
Cyrena 3
Corbicula 7
Islands adjacent to the Philippines.—The Philippines are
connected with Borneo by two distinct ridges or banks of elevation,
which enclose between them the Soo-loo or Mindoro Sea. There can
be little doubt that these ridges represent the ancient highway of
transit, by which Indo-Malay species passed into the Philippines. The
depth of the sea on either side is profound, ranging from an average
of about 1000 fathoms west of Palawan to 2550 off the south-west
coast of Mindanao.
It appears that the fauna of the Soo-loo ridge is definitely
Philippine up to and including Bongao, Sibutu, and Bilatan, the last
islands at the Bornean end of the ridge. On these are found two
species of Cochlostyla and an Obbina.
The Palawan ridge may also be described as more or less
Philippine throughout. One species of Cochlostyla occurs on
Balabac, just north of Borneo, and two on Palawan, but these are
perhaps counterbalanced by the definitely Indo-Malay Amphidromus
and Opisthoporus (1 sp. each). At the northern end of the ridge, on
Busuanga and Calamian, the Philippine element predominates.
Representatives of two remarkable groups of Helix (Camaena and
Phoenicobius) occur along the Palawan ridge and in Mindoro. The
Phoenicobius find their nearest allies in the curious small group
known as Obba, from N. Celebes, the Camaena possibly in a type of
Helix (Hadra) occurring in New Guinea and N.E. Australia. The only
other Helix from the whole of the E. Indies which bears any
resemblance to the Phoenicobius group is H. codonodes Pfr., which
is peculiar to the Nicobars. A few forms assigned to Camaena also
occur in Further India and Siam. It would appear possible, therefore,
that these two isolated groups are a sort of survival of a fauna which
perhaps had once a much more extended range.
(2) The Chinese Sub-region.—The Chinese Sub-region includes
the whole of China from its southern frontier up to and including the
basin of the Blue or Yang-tse River, together with the coast district,
including Corea, perhaps as far north as Vladivostok, and the
outlying islands of Hainan, Formosa, the Loo-Choo and Bonin
groups, and Japan to the north of Niphon. It may be divided into two
provinces, the Chinese and the Japanese.
(a) The fauna of the Chinese province proper bears, in many
respects, strong marks of relationship to that of India and Siam. Thus
Streptaxis, Helicarion, Macrochlamys, Kaliella, Sitala, Ariophanta,
Rhysota, Hemiplecta, Diplommatina, Opisthoporus, Pterocyclus,
Lagochilus, and Alycaeus all occur, especially in Southern China.
The two points in which the sub-region bears special marks of
individuality are Helix and Clausilia. The sub-genera of Helix which
have their metropolis in China are Satsuma, Cathaica, Aegista,
Acusta, Euhadra, Plectotropis, and Plectopylis. Sinistral forms
(compare Fig. 213) are rather prevalent. In several cases—e.g.
Trichia, Gonostoma, Fruticicola—there is a reappearance of forms
which appear to belong to well-known European sub-genera.
Clausilia here attains a kind of second centre of distribution, and is
represented by its finest forms, which belong to several peculiar sub-
genera. The carnivorous Mollusca are not abundant, and are
represented by Rathouisia (a peculiar genus of naked slug), Ennea,
and Streptaxis. In the western provinces Buliminus is abundant in
several sub-genera, one of which appears to be the European
Napaeus.
 Fig. 213.—Helix
(Camaena) cicatricosa
Müll., China.
There is little which is striking in the operculates, which are most
abundant in the south, and appear to be mainly derived from Indian
and Siamese sources. The occurrence of Helicina (3 sp.),
Omphalotropis (1), Leptopoma (2), and Realia (2), is evidence of
some influence from the far East. Heudeia is a very remarkable and
quite peculiar form of Helicina with internal plicae, perhaps akin to
the Central American Ceres.
Fresh-water genera are exceedingly abundant, especially
Melania, Unio, and Anodonta. The occurrence of Mycetopus (a
South-American genus) is remarkable. There are several peculiar
forms of fresh-water operculates, whose exact position is hardly yet
assured.
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of the Chinese Province
Rathouisia 1
Streptaxis 7
Ennea 12
Parmarion 2
Helicarion 15
Euplecta 3
Macrochlamys 19
Microcystina 2
Microcystis 7
Kaliella 16
Sitala 8
Ariophanta 1
Rhysota 5
Hemiplecta 1
Trochomorpha 2
Limax 1
Philomycus 1
Patula 2
Gonostoma 4
Metodontia 2
Vallonia 1
Plectotropis 9
Fruticicola 11
Satsuma 14
Trichia 10
Cathaica 22
Aegista 10
Armandia 3
Acusta 15
Obbina 1
Camaena 5
Euhadra 14
Plectopylis 19
Stegodera 6
Chloritis 1
Hel. Inc. sed. 39
Buliminus 21
Buliminopsis 3
Buliminidius 3
Napaeus 14
Rachis (?) 4
Pupa 10
Clausilia 102
Opeas 12
Euspiraxis 1
Subulina 5
Stenogyra (?) 12
Succinea 8
Vaginula 7
Limnaea 2
Planorbis 6
Melania 44
Paludomus 3
Bithynia 12
Lithoglyphus 3
Melantho (?) 1
Pachydrobia 1
Prososthenia 2
 Stenothyra 2
Hydrobia 2
Mecongia 1
Oncomelania 9
Margaracya 1
Rivularia 4
Delavaya 1
Fenouillia 1
Vivipara 34
Diplommatina 20
Pupina 6
Alycaeus 23
Leptopoma 2
Lagochilus 10
Cyclophorus 18
Coelopoma 1
Pterocyclus 3
Opisthoporus 4
Cyclotus 10
Scabrina 4
Ptychopoma 12
Omphalotropis 1
Realia 2
Pseudopomatias 1
Helicina 3
Georissa 4
Heudeia 1
Cyclas 1
Corbicula 50
Unio 53
Monocondylaea 1
Anodonta 55
Mycetopus 12
Pseudodon 1
Dipsas 4

The island of Hainan, in the extreme south of the sub-region, has

40 species of Mollusca, 22 of which are peculiar, but there is no
peculiar genus.
The Mollusca of Formosa, although in many cases specifically
distinct, show close generic relationship with those of China. The
characteristic Chinese groups of Helix and Clausilia occur, and there
is still a considerable Indian element in several species of Streptaxis,
Macrochlamys, Kaliella, and Alycaeus. The occurrence of two
Amphidromus, a genus which, though Siamese, is not found in
China or Hainan, is remarkable.
The peninsula of Corea must undoubtedly be included in the
Chinese sub-region. It is true that the land operculates scarcely
occur, but there are still a number of Clausilia, and several of the
characteristic Chinese groups of Helix are reproduced. In some
points Corea appears to show more affinity to Japan than to China,
four of the Helices being specifically identical with those of Japan,
but the peninsula is at present too little explored for any
generalisations to be made as to its fauna in this respect.
(b) Japanese Province.—Kobelt distinguishes four groups of
Mollusca inhabiting Japan (a) circumpolar species, actually occurring
in Europe, Siberia, or N. America, or represented by nearly allied
species (these of course do not belong to the Japanese province as
such); (b) Indo-tropical species; (c) species which are Chinese or
akin to Chinese; (d) peculiar species, a mixture of two forms,
southern and northern, the latter being chiefly Hyalinia, Patula, and
Fruticicola. Out of a total of 193 Japanese species, at least 164 are
peculiar.
The Japanese Helices belong to sub-genera common to China
(Plectotropis 8, Euhadra 21, Acusta 23?); but the Naninidae scarcely
occur at all. The principal feature of the fauna is the development of
Clausilia, which presents some extraordinarily fine forms. One slug
(Philomycus) is identical with an Indian species. The operculates,
which consist mainly of a few species each of Diplommatina,
Cyclophorus, Pupinella, Pupina, Helicina, and Georissa, belong
almost exclusively to the southern islands Kiu-siu, Sikoku, and
southern Niphon. The three species usually reckoned as Japonia are
probably forms of Lagochilus.

C. The Australasian Region

This region includes all the islands of the Pacific east of the
Moluccas, and falls into three sub-regions—the Papuan, the
Australian, and the Polynesian.
1. The Papuan Sub-region may be divided into—(a) the Papuan
Province proper, which includes New Guinea, with the Aru Is. and
Waigiou, the Admiralty Is., New Ireland, New Britain, and the
d’Entrecasteaux and Louisiade Groups; (b) the Queensland
Province, or the strip of N.E. Australia from C. York to the Clarence
R. (about 29° S. lat.); (c) the Melanesian Province, which includes
the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, with the Loyalty Is. and the Viti
Is. The Solomons form a transition district between the Papuan and
Melanesian provinces, abounding on the one hand in characteristic
Papuan Helices, while on the other they form the north-western limit
of Placostylus, the group especially characteristic of the Melanesian
province.
(a) The Papuan Province.—The molluscan fauna of New Guinea
is the richest and by far the most original of all the Australasian
region. We find ourselves, almost in a moment, in a district full of
new and peculiar forms. New Guinea may be regarded as the
metropolis of the rich Helicidan fauna, which is also characteristic of
the Moluccas to the west, of N. and N.E. Australia to the south and
south-east, and of the Solomons and other groups to the north-east.
Here abound species of Papuina and Insularia (the latter being quite
peculiar), among which are found, if not the largest, certainly the
most finished forms of all existing Helices. Chloritis (13 sp.),
Planispira (5), and Cristigibba (9) are common with the Moluccas,
while a tropical Australian element is shown in Pedinogyra (1) and
Hadra (4). Very remarkable, too, is the occurrence of one species of
Obbina and Rhysota, genera which culminate in the Philippines and
here find their most eastward extension; while a single Corasia
serves to form a link between the Corasia of the Philippines and
those of the Solomon Is., if the latter are true Corasia.
We naturally find considerable traces of a Polynesian element,
which appears to be principally characteristic of the eastern part of
the island. Most noteworthy in this respect is the occurrence of
Partula (3), Tornatellina (1), Charopa (1), Thalassia (3). As compared
with the true Pulmonata, the operculates are feebly represented, and
the great majority are of a markedly Polynesian type. Not a single
Cyclophorus occurs; Lagochilus, Alycaeus, and all the tubed
operculates, so marked a feature of the Indo-Malay fauna, are
conspicuous by their absence, and the prevailing genera are
Cyclotus, Helicina, and a number of sections of Pupina. Leptopoma,
as in the Philippines, is strongly represented. Not that an Indo-Malay
element is altogether absent. We still have Xesta (5), Hemiplecta (8),
and even Sitala (2), but the great predominance of Helix seems to
have barred the progress, for the greater part, of the Indian
Naninidae.
The slugs appear to be represented by a solitary Vaginula. A
single Perrieria is a very marked feature of union with Queensland,
where the only other existing species (P. australis) occurs. The
solitary Rhytida, so far the only representative of the carnivorous
group of snails, emphasises this union still further. Little is known of
the fresh-water fauna. Melania (28 sp.) is predominant, but on the
whole the relations are Australian rather than Indo-Malay. Ampullaria
is wanting, while a decisive point of similarity is the occurrence of
Isidora (3 sp.), a genus entirely strange to the Oriental region, but
markedly characteristic of the Australasian.
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of New Guinea
Rhytida 1
Helicarion 2
Rhysota 1
Hemiplecta 11
Xesta 2
Microcystis 3
Microcystina 2
Sitala 2
Oxytes (?) 2
Conulus 1
Trochomorpha 8
Nanina (?) 3
Charopa 1
Thalassia 3
Ochthephila(?) 1
Chloritis 13
Planispira 5
Cristigibba 9
 Insularia 17
Obbina 1
Albersia 3
Hadra 4
Pedinogyra 1
Papuina 35
Corasia (?) 1
Bulimus (?) 1
Calycia 4
Partula 3
Pupa 1
Stenogyra 1
Tornatellina 1
Perrieria 1
Succinea 1
Vaginula 1
Limnaea 2
Isidora 3
Melania 28
Faunus 1
Vivipara 4
Diplommatina 1
Pupina 4
Pupinella 3
Omphalotropis 2
Bellardiella 2
Leptopoma 16
Cyclotus 5
Cyclotropis 5
Helicina 15
Unio 4
Cyrena 3
Corbicula 1
Batissa 8
Waigiou is practically a part of New Guinea. Twelve genera and
twenty species of Mollusca are known, eight of the latter being
peculiar. The occurrence of Papuina, Insularia, and Calycia
sufficiently attest its Papuan relationship. Two species each of
Albersia, Chloritis, and Planispira occur.[372]
 The Aru Is. are, as we should expect from their position, and
particularly from the configuration of the adjacent sea bottom (see
map), markedly Papuan. At the same time they show unmistakable
signs of long-continued separation from the parent island, for of their
36 land Mollusca 15, and of their 20 fresh-water Mollusca 9 are
peculiar. The Papuan element consists in the presence of Papuina,
Albersia, and Cristigibba. Moluccan influence is not absent, for the
three Helicina, the Albersia, and one Cyclotus are all Moluccan
species. The fresh-water fauna appears to be a mixture of varied
elements. The single Segmentina is common to India, the
Glaucomya to Malacca and the Philippines, while the single Batissa
is also found in New Zealand.
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of the Aru Islands
Xesta 4
Microcystis 1
Hyalinia(?) 1
Trochomorpha 1
Patula 1
Eulota 1
Chloritis 5
Cristigibba 2
Albersia 1
Papuina 4
Pupa 2
Stenogyra 2
Planorbis 1
Segmentina 1
Melania 14
Leptopoma 3
Moussonia 1
Realia 1
Cyclotus 3
Helicina 3
Cyrena 2
Glaucomya 1
Batissa 1
The Louisiades, the d’Entrecasteaux, and Trobriand Is., and
Woodlark I., are closely related to New Guinea, containing no
peculiar genera. Each group, however, contains a considerable
proportion of peculiar species, an indication that their separation
from New Guinea dates from a very distant period. From the
Louisiades are known 34 species in all, 22 of which are peculiar.
The fauna of the Admiralty Is., of New Hanover, and New Ireland
is markedly Papuan, without any especial feature of distinction. The
Admiralty Is. contain 15 sp. Papuina, 7 Chloritis, 1 Planispira, and 1
Corasia. A single Janella shows relationship with the New Hebrides
and with New Zealand. In New Ireland Planispira (which is specially
characteristic of W. New Guinea and the Moluccas) has
disappeared, but there are 7 Papuina and 6 Chloritis. The essentially
Polynesian Partula is present in both groups.
The prominent feature of the Mollusca of the Solomon Is. is the
extraordinary development of Papuina, which here culminates in a
profusion of species and singularity of form. The genus is arboreal,
crawling on the branches and attaching itself to the leaves of trees
and underwood. Of the 140 land Pulmonata known from the group,
no less than 50, or 36 per cent, are Papuina. Ten species of Corasia
occur, but whether the shells so identified are generically identical
with those of the Philippines, is not satisfactorily determined.
Trochomorpha, with 22 species, here attains its maximum. Chloritis
begins to fail, but still has 3 species. Indo-Malay influence still
appears, though feebly, in Hemiplecta (3), Xesta (1), and possibly
even Macrochlamys (1). The Rhytida, the 3 Hadra, and possibly the
Paryphanta represent the Australian element. The growing numbers
of Partula (13), the small and inconspicuous land operculates (only
22 in all, with Helicina very prominent), and the almost complete
absence of fresh-water bivalves, show signs of strong Polynesian
affinities. An especial link with the New Hebrides, New Caledonia,
and the Viti Is. is the occurrence of Placostylus (16 sp.). It is very
remarkable that this genus should occur in the Solomon Is. and not
in New Ireland. The occurrence of Streptaxis, if authentic, is very
noteworthy, the nearest species being from the Philippines.
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of the Solomon Islands
Streptaxis (?) 1
Rhytida 1
Paryphanta (?) 1
 Helicarion 2
Xesta 1
Macrochlamys 1
Hemiplecta 3
Microcystis 2
Trochomorpha 22
Nanina (?) 2
Patula 1
Thalassia 2
Chloritis 3
Philina 2
Hadra 3
Papuina 50
Merope 1
Corasia (?) 10
Placostylus 16
Partula 13
Succinea 1
Melania 18
Diplommatina 2
Pupina 4
Leptopoma 4
Omphalotropis 2
Cyclotus 1
Cyclotropis 2
Helicina 7
Unio 1

(b) The Queensland Province.—The strip of coast-line from Cape

York to the Clarence R. stands apart from the rest of Australia, and is
closely connected with New Guinea. There can be little doubt that it
has been colonised from the latter country, since an elevation of
even 10 fathoms would create (see map) a wide bridge between the
two. Many of the genera are quite strange to the rest of Australia.
Land operculates are abundant, and of a Papuan type. Several of
the characteristic Papuan genera of Helix (Papuina, Chloritis,
Planispira) occur, while Hadra attains its maximum. Panda,
Pedinogyra, and Thersites are three remarkable groups in a rich
Helix fauna. Parmacochlea is a peculiar form akin to Helicarion. The
carnivorous Mollusca are represented by Rhytida, Diplomphalus
(New Caledonia), and Elaea. One species of Janella, a slug peculiar
to this region, occurs. The predominant fresh-water genus is Bulinus
(Isidora). Ampullaria and Anodonta are entirely absent from Australia
and New Zealand.
Fig. 214.—Characteristic
Australian Helices: A, H.
(Hadra) pomum Pfr.; B, H.
(Thersites) richmondiana Pfr.
× ⅔.
 Map D. To face page 322.
MAP
to illustrate the relations
OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF
NEW GUINEA WITH THOSE
OF NORTH AUSTRALIA.
The red line marks the 100 fathom line
London: Macmillan & Co.

Land Mollusca of the Queensland Province

Diplomphalus 1
Rhytida 10
Elaea 1
Parmacochlea 1
Helicarion 7
Nanina 3
Hyalinia 10
Thalassia 4
Charopa 5
 Patula (?) 4
Macrocyclis (?) 1
Helicella 10
Planispira 8
Hadra 51
Chloritis 5
Pedinogyra 1
Thersites 1
Papuina 6
Panda 2
Helix (inc. sed.) 6
Bulimus (?) 1
Stenogyra 1
Tornatellina 4
Pupa 3
Vertigo 4
Perrieria 1
Succinea 3
Vaginula 1
Janella 1
Georissa 1
Pupina 16
Hedleya 1
Callia 1
Diplommatina 3
Ditropis 2
Dermatocera 1
Helicina 8

(c) The Melanesian Province includes those islands on which the

remarkable group Placostylus occurs, the metropolis of whose
distribution is New Caledonia. These islands are very possibly the
remains of what was once a much wider extent of land. A single
species of Placostylus occurs both on Lord Howe’s I. and in the
North I. of New Zealand, but this fact, while highly interesting as
indicating a possible former extension of land in a south-easterly
direction, is hardly sufficient to bring these islands within the
province as now limited. The Solomon Is., although containing
Placostylus as far to the west as Faro I., form, as has been already
stated, a transitional district to the Papuan province.
 New Caledonia.—The chief features of the Mollusca are the
remarkable development of the helicoid carnivorous genera Rhytida
(30 sp.) and Diplomphalus (13 sp.), and of Placostylus (45 sp.).
There is a stray Papuina, and a peculiar form Pseudopartula, but
Helix has almost entirely disappeared. Polynesian influence is
represented by Microcystis (3 sp.), the so-called Patula (13 sp.,
many of which are probably Charopa), Tornatellina (2 sp.), and
Helicina (20 sp.). Partula does not reach so far south, but there are
two species of Janella. The recurrence of Melanopsis (19 sp.),
absent from the whole Oriental region, is curious, and forms another
link with New Zealand. The curious sinistral Limnaea (Isidora),
common with Australia and New Zealand, is abundant.

Fig. 215.—Placostylus
caledonicus Pet., New
Caledonia, × ⅔.
The New Hebrides link New Caledonia and the Solomons by their
possession of the typical heavy Placostylus (5 sp.) of the former, and
the lighter and more elegant Charis (2 sp.) of the latter. There are 4
Papuina, and Partula is abundant (18 sp.), but there is no evidence
at present that the carnivorous genera or the Melanopsis and Isidora
of New Caledonia occur.
The Fiji Is., by the possession of 14 Placostylus of the Charis
section, which is entirely absent from the adjacent Tonga group, form
the eastern limit of the province. There appears to be only a single
Partula, but the Polynesian element, especially as seen in Navicella
(8 sp.), Neritina (20 sp.), Helicina (11 sp.), and Omphalotropis (11
sp.), is very strong. The Microcystis (9 sp.) and Trochomorpha (14
sp.) are also of a Polynesian type.
 (2) The Australian Sub-region includes the whole of Australia
(with the exception of the Queensland province) and Tasmania, with
New Zealand and the off-lying islands. The fauna, from the
prevalence of desert, is scanty, especially in genera. Land
operculates are almost entirely wanting. Limax is not indigenous,
though several species have become naturalised. The bulk of the
fresh-water species belong to Isidora, and it is doubtful whether
Physa occurs at all. Unio has a few species, and also Vivipara, but
neither Anodonta nor Ampullaria occur. There are a few Melania and
Neritina.
Tropical South Australia.—The Mollusca are scanty, and occur
chiefly in the neighbourhood of the rivers, the soil being arid, with no
shelter either of trees or rocks. Fresh-water species predominate,
and the rich land fauna of Queensland is totally wanting. There are
no land operculates, 6 Hadra, 1 Bulimus (?), 1 Stenogyra.
West Australia.—Owing to the deserts which bound it, the
Mollusca are very isolated, only one species being common with N.,
S., and E. Australia. The chief characteristics are Liparus, a form
intermediate between Helix and Bulimus, and, among the Helices,
the group Rhagada. There are no slugs, no carnivorous snails, and
only three land operculates.
Land Mollusca of West Australia
Lamprocystis 1
Hyalinia 1
Patula 7
Chloritis 2
Gonostoma 2
Trachia 3
Xerophila 1
Rhagada 8
Hadra 5
Liparus 10
Pupa 4
Succinea 3
Cyclophorus 2
Helicina 1
 In Eastern and Southern Australia (New South Wales, Victoria,
and South Australia) the tropical element, so abundant in
Queensland, almost entirely disappears, the last operculate (a
Helicina) only reaching Port Macquarie, though several species of
Helicarion occur in the extreme south. Hadra is still abundant in New
South Wales (18 sp.) and S. Australia (10 sp.), but becomes scarce
in Victoria (2 sp.); New South Wales has also one Panda and two
Thersites. Cystopelta is common with Tasmania, and one of the
Janellidae (Aneitea) with Queensland. The carnivorous snails are
represented by Rhytida. Caryodes, a bulimoid group perhaps akin to
Liparus, is common with Tasmania only.
Tasmania.—About 80 species of land Mollusca are known, not
more than 10 being common with Australia. No land operculates
occur; Endodonta and Charopa are rare, and Hadra has entirely
disappeared, but Pupa and Succinea occur. Carnivorous genera are
represented by Paryphanta, Rhytida, and Rhenea. Anoglypta is a
peculiar section of Helix, while Caryodes, Cystopelta, and Helicarion
are common with Australia. Among the fresh-water Mollusca are a
Gundlachia (see p. 345), and some forms of Amnicola or Hydrobia,
one of which (Potamopyrgus) is common only with New Zealand.
[373]

The Neozealanian Province.—The Mollusca of New Zealand, with

the Kermadec, Chatham, and Auckland Is., are remarkably isolated.
Such genera as Nanina, Partula, Pupa, Stenogyra, Succinea,
Vaginula, Truncatella, Helicina, and Navicella, which might have
been expected to occur, are entirely absent. The bulk of the land
Mollusca are small and obscure forms, perhaps remains of a very
early type, and appear to belong to the Zonitidae, neither Patula nor
Helix occurring at all. The carnivorous forms are represented by
Schizoglossa, a peculiar genus akin to Daudebardia, by Paryphanta,
an extraordinary group of large shells with a thick leathery epidermis,
and by Rhytida and Rhenea. In spite of its extreme isolation, the
general relations of the fauna are partly with New Caledonia, partly
with E. Australia. The occurrence of Placostylus has already been
mentioned (p. 323), and three species of Janella, a genus which also
occurs in Queensland and New Caledonia, indicate the same affinity.