Name : Fathiyah Rahma Dhea

Nim : 204003
Discourse Analysis (STBA)

Part A.
A discourse refers to a specific way of speaking, writing, or communicating that is
guided by certain rules, conventions, and shared meanings within a particular context or
community (Jen Renkema, 2009; Jorgensen & Phillips, 2002). It encompasses not only the
words themselves but also the broader socio-cultural and historical context in which
communication occurs. Discourse involves the use of language to convey information,
express ideas, construct identities, and negotiate power dynamics. The term "discourse" is
derived from the Latin word "discursus," which means "conversation" or "speech."
(Fairclough, 2020; Fraser, 2021; Wennerstrom, 2016) However, in contemporary academic
and linguistic contexts, the concept of discourse has evolved to encompass a broader
understanding of language use and communication. It's not limited to individual
conversations or speeches but includes any form of communication that contributes to the
creation of meaning and understanding within a given context.

Discourses are shaped by various factors, including social norms, cultural values,
historical influences, power dynamics, and specific communicative goals. They can be formal
or informal, written or spoken, and they play a crucial role in shaping how we perceive and
understand the world around us (Wang, 2021). For example, political discourses construct
narratives about policies, ideologies, and leadership, while scientific discourses establish
shared understandings within the scientific community (Widdowson, 2008; Wodak & Meyer,
2001).

Discourse analysis is an approach to the analysis of written, vocal, or sign language

use, or any significant semiotic event, with the aim of revealing socio-psychological
characteristics of a person or persons. It focuses on coherent sequences of sentences,
propositions, speech, or turns-at-talk, and prefers to analyze naturally occurring language use
rather than invented examples. Text linguistics is a closely related field, but the essential
difference is that discourse analysis aims at revealing socio-psychological characteristics,
while text linguistics focuses on text structure.
 Discourse analysis has been taken up in various disciplines, including linguistics,
education, sociology, anthropology, social work, cognitive psychology, social psychology,
area studies, cultural studies, international relations, human geography, environmental
science, communication studies, biblical studies, public relations, argumentation studies, and
translation studies. Each of these disciplines has its own assumptions, dimensions of analysis,
and methodologies. Discourse analysis is also a qualitative research method that focuses on
the study of "language in context." It goes beyond analyzing individual words and sentences
to understand how language is used to engage in actions, form social identity, and construct
meaning within different social and cultural contexts. Discourse analysts examine the
linguistic content and language use in a given text to understand how relationships, power
dynamics, identity, and social reality are constructed and maintained.

Discourse analysis encompasses a diverse array of types or approaches, each offering a

unique lens through which to examine language, communication, and their interplay with
broader social dynamics (Fairclough, 2020; Gollobin, 2020; Li, 2009; Putra et al., 2021;
Rahardi, 2022; Siddiq et al., 2021; Van Bergen & Hogeweg, 2021). These types of discourse
analysis provide specialized methodologies and foci that cater to different research questions
and contexts:

1. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): This type of analysis delves into the power
dynamics, ideologies, and social inequalities embedded in language (Nasution et al.,
2021; Van Dijk, 1993; Widdowson, 2008). CDA seeks to unveil how language can
maintain or challenge dominant narratives and power structures. It often focuses on
uncovering hidden agendas, biases, and the ways in which language contributes to
maintaining social hierarchies.
2. Feminist Discourse Analysis: Centered on gender and sexuality, this approach
investigates how language constructs and perpetuates gender roles, stereotypes, and
power imbalances (Criado et al., 2016; McIntyre, 2008; Wooffitt, 2011). It examines
how gender identities are negotiated through communication and how language can
reinforce or challenge patriarchal norms.
3. Conversation Analysis: Concentrating on spoken interactions, conversation analysis
examines the structure and organization of conversations (Fairclough, 2020; Steensig,
2004). It explores turn-taking, interruptions, pauses, and other conversational features
to understand how participants collaboratively construct meaning in real-time
interactions.
 4. Narrative Discourse Analysis: Focused on storytelling, this approach examines the
narratives people construct to make sense of their experiences. It explores the
structure, themes, and discursive strategies within narratives to reveal how individuals
create and communicate their personal and collective stories (R. Jones, 2012; R. H.
Jones et al., 2015; Moshinsky, 1959b; Saracho, 2020; Sindoni, 2019).
5. Social Discourse Analysis: This type zooms out to examine broader social discourses
that shape our understanding of specific topics. It delves into how language is used in
media, public discourse, and institutional contexts to construct particular narratives
and influence public opinion (Arvaja & Sarja, 2020; Badarneh, 2020; Galloway et al.,
2020; Khodke et al., 2021; Rahardi, 2022).
6. Cognitive Discourse Analysis: This type focuses on understanding how language
reflects and shapes cognitive processes, including thought patterns, mental
representations, and reasoning strategies. It examines how language use mirrors
underlying cognitive structures (McCarthy, 1992; Reaves, 2023; Roman & Roman,
2014).

Each of these types offers a specialized lens through which to explore the complexities of
language, communication, and their interactions with various aspects of society and culture.
Researchers can select the most appropriate type based on their research objectives and the
specific context they wish to investigate.

In summary, discourse analysis is a valuable tool for understanding the role of

language in society. It has a wide range of applications and can be used to analyze language
use in various contexts, such as education, healthcare, law, politics, and business. Despite the
challenges, discourse analysis continues to evolve as a field of study and has a promising
future.
Part B.
“Daisy and Kitten”

In a small village in England, there lived a kind old woman named Daisy. Every morning, she

would go to the river to collect fresh water. As she returned, she would always encounter a

small and curious kitten. The kitten was fascinated by Daisy's old bucket, and would always

follow her closely. One day, the rain was heavy, and Daisy found it difficult to collect water

from the river. She then remembered the kitten, and decided to take it home. As she opened

the door to her small village, the kitten excitedly ran in, eager to explore.
Conjunction

In the cottage, Daisy found a comfortable place for the kitten to rest. The kitten soon made

itself at home, playing with a piece of string that Daisy had lying around. Over time, the

kitten's curiosity grew, and it started to ask questions about its surroundings. Daisy, always

willing to help, patiently answered each question. The kitten became more and more

fascinated by Daisy's stories, and would often beg for more. Daisy's bucket was no longer

used for collecting water. Instead, the bucket contains with various objects that the kitten

found interesting, such as shiny coins, colourful buttons, and small trinkets. Conjunction
One day, a stranger appeared in the village. The stranger had heard stories about the kitten's

intelligence and inquisitiveness, and he wanted to take it away with him. The kitten, sensing

danger, quickly hid in Daisy's bucket. Daisy, hearing the commotion, came to the kitten's

rescue. She firmly told the stranger that the kitten was her friend and she would not give it up.

The stranger, seeing the determination in Daisy's eyes, reluctantly left the kitten behind.
Conjunction

From that day on, the kitten and Daisy grew even closer. The kitten would continue to ask

questions, and Daisy would always provide answers. Together, they made each other's lives

complete and happy. At the end, Daisy and the kitten lived out their days in the small village,

surrounded by the love and care that they shared with each other.

Conjunction

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