S 12 Tim 42

ikaksfõokh yd
udOH wOHhkh
12 jk fY%aKsh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh
isxy, fomd¾;fïka;=j
NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
2009
uqøKh yd fnodyeÍu( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
1
iïmdol uKa v ,h
wëlaIKh
uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd" wOHlaI ckrd,a" cd'w'wd'
WmfoaYkh
Ydia;%m;s úu,a ishU,df.dv" iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a ^NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd& cd'w'wd
fufyhùu
wOHdmkm;s nkaÿ, mS'ohdr;ak' udOH wOHdmk jHdmD;s m%OdkS" cd'w'wd'
iyh
Ydia;%fõ§ mS'à'tï'r;akdhl" iyldr jHdmD;s ks,Odß" cd'w'wd
iïm;a odhl;ajh
uydpd¾h pkaøisß rdcmlaI" ckikaksfõok wOHhkdxYhdêm;s" le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h
iïudks; uydpd¾h iqkkao ufyakaø" ckikaksfõok wOHhkdxYh" le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h
uydpd¾h oïñl .x.dkd;a Èidkdhl" isxy, yd ckikaksfõok wOHhkdxYh" Y%S chj¾Okmqr ú'ú'
wdpd¾h áhqv¾ ùrisxy " uKavmdêm;s" Y%Smd,s uKavmh" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h
wdpd¾h udmd ;s,lr;ak " fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" ckikaksfõok wOHhkdxYh" le,Ksh úYaj úµHd,h
Ydia;%m;s lu,a jf,afndv " ckudOH wxYhdêm;s" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h
wdpd¾h wcka;d ymqwdrÉÑ" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" ckudOH wxYh" fld<U úYaj úoHd,h
f,aLl uKav,h
Ydia;%m;s wdkkao nKavdr wfíisxy" lhsldj, u'u'ú' ud;f,a
Ydia;%m;s fla'tï'ã'î'Èidkdhl" uyfika cd;sl mdi," ksljeráh
Ydia;%m;s .x.d yfrdaIsKS iurfialr" l=reúg u'u'ú'" l=reúg
Ydia;%m;s f¾Kqld m%sho¾YkS" lvq.kakdj cd;sl mdi," lvq.kakdj
Ydia;%m;s jdikd m%shx.kS" Y=oaO jQ l=rei nd,sld ú' noafoa.u
Ydia;%fõ§ wfrdaId u,,fialr" lsß,a,j, u'u'ú' " lsß,a,j,
iïmdokh
udOH wOHdmk jHdmD;sh"
NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u
mß.Kl ie,iqu
Ydia;%fõ§ ;s,la bkaÈl fifkúr;ak
m%:u uqøKh 2009

ISBN
© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uqøKh lrjd fnodyeÍu ( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
uqøKh(
2
ye¢ka ù u
j¾I 2007 § 6 iy 10 fY%aKsj,g y÷kajd fok ,o ksmqK;d mdol bf.kqï - b.ekakqï

m%fõYh l%ufhka jißka jir 7" 8 yd 9 hk fY%aKsj, úIh ud,dj iïnkaOfhka o fhdod .kakd
,o w;r" 2009 jif¾§ th w'fmd'i'^Wiia fm<& mka;sj,g wod< úIhud,dj iïnkaOfhka o jHdma;
lsÍug cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha úIhud,d iïmdoljreka iu;a ù ;sfí' tu ksid 12 yd 13 jk
fY%aKsj, úúO úIh yd wod< úIh ks¾foaY o .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y o isiqka ;=< m%.=K l< hq;=
ksmqK;d o ksmqK;d uÜgï o ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul f;dr;=re bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí' fuu f;dr;=re
;u úIh yd wod< bf.kqï - b.ekakqï wjia:d iïmdokfha§ .=rejrekag uy;a fia m%fhdackj;a jkq
we;'
w'fmd'i'^Wiia fm<& úIh i|yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y ilia lsÍfï §" úIhud,d
iïmdoljreka úiska lksIag oaù;Shsl úIh ud,dj yd fcHaIaG oaù;Shsl ^10" 11 fY%aKs& úIh ud,dj
ilik úg wkq.ukh fldg we;s m%fõYhg jvd fjkia jQ m%fõYhla wkq.ukh fldg we;s nj
i|yka lrkq leue;af;ñ' 6"7"8"9"10 yd 11 hk fY%aKsj, § úIh lreKq b.ekaùfï § wkq.ukh l<
hq;= bf.kqï yd b.ekakqï m%fõY iïnkaOfhka .=rejreka wNsu; wdlD;shlg fhduq lrk ,o uq;a"
w'fmd'i'^Wiia fm<& úIh ks¾foaY yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y iïmdokfha § .=rejrekag ;u
wNsu;h mßÈ l%shd lsÍug;a" m%Yia: ksoyila N=la;s ú£ug;a bv m%ia;dj i,id ;sfí' fuu ;,fha
§ .=rejrekaf.ka wfmalaId lrkqfha ta ta úIh tallhg fyda mdvug fyda kshñ; ksmqK;d iy
ksmqK;d uÜgï j¾Okh lsÍu msKsi fhdað; b.ekakqï l%uj,ska ;uka wNsu; b.ekakqï l%uhla
fhdod .ekSuh' ;uka fhdod .kakd b.ekakqï m%fõYh i;=gqodhl yd ld¾hlaIu f,i fhdod
.ksñka wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï <`.d lr .ekSu .=rejreka úiska fkdmsßfy<d bgq
lrkq ,eìh hq;=h' fuu ksoyi .=rejrekag ,nd§ug ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa w'fmd'i'^Wiia fm<&
úNd.fha we;s jeo.;alu iy tu úNd.h flfrys wOHdmk moaO;sfha ishü wh olajk ixfõ§ nj
ie,ls,a,g f.k nj igyka lrkq leue;af;ñ'
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh .=rejrekayg udye`.s w;afmd;la fõjdhs m%d¾:kh lrñ'
wfma orejkaf.a keKei mdokakg fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha we;s f;dr;=re l%ufõo iy
Wmfoia wmf.a .=rejrekayg ksis u.fmkaùula lrkq we;ehs wfmalaId lrñ'
uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd

wOHlaI ckrd,a
3
ix{dmkh
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh 2009 j¾Ifha isg 12 jk fY%aKsfha bf.kqï -- b.ekaùï
l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSu i|yd .=re Nj;=kag m%fhdackj;a fõ'
fuu fmd; iïmdokh lsÍug mdol lr .;a úIh ks¾foaYh fuf;la mej;s úIh ks¾foaYj,g
jvd fjkia jQjls' tu fjki y÷kd .ekSug fhduqjk Tng th ksmqK;d mdol úIh ks¾foaYhla
nj ±lsh yelsh' fuys ±lafjk ksmqK;djla tu fY%aKsh ;=<§u idlaId;a lr .; hq;=hehs wfmalaId
fkdflf¾' we;eï úg ta i|yd fndfyda l,la .; úh yelsh' tfy;a ksmqK;d uÜgu yd tla tla
ksmqK;d uÜgï hgf;a ±lafjk bf.kqï M, tu fY%aKsh ;=<§u w;am;a lr .; hq;= fõ' tneúka
fY%aKshg wod< mdvï ie,iqï lr .ekSfï § tu ksmqK;d uÜgï yd bf.kqï M, Tng fnfyúka
m%fhdackj;a fõ' fuu bf.kqï M, bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha oS tla tla wruqKq ilid .ekSug
fukau mka;s ldurfha§ isÿ flfrk we.hSï WmlrK ilia lr .ekSfï § ks¾Kdhl f,i fhdod
.ekSu flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾' fuu úIh yeoEÍfï§ mßYS,kh l<
hq;= w;sf¾l fmd;a m;a fukau fjí wvú ms<sn| isiqka ±kqj;a lsÍug o fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
Tng m%fhdackj;a fõ'
fuys fhdað; l%shdldrlï Tn ks¾udKYS,S .=rejrhl= jYfhka l%shd lsÍfï wfmalaId iys;j
wdo¾Yj;a f,i bÈßm;a l< tajd jYfhka i,lkak' .=re flakaøSh mka;s ldur l%shdj,sh fjkia
lr YsIH flakaøSh njla we;s lsÍu úfYaIfhka wfmalaId flf¾' tneúka isiqka úúO fmd;a m;a
mßYS,khg wka;¾cd, Ndú;h jeks .fõIKhg fhduq flfrk bf.kqï wjia:d yels yeuúgu Wod
l< hq;= fõ' b.ekaùfï § iïm%odhsl f,i igyka bÈßm;a lsÍu fjkqjg wdl¾IKSh f,i kj ±kqï
uQ,O¾u wdÈh bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' ta i|yd ;dlaIKh yels;dla ÿrg fhdod .;a ikaksfõok Wml%u
Ndú; lsÍu kj mka;s ldurh ;=< § Wkkaÿ úh hq;= fõ' ta i|yd kj ;dlaIKsl WmlrK yels;dla
ÿrg Ndú; lsÍug ks¾udKYS,Sùu wjYH fõ'
12 jk fY%aKsfha § fuu úIh b.ekSu wrUk Tnf.a isiqkag úIh ks¾foaYh ukdj meyeÈ,s
lr fokak' j¾Ih mqrd l%shd;aul lrk Tnf.a b.ekaùfï ie,eiau y÷kajd fokafka kï th isiqka
;=< fm<Uùula jkq we;' uq`t úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh lr .ekSug isiqka mdi, fj; wdl¾Ykh
fõ' fuu úIh ud,d m%;sixialrK rgg ±fkk mka;s ldur bf.kqï -- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha
fjkila we;s lrkq i|yd úIh ks¾foaYh fukau fuys fhdað; l%shdj,S weiqfrka Tnf.a ks¾udKYS,S
yelshd mqnqÿjd .kakd fuka b,a,ñ'
fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ieliSfï§ odhl jQ úoaj;a ieug" .=re Nj;=kag iy cd;sl wOHdmk
wdh;kfha wOHdmk{hkag uf.a ia;=;sh ysñ fõ' fï ld¾hh i|yd u. fmkajQ wOHlaI ckrd,a
uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd uy;audKka fukau" uqøK lghq;= isÿ lr mdi,aj,g ,nd §fï j.lSu
Ndrf.k lghq;= l< wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a we;=`t ld¾h uKav,hg uf.a úfYaI
ia;=;sh mqo lrñ' fuys we;=<;a lreKq ms<sn|j ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd wef;d;a ud fj; ,nd
fokafka kï lD;{ fjñ'
úu,a ishU,df.dv
iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a
^NdId' udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh&
4
ye|s k a j S u
12 jk fY%aKsfha ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaYfha bf.kqï - b.ekaùï

l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd .=re Nj;=kag ksis u. fmkaùula ,nd oSu fuu lD;sfha wruqKhs'
th ksis f,i mßyrKh lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka uQ,sldx. ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla iEu .=re Nj;l=
;=<u ;sìh hq;= h'
^1'& 12 $ 13 jk fY%aKs i|yd jQ ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaYh mdi,g
y÷kajd fokq ,enqfõ 2008 j¾Ifha § h' thg fmr 2006 j¾Ifha § th 10 jk fY%aKshg o" 2007
j¾Ifha § 11 jk fY%aKshg o y÷kajd § we;' tfia jqj;a Wiia fm< ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh
úIhh yeoEÍug idudkH fm< úIhhla jYfhka tu úIhh yodrd iu;a ù ;sîu w;HjYH fkdfõ'
flfia jqj;a 12 jk fY%AKsfha ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh yodrk isiq ore oeßhkg 10 yd 11
jk fY%aKs ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh fm< fmd;a fol wOHhkh lrkakg wjldY i,id §u
m%fhdackj;ah'
^2'& 12 $ 13 jk fY%aKs ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh iudÔh úoHd úIhhls'
b.ekaùï ld, igyka ilia lsÍfï § th iudÔh úoHd úIh .Khg wh;a l,d úIhhka iu.
iu.dój ;sìh hq;= h' flfia jqj o fuu úIhh fi!kao¾h úIhhka" jdKsc úIhhka yd l,d
úIhhka iu. tlaj bf.k .ekSug wjYH wjldYh pl%f,aLh u.ska i,id we;'
^3'& 12 $ 13 ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhk úIh ks¾foaYh iïmdokh lr we;af;a yria úIh
ud,d f;aud y;rla mokï lr .ksñks' tkï iyÔjkh" ixj¾Okh" udOH idlaIr;dj yd ikakf s õok
ksmqK;d h' ta wkqj bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § fuu f;audj,g wod< j WodyrK " wdo¾Yk"
m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï" mejreï wdÈh f.dv kexùu u.ska fuu f;audjkays wka;¾.;h idlaId;a lr
.ekSu .=re Nj;df.a j.lSuls'
^4& wfmalI a ;
s oekqï uÜgug isiq ore oeßhka /f.k hdu;a" ikakf
s õokh yd udOH wOHhkh
úIh ks¾foaYfha wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g <`.d ùu i|yd wjYH wdl,am ixj¾Okh;a" Ôj;a
ùu i|yd ikaksfõokh yd udOH ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lr .ekSug Wmldr lsÍu;a .=re Nj;d fj;ska
wfmalaId lrkq ,efí' úIh ks¾foaYfha iuia; ksmqK;dj w;am;a lr .; yelafla ta wdldrfhka
sksis oekqu ,nd .ekSu;a" ksis wdl,am ixj¾Okh;a" ksis l=i,;d ixj¾Okh;a u.sks'
^5& isiq ore oeßhka f.a iuia; ixj¾Okhg <`. úh yelafla" bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
mka;s ldurh ;=< yd mka;s ldurfhka neyer j ixúOdkh lsÍfuks' tfiau mka;s ldurh ;=< yd
mka;s ldurfhka neyer bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd fhda.H ndysr iïm;a odhlhka fhdojd
.ekSu u.ska " ienE M,odhS w;aoelSï yqjudre lr .kakg wjldYh i,id .; yels h' th .=re
Nj;dg ,efnk w;sf¾l myiqjla o fõ'
^6& ta ta ojfia mka;s ldurhg .=re Nj;d hd hq;af;a fmr iQodkï lr .kakd ,o m%dfhda.sl
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï m%fõYhla iys; j h' isiq orejka .=re Nj;d mka;s ldurhg tk f;la u. n,d
isák ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh lr .; hq;= h' ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIh bf.k .ekSu
orejka g b;d kejq ï w;a o elS u la njg m;a lrka k g .= r e Nj;d úfYa I wjOdkhls k a yd
ks¾udKYS,SNdjhlsaka hq;=j lghq;= l< hq;=h' ta ta ojfia mdvu wjidk jk úg tÈk ;uka Ndú;
lrk ,o ks¾udKYS,S l%u - úê mss<sn| jd¾;djla ;nd .ekSfuka th B <`. j¾Ifha § o jvd;a
ks¾udKYS,S j fhdod .kakg mq`tjk'
^7& úIhhg wod<j iu.dó l%shdldrlï ixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd mdi,a udOH iudchla mj;ajd
f.k hd hq;=h' .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha oelafjk mßÈ úúO úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï l%shd;aul
lr w;aoelSï ,nd .kakg orejkag Wmldr lsÍu .=re Nj;df.a ld¾hhls'
^8& úfYaIfhka udOH wOHdmk i;sh jev igyk meje;aùu;a" udOH jev yqrej wOHdmk jev
igyk i|yd isiq ore oeßhka iyNd.s lrùu;a w;HjYH h' ta i|yd wjYH Wmfoia .=re ud¾f.damfoaY
ix.%yfha wjidkfha olajd we;'
iuia;hla jYfhka .=re Nj;=kaf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;af;a" kejqï yd l%shdldÍ bf.kqï
w;aoelSula ;u isiq ore oeßhkag ,nd §ug h'
nkaÿ, mS' ohdr;ak

udOH wOHdmk jHdmD;s m%OdkS
5
ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh
12 jk fY%aKsh
úIh lafIa;%h ksmqK;dj
1' ikaksfõok wOHhk m%fõYh 1'0 ika k s f õokfha ia j Ndjh" l% s h dj,s h " j¾. yd úê
ixikaokd;aulj ú.%y lrhs'
2' ikaksfõokh yd iudch 2'0 ikaksfõokh yd iudch w;r iïnkaO;d yd iudc

N+ñldj o" kQ;k f.da,ShlrK iudch ;=< ikaksfõok
m%jK;d o ;d¾lslj ú.%y lrhs'
3' ikaaksfõok l=i,;d yd ksmqK;d 3'0 wka;¾j¾;S" wka;¾ mqoa.," iuQy yd WmlrKdOdr
ikaksfõok ksmqK;d m%lg lrhs'
4' NdIdj yd ckudOH Ndú;h 4'0 NdIdfõ iajNdj ms<sn|j ú.%y lrñka" úúO udOHhkays
§ NdIdj Ndú;hg .ka k d wdldrh ixika o kd;a u lj
úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
5' uyck iïnkaO;dj 5'0 uyck iïnkaO;d ie,eiaula l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd
úúO fuj,ï yd l%u fhdod .ekSu w;ayod n,hs'
6' udOH ixialD;sh 6'0 udOH ixiald;sfha iajNdj" jHdma;sh yd n,mEu o fj<|
fmd< iu. we;s iïnkaO;d o ú.%y lrhs'
yria úIhud,d f;aud

Cross - Curricular Themes
iyÔjkh ixj¾Okh
12 yd 13 fY%aKs
ikaksfõokh yd
udOH wOHhkh
udOH ika k s f õok

idla I r;dj ks m q K ;d
6
wfma l a I s ; j¾Okhka
oekq u
1' ikaksfõokfha yd udOHfha uQ,sl l%shdj,sh yd ine¢ úúO úIh lreKq oek .ekSu
2' iyÔjkfhka hq;=j Ôj;aùu yd ine¢ úúO úIh lreKq oek .ekSu
3' ikaksfõokh yd udOH Ndú;h yd ine¢ úúO úIh lreKq oek .ekSu
4' ixj¾Okh i|yd ikaksfõokh fhdod .ekSu iïnkaO úúO úIh lreKq oek .ekSu
5' ikaksfõokh yd udOH l=i,;d yd iïnkaO úúO úIh lreKq oek .ekSu
wdl,a m
1' ikaksfõokfha yd udOHfha l%shdj,sh ksis f,i oek .ekSu iEu flfkl=gu wjYH nj
2' iyÔjkfhka hq;=j Ôj;aùu i|yd ikaksfõok ksmqK;d ieu flfkl=gu wjYH nj
3' ikaksfõokh yd udOH Ndú;h i|yd udOH idlaIr;dj wjYH nj
4' ixj¾Okh i|yd ikaksfõokh Ndú; lsÍu wNsfhda.d;aul ld¾hhla nj
5' ikaksfõokh yd udOH l=i,;d ixj¾Okh fm!oa.,sl ld¾hhla nj
l= i ,;d
1' ðj;aùu i|yd wjYH uQ,sl ikaksfõok l=i,;d
2' wkHhka iu. iyÔjkfhka hq;=j Ôj;aùug wjYH l%u úê ms<sn| l=i,;d
3' ikaksfõokh yd udOH úksúo oelSfï yd f;dard .ekSfï l=i,;d
4' ixj¾Okh i|yd ikaksfõokh Ndú; lsÍfï ks¾udKYS,S l=i,;d
5' ikaksfõokh yd udOH ld¾hhka l%shd;aul lsÍu ms<sn| fm!oa.,sl l=i,;d
úIh ks¾foaYfha m%Odk wruqKq

1' cd;sl ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg il%Shj iyNd.sùug wjYH ixj¾Okh mdol fldg .;a ikaksfõok
yd udOH ksmqK;d .egjr úfha ore oeßhka ;=< ixj¾Okh
2' wkd.; mqrjeishka njg m;a jk j¾;udk .egjr msßi ;=< udOH yd f;dr;=re idlaIr;dj
fmdaIKh
3' M,odhS mjq,a tallhla yd iudc moaO;shla ;=< iyÔjkfhka Ôj;a ùug wjYH ikaksfõok yd
udOH ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh
4' iuia;hla f,i Wiia ikaksfõok yd udOH ksmqK;djkaf.ka fyì udkj ys;jd§ " il%Sh
mqoa.,hka mdi, ;=<ska iudc.; lsÍug wjYH moku ks¾udKh
7
mdi,a m%;sm;a;sh yd jev igyka
01' mdi,a udOH iudchla (School Media Club) l%shdldÍ j mj;ajd f.k hdu
02' ixj¾Ok uQ,sl udOH jev yqrej jev igyklg (Development oriented Media Work - Experience
Programme) iyNd.s ùu
03' mdi,a udOH wOHdmk i;shla (Media Education Week) jd¾Isl j meje;aùu
04' jd¾Isl j wfma%,a 23 jk Èk uq,a lr f.k hqfkiaflda f,dal fmd;a Èkh (UNESCO World Book
Day) ieureï jev igykla meje;aùu
05' yria úIh ud,d f;aud mdol lr .;a udisl foaYk $ iïuka;%K $ újdo wd§ úIh iu.dó
l%shdldrlï l%shd;aul lsÍu
06' ixj¾Ok jHdmD;shla wOHhkh lsÍfï pdßldjla hdu
07' fmd,sia ia:dkh iu. taldnoaOj iudÔh yd .Dyia: iduh yd iyÔjkh mj;ajd f.k hdu
ms<sn| h:d ;;a;ajh wOHhkh lsÍu
08' mdi, ;=< wfma Wreuh mdi,a uOHia:dkhla (Our Herritage School Centre) f.dv kexùu
09' f;dard .;a ixj¾Ok f;audjka Tiafia ixfoaY ks¾udK yd m%j¾Ok jev igykla ie,iqï lr
l%shd;aul lsÍu
10' mdi,a mqia;ld,h ;=<" udOH iïnkaO fmd;a m;a $f,aLk $ lshùfï øjH $ nyqudOH WmlrK
/ia lsÍfï ie,eiAula l%shd;aul lsÍu
11' .Dyia: mqia;ld, msysgqùfï ie,eiaula l%shd;aul lsÍu
12' Wiia fm< udOH mqj;a $ f;dr;=re we;=<;a ì;a;s mqj;am;la wju jYfhka foi;shlg jrla
m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu
13' fjk;a mdi,a iu. w;aoelSï yqjudre lr .ekSfï jev igykla l%shd;aul lsÍu
14' ck jd¾.sl iyÔjkh mokï lr .;a jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍu
15' udOH wOHdmk i;sh ;=< tla Èkla mdi,a isky Èkh (Schoool Smile Day) hkqfjka ikaksfõok
m%j¾Ok jev igykla l%shd;aul lsÍu
16' ckudOHhg ,sms $ ks¾udK $ Ñ;% $ PdhdrEm wdÈh bÈßm;a lsÍu
17' udOH úpdr jev igykla udisl j $ jdßl j meje;aùu
18' udOH fj; m%;spdr okajd heùfï l%shdj,shla mdi, ;=< ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul lsÍu
19' m%d:ñl wOHdmk foudmshka i|yd udOH idlaIr;dj ûdOH Ndú;h& f;aud lr .;a jev igykla
ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul lsÍu
20' iaj - Yla;sh mokï lr f.k" iajhx ch.%yKh i|yd lghq;= lsÍu ms<sn| úúO ikaksfõok jev
igyka w;ayod ne,Su
21' udOH u.ska ikaksfõokh jk úúO ixj¾Ok ixfoaY ms<sn| wOHhkhla lsÍu
22' úIhh hgf;a l%shd;aul lrk ixj¾Ok ikaksfõok jHdmD;s idrdxYhla we;=<;a jk fia
jd¾Isl .%ka:hla m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu
8
tallh
lh( 1'0 ikaksfõok wOHhk m%fõYh ^ld,ÉfPo 50 hs'&
ksmqK;dj( ikaksfõok iajNdj" l%shdj,sh" j¾. yd úê ixikaokd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 1'1 ikaksfõokh wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd tys úldYkh" iajNdjh" ks¾jpk yd
ixl,am ú.%y lrhs'
ld,ÉfPo .Kk( 8
úIh wka;¾.;h( ikaksfõok m%fõYh

1' ikaksfõokh ye¢kaùu
2' ikaksfõokfha úldYkh
3' ikaksfõok ixl,am yd ks¾jpk
4' ikaksfõokfha iajNdj
wfma l a I s ; bf.kq ï M,(

1' ikaksfõokh hkq l=ula±hs w¾:l:kh lrhs'
2' ikaksfõokfha úldYkh ld,dkqrEmj úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
3' ikaksfõok ixl,am yd ks¾jpk ú.%y lrhs'
4' ikaksfõokfha iajNdjh fln÷±hs bÈßm;a lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u(
ikaksfõokh wdrïN jQfha ljod±hs ksYaÑ; j lsj fkdyels h' tfy;a udkjhd is;kakg
mgka .;a Èkfha isg ikaksfõokh wdrïN jkakg we;ehs lsj yelsh' ta wkqj wjqreÿ oi oyia
.Kkla ;siafia ikaksfõokh jeã we;s nj fmfka' udkjhdg ;ksj Ôj;a úh fkdyels ùu ksid"
iuQyhla f,i Ôj;aùug isÿ úh' Tjqfkdjqka w;r iïnkaOh f.dv kxjk ,oafoa yd mj;ajd f.k
hk ,oafoa ikakf
s õokh u.sk's b;d m%d:ñl ikakf
s õok l%uj, isg kùk wê ;dlaIKsl ikakf
s õok
l%u olajd ikaksfõokh úldYkh úh'
miq ld,Skj ikaksfõokh hkq l=ula±hs iudc úoHd{hka" wOHdmk{hka" foaYmd,k{hka"

úoHd{hka yd fjk;a úoaj;=ka úuikakg mgka .;a w;r" ta ms<sn| úúO ixl,am yd ks¾jpk f.dv
kxjkakg Tjqyq iu;a jQy' ta wkqj ikaksfõokh hkq fln÷ fohla±hs f;areï .kakg yels úh'
j¾;udkfha § ikaksfõokh hkq yqfola f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSu hkafkka bÈßhg

f.dia we;' iudchla yiqrejd ,Sug wo ikaksfõokh fhdod .kafka WmlrKhla f,isks' ckhdf.a
is;=ï me;=ï" woyia yd wdl,am" ck u;hka yd ixialD;Ska fjkia lrkakg" ixj¾Okh lrkakg yd
ì| oukakg wo ikaksfõokh fhdod .kq fmfka' fï wkqj ikaksfõokh hkak .eUqßka wOHhkh
lrkakg w;a;sjdrula ±óu b;d jeo.;ah' fuu wdrïNl mdvfuka isÿ jkafka ta wdldrfha
w;a;sjdrula ikaksfõok wOHhkh i|yd f.dv kexùuh' ta u; isg ikaksfõokh ms<sn|j mq`t,a
f,i wOHhkh lrkakg wjia:dj ie,fia'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la
1' ika k s f õokh ye¢ka ù u

# ikaksfõok ld¾hhg mqoa.,hd f.a mxfÉkaøshhu fhdod .efkk nj
# ikaksfõokh iïnkaO úúO ks¾jpk we;s nj
# udkjhd fukau i;a;ajhd o ikaksfõokfhys fhfok nj
# ikaksfõokh udkj iudcfhys meje;aug w;HjYH idOlhla jk nj
# uQ,sl jYfhka ikaksfõokh u.ska woyia yd f;dr;=re yqjudre jk nj
# ikaksfõokh ms<sn| úúO ks¾jpk we;s nj
2' ika k s f õokfha ft;s y dis l úldYkh

# wdrïNl hq.fha § ix{d" ixfla;" b`.s yd lg y`v ikaksfõokh i|yd fhdod .;a nj
# fojkq j .skaor" ÿu" wKfnrh" j¾K wdÈh ikaksfõokh i|yd fhdod .;a nj
9
# uq,ska NdIdj o" fojkqj fydaäh o" ;=ka fjkqj wl=re o ks¾udKh lr .;a nj
# uq,ska l;d lsÍu o" fojkq j ,sùu o l< nj
# fï yd iu.dó j Ñ;% yd rEm igyka we£u o wdrïN jQ nj
# f,aLkh i|yd .,a m;=re" ueá mqjre" ;,a m;a" memsria m;a" iï lv" frÈ yd .iaj, fmd;=
wdÈh fhdod .;a nj
# miq ld,fha § lvodis ks¾udKh lrk ,o nj
# uqøK Ys,amh fidhd .ekSu ikaksfõok b;sydifha úfYaI lvbula nj
# miq ld,fha § uqøK ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq ùu" ÿrl:k l%u" /yeka iys;j yd rys;j Yío
ikaksfõokh" rEmjdysksh yd kj udOH ìys ùu u.ska ikaksfõokh b;d ÈhqKq jQ nj
3' ika k s f õok ixl,a m yd ks ¾ jpk

# ikaksfõok ixl,am yd ks¾jpk ngysr fidhd .ekSula fkdjk nj
# ikaksfõokh ms<sn| ixl,am yhla f.dv kxjd we;s nj
# wêm;sjd§ ikaksfõok ixl,amh u.ska lshefjkafka iudcj, kdhlhka $ md,lhka
úiska ikaksfõok lghq;= yd ck udOH l%shdj,sh md,kh lr we;s nj
# ksoyia u;jd§ ikaksfõok ixl,amh u.ska lshfjkafka ikaksfõokh yd udOH l%shdj,shg
ksoyfia yeisfrkakg bv Èh hq;= nj
# fidaúhÜ iudcjd§ ikaksfõok ixl,amh u.ska lshfjkqfha fmdÿ iqN isoaêh wruqKq lr
f.k ikaksfõok yd udOH ksoyi iy j.lSu rch úiska md,kh l< hq;= nj
# iudc j.lSu ms<sn| ikaksfõok ixl,mh u.ska lshefjkqfha rch fuka u udOH o
iudch flfrys j.lSulska hq;= j ikaksfõokh yd udOH yeisrúh hq;= nj
# ixj¾Ok ikakf s õokh u.ska lshfjkqfha cd;sl ixj¾Okh wruqKq lr f.k ikakf
s õokh
yd udOH yeisrúh hq;= nj
# m%cd;ka;%SlrK ikaksfõok ixl,amh u.ska m%cd;ka;%jd§ f,i fmdÿ uyck;djf.a
ksfhdackh iys;j ikaksfõokh yd udOH yeisrùu rch yd udOH úiska l< hq;= nj
# îkaksfõok ixl,amj, uQ,sl iajNdj ms<sn|j yeoEÍu muKla m%udKj;A jk nj&
# yer,aâ ,eiafj,a" Iekka ùj¾" ú,an¾ Y%dï yd tâjâ IemS úiska ikaksfõok ks¾jpk
f.dv kxjd we;s nj ^ fjk;a ks¾jpk ;sfnk nj olajkak' tfy;a fuu ks¾jpk
y;r muKla fuys § m%udKj;a fõ' &
4' ika k s f õokfha ia j Ndjh

# tal ud¾.slj fyda oaú ud¾.slj isÿ úh yels nj
# iajdNdúl l%shdj,shla nj
# ikaksfõokh i|yd ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï Ndú; l<;a iajNdjh fjkia fkdjk nj
# rgdjka mqoa.,noaO nj
# wjia:dkql+, l%shdj,shla jk nj
# iudÔh iduQysl;ajh yd iyÔjkh mj;ajd .; yels nj
# mqoa.,hl=f.a ÿlaL fodaukiaihka neyer lsÍug fhdod .; yels nj
# mqoa.,hl=f.a isg iuia; iudchl yeisÍu ;SrKh lsÍfï idOlhla nj
# úúO ndOlhka ksid ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh wid¾:l úh yels nj
# ikaksfõolhd fukau .%dylhd o ikaksfõokfha § w;HjYH md¾Yajhka nj
# ikaksfõokh hï hï jdrKhkag hg;a jk nj
# jdrK l%shdj,sfha § fodrgqmd,l hkqfjka ixl,amhla ìysj we;s nj
# fodrgqmd,l úiska ikaksfõokh jdrKh lsÍu úúOdldrfhka isÿ jk nj
# fodrgqmd,l ixl,amh ikaksfõokfha § iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk nj
10
tallh
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 1'2 ikaksfõokfha uQ,sldx." wdlD;s yd ld¾hhka ú.%y lrhs'
ld,ÉfPo .Kk( yhhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h( ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh

1' ikaksfõok uQ,sldx.
2' ikaksfõok wdlD;s
3' ikaksfõokfha ld¾hhka

1' ikaksfõokfha uQ,sldx. úia;r lrhs'
2' ikaksfõok wdlD;s w¾:l:kh lrhs'
3' ikaksfõokfha ld¾hhka ;=,kd;aulj ú.%y lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u(
ikaksfõokh hkq l%shdj,shls' th iqug f,i l%shd;aul jkafka thg wh;a uQ,sl wx.
ish,a, ksis f,i iïnkaO ù l%shd;aul jqjfyd;a muKs' tla wka;hl ikaksfõolhd o" wfkla
wka;fhys .%dylhd o isák w;r" ikaksfõokh oaú ud¾.slj l%shd;aul jk úg" ikaksfõolhd yd
.%dylhd hk N+ñldjka o ta wkqj udre fõ' fuhska fmkS hkafka ikaksfõolhd yd .%dylhd hkq
wjia:dkql+,j y÷kd .; hq;= md¾Yajhka jk njh' flfia jqj;a fuu md¾Yajhka fol w;r ixfoaY
yqjudre ùu wksjd¾hfhka isÿ fõ' ixfoaY .ukdka;hg hdu i|yd udOHhla wjYH fõ' tfiau
fuu l%shdj,shg uQ,sl jYfhka Yío ndOd yd w¾: ndOd we;s fõ'
fuu iajrEmh wdlD;shla jYfhka f.dv kxjkakg miqld,Skj ikaksfõok m¾fhaIlfhda

iu;a jQy' ta wkqj ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh jvd;a myiqfjka f;areï .kakg mq¿jk' tla tla
m¾fhaIlfhda tla tla wdldrfhka fuu ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh wdlD;s .; lr we;' thska iuyr
tajd b;d ixlS¾K fõ' ta wkqj ir, wdlD;s lsysmhla u.ska ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh f;areï .ekSu
myiqh' ikaksfõokfha ld¾hhka fln÷±hs ksYaÑ;j olajkakg fkdyelsh' thg fya;=j iudcfha
m%.ukh;a iu. ikaksfõokfha ld¾hhka fjkia fjñka yd mq`t,a fjñka mej;Suh' tfia jqj;a
uQ,sl ld¾hhka y;rla ikaksfõokfhka wfmalaId lrk nj bf.k .ekSu fuys § m%udKj;ah'
1' ika k s f õok uQ , s l dx.

# ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh uQ,sl wx.j,ska iukaú; jk nj
# ixfoaY uQ,dY%h u.ska ixfoaYh i|yd f;dr;=re ,efnk nj
# ikaksfõolhd úiska ixfoaYh iïmdokh lrkq ,nk nj
# ixfoaYh fyda mKsjqvh fyda kñka woyia jkafka bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re nj
# ixfoaYh f.k hdu i|yd kd,sldjla fyda udOHhla fyda wjYH nj
# ixfoaYh .%yKh lrkq ,nkafka .%dylhd úiska nj
# .%dylhd úiska ;uka ,nd .kakd ixfoaYhg m%;sl%shd olajk nj
# fuu m%;sl%shd ±laùu ikaksfõolhdg flfrk m%;sfmdaIKhla nj
# ikaksfõok uQ,sldx.j, l%shdldß;ajhg ndOd we;s jk nj
# fuu tla tla wx. ms<sn| j fjka fjkaj úêu;a j yeoEßh hq;= nj
2' ika k s f õok wdlD;s

# ikaksfõok uQ,sldx." tys l%shdldß;ajh wkqj fm< .iajd iïnkaO lsÍu u.ska wdlD;shla
ks¾udKh l< yels jk nj
# úúO m¾fhaIlhka úiska úúO wdldrfha wdlD;s ks¾udKh lr we;s nj
# iuyr wdlD;s f¾Çh jk w;r" iuyr tajd f¾Çh fkdjk nj
11
# iuyr wdlD;s jHqyh olajk w;r" iuyr wdlD;s ikaksfõok l%shd moaO;sh olajk nj
# yer,aaâ ,eiafj,a ^1948& " Iekka iy ùj¾ ^1949& " Tia.=â iy Y%dï ^1954& " n¾f,da ^1960&
úiska iïmdÈ; ikaksfõok wdlD;s muKla yeoEÍu fuys § m%udKj;a jk nj ^;j;a
fndfyda wdlD;s we;;a fuu wdlD;s y;r muKla yeoEÍu m%udKj;a jk nj&
3' ika k s f õokfha ld¾hhk

ld¾hhka
# ikaksfõokh udkj YsIagdpdrh ;=< úYsIag ld¾hhka bgq lrk nj
# yqfola f;dr;=re yd woyia yqjudre lsÍu ikaksfõokfha ld¾hh fkdjk nj
# ikaksfõokh u.ska úúO wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug wfmalaIs; nj
# ikaksfõokfha ld¾hhka fndfyda we;s kuq;a" thska m%Odk ld¾hhka lsysmhla muKla
bf.kSu m%udKj;a jk nj
• f;dr;==re iïmdokh
• wOHdmkh
• ixialD;sl ld¾hh
• u;jd§ ld¾hh
• iudc ixúOdkuh ld¾hh
• m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍï
• fm<Uùï
# f;dr;=re iïmdokh u.ska ckhdg ksrka;rfhka mßirh ms<sn|j wjÈfhka issákakg
wjldY ,efnk nj
# iudchg fmdÿfõ o" mqoa.,hkag fjka fjkaj o wOHdmkh ,nd §u ikaksfõokfha b;d
jeo.;a ld¾hhla jk nj
# ixialD;sh mj;ajd f.k hdu o" th B <`. mrïmrdjg iïfm%aIkh lsÍu o ikaksfõokfha
ld¾hhla jk nj
# iudch ;=< úúO u;jdohka f.dv kexùu iudcfha meje;aug w;HjYH jk w;r" th
ikaksfõokfha ld¾hhla jk nj
# úúO kùlrKhka i|yd iudch ixúOdkh lsÍu ikaksfõokfha ld¾hhla jk nj
# iudch fmdÿ jYfhka o" mqoa.,hd fjka fjkaj o" m%;sIaGdmkh lsÍu ikaksfõokfha
ld¾hhla jk nj
# m%;sIaGdmk ld¾hfha § m%{d W;amdol úfkdaohla o" ir, úfkdaohla o ,nd Èh yels nj
# ckhd fjka fjkaj o" iudchla jYfhka o kj ;;a;ajhkag wkq.; ùug fm<Uùu
ikaksfõokfha ld¾hhla jk nj
# fm<Uùfï ld¾hfhys § iudch yd ckhd úúO wruqKq i|yd fm<Uùu ikaksfõokfha
ld¾hhla nj ^whq;= wdldrhg fm<Uùu iudcfha bÈß .ukg ndOdjla nj&
# iudch ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fm<Uùfï ld¾hhka w;HjYH nj
12
tallh
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 1'3 ikaksfõokfha úúO j¾. ixikaokd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'
ld,ÉfPo .Kk( tfld<yhs
úIh wka;¾.;h( ikaksfõok j¾.SlrKh

1' wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh
2' wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh
3' iuQy ikaksfõokh
4' ck ikaksfõokh

1' wka;¾j¾;Smqoa., ikaksfõokfha l%shdj,sh ú.%y lrhs'
2' wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ú.%y lrhs'
3' iuQy ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ú.%y lrhs'
4' ck ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh ú.%y lrhs'
5' ikaksfõok j¾. ;=,kd;aulj úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
6' ta ta ikaksfõok j¾.hkays M,odhS;dj w;ayod n,hs'
7' ta ta ikaksfõok j¾.hkays m%fhdack ú.%y lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u(
iudc w;aoelSfï m%lafIamKhla f,i ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh wdrïN jkafka mqoa.,hl=f.a
isf;ks' th uki hkqfjka o ye¢kaúh yelsh' th l%shd;aul jkafka fud<h wdY%s;jh' ukfia
l%shdj,sh jkafka úúO f;dr;=re /ia lr .ekSu;a" tajd wjYH mßÈ m%fhdackhg .ekSu;ah' wka;¾
j¾;S mqo. a , ikakf s õokh hkafkka ir, f,i ye¢kafjkafka thhs' ikakf s õokh i|yd ;dlaIKsl
fuj,ï ;snqK o tajd yiqrejkq ,nkafka o mqoa.,hka úisks' tneúka ikaksfõokh ms<sn|j yeoEÍfï
§ mqoa.,hd f.a isf;ys yeisÍu ms<sn|j yeoEÍu w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ'
mqoa.,hl= úiska wkHhka iu. ikaksfõokfhys fh§fï § wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh yd

iuQy ikaksfõokh ìys fõ' wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfha § mqoa.,hka fofofkl= w;r f;dr;=re
yqjudrejla isÿ fõ' fuh hq., ikaksfõokh hk mofhka o olajkakg mq¿jk' hq., ikaksfõokh
hkq mqoa.,hl=f.a Ôú;fha § nyq,j fhdod .kakd ikaksfõok j¾.hls' hq.,h blaujd hdfï §
iuQyh we;s fõ' th l=vd iuQyhla fyda úYd, iuQyhla fyda jkakg mq¿jk' tfia;a ke;skï w;s
úYd, iuQyhla jkakg o mq¿jk' l=vd iuqyhla iu. uqyK
q g uqyK
q ,d ikakfs õokfhys fhfokakg
mq¿jk' úYd, iuQyhla iu. ikaksfõokfha fh§fï § mqoa.,hdf.a Yla;sh m%udKj;a fkdjk ksid"
Yío úldYk WmlrK fhdod .kakg isÿ fõ' w;s úYd, iuQyhla hkq ;uka bÈßfha fkdue;s yd
;ukag fkdfmfkk msßils' tjeks w;s úYd, iuQyhla hk ck.yKhls' tfia;a ke;skï
ck;djls' tfia;a ke;skï ck lKavdhuls' fuys § ck ^Mass) hk moh Ndú;hg .efka' ta ksid
w;s úYd, iuQyhla iu. lrk ikaksfõokh ck ikaksfõokh kï fõ' ck ikaksfõokh i|yd
fhdod .kakd udOH ckudOH kñka ye¢ka fõ' úYaj ikaksfõokh o ck ikaksfõokfha Wmßu
;;a;ajhls' úYaj ikaksfõokh hkak ck ikaksfõokh ;=< fyda fjkaj fyda yodrkakg mq¿jk'
1' wka ; ¾j¾;S mq o a . , ika k s f õokh

# mqoa.,hl= ;=<u isÿ jk wd;au NdIKh nj
# iEu mqoa.,hl=u ì<s÷ úfha isgu mxfÉkaøsh u.ska f;dr;=re /ia lrk nj
# /ia lrk f;dr;=rej,ska fndfyduhla há isf;a ;ekam;a lr .kakd nj
# iuyr f;dr;=re flá u;lhlska miq bj;a jk nj
# há isf;a ;ekam;aj we;s f;dr;=re Ôú; ld,h ;=< iaurKh l< yels nj
# wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokfha § ;ud i;= f;dr;=re fhdod .kakd nj
# wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokfha ;SrK .ekSu m%Odk ld¾hhla jk nj
13
# ;ud i;= f;dr;=re fyd| tajd kï ;SrK .ekSu m%Yia; jk nj
# ;ud i;= f;dr;=re fkdjeo.;a tajd kï ;SrK .ekSu wid¾:l jk nj
# b;d fyd| f;dr;=re nyq, f,i /ia lr .ekSu mqoa.,hl= úiska l< hq;= nj
# flfkl= ;ud ms<sn|j we;s lr .kakd iajhx oDIaáhg fuu f;dr;=re fya;= jk nj
# iaj - ixl,amh f.dv kef.kafka o ;ud i;= f;dr;=re wkqj nj
# iajhx - oDIaáh yd iaj - ixl,amh wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokfha § jeo.;a jk nj
# Ñ;a; fõ.hka ksid wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh ksis f,i l%shd;aul fkdjk nj
# úúO Ñ;a; fõ.hka md,kh lr .ekSug mqoa.,hl= i;= l=i,;dj wka;¾j¾;S mqoa.,
ikaksfõokfha .=Kd;aul nj by< kxjk nj
2' wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh

# fuh mqoa.,dka;r ikaksfõokh hkqfjka o Ndú; jk nj
# mqoa.,hka fofofkl= w;r flfrk ikaksfõokh fuhska woyia jk nj
# idudkHfhka fuh uqyqKg uqyqK ,d flfrk ikaksfõokhla nj
# kj ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka fuys iajrEmh fjkia ù we;s nj
# ÿrl:kh fyda wka;¾ cd,h fyda flá mKsjqv fyda u.ska o fuh isÿ jk nj
# kj ;dlaIKh ksid ÿr isák fofofkl=g uqyqK n,d f.k l;d l< yels nj
# wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh oaú ud¾.sl ikaksfõokhla jk nj
# iEu flfkl=gu ffoksl Ôú;fha § ks;ru wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfha fhfokakg
isÿ jk nj
# wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfha § ikaksfõolhd yd .%dylhd hk N+ñldj udre jk nj
# iuyr úg wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh tal ud¾.sl jk nj
# wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfha úúO wruqKq ;sfnk nj
• f;dr;=re ±k .ekSu
• ÿl iem fnod .ekSu
• ±kqu ,nd .ekSu yd ,nd §u
• m%Yak úi|d .ekSu
• Woõ Wmldr ,nd .ekSu yd ,nd §u
• u. fmkaùu
• WmfoaYkh
• fpdaokd bÈßm;a lsÍu
• ;¾ckh lsÍu
• fodia mejÍu
• ryia wkdjrKh lr .ekSu
• l%shdj,Ska úYaf,aIKh
• ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
# wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh M,odhS jkafka" mqoa.,hd ;=< mj;akd YslaIKh wkqj nj
# hym;a wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh u.ska iudchl l%shdj,sh hym;a jk nj
3' iuQ y ika k s f õokh

# fofofkl= blaujd .sh úg tys iuQyhla we;s jk nj
# iuQyh l=vd" úYd, fyda w;s úYd, fyda úh yels nj
# iuQy ikaksfõokfha § tal - ud¾.sl fyda oaú - ud¾.sl ikaksfõokhla isÿ jk nj
# wid isàu yd ijka oSu hk ixl,amh iuQy ikaksfõokfha § ±äj l%shd;aul jk nj
# iuQy ikaksfõokfha úúO iajrEmhka ;sfnk nj
# iuQyh hkakg lKavdhï yd l,a,s wh;a jk nj
# lKavdhï j¾. myla oelaúh yels nj
1' wyUq lKavdhï
2' úfYdaOk lKavdhï
3' bf.kqï lKavdhï
4' m%;sm;a;s ieliqï lKavdhï
14
5' l%shdldÍ lKavdhï
# wyUq lKavdhula hkq yÈisfha fyda wyUq f,i fyda we;s jkakla nj
# úfYdaOk lKavdhï ish Ñ;a;fõ.hka u; tla jk nj
# bf.kqï lKavdhï bf.kSu wruqKq lr f.k tla jk nj
# m%;sm;a;s ieliqï lKavdhï ;SrK .ekSfï ld¾hhg tla jk nj
# l%shdldÍ lKavdhï hula l%shd;aul lsÍfï wruqKska tla jk nj
# wyUq lKavdhï wúêu;aj ìys jk nj
# úfYdaOk" bf.kqï" m%;sm;a;s ieliqï yd l%shdldÍ lKavdhï fndfyda ÿrg úêu;a nj
# iuQyh fln÷ jqj o" tys wruqKq l=ula jqj o iuQyfha meje;aug ikaksfõokh w;HjYH nj
4' ckika k s f õokh

# úYd, ckialkaOhla iu. flfrk ikaksfõok ld¾hh ckikaksfõokh nj
# ckikaksfõokh i|yd Ndú; jk mqj;am;a iy iÕrd" .=jka úÿ,sh yd rEmjdysksh
ckudOHnj
# ckikaksfõokfha § .%dyl msßi ljqrekaoehs ksYaÑ;ju ikaksfõolhka fkdokakd nj
# ckikaksfõokh ieu úgu wdh;k.; yd ixúOdkd;aulj isÿ jk nj
# tla tla ckudOHhkays iqúfYaI ,laIK ;sfnk nj
# ckikaksfõokh u.ska úYd, ckiudchlg tljr f;dr;=re f.k hd yels nj
# ckikaksfõokh j¾;udkfha ckhdf.a ffoksl Ôú;fha fldgila nj
# mqj;am;a mßyrKhg NdId idlaIr;dj wjYH nj
# .=jka úÿ,sh mßyrKhg Y%jK idlaIr;dj wjYH nj
# rEmjdysksh mßyrKhg Y%jH - oDYH idlaIr;dj wjYH nj
# iuia;hla jYfhka ckudOH mßyrKh lrkakg udOH idlaIr;dj wjYH nj
# ;u ixfoaYh b,lal lKavdhug muKla bÈßm;a lsÍug ckudOHhg fkdyels nj
# ckudOH ixfoaY újD;j bÈßm;a jk ksid" thska iudchg isÿ jk n,mEu jeä nj
# ckikaksfõok udOHhkaf.ka jvd;a m%p,s;j we;af;a rEmjdysksh nj
# rEmjdysksh yd .=jka úÿ,sh ;snqK;a ckhdg mqj;am;a o w;HjYH nj
# ckikaksfõokh i|yd mqyqKq udOHlrejka wjYH nj
# ckudOHlrejka ^Media Person & úiska iïmdÈ; fm< ^Text& wOHhkh lr bka kj oekqu
iïmdokh lrkakd ckudOHfõÈhd ^Media Expert& nj
# ckudOHlre hkq uq,sl udOH ikafoaY iïmdokh lrkakd nj
# ckikaksfõokh i|yd Wiia ;dlaIKhla wjYH nj
# ckikaksfõokh f,dalhu wdjrKh lrk úg th úYaj ikaksfõokh jk nj
15
tallh
ksmqK;dj( ikaksfõok iajNdj" l%shdj,sh" j¾. yd úê ixikaokd;aulj ú.%y lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 1'4 úúO ikaksfõok úê ixikaokd;aulj ú.%y lrhs'
ld,ÉfPo .Kk( 12hs'
úIh wka;¾.;h( ikaksfõok úê

1' jdÑl ikaksfõokh
2' wjdÑl ikaksfõokh
3' ,sÅ; ikaksfõokh
4' oDYH ikaksfõokh
5' Y%jH ikaksfõokh
6' úêu;a yd wúêu;a ikaksfõokh

1' jdÑl ikaksfõok l%u w;ayod n,hs'
2' wjdÑl ikaksfõok l%u w;ayod n,hs'
3' ,sÅ; ikaksfõok l%u w;ayod n,hs'
4' oDYH ikaksfõok l%u úu¾Ykh lrhs'
5' Y%jH ikaksfõok l%u úu¾Ykh lrhs'
6' úêu;a ikaksfõok l%u úu¾Ykh lrhs'
7' wúêu;a ikaksfõok l%u úu¾Ykh lrhs'
8' ish¨ ikaksfõok l%u ixikaokd;aulj w.hhs'
ye¢ka ù u(
udkjhd m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha isg ish tÈfkod iudc wjYH;djka imqrd .ekSug
ikaksfõokfha fh§ we;' fï wdldrhg ikaksfõokh i|yd fhdod .;a úê ke;skï iajrEm
ikaksfõok úfYaI{hka úiska j¾. lr we;' tu j¾. udkj iudcfha ikaksfõok wjYH;djka
imqrd ,Sug ksrka;rj fhdod .efka' fuhska nyq,j isÿjkafka wjdÑl yd oDYH ikaksfõokhhs'
fuys § jdÑl ikaksfõokh hkafkka woyia lrkafka jpk fhdod f.k l;d lsÍuhs' jdÑl
ikaksfõokhg wjdÑl ikaksfõokh o tla fjhs' ikaksfõokd¾: u;= jkafka ta wkqjh' ,sÅ;
ikaksfõokh miq ld,Skj ks¾udKh lr .kakd ,oaols' oDYH ikaksfõokhg we;af;a b;d È.
b;sydihls' w,agd órd" ,eiaflda .,a .=yd Ñ;% fuhg Èh yels fyd|u WodyrKhhs' Y%S ,xldfõ o
iS.sß Ñ;%" fodrjl" nqÿrej., jeks úydria:dkj, ì;= is;=jï wdÈh oDYH ikaksfõokhg wh;a fõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ oDYH ikaksfõokh ms<sn|j úuik úg fmkS hkafka" th b;d Wiia iïm%odhla njg
m;a j ;snQ njhs' Y%jH ikaksfõokhg wh;a jkafka .=jka úÿ,sh muKla fkdfõ' .=jka úÿ,sh hkak
miq ld,Skj ksmojd .;a ;dlaIKsl fuj,uls' ta yer Y%jKh jk ish¨ Yío Y%jH ikaksfõokhg
wh;a fõ' úêu;a ikaksfõokh ms<s .;a fufyhùulska l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk w;r" wúêu;a
ikaksfõokh ms<s fkd.;a fufyhùulska l%shd;aul fõ' ixúOdkj, meje;aug úêu;a yd wúêu;a
ikaksfõokh w;sYhska jeo.;ah' fï ish¨ ikaksfõok úê ke;fyd;a iajrEm j¾;udk iudcfha
meje;aug w;HjYHh' by; oela jQ ikaksfõok iajrEmj,g mßndysrj kj udOH Tiafia kj
iajrEm ks¾udKh fjñka mj;S' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a úg ÿrl:k Tiafia hjk flá mKsjqv
yd úoHq;a ;eme,a mKsjvq oelaúh yelsh' fïjd ms<n
s |j ;ju;a m%udKj;a ;rï úoHd;aul wOHhkhka
lr ke;' bÈßfha § tajd o" iqúfYaI ikaksfõok iajrEmhka f,i olajkakg isÿ jkq we;'
1' jdÑl ika k s f õokh

# jpkj,ska flfrk ikaksfõokh nj
# mq`t,a w¾:fhka .;a l, jpk fhdod flfrk ish¨ ikaksfõokhka wh;a jk nj
# fuu fldgfia § jdÑl hkafkka l;d lsÍu woyia jk nj
# jdÑl ikaksfõokh i|yd NdIdjla oek isàu wjYH nj
16
# NdIdj ms<sn| ksmqK;dj w;HjYH fkdjk nj
# l;d lrkakg mq¿jka yeu flfkl=gu jdÑl ikaksfõokfhys fhÈh yels nj
# yeu flfkla u ffoksl Ôú;fha § ksrka;rfhka jdÑl ikaksfõokfha fhfok nj
# j¾;udkfha ìysß whg mjd l;d lrkakg W.kajk nj
# jdÑl ikaksfõokfha § fomd¾Yajhu tlu NdIdj oek isáh hq;= nj
# ikaksfõolhd okakd NdIdfjka fkdj" .%dylhdg fhda.H NdIdfjka l;d l< hq;= nj
# jdÑl ikaksfõkfha § Okd;aul fhÿï" jpk yd woyia fhdod .ekSu m%fhdackj;a nj
# jdÑl ikaksfõokfha § ksjerÈj m%Yak bÈßm;a l< hq;= nj
# l;d lsÍfï § jpk leä - leã yd meg,s - meg,S bÈßm;a fkdl< hq;= nj
# j.lSfuka f;drj NdIdj Ndú; fkdl< hq;= nj
# jdÑl ikaksfõokfha § iQodkï ùu m%fhdackj;a nj
# jdÑl ikaksfõokfha § laIKsl wjia:d we;s jk ksid yeu úgu iQodkï úh fkdyels
nj
# jdÑl ikaksfõokfha § jpk msg lsÍug fmr fojrla is;d ne,sh hq;= nj
# lshQ foa w,s we;=ka ,jdj;a wdmiq woaojkakg neß nj
# jdÑl ikaksfõokfha § jpk 7 %la o" ß;auh 38% lao" wjdÑl ix{d 55% la o Ndú;
jk nj
2' wjdÑl ika k s f õokh

# yeu flfkl=f.au ffoksl ikaksfõok ld¾hhkays § wjdÑl ikaksfõokh nyq,j
fhdod .kakd nj
# .,S iy f,o¾ia úiska 1976 § fmkajd ÿka mßÈ wjdÑl ikaksfõokh my; i|yka ld¾hhka
bgq lrk nj
1' wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfha § w¾:h jgyd .ekSug WmldÍ ùu
2' jdÑlj bÈßm;a lrkjdg jvd fyd¢ka ye`.Sï yd Ndjhka bÈßm;a lsÍu
3' w¾:hka yd wNsm%dhhka wjq,lska f;drj m%ldY lsÍu
4' wjdÑl ix{d yd b`.s ksid Wiia ikaksfõok uÜgula we;s ùu
5' jdÑl ixfla;j,g jvd wjdÑl ix{d ld¾hlaIu ùu
6' hula we`.ùu fyda fhdackd lsÍu i|yd jvd;au iqÿiq udOHh ùu
# wjdÑl ikaksfõokh wLKavj mj;sk nj
# wjdÑl ikaksfõokhg úúO l%u fhdod .; yels nj
# iuyr wjdÑl ikaksfõok l%shd wfÉ;kslj fyda mqreoaog isÿ jk nj
# wjdÑl ikaksfõokhg lsishï jHdlrKhla fyda Í;shla fyda ms<sfj<la fkdue;s nj
# wjdÑl ikaksfõok l%shd yqfola mqoa.,noaO nj
# fmkqu yd w÷ï " ldhsl yeisÍï " bßhõ" b`.s" uqyqfKa Ndj m%ldYhka" weia iïnkaO;dj yd
oeä ne,au" iam¾Yh" .kaOh" l:k fõ.h" l:k y`v rgd" ßoauh" ksy`v;dj" wjldYh yd
mßirh wd§ fndfyda wx. wjdÑl ikaksfõokhg wh;a jk nj
# wka wh l;d lrk ú,dih wOHhkh lsÍfuka wjdÑl l%u úê y÷kd .; yels nj
3' ,s Å ; ika k s f õokh

# NdIdj fhdod f.k ,sùu fuhska woyia jk nj
# úúOdldrfhka ,shkakg mq¿jka nj ^w;ska $ mß.Klfhka $ h;=re ,shkfhka&
# ,sùu i|yd fhdod .kakd l%uh $ ;dlaIKh l=ula jqj;a" f,aLkhlg wruqKla we;s nj
# fhdod .kakd l%uh fyda ;dlaIKh fyda wkqj f,aLkfha ksudj ;SrKh jk nj
# úúO f,aLk i|yd úúO wdlD;s fhdod .kakd nj
• jd¾;d • w;am;%sld
• ,sms ^fm!oa.,sl $ ks,& • f*da,av¾
• ks¾udKd;aul m%nkaO • fmd;a yd fmd;a msxp
• oekaùï • mqj;a ,sms
• Wmfoia m;%sld • mqj;am;a
• cSj o;a; m;%sld • /lshd whÿï m;a
17
# tla tla f,aLk iqùfYaI wkkH ,laIKj,ska hqla; nj
# ta ta f,aLk i|yd fhdod .kakd NdIdj" wdlD;s" fh¥ï wdÈh iqùfYaI nj
# f,aLk mÍph ,nd .; yelafla wLKavj úúO f,aLk ieliSfuka nj
# f,aLk ieliSu ms<sn| ksmqK;dj jD;a;Sh uÜgñka ie,flk nj
# ,sÅ; ikaksfõokfha § ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd ld,h ;sfnk nj
# m%Yia; f,aLkhlska jpkhlaj;a bj;a l< fkdyels nj
# f,aLkh i|yd moku we;s jkafka lshùfuka nj
# f,aLkhla lsysm jrla ixialrKh lsÍfuka tys ;;a;ajh Wiia l< yels nj
4' oDYH ika k s f õokh

# weiska ±lSu ksid isÿ jk ikaksfõokh fuhska woyia jk nj
# weiska olsk foa ms<sn| iSudjla ke;s nj
# rEmjdysksh" Ñ;%" ud¾. ix{d" Ñ;%mg" PdhdrEm" uQ¾;s wdÈh oDYH ikaksfõokhg wh;a
jk nj
# udkj iudcfha wdrïNfha isgu oDYH ikaksfõokh mej;s nj
# rEm igyka" ixLHdk rEm" fmdaiag¾ wdÈh o oDYH ikaksfõokhg wh;a nj
# oDYH ikaksfõokfha § ck l,d wd§ iïm%odhsl fuj,ï fhdod .kakd nj
# úêu;a j ie,iqï lsÍfuka oDYH ikaksfõokh u.ska m%Yia; ikaksfõokhla l< yels
nj
# kùk ;dlaIKh u.ska oDYH ikaksfõokh ks¾udKh l< yels nj ^ mß.Klh" yd fjk;a
m%lafIamK yd m%lafIamK fkd jk WmlrK u.ska &
# oDYH ikaksfõokh ckhd fndfyda m%sh lrk nj
# ñ:Hd úYajdi" ck weoys,s wdÈh iu. o oDYH ikaksfõokh iïnkaO nj
# oDYH l%u úêj,g fmdÿ w¾:hka o" iqúfYaI w¾:hka o ;sfnkakg mq¿jka nj
# oDYH l%u úêj,g foaYSh w¾:hka o úfoaYSh w¾:hka o ;sfnkakg mq¿jka nj
5' Y% j H ika k s f õokh

# Y%jKh jk ish¨ foa Y%jH ikaksfõokhg wh;a jk nj
# úúO y`v" Yío" ix.S;h" u.ska ikaksfõokh l< yels nj
# .=jka úÿ,sh Y%jH ikaksfõokhg fhdod .kakd n,j;a ;dlaIKsl udOHhla nj
# ixhqla; ;eá jdok hka;%" má jdok hka;%" Yío úldYk WmlrK" ix{d $ Yío wdÈho
Y%jH ikaksfõokhg wh;a jk nj
# tla tla Y%jH l%u úê úúO úfYaI wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug fhdod .kakd nj
# Y%jH ikaksfõokh iajNdúljo" ie,iqï iy.;jo isÿ jk nj
# ñ:Hd úYajdi" ck weoys,s wdÈh iu.o Y%jH ikaksfõokh iïnkaO nj
# Y%jH l%u úêj,g fmdÿ w¾:hkao" iqúfYaI w¾:hkao ;sfnkakg mq¿jka nj
# Y%jH l%u úêj,g foaYSh w¾:hkao" úfoaYSh w¾:hkao ;sfnkakg mq¿jka nj
# úúO mßmd,k lghq;= " ix{d wdÈh i|yd Y%jH ikaksfõokh ukdj fhdod .kakd nj
^t,a,k iSkqj" fïi iSkqj" ihsrka k,dj" .sks ksjk r: k,dj" .s,ka r: k,dj wdÈh&
6' úêu;a yd wúêu;a ikaksfõokh

# úêu;a ikaksfõokh by< isg my<g o" my< isg by<g o" yria w;g o isÿ jk nj
# wúêu;a ikaksfõokh wúêu;a Odrdjka Tiafia wms<sfj<g .,d hk nj
# olaI flfkl=g wúêu;a ikaksfõokho ixúOdkfha jdishg fhdod .; yels nj
# idudkHfhka úêu;a ikaksfõokh ÿ¾j, jk úg wúêu;a ikaksfõokh me;sfrk nj
# úêu;a ikaksfõokh fld;rï Yla;su;a l<;a" wúêu;a ikaksfõokh mj;sk nj
# wúêu;a ikaksfõokh hkq ñksid f.a l=;=y,h yd ielh m%fhdackhg .kakd ikaksfõok
l%uhla nj
# úêu;a ikaksfõokhg jvd wúêu;a ikaksfõokh b;d fõ.j;a nj
# úêu;a ikaksfõokfhka fkd ,efnk f;dr;=re wúêu;a ikaksfõokfhka ,efnk nj
# wúêu;a ikaksfõokh isÿ jk wdldrh odu y;rlska oela úh yels nj
18
# ;ks odufha oS tla wfhl=f.ka B <`. ;eke;a;dg f;dr;=r ,nd fok nj
# ´md¥m odufha § tla whl= úiska wfkla ish,a,kag f;dr;=r ,nd fok nj
# iïNdú;d odufha § yuq jQ whl=g f;dr;=re ,nd fok nj yd ta ;eke;a;d o tfiau lrk
nj
# mrIo odufha § tla whl= f;dr;=r ,nd fokafka ksYaÑ; iïnkaO;djla we;s ;j;a lsysm
fofkl=g nj yd Tjqka o ta wdldrfhkau f;dr;=r ,nd fok nj
# ne¨ ne,aug iïNdú;d oduh yd m¾Io oduh tl fia fmkqk;a" tajdfha l%shdldß;ajh tl
iudk fkdjk nj
wúêu;a ikaksfõok odu
K D K
B H N L
I E M
D E F G G H
H F C
C O
C D I A S
B J B Y
B K iïNdú;d oduh
A A Probability Chain A
;ks oduh ´md¥m oduh m¾Io oduh

Single Strand Chain Gossip Chain Cluster Cahin
19
tallh( 2'0 ikaksfõokh yd iudch ^ld,ÉfPo 50 hs'&
ksmqK;dj( ikaksfõokh yd iudch w;r iïnkaO;d yd iudc N+ñldj o kQ;k f.da,ShlrK
iudch ;=< ikaksfõok m%jK;d o ;d¾lslj ú.%y lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 2'1 iudcfha m%Njh yd úldYkh o iudc ixhq;sh o w¾: olajñka iudÔh
n, ;=,kh yd tys {dk .fõIKfha iajNdj o ú.%y lrhs'
ld,ÉfPo .Kk.Kk( 12
úIh wka;¾.;h( iudcdjfndaOh

^1& iudcfha m%Njh yd úldYkh ^ld,ÉfPo ;=khs'&
^2& iudc ixhq;sh ^ld,ÉfPo ;=khs'&
^3& iudÔh iïm;a yd n, flakaøKh ^ld,ÉfPo ;=khs'&
^4& {dk .fõIKh ^ld,ÉfPo ;=khs'&
wfmalaIs; bf.kqï M,
M,(
1' iudcfha m%Njh yd úldYkh ms<sn| j ;¾ldkql+, j woyia olajhs'
2' iudc ixhq;sfha wx. y÷kd f.k ú.%y lrhs'
3' iudÔh iïm;a y÷kd f.k meyeÈ,s lrhs'
4' n, flakaøkh isÿ ù we;s yd isÿ jk whqre úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
5' {dK .fõIKh isÿ lrk whqre ksjerÈj úia;r lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
lsisjl= f.a n,mEulska fyda md,khlska f;drj ksoyfia jkdka;r ;=< ieß ierE m%d:ñl
udkjhd" Tjqkaf.a ir, wjYH;d ixlS¾K ùu;a" úúO ck fldgia jkdka;rfha ;eka ;ekaj,ska ìys
ùu;a ksid Tjqfkdjqka w;r úúO .egqï we;s lr .;ay' thg úl,amhla f,i m%d:ñl ck iudc
we;s úh' tys § ldhsl Yla;sh mokï lr f.k kdhl;ajh f.dv ke.sKs' kdhl;ajh flakaø fldg
.ksñka ck lKavdhï we;s úh'
tfia we;s jQ lKavdhïj, iajNdjh wkqj m%n, lKavdhï yd ÿn, lKavdhï hkd§ jYfhka
j¾. lsÍug yels úh' m%n, lKavdhï úiska ÿn, lKavdhï hgm;a lsÍu ksid n,h kue;s
ixl,amh iudc.; úh' ta ksidu iudcfha ÿn, lKavdhï" m%n, lKavdhï" md,k lKavdhï"
md,s; lKavdhï" jy¨ka" jy,a ysñhka jYfhka j¾. ìys úh'
ks¾jdÑlj wdrïN jQ ikakf

s õokh NdIdj" wlaIr" uqøK Ys,m
a h jeks fuj,ï u.ska tlsfkld
w;r iïnkaO;dj Yla;su;a flßKs' iudcfha n,h mokï lr f.k N+f.da,Sh iSud mq`t,a lrñka
n,h kue;s ixl,amh jHdma; jkafka" udkj Ñka;kh mq`t,a ùfï m%;sM,hla f,isks' ta ksidu
iudcfha ;ru ;SrKh lsÍfuys ,d uQ,sl ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrkq ,nkafka" kQ;k ÈhqKq ikaksfõok
l%ufõohla u.ska nj úoHd{hkaf.a ms<s.ekSu h'
ta wkqj kQ;k ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ksid f,dalhu yelsf,ñka mj;sk nj;a" uq`t f,dalhu
tlu ñksia .ïudkhla njg m;a fjñka mj;sk nj;a" ikaksfõok úYdrohl= jk udI,a uelaÆyka
m%ldY lr we;' ta wkqj iudcfha n,h yd ñksia {dkh mq`t,a jk nj;aa" tajd ikaksfõokh yd
flakaø.;j mj;sk nj;a wjOdrKh l< yelsh'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la
1' iudcfha m% N jh yd úldYkh

# iudch hkq .;sl ixúOdkhla nj
# iudch ìys ù we;af;a ñksidg ;ksj Ôj;aùug fkd yels ùu ksid nj
# wo mj;sk iudch ft;sydisl l%ñl yd wl%ñl úldYhla nj
# l%ñl úldYh ;=< úúO iudc wÈhr ;snQ nj
^ m%d:ñl" jy,a" jevjiï" Okjd§ yd iudcjd§ wd§ jYfhka&
20
# l%ñl fukau wl%ñl úldYh o iudc úldYkfha iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla nj
# iudch hkak iudc úoHd;aul" foaYmd,ksl yd ufkda úoHd;aul jYfhka w¾:l:kh
l< yels nj
# iudcfha úldYkh iu. ;dlaIKsl ixj¾Okh o" f;dr;=re o" ±kqu o tla jk nj
# ñksidf.a iSñ; wjYH;d wiSñ; njg m;a jQfha iudcfha úldYkh;a iu. nj
# iudcfha m%Njhg yd úldYkhg ikaksfõokh m%n,j fya;= jQ nj
2' iudc ixhq ; s h

# iudch iajdNdúl ixúOdkhla nj
# iudch ìys ù we;af;a mqoa.,hd yd mjq, uq,a lr f.k nj
# iudc ixhq;sh ;=< we;s mjq, iajdNdúl tallhla nj
# iudc ixhq;sh ;=< jd;a;= lrk ,o ixúOdk o we;s nj
# jd;a;= lrk ,o ixúOdkh ìys jQfha mqoa.,hdf.a yd mjqf,a wjYH;d imqrd ,Sug nj
# úúO iudÔh ixúOdkhka wd¾Ól" foaYmd,ksl" ixialD;sl yd wd.ñl jYfhka w¾:
±laúh yels nj
# iudc ixhq;sh iudcfha mßKduh wkqj úúO wdldrfhka fjkia ù we;s nj
# iudc ixhq;sh ;=< úúO n, lKavdhï mj;sk nj
# iEu iudchlau m%cduQ, iy jHdmdr uQ, hk wxY folska iukaú; nj
3' iudÔh iïm;a yd n, flakaøKh

# iudchl iïm;a ysñlu tys n, flakaøKhg fya;= ù we;s nj
# iudchl we;s jákdu iïm; udkj iïm; nj
# udkj iïm;a nqoaêuh iïm;a ks¾udKh lrk nj
# kj fN!;sl iïm;a ks¾udKh lrkafka o udkj iïm;a úiska nj
# iudc mka;s ks¾udKh jkafka iïm;a ysñlu mokï lrf.k nj
# úúO mßKdóh wjia:djkays § iudÔh iïm;a ysñlu úúOdldrfhka mej;s nj
^f.da;%sl md,k l%u" rdcdKavq" m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavq" iudcjd§ wdKavq" wd§ jYfhka &
# iudcfha wfOda jHqyh ;=< wd¾Ól yd ksIamdok n,fõ. mj;akd nj
# iudcfha Wmß jHqyh ;=< rdcHh" wd.ï" ckudOH" l,dj yd foaYmd,kh wdÈh ;sfnk nj
# iudcfha n, flakaøKh fjkiaùug wOHdmkh iqúfYaISj n, mE nj
# iudcfha n, flakaøKhg wNsfhda. t,a, lsÍug ckudOHj,g yels nj
4' {dk .fõIKh

# {dk .fõIKh ñksid úiska f,dalh wkdjrKh lr .kakg .;a W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla
nj
# {dk .fõIKh ft;sydisl l%shdj,shla nj
# j¾;udkfha mj;akd iudc {dkh È.= ld,Sk {dk .fõIKhl m%;sM,hla nj
# ikaksfõokh" ixcdkkh" ksfhdackh" ixl,am" úksYaph yd kshdukh {dk .fõIKfha
úúO ld¾hhka nj
# {dk .fõIKfha § Woa.dó yd ks.dó ;¾l l%u Ndú; jk nj
# {dk .fõIKfha § úúO Ys,am l%u Ndú; lrk nj
^ksÍlaIKh" úYaf,aIKh" ixiaf,aIKh" iïmÍlaIdj wd§ &
21
tallh( 2'0 ikaksfõokh yd iudch ^ld,ÉfPo 50 hs'&
ksmqK;dj( 2'0 ikaksfõokh yd iudch w;r iïnkaO;d yd iudc N+ñldj o kQ;k f.da,ShlrK
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 2'2 ikaksfõokh yd iudch w;r iïnkaO;dj
ld,ÉfPo .Kk( 12 hs'
úIh wka;¾.;h ( ikaksfõokh yd iudch w;r iïnkaO;dj

1' iudch yd ikaksfõok ixj¾Okh
2' iajfoaYsl;aj ikaksfõok wka;¾{dkh
3' ikaksfõokfha iudÔh n,mEu
4' ikaksfõok kshdukhka
wfma l a I s ; bf.kq ï M,
1' iudch yd ikaksfõok ixj¾Okh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj y÷kdf.k ú.%y lrhs'
2' iajfoaYsl;aj ikaksfõok wka;¾{dkh ms<sn|j meyeÈ,sj úia;r lrhs'
3' ikaksfõokh iudch n,mdk whqre úYaf,aIKd;aulj m%ldY lrhs'
4' ikaksfõok kshduk ms<sn|j yd tajd iudch n,mdk whqre meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
´kEu iudchl úúO jQ mqoa.,hka tlg ne| ;nd .kakd /yek jkafka ikaksfõokhhs'
tjeks iudc ;=<ska ikaksfõokh i|yd udOHhka ìys jkafka" tu iudcfha mj;sk wdl,am" úYajdi"
wd.ï" isß;a úß;a jeks ixialD;sldx. mokï lrf.kh' ta Tiafia iudchl - rgl ikaksfõok
iajNdjh wOHhkh lsÍfï §" tu rfÜ" iudcfha Ôj;ajk mqoa.,hkaf.a iudc wjYH;djka" wdl,am
yd is;=ï me;=ï" weoys,s yd úYajdi jeks iudcfha mj;sk ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd
.ekSug yels fõ' mqoa.,hd wod< iudchg wkq.; jkafka;a" oekqfuka ikakoaO jkafka;a" ta iudchg
yd rgg WÑ; mqoa.,hl= njg m;a jkafka;a tu iudc ikaksfõokh Tiafiah'
ikaksfõokfha iudÔh n,mEu b;d by<h' j¾;udkfha iudch mj;ajd f.k hk m%Odk
fufyhqï ldrlh njg ikaksfõokh m;a ù we;' tmuKla fkdj ta ta iudcfha iajNdjh úuiSfï
§ thgu wdfõKsl jQ wka;¾{dkh ms<sn|j úuiSu p wjYHh' Y%S ,xldj WodyrKhlg .; fyd;a"
foaYShj mej;s ikaksfõok wka;¾{dkh ms<sn|j m%udKj;a ;rfï wjOdkhla fhduq ù ke;' fï
wkqj iuia;hla jYfhka iudch yd ikaksfõokh ms<sn| uQ,sl uÜgfï wOHhkhla lsÍu b;d
jeo.;ah'
1' iudch yd ika k s f õok ixj¾Okh ^ ld,ÉfPo ;= k hs ' &

# iudch yd ikaksfõokfha ixj¾Okh w;r we;af;a wfkHdakH iïnkaOhla nj
# iudcfha meje;aug ikaksfõokh w;HdjYH ksid iudch yd ikaksfõokh ÈhqKq jQ nj
# ikaksfõokh ixj¾Okh ùu ksid ckhdf.a woyia m%ldYkh by< .sh nj
# iudch ;=< wka;¾ iïnkaO;d ÈhqKqùug ikaksfõok ixj¾Okh bjy,a jQ nj
# úúO iudc wjia:d i|yd ikaksfõokh fhdod .ekSfï l%u - úê ixj¾Okh jQ nj
# ikaksfõokh ixj¾Okh ùu ksid iudc l%shdldß;ajh wêfõ.S ;;a;ajhlg m;a jQ nj
# ikaksfõok ixj¾Okh ksid iudch l=vd jQ nj
# Wm ixialD;Ska w;r mj;akd iajNdjh wkqj ikaksfõokh iqúfYaIS jQ nj
2' ia j foa Y s l ;a j ika k s f õok wka ; ¾{dkh ^ld,ÉfPo ;= k hs ' &

# ´kEu foaYhla ;=< ;ukaf.au ikaksfõok rgd ixj¾Okh ù ;sfnk nj
# hï iudchla wo mj;akd ;;a;ajhg f.k wdfõ thg wdfõKsl ikaksfúok rgdj nj
# fï wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ o iajfoaYsl ikaksfõok wka;¾{dkhla we;s nj
# ikaksfõokfhka iajfoaYsl úúO ixialD;Skaf.a ,laIK úoHdudk jk nj
22
# ta ta ixialD;Ska mj;ajd f.k hdug ikaksfõokh fya;=ldrl ù we;s nj
# iajfoaYSh Ñka;kh f.dv kexù we;af;a iajfoaYSh ikaksfõok wka;¾{dkh u; nj
# isß;a úß;a" is;=ï me;=ï" iudc ixl,am yd l,dj wdÈh ikaksfõok wka;¾{dkh ksrEmKh
lrk nj
# iajfoaYsl ckhdf.a meje;au r|d mj;skafka iajfoaYsl ikaksfõok wka;¾{dkh u; nj
3' ika k s f õokfha iudÔh n,mEu ^ ld,ÉfPo folhs ' &

# ikaksfõokh iudch flfrys oeä n,mEula we;s lrk nj
# iudÔh l%shdldß;ajh ikaksfõokh u.ska yiqrejkq ,nk nj
# {d;s iïnkaO;d" ñ;%;ajh" iqyo;ajh" wd§ iudÔh ixisoaëka mj;skafka ikaksfõokh u;
nj
# mqoa.,hka w;r iïnkaOh u;=lr olajkafka ikaksfõokh nj
# iudc ixúOdk ìys lsÍu yd mj;ajd f.khdu ikaksfõokfha ld¾hhla nj
# iudc ixj¾Okh i|yd mqoa.,hka fmd<Ujd,Su ikaksfõokh u.ska bgq lrk nj
4' ika k s f õok ks h dukhka ^ ld,ÉfPo folhs ' &

# úúO ikaksfõok ixfoaY iudchg n,mEï lrk wdldrh yeoEßh hq;= nj
# ikaksfõokfha flá yd È.= wruqKq o" u;=msg yd há wruqKq o ;sfnk nj
# iudc ixj¾Okh i|yd ikaksfõokh ksis ud¾.fha mj;ajd f.k hd hq;= nj
# ikaksfõokfha jdKsc mrud¾: yd iudc mrud¾: w;r mr;rhla mj;akd nj
# ikaksfõokfha iudc mrud¾: uqÿka m;a lr .ekSu kshdukfha mrud¾:h nj
# úúO kshdukhka iudc ikaksfõokh flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk nj
îïm%odhsl p¾hdjka" kj kshduk ixúOdk" wd.ñl ixia:d" mjq," mdi, wdÈh&
23
tallh ( 2'0 ikaksfõokh yd iudch ^ld,Éfþo 50 hs'&
ksmqK;dj ( ikaksfõokh yd iudch w;r iïnkaO;d yd iudc N+ñldj o kQ;k f.da,ShlrK
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 2'3 ikaksfõokfha iudÔh N+ñldj ú.%y lrhs'
ld, mßÉfþo .Kk ( 12 hs'
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( ikaksfõokfha iudÔh N+ñldj
1' mqoa., wjYH;d i|yd ikaksfõokh
2' iudÔh wjYH;d i|yd ikaksfõokh
3' f;dr;=re iïmdok ld¾hh
4' iudcdkqfhdackh
1' mqoa., wjYH;d i|yd ikaksfõokh fhdod .kakd wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'
2' iudÔh wjYH;d i|yd ikaksfõokh fhdod .kakd wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'
3' f;dr;=re iïmdokhg ikaksfõokh fhdod .ekSu ixikaokd;aul j wOHhkh
lrhs'
4' iudcdkqfhdackfha § ikaksfõokfha N+ñldj wkdjrKh lrhs'
5' iuia;hla jYfhka ikaksfõokfha iudÔh N+ñldj ú.%y lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
udkj iudcfha ikaksfõokh wdrïN jkafka" ;ks ;ks mqoa.,hdg ish wjYH;d ;ks j
idlaId;a lr .ekSug fkdyels ksid h' wka whf.a woyia Woyia fukau Woõ Wmldr o udkj
meje;aug w;HjYH fõ' udkjhd iudc i;a;ajhl= jk neúka wka wh iu. tlg Ôj;aùfï §
lsishuq fmdÿ tl`.;djla ;sîu w;HjYH idOlhls' th iïmQ¾K lrkqfha ikaksfõokh u.sks'
m%d:ñl iudcfha wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug Ndú; l< ikaksfõokh m%udKj;a jkafka" tu
iudc wjYH;djka ;rug h' kuq;a iudc wjYH;d mq`t,a ùu;a" wjYH;d ixlS¾K ùu;a iu. u
ikaksfõok lafIa;%h o fjkialï /ilg Ndckh úh' ta wkqj ikaksfõokfha ld¾hh o mq`t,a úh'
udkj iudcfha meje;aug wjYH ish¨ u. fmkaùï lrkq ,nk iudch fufyhjkakdf.a
;;a;ajhg ikaksfõokh m;a jkafka ta ksidh' ta wkqj ta ta iudchg WÑ; wdldrhg idudðlhd
f.dvke.Sfï ld¾hh lrkq ,nkafka o ikaksfõokh u.sks'
1' mq o a . , wjYH;d i|yd ika k s f õokh

# udkj iudcfha fmdÿ wjYH;d we;s w;r u" mqoa., wjYH;d úIu f,i mj;sk nj
# tla tla mqoa.,hdg ;u wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSug wkHhka iu. .kqfokq l< hq;= nj
# wkHhka iu. .kqfokqfõ § ikaksfõokh w;HjYH fuj,ula nj
# ikaksfõok rgdj mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia jk nj
# fhda.H ikaksfõok l%u Ndú; fkdl< fyd;a mqoa.,hdf.a wruqKq bgq fkdjk nj
# mqoa., wjYH;d imqrd .ekSfï § ixcdkkfha we;s jk mriamr;d ndOl jk nj
# fhdod .; yels ikaksfõok l%u yd iajrEm úúO nj
2' iudÔh wjYH;d i|yd ika k s f õokh

# iudch ixúOdkh ù we;af;a ikaksfõokh ksid nj
# iudch mj;ajd f.k hdug ikaksfõokh w;HjYH nj
# iudcfhys úúO wjYH;d we;s nj
# iudcfhys mqoa.,hka úúO nj
# fhdod .; yels ikaksfõok l%u yd iajrEm úúO nj
24
# wjYH;djkag" mqoa.,hkag .e<fmk mßÈ ikaksfõok l%u yd iajrEm fhdod .; hq;= nj
# iudc wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug ikaksfõokh fl;rï bjy,a jQfha oehs fidhd .ekSu
wmyiq nj
# ikaksfõokh jerÈ f,i Ndú; lsÍfuka iudch ;=< wjq,a úhjq,a we;s úh yels nj
# iudcfha hy meje;au ikaksfõokfha wruqK úh hq;= nj
3' f;dr;= r e iïmdok ld¾hh

# iudÔh meje;aug f;dr;=re wjYH nj
# ckhd ieu úgu f;dr;=re msmdihlska fmf<k nj
# YÍrhg wdydr fuka ukig f;dr;=re wjYH nj
# úúO f;dr;=re udOH Tiafia ckhdg f;dr;=re ,efnk nj
# úêu;a udOH fuka u wúêu;a udOH Tiafia o ckhdg f;dr;=re ,efnk nj
# f;dr;=rl m%Odk jYfhkAu úYajikSh;ajh ;sìh hq;= nj
# f;dr;=rla úYajdi l< yelafla th ksjerÈ ùfuka yd ksis wêldßhlska ksl=;a ùfuka nj
# wúêu;a f;dr;=re o iudcfha meje;aug fya;= jk nj
# wúêu;a f;dr;=rej, whym;a n,mEfuka iudch wjq,a jk nj
# ksjerÈ f;dr;=re uQ,dY% flfrys ckhd f.a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= nj
# iudchg f;dr;=re ,efnk m%Odk ud¾.hla f,i ckudOH kï l< yels nj
# ckudOHhg;a jvd fõ.fhka kj udOH Tiafia iuyr f;dr;=re ,efnk nj
4' iudcdkq f hda c kh

# ;ud wh;ajk iudch wfmalaId lrk wdldrhg ;u iudc Ôú;fha úúO wjia:dj, §
yeisßh hq;= wdldrh bf.k .ekSu iudcdkqfhdackh nj
# fuu yeisÍu fyj;a udkj p¾hdjka bf.k .ekSu wdrïN jkafka b;d l=vd wjêfha isg
nj
# iudcdkqfhdackh ùfï § j¾Okh lr .kakd yeisÍï rgd j¾. folla ;sfnk nj
1' mqoa.,hdf.a wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lrk yeisÍï
2' mqoa.,hd wh;a jk iudch úiska hym;a hhs iïu; yeisÍï
# mqoa.,hl= iudcdkqfhdackh jk m%Odk l%u ;=kla ;sfnk nj
^ wkqlrKh (Imitation) " ;od;aólrKh (Identification)" N+ñld ksrEmKh (Role Playing&
# wkqlrKfha § lsishï mrudo¾YS pß;j, .;s mej;=ï ;ukag wdfrdamKh lr .kakd nj
# ;od;aólrKfha § hï flfkl= <`.ska weiqre lrñka ish¨ .;s ,laIK mjrd .kakd nj
# wkqlrKh i|yd mrudo¾Y f;dard .ekSfï § j¾;udkfha ckudOHfhys n,mEu ±ä nj
# N+ñld rx.kfha § ;ud weiqre lrk tla tla wh f.a N+ñldj r`. olajk nj
# iudch ;=< mj;akd idïm%odhsl ikaksfõok m%fõ. o iudcdkqfhdackh bgq lrk nj
# iuia;hla f,i ckudOH úiska iudcdkqfhdackfha n,j;a N+ñldjla bgq lrk nj
# kHIaál mjqf,a yd úia;D; mjqf,a iudcdkqfhdack iajNdjh yd l%shdj,sh fjkia nj
# mjqf,a yd mdif,a iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,shg j.lSula we;;a" ckudOHfhka isÿ jk
iudcdkqfhdackhg j.lSula ke;s nj
25
tallh ( 2'0 ikaksfõokh yd iudch
ksmqK;dj ( ikaksfõokh yd iudch w;r iïnkaO;d yd iudc N+ñldj o iuld,Sk f.da,ShlrK
iudch ;=< ikaksfõok m%jK;d o ;d¾lsl j ú.%y lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 2'4 f.da,ShlrK yd ikaksfõok m%jK;d ú.%y lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( f.da,ShlrKh yd ikaksfõok m%jK;d
1' f.da,ShlrK ixl,amh
2' ±kqï iudch
3' f.da,ShlrKh yd kj m%jK;d
4' mqrjeis udOH
5' úl,am yd úfrdaOdl,am udOH
1' f.da,ShlrKh ìys ùfï iudÔh m%jK;d yd tu ixl,amh ú.%y lrhs'
2' f;dr;=re ikaksfõokfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka ±kqï iudch ìys jQ wdldrh ú.%y
lrhs'
3' flakaøsh yd mßjdÍh rgj,g f.da,ShlrKh yd tys kj m%jK;d n, md we;s
wdldrh ;=,kd;aulj úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
4' mqrjeis udOH hkafkys iajNdjh" tys m%Njh yd l%shdldß;ajh ú.%y lrhs'
5' úl,am yd úfrdaOdl,am udOH ìys ùfï moku" tu udOHhkays .;s,laIK yd
tys iudÔh n,mEu ú.%y lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
f,dj mqrd mdrcd;sl mrsudKfhka ú{dmk wuqøjH" f;dr;=re in|;d iy udOHhka moaO;s
jYfhka jHdma;ùu ikaksfõokfha f.da,ShlrKh f,i ie,fla' ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh
;=< tu m%jK;dj úúO me;s yd úúO kHdhsl mokï u; wOHhkh lrkq ,efí' f.da,ShlrKh yd
ikakf s õokh ms<n
s |j m¾fhaIK lrk iuyr úoaj;=ka f.k yer olajkafka" úoHdfõ yd ixialD;sfha
bÈß j¾Okh fya;= lrf.k wkd.;fha ìys jk f;dr;=re iudch ;=< cd;Ska w;r iyÔjkh
j¾Okh jk njh' ckudOHfha yd ikaksfõokfha f.da,ShlrKh ksid úúO rgj, iajdêm;Hh
yd ixialD;sl wkkH;dj úkdY ù hk nj;a" ckudOH yd ikakf s õokh udkjjd§ wruqKq fjkqfjka
l%shd;aul jkjd fjkqjg" jdKscjd§ wruqKq i|yd l%shd;aul jk nj;a fndfyda fokdf.a woyihs'
f.da,h
S lrKh iudcfha ft;sydislj isÿ jk id¾jdxYsl l%h
s dj,shls' th udkj l%h
s dldß;ajfha
úúO lafIa;% w;r wka;¾iïnkaO;dj Înterconnectendness & wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajh Înteraction) "
wfkHdakHdh;a;;dj (Interdependency) yd ;shqKqNdjh ( Intensification), j¾Okh lrñka iuia;
udkj iudch Oqrdj,s.; talSh meje;aula njg m;a fldg we;' iuld,Sk udkj ixy;sh ish iudc
mßKdufha iqúfYaI hq.hlg m%úIag ù we;s w;r" Y;j¾I .Kkdjla mej;s ixjD; iudc yd cd;sl
rdcH jHqyhka ish meje;afï wjidkh lrd <`.d ù ;sfí' tu jHqyhka mdol fldg f.k yd tajd
ish fmdaIl m%foaYhka njg m;a fldg f.k" kj iudc ieleiaula ks¾udKh ù udkj Ôú;fha
ish¨ l%shdldÍ wjldY Bg tald.% ù we;' udkj b;sydifha m%:u jrg tu kj iudc ieleiau u.ska
uq`t udkj ixy;shu talSh iuia; iudchla njg m;a lr ;sfí'
f.da,Sh iudch ;=< ckikaksfõok udOHhka yryd mdr foaYdka;slj isÿ jk f;dr;=re"
m%jD;a;s yd úfkdaod;aul jev igykaj, jHdma;sfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka cd;sl yd l,dmSh ixialD;sl
wkkH;dj ksfIaOkh fjñka iu cd;Sh" iu m%ñ;Sh" taldldÍ f.da,Sh ixialD;sl yd ikaksfõok
mßirhla ks¾udKh fjñka mj;S' fuh f.da,Sh mßudKfhka ú{dmk m%d.aOkh Înformational
Capital) taldêlrKh ùfï m%;sM,hls'
fuh f;dr;=re talrdYslrKfha isoaê f;dard .ekSï l%shdj,sh u; ;SrKd;aul n,mEula lr

yudrh' f;dr;=re yd udOH fmf<ys wka;¾.;h m%dfoaYh
S ;ajh" cd;sl;ajh yd l,dmSh;ajh w,aml
S rKh
26
ùfï m%jK;djla we;s lrkafka h' ta w;r fï ;;a;ajh f.da,Sh .%dyl mßuKav,h nyq,SlrKh
ùfï m%jK;dj W;aikak lrkafkah' fï wdldrhg m%jD;a;suh yd úfkdaok jev igykaj,
wka;¾.;h f.da,Sh ,laIK w;am;a lr .ekSu;a iu.u" .%dylhkaf.a ri{;dj f.da,ShlrKh ùfï
m%jK;dj j¾Okh jkafkah' fï ;;a;ajh ;=< .%dylfhda ish iSudiys; m%foaYj, isÿ jk foa
flfrys olajk Wkkaÿj yd wdl¾IKh wvq jk w;r" Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh yd wdl¾IKh jeä
jeäfhka fhduq jkafka" f.da,Sh yd YsIagdpdßl mßudKfhka isÿ jk foa oek .ekSu i|ydh'
udOH ixialD;sh f.da,ShlrKh ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i úúO cd;sl ixialD;sl mqreId¾: yd
yr moaO;s iuld,lrKh ^Synchronization), m%ñ;slrKh (Standadization) " iy iucd;SlrKh (Ho-
mogenization) ùfï m%jK;dj W;aikak fjñka iuia; Ôjk wjldYh udOHlrKh ùfï m%jK;dj
Yla;su;a lrkafka h'
1' f.da , S h lrK ixl,a m h

# m¾hdh jYfhka f,dal.;lrKh" mDÓúlrKh" úYaùhlrKh" f,daldfõYh"
N+f.da,ShlrKh" c.;alrKh" f,dallrKh wdÈh fhfok nj
# ms<s.;a fmdÿ kHdhhla fkdue;s nj
# nyqudkSh yd nyqúIhhsl mrdihla mqrd me;sr mj;sk ixl,amhla nj
# wka;¾ úIhhsl yd mdr úIhhsl j úYaf,aIKh l< yels nj
# ft;sydisl - iajdNdúl l%shdj,shla jk nj
# udkj iudc mßKdufha kj wjêhla" kj l=,hla" kj jHqyhla nj
# iudch hkq talSh iuia;hla f,i udkj iudch taldnoaO lrk nj
# udkj iudcfha Oqrdj,S.; jHqyhla nj
# idudkH udkj iudch u; ks¾udKh jQ Wmß jHqyhla jk nj
# udkj iudcfha úúO ,laIK w;r" wfkHdakH;a;;djfha " wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajfha yd
wka;¾ iïnkaO;ajfha m%;sM,hla jk nj
# f.da,Sh iudch udkj in|;d ;shqKq ùfï m%;sM,hla jk nj
# f.da,Sh iudch ld,--wjldY in|;dj, ixfldapkfha m%;sM,hla jk nj
2' ±kqï iudch

# f;dr;=re u; mokï jQ iudchla jk nj
# ngysr wkd.;jd§ ixl,amh ;=< Wm; ,oaola nj^1970 - 1980&
# udkj b;sydifha kj hq.hla nj
# oekqï iudch ;=< ks¾nyqckSh ú{dmk udOHhka jeo.;a jk nj
# oekqï iudch ;=< wd¾Ólh yd ixialD;sh iqúfYaI nj
# oekqï iudch ;+< Ôjk ffY,sh yd Ñka;k udÈ,sh iqúfYaIS nj
3' f.da,ShlrKh yd kj m%jK;d

# f.da,ShlrKh .;sl l%shdj,shla jk nj
# cd;sl rdcHhka ÿ¾j, ùfï m%;sM,hla nj
# f.da,ShlrKh iu. l,dmShlrKh isÿ jk nj
# øjHuh wd¾Ólh wìnjd uQ,H wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a jk nj
# úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh wd¾Ólfha ;SrKd;aul n,fõ.hla jk nj
# f,dal wd¾Ólh u; uQ,H i¾jdêldß;ajhla j¾Okh jk nj
# ckikaksfõok udOHhkaf.a m%udKd;aul j¾Okhla isÿ jk nj
# ckikaksfõok udOH l%shdj,sfha úúO ix>gl j¾Okh ùu
# úúO ckudOHhka talSh moaO;s njg m;a jk nj
# f.da,Sh f;dr;=re wjldYhla ks¾udKh jk nj
# ixialD;sl lafIa;%h ;=< ckikaksfõok f;dr;=re udOHhka f.a N+ñldj j¾Okh jk nj
# ckudOHhkag wu;r j wd;au flakaøSh udOH ìys jk nj
27
# kj udOH j¾Okh jk nj
# kQ;k udOH yd kj udOH w;r wka;¾ in|;d j¾Okh jk nj
# nyqck f;dr;=re wjldYh jdKsclrKh jk nj
# kj ixialD;sl iajrEm we;s jk nj
# úÑ;% ixialD;shla ìys jk nj
4' mqrjeis udOH ^^Civic Journalism)

# uyck m%jD;a;slrKh hk moh o m¾hdh jYfhka fhfok nj
# mqrjeishka úiska udOH jd¾;dlrKfhys fh§u fuhska woyia jk nj
# iudc wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug l%shd;aul jk nj
# oefjk iudc - wd¾Ól - foaYmd,ksl yd ixialD;sl m%Yak úi£u i|yd l%shd lrk nj
# iyNd.s;aj m%cd;ka;%jdoh W;al¾IKh lrk nj
# udOH ;%s;ajh u fï u.ska tl jr Ndú; l< yels nj
# mqrjeis y`v fidhd f.dia th u;= lr .; yels nj
# úIh m:hg wdrïNfha § foaYmd,kh o bka miq wmrdO" ue;sjrK lghq;=" fi!LH .eg¨
yd wOHdmk m%Yak wdÈh wh;a jk nj
# fuys idïm%odhsl .fõIKd;aul mqj;am;afõofha ,laIK we;s nj
# isoê
a jd¾;dlrKfha § m%N+ fyda wêm;s foaYmd,k oDIaáfldaKhg jvd mqrjeis oDIáfldaKfhka
isÿ jk nj
# fï u.ska mqrjeishka jeä jeäfhka m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%shdj,shg iïnkaO jk nj
# mqrjeis Ôú;fha .=Kd;aul nj fï u.ska fmdaIKh jk nj
5' úl,a m yd úfrda O dl,a m udOH

# m%Odk Odrdjg mßndysr j l%shd;aul jk ckudOHfõ§h ffY,shla nj
# idïm%odhsl yd n,j;a udOH wdh;khkag tfrys j f.dv kef.k nj
# fuys § m%jD;a;s" idudkH f;dr;=re yd úfYaIdx. m%uqLia:dkhla .kakd nj
# tla mqoa.,hl= fyda lsysm fofkl= fyda úiska wdrïN fldg mj;ajd f.k hk nj
# fuu udOH m%Odk iud.ï úiska wdh;ksl j m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu yd fnod yeÍu isÿ fkd
lrk nj
# yqÿ ,dn m%fhdack i|yd fkdj" u;jd§h ld¾hhka i|yd mj;ajd f.k hk nj
# .%dyl lKavdhu l=vd jqj;a thska iudchg úYd, n,mEula jk nj
# wka;¾.;h m%Odk m%jdyfha wka;¾.;hg jvd fjkia jk nj
# f.da,Sh úfrdaë" j¾.jd§ úfrdaë" mdßißl yd iq`t lKavdhïj, u;hka fï u.ska fndfyda
úg ksfhdackh jk nj
# kj iudc yr moaO;Ska yd w¾: fï u.ska iudc.; lrk nj
# mdßfNda.sljdohg" ckm%sh ixialD;shg yd nyq ck ixialD;shg tfrys j bÈßm;a jk nj
# iudc ú{dkfhys fjkila we;s lsÍu flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrk nj
# kj ÈYdjlg iudch f.k hdug .kakd W;aidyhla jk nj
28
tallh ( 3'0 ikaksfõok l=i,;d yd ksmqK;d ^ld,Éfþo 50 hs'&
ksmqK;dj ( wka;¾j¾;S" wka;¾ mqoa.," iuQy yd WmlrKdOdr ikaksfõok ksmqK;d m%lg lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ksmqK;d Ndú;hg .kshs'
ld, mßÉfþo .Kk ( 14
úIh wka ; ¾.;h

¾.;h(
1' f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu" u;lh yd u;la lsÍu
2' is; yiqrejd .ekSu
3' ;d¾lsl Ñka;kh yd ;SrK .ekSu
4' iaj-ixl,am fmdaIKh
5' bf.kSu
1' f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu" u;lh yd u;la lsÍu hk ld¾hhka y÷kd f.k úia;r
lrhs'
2' is; yiqrejd .ekSfï ksmqK;dj ixj¾Okh lr .kshs'
3' ;d¾lsl Ñka;kh yd ;SrK .ekSu ms<sn| Ndú;h ;yjqre lrhs'
4' iaj-ixl,am fmdaIKh lr .kshs'
5' bf.kSu ikaksfõokd;aul oDIaá fldaKfhka úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha moku jkafka" wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokhhs' tys § f;dr;=re
/ia lsÍu " tajd ixfoaY ieliSu i|yd ks¾udKd;aul j fhdod .ekSu" wjia:dfjdaÑ; j ixfoaY
bÈßm;a lsÍu hk m%Odk ld¾hhka fuys § bgq fõ' wka;¾j¾;S ikaksfõok l%shdj,shg mshjr ;=kla
wh;a fõ' tajd fufia h'
1 2 3
ye`.Sï is;sú,s p¾hdj
hï flfkl=f.a wka;¾j¾;S ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh wkHhkag m%lg jkafka" p¾hdj ksid h'
p¾hdj we;s jkafka is;sú,sj, m%;sM,hla jYfhks' úúOdldr jQ is;sú,s is; ;=< we;s fõ' is;sú,s
we;s jkafka ye`.Sï ksid h' fï wkqj wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh b;d fõ.j;a yd ixlS¾K
l%shdj,shla njg m;a fõ'
wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh jvd id¾:l j l%shd;aul lsÍug m%.=K l< hq;= ksmqK;d
myla úia;r l< yels h' tajd fufia h'
1' úúO uQ,dY% u.ska úúOdldr jQ f;dr;=re iuqodhla isf;ys /ia lr .ekSu' mqoa.,hd weiqre
lrk úúO uQ,dY% u.ska fï wdldrfhka ±kqj;a j fyda fkd ±kqj;a j f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu isÿ fõ'
ta i|yd fhdod .efkkafka mqoa.,hl= i;= mxfÉkaøshhs'
2' mqoa.,hl= úiska isf;ys /ia lr f.k we;s úúO foa w;ßka" ;uka f.a ixfoaYhg wjYH
f;dr;=re muKla f;dard .ekSu' fuh l< yelafla m%udKj;a f;dr;=re ixLHdjla u;lfha ;nd
.ekSfuka yd wjYH úgl tajd jyd f;dard fírd f.k u;la lr .ekSfuks'
3' ;d¾lsl j ;SrK .ekSu u.ska ixfoaYfha iajNdjh ks.ukh lr .ekSu' fuh ye`.Sïnr
tlla fyda nqoaêuh jYfhka ieliqjla jkakg mq¨jk' ta fol u ukqIHhd f.a p¾hdjg wh;a h'
4' wjYH;djg .e<fmk mßÈ ixfoaYh ks¾udKh lr .ekSu' fuh b;d fõ.fhka isÿ
jkakls' iuyr úg flfkl=g fuu fõ.h f;areï .ekSug mjd wmyiq h' is; ta ;rï fõ.fhka
l%shd lrhs'
5' fhda.H mßÈ ixfoaYh bÈßm;a lsÍu' fuys § mqoa.,hd f.a p¾hdj m%lg flf¾' th jdÑl
fyda wjdÑl fyda jkakg mq¿jk' th b`.s" ixfla; fyda ix{d u.ska isÿ jkakg mq¿jk' ixfoaYh
bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd fln÷ ikaksfõok Wmdh ud¾. fhdod .kafka o hkak ;SrKh jkafka" ta ta
mqoa.,hd ta i|yd ,nd we;s w;a±lSï iïNdrh wkqj h'
29
iaj-ixl,am hï mqoa.,hl= ;ud ms<sn| j u f.dv kxjd .kakd woyia iuqodhls' ta wkqj ;ud
fln÷ flfkla±hs tu mqoa.,hd úiska u ks.ukh lrkq ,nhs' jhiska wvq orejl= ;=< mj;skafka
iaj ixl,amh f.dv kef.k iajNdjhls' tkï ;uka fln|q flfkla±hs tu orejd ;=< jegySula
ke;' jhi;a iu. iEu flfkla u ;ud f.a p¾hd rgdjka ia:djr lr .kS' tlsfkld f.a yeisÍu
;SrKh jkafka fuu ia:djr p¾hd rgdjka iu. h' th ta ta mqoa.,hd f.a ikaksfõok p¾hdjg iDcq
j u n, mdhs' flfkl= hula m%ldY lrk wdldrh" m%ldY lrk wka;¾.;fha iajNdjh" ;SrKj,g
t<fUk wdldrh wdÈh fï wkqj ks.ukh fõ'
1' f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu u;lh yd u;la lsÍu ^ld,ÉfPo ;=khs'&

# úúOdldr uQ,dY%hka u.ska f;dr;=re /ia lr .kakd nj
# f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï WmlrK f,i mfÉkaøshh u fhdod .kakd nj
# f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï iSudjla ke;s nj
# fyd| f;dr;=re fuka u krl f;dr;=re o ,efnk nj
# m%fhdackj;a yd ksIam%fhdackj;a f;dr;=re o ,efnk nj
# ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re u;lfha ;ekam;a jk l%shdj,shla we;s nj
# flá ld,Sk u;lh yd È.= ld,Sk u;lh w;r taldnoaO l%shdj,shla we;s nj
# Wvq is; yd há is; hkqfjka m%fNaohla we;s nj
# w;a±lSfuka ,efnk f;dr;=re È.= ld,Sk j u;lfha /f|k nj
# u;lh yd u;la lsÍu hkq ufkda úoHd;aul l%shdj,shla nj
# u;lfha we;s f;dr;=re j¾. l< hq;= nj
# wjYH f;dr;=re r|jd f.k wkjYH f;dr;=re bj;a l< hq;= nj
# f;dr;=re f.dkq u;lfha ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj
# È.= ld,hla u;la lsÍfuka f;dr jqj;a" isÿ ùï u;lfha ;ekam;a j we;s nj
# u;lfha r|jd .ekSu yd u;la lr .ekSu nqoaêuh l%shdj,shla nj
u;lfha iajNdj
lsh jQ fohska 10 %
weiQ fohska 20 %
ÿgq fohska 30 %
weiq ÿgq fohska 50 %
lshQ ,shQ fohska 70 %
;uka l< lS fohska 80 %
ûQ,dY%h( Education Media
B.Wiman & J.Nierbhusy)
u;la lsrSfï yelshdj

100
75
50
25
0
m<uq oji
30
u;lfha iajNdj ±lafjk m%;sY;d;aul .Kka ufkda úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK wkqj ilik
,oaols' thska meyeÈ,s jk foa bf.kqug b;d jeo.;a h' u;l ;nd .ekSu i|yd lshùu yd wid isàu
b;d my< u;l w.hla fmkakqu lrhs' by< u;l w.hla fmkakqï lrkqfha ;uka l< lS foa u;
h' ta wkqj jvd;a fyd¢ka u;l ;nd .ekSu i|yd fln÷ l%u wkq.ukh l< hq;=o hkak kej;
is;kakg isÿ fõ' tfia u u;lfha we;s foa u;la lr .; yels m%udKh tla Èkla we;=<; ishhg
úis myla fyda thg;a wvq m%udKhla olajd wvq jk nj o fuys ±la fõ' ta wkqj hula u;lfha ;nd
f.k Èk lsysmhla hk úg th wu;l ùfï m%jK;dj jeä nj fmfka' tneúka jvd;a jeä u;lhla
r|jd .ekSu i|yd fln÷ l%u w;ayod ne,sh hq;=o@ hkak fuys § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;a;ls'
u;la lr .ekSfï yelshdj by< kxjkafka flfiao@
mqkÍlaIKh mqkÍlaIKh mqkÍlaIKh
È.=
ld,Sk
u;lh
lrd
m<uq Èkh m<uq i;sh udih udi yh
u;lh by< kexùu i|yd ;uka f.a u;lfha we;s foa jßka jr mqkÍlaIKhg Ndckh lsßu
wjYH h' th ;ud úiska u lrkq ,nkafka kï u;lfha r|jd .ekSfï yelshdj b;d by< uÜgulg
<`.d fõ'
u;lh r|d mj;skafka fud<fha Yla;sh u; h' fud<fha ol=Kq mi yd jï mi l%shd;aul jk

wdldrh ms<sn| j ufkda úoHd;aul j fidhd f.k we;af;a fufia h'
fud<fha jï mi fud<fha ol=Kq mi
l:kh l,d;aul l%shdldrlï

.Ks;uh yelshd ix.S;uh yelshd $ ;d,h
nqoaêuh úYaf,aIK wdfõok
lshùu y÷kd .ekSu
,sùu wjfndaOh
kï lsÍu ixlS¾K rgd ms<sn| ixcdkkh
mámdá .; lsÍu wjldYh ms<sn| yelsh
wkqms<sfj< uqyqfKa bßhõ
ixlS¾K pd,l wkqms<sfj< idl,H yelshd
úpdrh wka;¾ {dkh
we.hqu ks¾udKYS,Snj
;¾lh m%;r
s Em
j¾K
31
u;l ;nd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .; ;j;a Wml%uhla kï ;uka úiska /ia lr .kakd f;dr;=re
hï ms<sfj<lg f.dkq lr .ekSu h' ta u.ska ;uka f.a uki ;=< mß.Klhla fuka f;dr;=re f.dkq
iïmdokh lr .kakg mq¿jk' tjeks l%u lsysmhla my; ±lafjk w;r" tajd mqyqKq ùug l,la .;
fõ' tfy;a th mqyqKq jQ miq f;dr;=re u;lfha ;nd .ekSu b;d myiq yd m%sh ckl fohla njg m;a
fõ'
• tlu j¾.fha f;dr;=re tlg f.dkq lsÍu ^Wod( f;dr;=re i|yd mgqkla ilia lsÍu&
• úúO j¾.j, f;dr;=re rduqjlg .ekSu ^Wod( tlsfklg iïnkaO f;dr;=re tla lsÍu&
• ixl,am is;shï ^Wod( tlsfkl wkq ms<sfj,g wkqj Odrd igyka ilia lsÍu&
• f;dr;=re ixúOdkh lsÍu ^ Wod( hï hï f;dr;=re wjYH ms<sfj<g ,shd .ekSu&
• Wmud jdlH" fyda Wmud Wmfïh fhdod .ekSu ^ Wod( hula ;j;a tllg iudk fldg ±laùu&
• mqyqKqj ^ Wod( u;lfha we;s foa kej; kej; Ndú; lsÍu&
• uk#l,ams; f,i f.dv kxjd .ekSu ^Wod( jpk hq.," lú" rEm" f,aLk wd§ f,i&
bf.kqu yd u;lh ms<sn| f;dr;=re ieliqï udÈ,sh
m n,mEï ldrlh m%;spdrh W;amdokh
i m%;s.%dylfhda bkaøsh.; ùu fláld, u;lh
h È.=ld, u;lh
fmr ±kqu
f,dal ±kqu
ldrl md,kh
iuia; md,kh
wfmalaId
uQ,dY%h( Gagne & Driscoll -1988
fuu rEm igyfkka meyeÈ,s jk lreK kï" mßirfhka wm ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re uq,ska
u flá ld,Sk u;lhg we;=<;a jk nj;a" È.= ld,Sk u;lhg we;=<;a jkafka fojkqj nj;a h'
tneúka u;lfha r|jd ;nd .ekSu hkafkka woyia jkafka È.= ld,Sk u;lhg f;dr;=re we;=<;a
lr .ekSu h'
2' is; yiqrejd .ekSu ^ld,ÉfPo folhs'&

# is; hkq ksrka;r j l%shd;aul moaO;shla nj
# ye`.Sï yd is;sú,s ksrka;rfhka we;s jk nj
# u;l .nvdfõ we;s úúO f;dr;=re wmf.a md,kfhka f;dr j u;lhg .,d tk nj
# úúO ndysr idOl ksid is; W;af;ackh jk nj
# úúO ye`.Sï wkqj is;sú,sj, iajNdj ;SrKh jk nj
# ye`.Sï md,kh lr .; yels kï" is;sú,s md,kh lr .; yels nj
# ye`.Sï yd is;sú,s md,kh lr .ekSu u.ska p¾hdj md,kh lr .; yels nj
# ye`.Sï yd is;sú,s md,kh mqyqKq úh hq;a;la nj
# is; yiqrejd .ekSfï l%uhla f,i Ndjkdj b;d fhda.H l%shdldrlula nj
32
# is; yiqrejd .ekSu udkj iudcfha meje;aug wjYH nj
# wdfõ.YS,S wjia:djl is; yiqrejd .ekSu wNsfhda.hla jk nj
# is; yiqrejd .ekSu u.ska wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõokh yiqrejd .; yels nj
# udkisl le<öu ñksid f.a iajNdúl ;;a;ajhla nj
# is; yiqrejd .ekSu ñksid f.a nqoaêuh ld¾hhla jk nj
# is; yiqrejd .;a ;eke;a;dg iudcfha by< ia:dkhla ysñ jk nj
# is; yiqrejd .ekSu wiSre ld¾hhla nj
3' ;d¾lsl Ñka;kh yd ;SrK .ekSu ^ ld,ÉfPo ;=khs'&

# .eg¨jla ksrdlrKhg wjYH idOl f;dard fírd .ekSfï yelshdj ;d¾lsl Ñka;kh nj
# flfkl= ;¾ldkql+,j lreKq úuikakg mgka .kafka b;d <dnd, úfha isg nj
# ;¾lkh hkak Wiia udkisl l%shdjla nj
# ±kqu yd w;a±lSï jeä jk úg ;d¾lsl Ñka;kh jeä ÈhqKq jk nj
# jhi wjqreÿ kjfha muK isg ;d¾lsl Ñka;kfha j¾Okh mqq`t,a jk nj
# ;d¾lsl Ñka;kh m%Yia; ;SrK .ekSug n, mdk nj
# iEu flfkl= u úúO ;SrK .kakd kuq;a" ta ish,a, m%Yia; ;SrK fkd jk nj
# m%Yia; ;SrK .ekSu nqoaêu;a Ndjfha ,laIKhla nj
# úl,am ;SrK lsysmhla w;ßka ;ekg iqÿiq ;SrKh .; hq;= nj
# iuyr úg ;SrKhla .ekSug we;s ld,h b;d flá úh yels nj
# ;ukag ;SrKhla .; fkd yels jQ úg wka wh f.a iyh wjYH nj
# whym;a f;dr;=re fhdod .ekSfuka whym;a ;SrK .efkk nj
;SrK .ekSfï mshjr

1' .eg¨jla we;s nj y÷kd .ekSu
2' .eg¨fõ ienE iajNdjh úYaf,aIKh yd wOHhkh lsÍu
3' ;SrKhla .ekSfï wjYH;dj ks.ukh lsÍu
4' úl,am ;SrK lsysmhla f.dv kxjd .ekSu
5' úl,am ;SrK ;lafiare lsÍu
6' ;SrK l%shd;aul lsÍfï YlH;dj uek ne,Su
7' jvd;a fhda.H ;SrKh .ekSu
4' ia j -ixl,a
ixl,a m h fmda I Kh(
# mqoa.,hl= úiska ;ud fln÷ flfkla±hs y÷kd f.k we;s wdldrh iaj-ixl,amhhs'
# ;udf.a ,laIK ixj¾Okh lr .ekSu iaj ixl,amh fmdaIKhhs'
# ;ud ljqreka±hs uekúka y÷kd f.k isàu iEu flfkl=gu jeo.;a fõ'
# iaj ixl,amh iudc úoHd yd ufkda úoHd lafIa;%h ;=< u;= jQ woyils'
# iaj ixl,amh yd th fmdaIKh lr .ekSu ms<sn| j ±kg;a úúO m¾fhaIK meje;a fõ'
# fuu ixl,amh ;ju;a ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;S'
# iaj ixl,amh hkak mqoa.,hd fmr wd;auhl isg f.k tkakla fkdfõ'
# W;am;a;sfha § mqoa.,hd ;=< msysá fohla o fkdfõ'
# th mqoa.,hd mßirh yd .eàfuka ,nd .kakd w;a±lSï wkqj f.dv k.d .kq ,nkakls'
# iaj ixl,amh hkq mqoa.,hd úiska ;uka ixcdkkh lr f.k we;s wdldrhhs'
ks ¾ jpk
iaj ixl,amh hkq mqoa.,hd Tyq f.a ,laIK ms<sn|j;a" Tyq fjk;a wh yd Tyq f.a u Ôú;fha
úúO wxY iu. olajk iïnkaO;d ms<sn|j;a f.dv k.d f.k we;s " lsishï jákdlïj,ska hqla;
jQ" ixcdkkhkaf.ka ilia jQ" ixúOdkd;aul ix.; ixl,amksl iuia;hls' ^frdc¾ia 1959&
iaj ixl,amh hkq mqoa.,hl= Tyq ms<sn| j i;H f,i i,lkq ,nk jákdlïj,ska hqla; jQ
úYajdihkaf.ka ilia jQ ixlS¾K l%shdldÍ moaO;shls' ^ m¾ls 1970&
33
iaj-ixl,amh hkq mqoa.,hl= ;u yelshdjka" ksmqK;djka" fmkqu yd iudc ms<s.ekqu ms<sn|
orkq ,nk wdl,am" ye`.Sï yd ±kqu fõ' ^ n¾ka 1983&
iaj-ixl,amh w;=re wxY ;=klska iukaú; h'

1' ldhsl iajNdj ms<sn| iaj ixl,amh
2' yelshdjka ms<sn| iaj ixl,amh
3' iudc ms<s.ekqï ms<sn| iaj ixl,amh
fï wkqj fuu wxY ;=k j¾Okh lr .ekSu u.ska mqoa.,hl= f.a iaj ixl,amh j¾Okh lr
.; yels fõ' iaj-ixl,amh ms<sn| j ±laúh yels m%Odk lreKq folls'
1' iaj - ixl,amh we.hSug ,la l< yels h'
2' iaj - ixl,amh hkq .;sl fohls'
fï ksid flfkl=g ;uka f.a iaj - ixl,amh ms<sn| j w.ehSula lr" tys hï hï wxY
ixj¾Okh lr .kakg lghq;= l< yels h' hï mqoa.,hl=g iudch ;=< wkkH;djla we;s jkafka
fï wkqj h' fuys § mqoa.,hd f.a p¾hdj yd wdl,am b;d jeo.;a fõ'
5' bf.kS u (
# iEu flfkla u bf.kSu wdrïN lrkafka fkdorejl= j isák ld,fha isg nj
# mßirh bf.kSfï n,j;a uQ,dY%hla nj
# bf.k .ekSfï úúO rgd we;s nj
# jhi;a iu. bf.k .ekSfï rgdjkays fjkialï we;s jk nj
# flfkl= f.a ±kqu yd w;a±lSï m%udKh bf.kSu i|yd wLKav j Ndú; jk nj
# bf.kSu hkak ir, w¾:fhka lrkq ,nk m%ldYhg jvd ishqï l%shdj,shla nj
# bf.kSu hkq ±kqu" Ndú;h fyda w;a±lSï fyda Tiafia isÿjk p¾hduh fjkiaùula nj
# bf.kSu iú{dksl j isÿ jkakg nj
# bf.kSu hkak mdi,a wOHdmkhg muKla iSud fkd jk nj
# bf.kSu isÿ jkafka flfiao@ hkak ms<sn| j úúO m¾fhaIK mj;ajd we;s nj
# bf.kSu iïnkaOfhka m%Odk kHdhhka folla we;s nj
1' m%fndaOl m%;spdr kHdh
2' lafIa;% m%cdkk kHdh
fuu kHdhhka ms<sn| ir, woyila ±k .ekSfuka ;u bf.kSug m%fhdackhla we;s nj
m%fndaOl m%;spdr kHdhfhka mejfikqfha m%Odk jYfhka u bf.kSu isÿ jkafka" m%fndaOl
yd m%;spdr w;r we;s iïnkaOh ksid nj h' tkï fuys § m%fndaOlj,g flfkla m%;spdr ±laùfï
§ bf.kSu isÿ jk nj h' ^fï i|yd WodyrK imhkak'&
lafIa;% m%cdkk kHdhfhka mejfikqfha bf.kSu isÿ jkafka flfkl= f.a udkisl lafIa;%h
ixúOdkh ùfuka nj h' tys § wruqKq iys; j m%cdkkh uq,a lr f.k bf.kSu isÿ fõ' fuys §
m%cdkkh hkq ±kSu h' thg wh;a jkafka" ixcdkkh" Ñka;kh yd f;areï .ekSu h' ixcdkkh
hkq hula w¾: .ekaùuhs' ta ta mqoa.,hd f.a yelshdj wkqj fuu w¾: .ekaùu wiudk fõ' tl u
ldrKh ms<sn| j fofofkl= f.a ixcdkkh fjkia jkakg mq¿jk' ^ fï i|yd WodyrK imhkak'&
m%fndaOl m%;spdr kHdfha wvq mdvq y÷kd f.k ta wkqj lafIa;% m%cdkk kHdh f.dv ke.=Ks'
flfia jqj o fuu kHdhhka fol u u.ska flfkl= f.a bf.kqï l%shdj,sh isÿ jk wdldrh
úu¾Ykh lrhs' fuu kHdhhka fol u wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh iu. ne£ mj;S'
tkï flfkl= f.a wka;¾j¾;S mqoa., ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh wid¾:l kï" m%fndaOl Ndr .ekSug
yd ta i|yd m%;spdr ±laùug fkd yels fõ' tfia u ixcdkkh" Ñka;kh yd f;areï .ekSu hk
ld¾hhka o isÿ fkd fõ'
34
tallh ( 3'0 ikakfõokh l=i,;d yd ksmqK;d
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2 wka;¾ mqoa., ksmqK;d Ndú;hg .kshs'
úIh wka ; ¾.;h

¾.;h(
1' M,odhS l:kh
2' Y%jK ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh
3' iydkqN+;sh$iyfõokh
4' wdpdrYS,S;ajh
1' M,odhS l:kh ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka M,odhS f,i l:kfhys fhfohs'
2' Y%jK ksmqK;d j¾Ok l%u ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka Y%jK ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr
.kshs'
3' iykqN+;sh hkak ú.%y lrñka th w;a ±lSfuka ú| .kshs'
4' wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfha § wdpdrYS,S;ajh ú.%y lrñka wdpdrYS,S f,i
yeisfrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
iudchl meje;au r|d mj;skafka wka;¾ mqoa., iïnkaO;d u; h' iEu flfkl=g u ;u
ffoksl Ôú;fha § wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfhys fhfokakg isÿ fõ' th úúOdldr fõ' úúO
md¾Yajhka thg iïnkaO fõ' wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfha § ikaksfõolia:dkh yd .%dylia:dkh
ksrka;r j udre fõ' tu ksid wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh ms<sn| ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lr .ekSu
iEu flfkl=g u w;HjYH fõ' wkHhka iu. flfrk ikaksfõokfha § b;d jeo.;a ld¾hhla
kï" wfkla md¾Yajfha .eg¨ fyda ixfõ§ ;;a;ajhka fyda ;ukag wdfrdamKh lr w.ehSug ,la
lsÍug we;s yelshdjhs' tfia lsÍug yels kï wkqka ms<sn| j b;d idkqlïms; j lghq;= lrkakg
wmg wjia:dj ie,fia' wjidk jYfhka jeo.;a jkafka wkHhka iu. ikaksfõokfha § wdpdrYS,S
j lghq;= l< hq;-= nj h' wdpdrYS,S;ajh hkak idfmalaI fhÿuls' tla tla iudchkays fyda tla tla
ixialD;Skays fyda wdpdrYS,S;ajh mj;ajd f.k hk wdldrh yd th m%o¾Ykh jk wdldrh úúO
fjkialï iys; h' flfia jqj o wjia:djg WÑ; f,i wdpdrYS,S j lghq;= lrkakg wjYH
ksmqK;dj iEu flfkl=g u ;sìh hq;= h' fï ish,a, iEu flfkl= f.a u fm!oa.,sl Ôú;hg o"
jD;a;Sh Ôú;hg o tl yd iudk j jeo.;a fõ'
1' M,odhS l:kh( ^ld,ÉfPo ;= k hs ' &

# hï wruqKla bgq lr .ekSu i|yd fofofkl= w;r flfrk woyia yqjudrejla nj
# NdIdj uQ,sl j fhdod .kakd nj
# l:kh iu. tla j bßhõ" b`.s yd ix{d wdÈh fhdod .efkk nj
# fofokd u l:kfhys fhfok ksid ikaksfõolhd yd .%dylhd hkak udre jk nj
# meyeÈ,s nj" ksrjq,a nj yd fhda.H NdIdj jeo.;a jk nj
# f;areï .; yels fõ.hlska l;d l< hq;= nj
# bjiSu yd ixhuh l:kh iu. ñY% j ;sìh hq;= nj
# l:lhd ieu úg u .%dylhd f;areï .ksñka l;d l< hq;= nj
# l:lhdg Okd;aul m%;spdr ±laùu .%dylhd f.a j.lSula jk nj
# wdfõ.YS,S fkd úh hq;= nj
# ;ukag úYajdihla ke;s" ;uka yßhg u fkd okakd foa fkd lsj hq;= nj
# wka;¾ mqoa., l:kfhys úúO wruqKq ;sìh yels nj
# ieu flfkl=g u ffoksl j úúO N+ñld r`. mdkakg isÿ jk nj
# fuu úúO N+ñld ;uka f.a l:khg iDcq j u n, mdk nj
35
# wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfha § wiSre mqoa.,hka iu. ikaksfõokfhys fh§ug isÿ jk nj
# wiSre mqoa.,hka ch .ekSug M,odhS l:kh fhdod .; yels nj
# wiSre mqoa.,hka ch .ekSu flfkl= f.a fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha wNsfhda.hla jk nj
# úúO wh f.a l:k rgd wOHhkh lsÍfuka ;uka f.a l:k rgdj ilid .; yels nj
2' Y%jK ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh

# wid isàu yd ijka §u hkq fowdldr jk nj
# Y%jKh hkafkka woyia jkafka wjOdkfhka f;dr;=re .%yKh lr .ekSula jk nj
# Y%jK ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh ksid flfkl=g ukd f,i f;dr;=re .%yK lr .; yels nj
# Y%jK ksmqK;d by< uÜgul mj;sk úg" u;l ;nd .ekSfï l%shdj,sh id¾:l jk nj
# hym;a wka;¾ mqoa., iïnkaO;d i|yd Y%jK ksmqK;d m%fhdackj;a jk nj
# úúO udkisl Ñ;a; fõ.hka Y%jKh flfrys wys;lr f,i n, mdk nj
# Ñ;a; fõ. md,kh u.ska Y%jKh Wiia uÜgulg f.k wd yels nj
# Y%jK ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh hkq ld,hla ;siafia mqyqKq l< hq;a;la jk nj
# udkj Ôúhl= Y%jKh hkak ì,s÷ úfha isg u lrkq ,nkakla nj
# ÿ¾j, Y%jKhg fya;= we;s nj
# Y%jKh hkakg wjia:d y;rla ;sfí'
^1& weiSu( fuhska woyia jkafka" hï Yíohla Y%jfKkaøsh úiska ,nd .ekSu h' th bfí isÿ
jkakls' wjOdkh we;s jkafka m<uq weiSu;a iu. h' th yqfola ldhsl l%shdj,shls'
^2& f;areï .ekSu( ;udg weiqKq Yío f;areï .ekSu fojkq j isÿ fõ' ta ta Yío f;areï
.ekSug kï" ta ms<sn| mQ¾j ±kqula ;sìh hq;= h' WodyrKhla jYfhka flfkla Ök NdIdfjka lrkq
,enQ l:khla weiqkdg th f;areï .ekSug yelshdjla ke;' ;uka okakd NdIdjlska tu l:kh
lrkq ,enqfha kï" th f;areï .; yels h' tys § thg fmr tu NdIdj ms<sn| j ;uka okakd m%udKh
m%fhdackhg .efka' ta wkqj th f;areï .ekSu fyda f;areï fkd .ekSu fyda isÿ fõ'
^3& w.ehSu( ;=ka jk mshjf¾ § isÿ jkafka" ;uka f;areï .;a foa we.hqug ,la lsÍu h' th
f;dr;=rla njg m;a jkafka fuu mshjf¾ § h' ta wkqj tu f;dr;=r ;ud úiska uq,ska u flá ld,
u;lhg we;=<;a lr .kq ,nhs'
^4& m%;sl%shd ±laùu( wjidk mshjf¾ § fhda.H m%;sl%shdjla ±laùu isÿ fõ' th mqoa., noaO
m%;sl%shdjls' tkï tl u Y%jKhla i|yd fofofkl= olajk m%;sl%shdj w;r wiudklula ;sfnkakg
mq¨jk'
weiSu f;areï .ekSu w.ehSu m%;sl%shd
ÿ¾j, Y%jK yelshdjg fya;= lsysmhla we;'

1' wjYH;djla fkdue;s ùu
2' ksis wjOdkhla fkdue;s ùu
3' ixcdkkh ÿ¾j, ùu
4' NdIdj .%yKh lr .ekSug we;s wmyiqj
5' NdIdj f;areï .ekSug we;s wmyiqj
Y%jK ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsÍug fya;=

1' wjfndaOh i|yd
2' ksjerÈ nj i|yd
3' Y%jK ndOd u. yer .ekSu i|yd
4' u;la lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj ksid
5' úúO Ñ;a;fõ. Y%jKhg ndOdldÍ jk ksid
36
Y%jK ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .ekSfï mshjr
1' Y%jKh jk foa ms<sn| j we,aula we;s lr .kak'
2' Y%jKh l< hq;= njg udkisl;ajhla f.dvk.d .kak'
3' wefik foa udkisl j újrKh lrkak'
4' l:kfha jeo.;a jpk yd jdlH ukig we;=,a lr .kak'
5' ;udg ,enqKq f;dr;=rej, jeo.;alu yd fkdjeo.;alu ms<sn| j ;SrKh lrkak'
Y%jK ksmqK;d j¾Okhg wod< úfYaI lreKq

1' mqoa.,hd f.a N+ñldj wkqj Y%jKh i|yd fhdod .; hq;= l%u fjkia fõ'
2' l:lhl= jYfhka" .%dyl iuQyhl tla whl= jYfhka yd wka;¾ mqo.
a , ikakf
s õokfha
md¾Yajlrejl= jYfhka Y%jKh fhdod .kakd wdldrh fjkia fõ'
3' iydkq N + ; s h (
# flfkl= f.a Ñ;a; iajNdj ;ukag wdfrdamKh lr ye`.Sula we;s lr .ekSu iydkqN+;sh nj
# iudÔh Ôú;h id¾:l j .; lsÍug wkHhka f.a ÿl iem f;areï .; hq;= nj
# iydkqN+;sfhka hq;= mqoa.,hka wkHhka flfrys lreKdjka; jk nj
# iydkqN+;sfhka hq;= mqoa.,hkag iudcfhys fyd| ms<s .ekSula we;s nj
# flfkl= f.a Ñ;a; iajNdjfhys u;= msg fkdj we;=<; olskakg fï ksid yels jk nj
# iydkqN+;sh jeä ÈhqKq jkakg mq`t,a w;a±lSï rdYshla wjYH nj
# idys;H lD;s yd fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul lD;s mßYS,kh u.ska iydkqN+;sh jeä ÈhqKq jk nj
4' wdpdrYS , S ; a j h(
# iudc iïnkaO;d ms<sn| iudc ms<s .ekSu wdpdrYS,S;ajfha moku jk nj
# wdpdrYS,S;ajh m%o¾Ykh jk yd ±fkk fohla nj
# úúO ck iudchkays wdpdrYS,S yeisÍïj, fjkia lï we;s nj
# wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfha § wdpdrYS,S;ajh m%ikak jd;djrKhla ks¾udKh lrk nj
# l:kh" wjdÑl bßhõ yd yeisÍï u.ska wdpdrYS,S;ajh m%o¾Ykh l< yels nj
# wdpdrYS,S;ajh u.ska wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokfha iajrEmh ksrEmKh jk nj
# wdpdrYS,S;ajh mq`t,a f,i iudc .; ùfuka iudcfha ixjrnj jeä ÈhqKq jk nj
# iudcfha wLKav yd iaÓridr meje;au i|yd wdpdrYS,S;ajh w;HjYH idOlhla jk nj
37
tallh ( 3'0 ikaksfõok l=i,;d yd ksmqK;d ^ld,Éfþo 50 hs'&
tallh ( 3'0 ikakfõokh l=i,;d yd ksmqK;d
ksmqK;d uÜgu
uÜgu( 3'3 iuQy ikaksfõok ksmqK;d m%lg lrhs'
ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 12
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( iuQy ikaksfõok ksmqK;d
1' iuQyh y÷kd .ekSu
2' iduQysl jev" j.lSu yd j.ùu
3' iïuqL idlÉPd
4' úiïuq;sh yd tl`.;ajh
5' wdpdrYS,S;ajh
1' iuQyh hkak w¾: olajhs'
2' j.lSu yd j.ùu hk foflys fjki y÷kd .ksñka tajd w.h lrhs'
3' ksjerÈ iïuqL idlÉPdjl ,laIK w;ayod n,hs'
4' wkH u;j,g .re lsÍug mqreÿ fjhs'
5' kj woyia m%ldY lrhs'
6' iuQy ikaksfõokfha § wdpdrYS,Sj yeisfrk wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrñka w;ayod
n,hs'
ye¢ka ù u
iudÔh i;a;ajhl= f,i udkjhd ksrka;r j wka wh iu. tla j lghq;= lrhs' tu iduQysl
Ôj;a ùu ft;sydisl mqreoaols' tlsfkld f.a wdrlaIdjg" meje;aug yd woyia yqjudrejg iuQyh
wjYH fõ' th Ôj;a ùfï l,djhs' iuQyh hkq hï msßil f.a tl;=jls' fï msßi w;r úúO
fjkialï mj;S' jhi" W.;a lu" /lshdj" .eyekq msßñ nj" Okh " j¾Kh" wd.u wd§ úúO idOl
fuu fjkialïj,g fya;= fõ' fh§ isák ld¾hh fyda /lshdj wkqj o fuu úúO;d we;s fõ' ta
wkqj iuQyh ;j;a mshjr follg fn§ hhs' tajd kï lKavdhï yd l,a,s h'
flfia jqj o fï wdldrfhka iuia; iuQyh w;r o" lKavdhï yd l,a,s w;r o meje;au i|yd
ikaksfõokh w;HjYH fõ' thg fya;=j tlsfkld iïnkaO lrk l%shdj,sh jkafka ikaksfõokh
jk neúks' ta wkqj ikaksfõokh tlsfkld w;r ne£ï jeä lrkakg fuka u" tlsfkld fjka
lrkakg o fya;= úh yels h'
iduQysl ikaksfõok ld¾hfha § mqoa.,hka ;u j.lSu yd j.ùu ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka

lghq;= l< hq;= h' j.lSula we;s jkafka hï iïnkaO;djla ksid h' j.ùu hkafkka woyia jkafka
lsisjl= f.a fm<Uùulska f;dr j ;uka hï iïnkaO;djla flfrys ne£ula we;s lr .ekSu h'
j.lSï meyer yeßh yels h' j.ùu ;ud úiska u we;s lr .kakd ne£ula ksid" th bgq lsÍug
mqoa.,hd fm<fò' iduQysl jevj, § j.lSu yd j.ùu hk ixl,am fol u;= fõ'
iïuqL idlÉPd hkafkka woyia jkafka iuQyh ;=< flfrk woyia yqjudrejls' tys §
msßila idlÉPdfõ fhfokakg mq¿jk' tfia ke;skï tla wfhla fyda fofofkla fyda lsysm
fofkla iu. ;j;a msßila idlÉPdfõ fhfokakg mq¿jk' fï l=uk wdldrhlg isÿ jqj;a" iïuqL
idlÉPdj hkq hï ksYaÑ; wruqKla we;sj lrkq ,nk l;d nyls' th ´md ¥m l;d lsÍula fkdfõ'
tjeks iïuqL idlÉPdjl wruqK hï lreKla ms<sn| j tl`.;ajhla we;s lr .ekSu jkakg mq¿jk'
iuQyhla w;r flfrk ikaksfõokfha § tl`. ùu fuka u tl`. fkd ùu o isÿ úh yels
h' th lsisfia;a jrola fkd fõ' tl`. ùu fuka u fkd ùu o iajdNdúl lreKls' tfy;a fuys
§ jeo.;a jkafka th wdpdrYS,S j isÿ ùu h' tl`. fkd ùfï § th m%pKavldÍ jkakg mq¿jk' tfia
jkafka kï tys § ikaksfõokfha wruqKq ì| jefÜ' fï wkqj iuQy ikaksfõok ksmqK;d mqoa.,hka
38
;=< ixj¾Okh lr .ekSu m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudchl meje;aug w;HjYH idOlhls'
1' iuQyh y÷kd .ekSu ^ ld,ÉfPo folhs'&

# iuQyhla hkq tla j lghq;= lrkq ,nk mqoa.,hkaf.a tl;=jla nj
# fuu mqoa., tl;=j ;=< iuQy .=Kdx. ;sfnk nj
• wruqKq
• ikaksfõok ud¾.
• kdhl;ajh yd wkq.dñl;ajh
• úúO N+ñld
• iyÔjkh
• m%;sudk yd kshuhka
• .eg`¨ úi£fï l%shdj,sh
# fuu iduQysl .=Kdx. ì| jeàfuka iuQyh o ì£ hd yels nj
# iuQyhla mj;skafka iudk .;s ,laIK jeä m%udKhla we;s ksid nj
# iuQyh ;=< úúO;d ;sfnk nj
2' iduQysl jev" j.lSu yd j.ùu ^ ld,ÉfPo folhs'&

# iuQyhla tla j isákafka hï wruqKla bgq lr .ekSug ksid iduQysl jev ;sfnk nj
# iduQysl jev tla tla wh w;r fnod .ekSfï § j.lSï we;s jk nj
# ;ukag fkdmejreKq jev ms<sn| j ne£ula we;s lr .ekSfuka j.ùu we;s jk nj
# iduQysl l%shdldrlïj, § j.lSu yd j.ùu b;d jeo.;a jk nj
# j.lSfuka yd j.ùfuka jev lsÍfuka iduQysl wruqKq bgq lr .; yels nj
3' iïuq L idlÉPd ^ ld,ÉfPo folhs ' &

# iïuqL idlÉPdj hkak tlsfkld w;r hï lreKla flakaø lr f.k lrk l;dny nj
# úúO wruqKq i|yd úúO iïuqL idlÉPd mej;sh yels nj
# iïuqL idlÉPd u.ska kj woyia W;amdokh jk nj
# .eg¨ úi£u i|yd o iïuqL idlÉPd m%fhdackj;a jk nj
# iïuqL idlÉPd u.ska ie`.jqKq woyia m%ldY lrjd .; yels nj
# hï .eg¨jla ms<sn| j tl`.;ajla we;s lr .ekSug iïuqL idlÉPdj fhdod .; yels nj
4' úiïuq;sh yd tl`.;ajh ^ ld,ÉfPo ;=khs'&

# iuQyh ;=< isák mqoa.,hka f.a woyia úúOdldr jk nj
# ksoyia u;OdÍ mqoa.,hka isák iuQyhl úiïuq;sh yd tl`.;ajh idudkH iajNdjhla nj
# ±ä f,i md,kh lrk ,o iuQyhl § úiïuq;shg bvla ke;s nj
# úiïuq;sh yd tl`.;ajh m%cd;ka;%jdofha ,laIKhla jk nj
5' wdpdrYS , S ; a j h ^ ld,ÉfPo folhs ' &

# iuQyhla ;=< Wm ixialD;sl ,laIK ;sìh yels nj
# ta wkqj wdpdrYS,S;ajh ta ta iuQyfhka iuQyhg fjkia úh yels nj
# iuQyh ;=< ukd iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd .kakg wdpdrYS,S yeisÍï w;HjYH nj
# iuQyhg w¨;ska tla jk wh" iuQyh ;=< mj;akd wdpdrYS,S yeisÍï f;areï .; hq;= nj
# iuQyh ;=< ish,a,ka wdpdrYS,S fkd jQ úg" ta ksid iuQyfha meje;au ì| jefgk nj
39
tallh ( 3'0 ikaksfõok l=i,;d yd ksmqK;d
ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4 ikaksfõokh i|yd úúO WmlrK Ndú; lsÍfï ksmqK;d m%lg lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( iuQy ikaksfõok ksmqK;d
1' l:k ikaksfõok WmlrK Ndú;h
2' m%lafIamKSh ikaksfõok WmlrK Ndú;h
3' m%lafIamKSh fkdjk ikaksfõok WmlrK Ndú;h
4' mdßißl fyda ks¾udKd;aul fyda WmlrK Ndú;h
1' úúO l:k ikaksfõok WmlrK Ndú;h w;ayod n,hs'
2' m%lafIamKSh ikaksfõok WmlrK Ndú;h w;ayod n,hs'
3' úúO m%lafIamKSh fkdjk ikaksfõok WmlrK Ndú;h w;ayod n,hs'
4' mdßißl fyda ks¾udKd;aul fyda ikaksfõok WmlrK ks¾udKh lrñka
w;ayod n,hs'
5' ikaksfõok WmlrK ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh id¾:l ùug n,mdk wdldrh
úuihs'
ye¢ka ù u
ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha § ñksid i;= Yla;sfha iSudjg meñKs úg ta i|yd ndysr WmlrK
fhdod .kakg isÿ fõ' thska ñksidf.a ikaksfõok ld¾hh id¾:l j lr .kakg wjia:dj ie,fia'
fï i|yd úfYaIfhka kj úoHd;aul fuj,ï Ndú;h lrkq ,nhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka ;ukaf.a
mqoa.,hl=f.a lg y`v fhdod .; yels iSudjla ;sfí' tu iSudj blaujd hdug kï Yío úldYk
WmlrK fhdod .kakg isÿ fõ' ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh isÿ jk ia:dkfha fkdue;s foa fmkajkakg
wjYH jQ úg ta i|yd PdhdrEm wdÈh fhdod .kakg mq¿jk' tfy;a úYd, PdhdrEm ilid .ekSug
wmyiq fõ' tneúka kj ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrñka m%lafIamKSh WmlrK fhdod .; yels h' túg
jeä msßilg tla jr hula úYd, lr fmkaúh yels h' m%lafIamKh fkd jk WmlrK jYfhka
,E,a, fhdod .ekSu ckm%sh l%uhls'
ikaksfõokh i|yd iEu úg u kj ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï wjYH fkd fõ' ta fjkqjg

iïm%odhsl j ilia lr .; yels ks¾udKd;aul foa fhdod .kakg mq¿jk' WodyrKhla jYfhka
mßirfhka ,nd .kakd .il w;a;la" u,la" f.ähla jqj;a ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr
.kakg fhdod .kakg mq¿jk' tfia u rElv" w;a rElv jeks ks¾udKd;aul fuj,ï o ikaksfõok
l%shdj,sfha § fhdod .efka'
ish¨ wdldrfha ikaksfõok ld¾hh i|yd fhdod .kakd úúO WmlrK Ndú; lsÍfï § tu
WmlrKh ms<sn| ksmqK;djla o" tu WmlrKh ;u ikaksfõok ld¾hh i|yd fhdod .kakd
wdldrh ms<sn| ksmqK;djla o ;sìh hq;= h' WmlrK ms<sn| ksmqK;dj fkdue;s jQ úg tajd yeisrùu
wiSre fjhs' tajd fhdod .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| ksmqK;dj fkdue;s jQ úg" tu WmlrK ;snqK;a ksis
f,i tajd ;u ikaksfõok ld¾hh i|yd fhdod .kakg yelshdjla fkd ,efí' fuu ish¨
wdldrfha WmlrKj, wjidk m%fhdackh kï ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh jvd;a id¾:l lr .kakg
wjldYh ie,iSu h'
1' l:k ika k s f õok WmlrK Ndú;h ^ld,ÉfPo ;= k hs ' &

# úúOdldr jQ l:k ikaksfõok WmlrK j¾;udkfha Ndú; jk nj
# tla tla ld¾hhka i|yd úúO l:k ikaksfõok WmlrK fhdod .kakd nj
# iuQy ikaksfõokfha § uhsl%f*dakh" fu.df*dakh" fhdod .efkk nj
40
# uhsl%f*dak úúO j¾. we;s nj ^/yeka iys; yd /yeka rys;" la,smaf*daka yd fyâf*daka &
# mqoa.,dka;r l:kfha § ÿrl:k nyq, j fhdod .efkk nj
# l:k ikaksfõok WmlrK kQ;kfha § w;HjYH NdKav .Khg wh;a jk nj
2' m%lafIamKSh ikaksfõok WmlrK Ndú;h ^ ld,ÉfPo ;=khs'&

# m%lafIamKh hkak kùk ;dlaIKsl l%shdj,shla jk nj
# m%lafIamK WmlrK Ndú;h úhoï iys; jQjla nj
# m%lafIamK WmlrK Ndú;fhka woyia m%shckl yd M,odhS f,i bÈßm;a l< yels nj
# j¾;udkfha jvd;a m%p,s; ù we;af;a nyq udOH m%lafIamK hka;%h nj
# nyq udOH m%lafIamKh mß.Klh yd iïnkaO jQjla jk nj
# nyq udOH m%lafIamKh ixhqla; ;eá fyda ùäfhda má Odjlh iu. o iïnkaO l< yels nj
# mß.Klh fhdod .; yels ksid úúO foa bÈßm;a lsÍu b;d iÔù f,i l< yels nj
# ´j¾fyâ m%lafIamK hka;%h idfmalaI j msßjeh wvq WmlrKhla jk nj
# ia,hsâ m%lafIamK hka;%h Ndú; lsÍug wjYH ia,hsâ l,a we;s j iQodkï lr .; hq;= nj
# ´j¾fyâ yd ia,hsâ m%lafIamK hka;% i|yd wjYH WmlrK l,a we;s j ielish hq;= nj
# m%lafIamK WmlrK ish,a, úÿ,s n,fhka l%shd;aul jk nj
# laIKsl m%lafIamK hka;% u.ska fmd;aj, we;s foa ta wjia:dfõ § u m%lafIamKh lsÍu
3' m% l a f Ia m KS h fkdjk ika k s f õok WmlrK Ndú;h ^ ld,ÉfPo ;= k hs ' &

# fuu j¾.h msßjeh wvq yd úÿ,s n,h wkjYH WmlrK nj
# Ndú;h b;d ir, yd myiq nj
# imhd .ekSu o myiq nj
# idudkHfhka nyq, j fhdod .kakd WmlrK jYfhka
• l¿ ,E,a,"
• iqÿ ,E,a,"
• pqïnl mqjrej yd
• msgq fmr<kh ±la úh yels h'
# fï tla tla WmlrKj,g wdfõKsl ,laIK ;sfnk nj
# fï tla tla WmlrK Ndú; lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= ms<sfj;a ;sfnk nj
# fï tla tla WmlrK ;ks j fyda taldnoaO j fhdod .; yels nj
4' mßirh wdY%s; yd ks¾udKd;aul WmlrK Ndú;h

# mßirfha ;sfnk ´kE u iajdNdúl fohla ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha § wjYH mßÈ fhdod
.; yels nj
# mßirfha we;s fndfyda foa ks¾udKd;aul f,i fhdod .; yels nj
# kj ks¾udKd;aul WmlrK jYfhka rElv yd w;a rElv wdÈh fhdod .; yels nj
# ;dlaIKsl WmlrKj,g jvd fujeks idïm%odhsl fyda mdßißl fyda ks¾udKd;aul WmlrK
Ndú;h jvd;a m%shckl jk nj
# ikaksfõolhd wjYH mßÈ l,a we;s j ie,iqï lr fujeks WmlrK fhdod .; hq;= nj
# msßjeh b;d wvq WmlrK nj
fmdÿ lreKq
fuu fldgfia § ikaksfõokh i|yd fhdod .kakd úúO WmlrK ms<sn| ±kqu o" tajd Ndú;
lsÍug wjYH mqqyqKqj o isiq isiqúhka fj; ,nd §u wjYH h' ta i|yd m%lafIamKsh yd m%lafIamKsh
fkdjk úúO ikaksfõok WmlrK fm!oa.,sl j u Ndú; lsÍug iEu flfkl=g u wjldYh
ie,ish hq;= h' ta yer úúO mdßißl øjH yd kj ks¾udKd;aul WmlrK ikaksfõokh i|yd fhdod
.ekSu w;ayod n,kakg fm<Uùu wjYH h' ta u.ska msßjeh wvq" tfia u jvd;a m%sh ikaksfõok
WmlrK fhdod .ekSug wdl,am ixj¾Okhla l< yels h'
41
tallh ( 4'0 NdIdj yd ckudOH Ndú;h
ksmqK;dj ( NdIdfõ iajNdj ms<sn| j ú.%y lrñka úúO udOHhkays § NdIdj Ndú;hg .kakd
wdldrh ixikaokd;aul j úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 4'1 NdIdfõ iajNdjh" tys Ndú;h yd NdIdfõ ikaksfõok N+ñldj ú.%y lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( NdIdj y÷kd .ekSu
1' NdIdfõ ft;sydisl úldYkh
2' NdId Wmd¾ckh yd ikaksfõok N+ñldj
3' Ôj NdId m%jK;d
4' NdIdfõ iïu;h yd wiïu;h
5' Wm NdId
1' NdIdfõ ft;sydisl úldYkh ms<sn| meyeÈ,sj úia;r lrhs'
2' NdId Wmd¾ckh yd ikaksfõok N+ñldj ú.%y lrhs'
3' Ôj NdId hkak y÷kd f.k tys ,laIK ú.%y lrhs'
4' NdIdfõ iïu;h yd wiïu;h ksjerÈj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
5' Wm NdId ms<sn|j meyeÈ,sj úia;r lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
NdIdj ìys ùu udkj YsIagdpdrfha úYsIag isoaêhls' tf;la ixfla;" ix{d yd Yío u.ska
woyia yqjudre lr .;a udkjhdg jvd;a mq`t,a f,i woyia yqjudre lr .ekSug fï ksid wjia:dj
we;s úh' NdIdj ìys ùu lsishï ksYaÑ; ld, jljdkqjla ;=< isÿ jQjla fkd fõ' ta i|yd wjqreÿ ish
.Kkla ke;fyd;a oyia .Kkla .; ù ;sfí' f,dalfha ft;sydisl ÈhqKq YsIagdpdrhka wdY%s; j ìys
jQ úúO NdIdjka úúO;d iys; h' tl u jljdkqjl § úúO ck lKavdhï úiska fjkialï iys;
NdIdjka ksmojd .ekSu úiauh iy.; h'
tla tla ck lKavdhï úiska ksmojd .;a NdIdj fjka fjka j jeã .sh nj ft;sydislj
fmkS hhs' fydaäh ìys ùu" wlaIr yev ilia lr .ekSu yd NdIdfõ WÉpdrKh wdÈh fï jljdkqj
;=< l%udkql+,j j¾Okh úh' f,aLk l,dj yd idys;Hh ìys ùu NdIdj ksmojd .ekSfï fojk
m%;sM,hhs' ta wkqj kj ks¾udKd;aul woyia f,djg ìys úh' miq ld,fha § hï NdIdjla hkq hï
cd;shl wkkH ,laIKhla f,i ie,flk ;rug NdIdj yd iudch w;r iïnkaO;dj j¾Okh
úh'
ckudOH ìys ùfï § NdIdj úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgq lf<a h' m<uqfjka ìys jQfha mqj;am;a
h' th ,sÅ; udOHhla jQ w;r" wlaIr ixfla; ta i|yd fhdod .eksKs' mdGlhka úiska tajd lshúh
hq;= úh' .=jka úÿ,sh ìys ùfï § o fhdod .ekqfka NdIdjhs' th l:k NdIdjls' ckhd úiska th
ijka Èh hq;= úh' rEmjdysksfha § l:k NdIdj o f,aLk NdIdj o fhdod .ekqKs' ta wkqj iuia;hla
jYfhka ckudOH úiska Ndú; lrk m%Odk ikaksfõok fuj,u f,i NdIdj oelaúh yels h'
j¾;udkfha § ckudOH yd NdIdj ms<sn| j" tfia;a ke;fyd;a ckudOH NdIdj Ndú; lsÍu
ms<sn| j fjfiiska l;d lrkakg isÿ ù ;sfí' thg fya;=j kï NdIdfõ m%Odk ld¾hh jQ
ikakf s õokh muKla uq,a ;efkys ,d NdIdfõ wjfYaI ld¾hhkag ckudOHhkaf.ka ydks meñKSuhs'
tkï NdIdj u.ska iudc iodpdrh f.dv kexùu" iudc yslauùu" ixialD;sl iïfm%aIKh" cd;sl
wkkH;dj we;s lsÍu wd§ w;=re ld¾hhka úfYaIfhka úoHq;a udOH úiska fkd i,ld yßkq ,en we;'
ta ksid ckudOH úiska NdIdj Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn| j kj l;sldjla f.dv kexùug ld,h t<U ;sfí'
Wiia fm< isiq ore oeßhka úiska fuu úIh fldgi wOHhkh lsÍfï § tu l;sldj f.dv ke`.Sug
wjYH mßirh ielfik nj fmfka'
42
1' NdIdfõ ft;s y dis l úldYkh(

# NdIdj ìys ùu udkj iudcfha oeä wjYH;djla j ;snQ nj
# NdIdj hkq udkjhd ;u woyia ikaksfõokh i|yd fhdod .;a úYsIag WmlrKhla nj
# f,dj tla tla ÈhqKq YsIagdpdr úiska tla tla wdldrfhka NdIdjka ksmo jQ nj
# tla tla NdIdjka w;r fjkia lï we;s nj
# NdIdfõ iajrEm wkqj rEmdlaIr yd ixfla;dlaIr hkqfjka j¾. l< yels nj
# Ökh" cmdkh wd§ rgj,a wog;a Ndú; lrkafka uq,a hq.fha ksmo jQ rEmdlaIr nj
# bx.%Sis" isxy," fou< wd§ wjfYaI NdId ixfla; u.ska woyia m%ldY lrk nj
# wl=rl yevh b;d È.= ld,hla ;siafia fjkia fjñka mj;sk nj
# wl=f¾ yevh fjkia ùu k;r ù fkdue;s nj
# NdIdjg fydaähla ìys ùu NdIdfõ mßKdufha úfYaI isoaêhla nj
# úúO NdIdj, fydaäh fjkialï iys; nj
# NdIdjg jHdlrK yd fjk;a Í;s iuqodhla wh;a jk nj
# NdIdfõ jHdlrK yd Í;s woyia m%ldYkfha § w;HjYH nj
# NdIdj l,djla fuka u úoHdjla o jk nj
# NdIdfõ m%Njh ms<sn| mßKdujd§ u;hla yd ks¾udKjd§ u;hla we;s nj
2' NdId Wmd¾ckh yd ika k s f õok N+ + ñ ldj

# ì,ss÷ úfha isg u NdIdj bf.k .kakd nj
# NdIdj .%yKh lr .ekSu yd NdIdj mßyrKhg bf.kSu NdId Wmd¾ckh nj
# hï <orejl= ;uka wjg mßirfhka ,efnk ´kEu NdIdjla bf.k .kakd nj
# NdId Wmd¾ckh <ore úfhka wdrïN ù urKh olajd mj;akd wLKav l%shdj,shla nj
# NdIdj mqoa.,hdf.a ikaksfõok ld¾hh i|yd Ndú; jkafka Wmd¾ckh u; nj
# NdIdfõ w¾:fõoh ^Semantics) yd ix{d¾:fõoh ^Semiotics) hkqfjka j¾. folla we;s nj
# tla NdIdjla muKla okakd flfkl=g fjk;a NdIdjla f;areï .; fkdyels nj
3' Ôj NdId m% j K;d

# Ôj NdIdjla ikaksfõok ld¾hh i|yd fhdod .ksñka mj;akd NdIdjla nj
# NdIdjla Ôjudk j mj;skafka th wLKavj Ndú; lsÍu ksid nj
# NdIdj ksrka;rj Ndú; lsÍu ksid th fmdaIKh jk nj yd fjkiajk nj
# NdIdfõ jpkj,g kj w¾: ckkh jk nj
# NdIdfõ jpkj, w¾:hka Ndú;h wkqj fjkia jk nj
# Ôj NdIdjla u.ska jvd;a ixfõ§ f,i yd ks¾udKYS,S f,i woyia m%ldY l< yels nj
# NdIdjla fmdaIKh ùu ksid ixcdkkh ms<sn| úúO;d we;s jk nj
# f,dalfha iuyr NdIdjka l,la Ôj NdIdjkaj ;sî miqj wÔj NdIdjka jQ nj
# iuyr NdId wÔj NdIdjka njg m;a ù miqj Ôj NdId njg m;a lr .;a nj
# Ôj NdIdjl wkkH ,laIK we;s nj
4' NdIdfõ iïu;h yd wiïu;h(

# NdIdjl iïu;h hkak fmdÿ iudch úiska ms<s.;a iïm%odhla iys; nj
# NdIdjl wiïu;h hkak fmdÿ iudch úiska .;a iïm%odhka ì| oukakla nj
# iïu; NdIdjl wkkH ,laIK ;sfnk nj
# iïu; NdIdj hkak f,dalfha ´kEu NdIdjlg fmdÿ woyila nj
# wiïu; NdIdj u.ska iïu; NdIdfõ kshuhka yd ms<s.ekSï W,a,x>kh lrk nj
# NdIdjla jefvk kuq;a wiïu; NdIdj hkq NdIdjl jeãula fkdjk nj
# NdIdjla wiïu; f,i Ndú; lsÍug mqoa.,fhl=g we;s whs;sh iSud l< fkdyels nj
# NdIdjla wiïu; f,i Ndú; lsÍug ckudOHhlg whs;shla ke;s nj
# NdIdjla wiïu; f,i Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn| úúO WodyrK we;s nj
# NdIdjla hï cd;shl wkkH ,laIKhla jk ksid th iq/lsh hq;= nj
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# iïu; yd wiïu; NdIdj ikaksfõok ld¾hfha § Ndú; jk nj
5' Wm NdId
# Wm NdId hkak m%Odk NdId Odrdfjka ì£ wd wkq Odrdjla nj
# Wm NdId wh;a jkafka Wm ixialD;skag nj
# Wm NdIdjla ìys ùu iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk nj
# Wm NdIdjla ;=< m%Odk NdId Odrdfõ ,laIK o Wm NdId Odrdfõ ,laIK o we;=<;a nj
# Wm NdIdjla ìys ùu udkj iudcfha wjYH;djla nj
# Wm NdIdjla ;=< tu ixialD;sfha mßirh ksrEmKh jk nj
# Wm NdIdjla ;=< § hï hï jpk" fhÿï" Wmud" rEml wdÈh ìys jk nj
# Wm NdIdjla tu ck lKavdhug ikaksfõok ld¾hh i|yd w;HjYH nj
# Wm NdIdjka ;sîu m%Odk ckudOHhkag yd m%Odk ikaksfõok Odrdjg ndOdjla nj
# m%dfoaYSh" idudÔh" jD;a;sl" mdßißl wd§ jYfhka Wm NdId ìys ù we;s nj
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ksmqK;d uÜgu( 4'2 NdIdfõ úúO Ndú;hka ixikaokd;aulj olajhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( NdId Ndú; m%fNao
1' NdIKh
2' rEmKh
3' újrKh
4' l:kh
5' f,aLkh
1' NdIdj Ndú; lrk úê úúOdldr nj ú.%y lrhs'
2' NdIdfõ rEmK iajNdj wkdjrKh lr olajhs'
3' NdIdj u.ska újrKh lsÍu w;ayod n,hs'
4' l:kh i|yd NdIdj fhdod .ekSfï úê l%u ixikaokd;aul ú.%y lrhs'
5' f,aLk j¾. i|yd NdIdj Ndú;fha fjkialï yd tys ks¾udKd;aul nj
fmkajhs'
ye¢ka ù u
NdIdj hkq ñksid úiska fidhd .kakd ,o úYsIag;u ikaksfõok fuj,uhs' fï u.ska
ñksid ;u woyia yd ye`.Sï úúOdldrfhka m%ldY lrkakg yels l%u ld,hla ;siafia w;ayod n,d
;sfí' wo mj;sk f,dalfha wm úiska NdIdj Ndú; lrkafka tu w;ayod ne,Sïj, m%;sM,hla
jYfhks'
NdIdj hkq fmdÿ ixl,amhla jqj;a" th Ndú; lrkakg isÿ jkafka úfYaI wjia:d wkqjh'
ta ta wjia:dfjys mek k.sk wjYH;dj wkqj NdIdj Ndú; lrkafka flfiao@ hkak ñksia iudch
fï jk úg y÷kd f.k we;' NdIdfõ jpkj,g yd j.ka;sj,g w¾:hla we;;a" tu w¾: ieu úg
u tl wdldrfhka fhdod fkd .efka' tajd wjia:dkql+, j yd mqoa.,noaO j fjkia fõ'
NdIdfõ w¾:h blaujd hk wdldrhg w¾:h ;yjqre lsÍug fyda fjkia lsÍug fyda l:kfha
§ wjdÑl ikaksfõok l%u úê fhdod .ekSfï § rEmKh ìys fõ' tys § NdIdjg fyda wjdÑl
ix{dj,g fyda fjk u w¾:hla ke;' tys w¾:h ìys jkafka NdIdj yd wjdÑl ix{d tla ùfuks'
fï wdldrfhka rEmKh lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd .; yelafla th È.= ld,hla m%.=K lsÍfuks'
NdIdj" NdIKh yd l:kh hkqfjka fowdldr fõ' NdIKh hkq ;j;a md¾Yajhla iu.
lrkq ,nk l;dny lsÍuls' l:kh tla mqoa.,hl= úiska lrkq ,nk w;r" wfkla md¾Yajhla th
.%yKh lr .kS' l:kfhys iajrEmh wkqj th l:kuh bÈßm;a lsÍuls' fuys § NdIdj jeo.;a
jkafka" .%dylhdg .e<fmk f,io" wjia:djg WÑ; f,i o" wjYH;djg fhda.H f,i o l:kh
i|yd NdIdj fhdod .; hq;= jk ksid h'
NdIdj Ndú; lsÍfï § tys oDYH iajrEmh we;s jkafka f,aLkh ksid h' tkï tys § wlaIr
,shd ;eîu u.ska woyia m%ldY lrkq ,nhs' fï ksid NdIdfõ wx. lsysmhla flfrys oeä wjOdkh
fhduq lrkakg isÿ fõ' NdIdj" wlaIr" j.ka;s wd§ jYfhks' fïjd wjYH;djg .e<fmk wdldrfhka
fhdod .; hq;= h' tfia u th .%dylhkag WÑ; úh hq;= h' NdIdj Ndú;fha § f,aLkhg ,efnk
úYd, jdishla kï th lsisÿ wmyiqjlska f;dr j yd ;dlaIKsl Wml%u Ndú;fhka f;dr j
ixrlaIKh lrkakg we;s yelshdjhs'
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1' NdIKh(
# wfkHdakH ikaksfõok l%shdj,shla i|yd NdIdj Yío ke.Sula nj
# NdIKfha iajrEmh wkqj tys úúO;d we;s nj
# NdIKh u.ska wK §ï" wdhdpkd" wd;au m%ldYk wdÈh bÈßm;a l< yels nj
# NdIKh u.ska mqoa.,hka w;r iqyoYS,S jd;djrKhla ks¾udKh lrk nj
2' rEmKh(
# NdIdj WÉpdrKh iu. bßhõ yd yeisÍï rgd tla lsÍfuka rEmKh ìys jk nj
# rEmKh ksid NdIdfõ w¾:hka ;yjqre ùu $fjkia lsÍu $m%;slafIam lsÍu isÿ jk nj
# rEmKh wfkHdkH ikaksfõokfha § w;HjYH nj
# rEmKh u.ska woyia oeä j m%lafIamKh jk nj
# rEmKh hkq mqoa.,noaO ixisoaêhla nj
# rEmKh bfí mqyqKq jkakla jk w;r" oekqj;a j th ixj¾Okh lr .; yels nj
3' újrKh
# NdIdj u.ska fkdfhla foa újrKh l< yels nj
# udkj iudch ;=< újrKh w;HjYH ld¾hhla nj
# ckudOH Ndú;h ;=< § újrKh ksrka;rfhka isÿ jkakla nj
# ckudOHlrejka fuka u .%dylhka o újrKfha fhfok nj
# újrKh i|yd NdIdj muKla m%udKj;a fkdjk nj
# újrKh i|yd fm!oa.,sl oDIaáhla yd u;jdohla wjYH nj
# NdIdj fhdod .ksñka lrkq ,nkafka fm!oa.,sl oDIaáh yd u;jdoh bÈßm;a lsÍu nj
# tlu ldrKh úúOdldrfhka újrKh lrkakg NdIdj fhdod .; yels nj
4' l:kh
# l:kh hkak woyia jpk y`v kexùfuka bÈßm;a lrkakla nj
# NdIKh yd l:kh iudk ,laIK iys; jqj;a" l:kh tal mqoa., ld¾hhla nj
# NdIdj ks¾udKYS,Sj Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj l:kfha § b;d jeo.;a jk nj
# úúO mqoa.,hka úiska l:kfha § jpk WÉpdrKh úfYaI ,laIK iys;j fhdod .kakd nj
# wjia:dkql+,j l:k rgdj" ßoauh" fõ.h yd fhÿï wdÈfha iqúfYaI;d we;s nj
5' f,a L kh
# f,aLkh hkak wl=re ,sùula fkdjk nj
# f,aLkhlg wruqKla we;s nj
# f,aLkh iïmdokh l< hq;af;a tu wruqK bgq lr .ekSug .e<fmk f,i nj
# úúO f,aLk rgd we;s nj
# kj ;dlaIKsl fidhd .ekSï ksid f,aLk rgd fjkia ù we;s nj
# m%Yia; f,aLkhlska tla jpkhla fyda bj;a l< fkdyels nj
# NdIdfõ kshñ; iïm%odhhka" Í;s" fhÿï" jHdlrK" úrdu ,laIK wdÈh w;HjYH nj
# f,aLk bÈßm;a lsÍfï wdlD;s ;sfnk nj
# úúO f,aLk rgd yd úúO f,aLk wdlD;s wOHhkh l< hq;= nj
46
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 4'3 úúO udOHhkag wod< j NdIdj yeisrùfï l%u úê yd rgd ixikaokd;aul
j w;ayod n,hs'
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( ckudOHhg wod<j NdIdj yeisrùu
1' uqøs; udOH i|yd f,aLkh
2' .=jka úÿ,s udOH i|yd f,aLkh
3' rEmjdyskS udOH i|yd f,aLkh" NdIKh yd l:kh
4' kj udOHhkays NdIdj yeisrùu
1' úúO udOHhkag wod< j NdIdj yeisrùfï l%u iy úê ms<sn| w;ayod n,hs'
2' uqøs; udOHhg wod< j NdIdj Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj m%lg lrhs'
3' .=jka úÿ,s udOHhg wod< j NdIdj Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj m%lg lrhs'
4' rEmjdyskS udOHhg wod< j f,aLkh" l:kh yd NdIKh i|yd NdIdj Ndú;h
w;ayod n,hs'
5' kj udOHhhkays NdIdj Ndú;fha m%jK;d yd .eg¨ úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
;dlaIKsl ixj¾Okh;a iu. NdIdj Ndú; lsÍug kj wjldYhla we;s úh' tkï ckudOH
ìys ùu h' b;d È.= l,la fmdaIKh fjñka mej;s NdIdj Ndú; lrk ,oafoa is;Sug" l;d lsÍug yd
,sùug h' tfy;a ckudOH ìys ùu ksid ta i|yd ckudOH Ndú; lsÍug kj l%ufõohka .fõIKh
lrkakg isÿ úh' ckudOHhkag iïnkaO udOHfõ§ka fuka u" udOH ms<sn| j m¾fhaIK lrkakkao"
udOH wOHdmkfhys fh§ isákakka o fï wdldrfhka NdIdj ckudOH i|yd Ndú; lsÍfï úúO
l%fudamdhhka w;a yod n,kakg jQy'
mqj;am; o" .=jka úÿ,sh o" rEmjdysksh o wkq ms<sfj<ska f,djg ìys jQ w;r" ta tla tla
udOHhkays wdfõKsl ,laIK NdIdj Ndú; lsÍu flfrys iDcqju n, mEfõ h' tfia u NdIdj
ks¾udKd;aul f,i Ndú; lrkakg ckudOHj,g isÿ úh' ixfõ§ mqj;a yd ixfõ§ m%ldYk
flfrys ckhd olajk we,au wjfndaO ùu ksid NdIdj ixfõ§ f,i yiqrejkakg wjYH;djla we;s
úh'
fuys § úfYaIfhka lemS fmfkkakla kï ckudOHfha we;s iSudiys; nj NdIdj flfrys

n, md we;s nj h' mqj;am;la .;a úg tys m%Odk mqj;g we;af;a iSñ; bvls' ta ;=< wdl¾YKSh
f,io" wjYH f;dr;=re we;=<;a jk f,i o" úYd, wl=re fhdod .ksñka NdIdj bÈßm;a lrkakg isÿ
úh' .=jka úÿ,sfha o" rEmjdysksfha o fï wdldrfha úfYaI;d yd iSudjka NdIdj flfrys n, mEï
we;s lf<a h' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka fï jk úg ckudOH NdIdj hkqfjka wkkH;djla we;s
NdIdjla ms<sn| j is;kakg wmg wo isÿ ù ;sfí' ckudOHfha mj;akd ikaksfõol yd .%dyl w;r
mj;akd ÿria: Ndjh o NdIdj flfrys n, md ;sfí' ;uka bÈßfha isák flfkl= iu.
ikaksfõokfhys fhfok úg fhdod .kakd NdIdjg jvd fjkia f,i ;uka fkdokakd .%dylhka
iuQyhla fj; tlajr <`.d ùfï § fhdod .kakd ckudOHhg isÿ ù ;sfí' tneúka ckudOH i|yd
NdId Ndú;h hkq iqúfYaIfhka wOHhkh l< hq;= tfiau ;ju;a ixj¾Okh fkdjQ wOHhk
lafIa;%hla nj fmfka'
;j;a lsj hq;a;la kï" ckudOH w;r mj;akd ;r`.h ksid NdIdj Ndú;h b;d my;
uÜgulg jefgñka mj;sk njh' .%dylhkag iómùu hk ixl,amh jrojd jgyd f.k we;s kj
úoHq;a udOH tÈfkod ckhd fm!oa.,slj l;d lrk NdIdj udOH NdIdj jYfhka fhdod f.k we;'
tfia u NdId lsysmhl úfYaIfhka isxy, yd bx.%Sis fyda isxy, yd fou< tla j NdIdj fhdod f.k
47
l;d lsÍu úoHq;a udOHlrejkaf.a isß;la ù ;sfí' fï u.ska l=uk fyda NdIdjl wkkH;djg fuka
u tys cd;sl ,laIKj,g o nrm;, f,i ydks meñfKa' tmuKla fkdj tu NdId Y%jKh
lrkakkaf.a p¾hd;aul j¾Okh o ì| jeàu je<elaúh fkd yels h' fuys § isÿ j we;af;a ckudOH
i|yd NdIdj Ndú; lsÍfï m%ñ;Ska fjf<| m%;sm;a;s u; ks.ukh lsÍu h'
1' uqøs; udOH i|yd NdId Ndú;h(

# uqøs; udOH hkqfjka mqj;am;a" fmd;a yd i`.rd oelafjk nj
# mqj;am;a" i`.rd yd fmd;aj,g wdfõksl .;s ,laIK we;s nj
# mqj;am; Èkm;d fyda i;sm;d m%ldY jk w;r th yels blauKska lshùu mqreoaola nj
# i`.rd m%ldY ùfuka miq ld,hla jßka jr lshúh yels nj
# fmd;a b;d È.= ld,hla ;siafia jßka jr lshjkakg yels nj
# mqj;amf;a" i`.rdfõ yd fmdf;a wdfõKsl ,laIK wkqj NdIdj Ndú; l< hq;= nj
# fmd;lg we;s bv iSud fkdjk w;r" mqj;am; yd i`.rdj msgq iSud lr we;s nj
# mqj;amf;a yd i`.rdfõ msgqj, we;s iSñ; bv Wmßu f,i fhdod .ekSu ÿIalr ldßhla nj
# idïm%odhsl NdId Ndú;hg jvd fjkia f,i mqj;am;a yd i`.rd NdIdj fhdod .kakd nj
# b;d blaukska .%yKh jk" oeä j oefkk yd ixfõ§ jpk yd fhÿï mqj;am;aj, nyq, nj
# mqj;am;aj, § NdIdj Ndú; lrkafka fmdÿ iudchlg fmdÿfõ WÑ; jk f,i nj
# mqj;am;aj, § tla tla b,lal lKavdhï i|yd NdIdj Ndú; lsÍfï úfYaI;d we;s nj
2' .=jka úÿ,s udOH i|yd NdId Ndú;h

# .=jka úÿ,sh Y%jH udOHhla muKla nj
# .=jka úÿ,sfha NdIdj .%yKh lr .; hq;af;a Y%jKfhka muKla nj
# .=jka úÿ,s .%dylhka úiska ;uka wik foa isf;a ujd .; hq;= nj ^mßl,amkh&
# .=jka úÿ,s wikakka úúO uÜgïj, isák ksid ir, NdIdjla Ndú; l< hq;= nj
# .=jka úÿ,sh i|yd ,sùfï § flá jdlH jeäfhka fhdod .; hq;= nj
# wkjYH mßÈ ixLHd o;a; bÈßm;a fkdl< hq;= nj
# .=jka úÿ,sfha NdId Ndú;h wikakkaf.a mßl,amkh by< kexùug fhda.H úh hq;= nj
# wikakkaf.a oekqu" w;aoelSï" reÑlï" wNs,dIhka wkqj ixcdkkh lrk nj
# .=jka úÿ,s udOHfha § ,sùu ljqreka l<;a" th wikakka fj; f.k hkafka Ys,amSka nj
# .=jka úÿ,s Ys,amSka i;=j ukd" wdl¾IKSh l:k ú,dihla ;sìh hq;= nj
# jpk WÉpdrKh" ióm nj yd úYajikShnj .=jka úÿ,s l:kfha § ;yjqre úh hq;= nj
# .=jka úÿ,s udOHfha § f,aLkh iys; j yd rys; j l:kh isÿ jk nj
# f,aLkh ;snqK;a ke;;a" l:kh ir, úh hq;= nj
# .=jka úÿ,s jev igykaj, iajNdjh wkqj NdIdj fhdod .; hq;= nj
3' rEmjdyskS udOH i|yd f,aLkh" NdIKh yd l:kh

# rEmjdysksh Y%jH" oDYH" p,k yd j¾K udOHhla nj
# rEmjdysksfhys jeä ;ekla w;a jkafka oDYH udOHhg nj
# rEmjdysksfha woyia f.dv kexfjkafka oDYH udOH iu. NdIdj tla ùfuka nj
# rEmjdysksfha § udOH Ys,amshd o oDYHuh jYfhka fmkS isák nj
# rEmjdyskS udOH Ys,amshdf.a ish¨ bßhõ krUkakka olsk nj
# rEmjdyskshg úfYaI ;dlaIK l%u fhdod .kakd nj
# rEmh yd NdIdj tl iudk j m%n,j ;sîu rEmjdyskS udOHfha § w;HjYH nj
# rEmjdysksfha úúO jev igyka i|yd f,aLkh fhdod .kakd nj
# rEmjdyskS msgm;a rpkh ks¾udKYS,S ld¾hhla jk nj
# rEmjdyskS jev igykaj, iajNdjh wkqj NdIdj fhdod .; hq;= nj
48
4' kj udOHhka y s NdIdj yeis r ùu(
# m%Odk jYfhka u mß.Klh " cx.u ÿrl:kh yd wka;¾cd,h wh;a jk nj
# fuu kj udOH j¾;udkfha ikaksfõok ld¾hhka i|yd nyq,j Ndú; jk nj
# kj udOHhkays we;s iSñ; bvlv yd msßjeh wdÈh ksid f,aLk flá úh hq;= nj
# kj udOHhka fndfyduhla cd;Hka;r NdIdj,ska l%shd;aul jk nj
# foaYsSh NdIdj,ska kj udOH l%shd;aul lsÍug kj uDÿldx. wjYH nj
# flá mo fhÿï kj udOHhkays Ndú; jk nj
# bx.%Sis wl=rej,ska foaYSh NdId ,sùfï kj m%jK;djla we;s nj
# kj udOHh ìys ùu ksid foaYSh NdIdjka kj wNsfhda.hlg ,la ù we;s nj
49
tallh ( 4'0 NdId yd ckudOH Ndú;h
ksmqK;dj ( NdIdfõ iajNdjh ms<sn| j ú.%y lrñka úúO udOHhkays § NdIdj Ndú;hg .kakd
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 4'4 ckudOHfha NdId Ndú;fha m%n,;d" ÿn,;d yd iSud ;=,kd;aulj ú.%y lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( ckudOHfha NdId Ndú;fha m%n,;d" ÿn,;d yd iSud
1' ckudOHfha NdId Ndú;fha m%n,;d
2' ckudOHfha NdId Ndú;fha ÿn,;d
3' ckudOHfha NdId Ndú;fha iSud
1' úúO ckudOHhkays NdId Ndú;fha m%n,;d ixikaokd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'
2' úúO ckudOHhkays NdId Ndú;fha ÿn,;d wkdjrKh lr .kS'
3' úúO ckudOHhkays NdId Ndú;fha iSudjka m%ldY lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
ckudOHfha§ NdIdj Ndú; lsÍug ;dlaIKh fhdod .kS' mqj;am;a" .=jka úÿ,sh yd rEmjdyskh
s
hk udOH ;=fka § u wvq jeä jYfhka NdIdj fhdod .kshs' tys § mqj;am; yd .=jka úÿ,sh .efkhs'
jeäfhka o" rEmjdysksh wvqfjka NdIdj Ndú; lrk nj fmfka' tfy;a fuu udOH ;=fka § u
NdIdj Ndú; lsÍfï jeo.;alu tl iudk h'
ckudOHfha § o NdIdj Ndú; lrkafka mqoa.,hd jqj;a" Tjqka ;u Ôú;fha NdIdj Ndú;
lrk wdldrhg jvd fjkia f,i fuys § NdIdj Ndú; lrhs' tys § isÿ jkafka ta ta udOHhkays
mj;akd iqúfYaI;djkag wkql+, j NdIdj Ndú; lsÍu h' túg tys mj;akd m%n,;d" ÿn,;d yd
iSudjka y÷kd .ksñka lghq;= lrkakg isÿ fõ'
1' ckudOHfha NdId Ndú;fha m% n ,;d(

# fláfhka" ixlaIsma;j" ks¾udKYS,Sj NdIdj fhdod .; yels nj
# is;a .kakd iq¨ f,i NdIdj fhdod .; yels nj
# .%dylhdf.a ixfõoS;dj by< kexúh yels nj
# .%dyl wjOdkh ,nd .; yels nj
2' ckudOHfha NdId Ndú;fha ÿn,;d(

# fhdod .kakd NdIdj iudcfha ish¨ .%dylhkag fkd.e<mSug bv we;s nj
# fhdod .kakd NdIdj iudcfha ish¨ .%dylhkag fyd¢ka f;areï .; fkdyels úh yels nj
# fhdod .kakd NdId rgdj iuyr .%dylhka úiska m%;slafIam l< yels nj
3' ckudOHfha NdId Ndú;fha iS u d(

# mqj;am;l bv iSud jk nj
# .=jka úÿ,s udOHfha § yels ;rï fláfhka woyia bÈßm;a l< hq;= nj
# rEmjdysksfha § NdIdj wkjYH mßÈ fhdod .ekSfuka tys rEmuh nj wvq úh yels nj
# .%dyl iSudjka NdIdjg n,mEï we;s lrk nj
# iodpdrd;aul iSudjka ksid NdIdj m%fõYfuka mßyrKh l< hq;= nj
50
tallh
lh( 5'0 uyck iïnkaO;dj ^ld,ÉfPo 50 hs'&
ksmqK;dj( uyck iïnkaO;d ie,eiaula l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd úúO fuj,ï yd l%u fhdod .ekSu
w;ayod n,hs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 5'1 Y%S ,dxlsl iqúfYaI;d mdol lr .ksñka" uyck iïnkaO;dj fln÷±hs
ú.%y lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h( uyck iïnkaO;d ye¢kaùu

1' uyckhd w¾: .ekaùu
2' uyck iïnkaO;dfõ wjYH;dj yd iajNdjh
3' uyck iïnkaO;d ks¾jpk
4' uyck iïnkaO;d Ndú;h ^YS% ,xldj weiqfrka&
1' uyckhd hkak ú.%y lrhs'
2' uyck iïnkaO;dfõ wjYH;dj ;lafiare lrhs'
3' uyck iïnkaO;dfõ iajNdj ú.%y lrhs'
4' uyck iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| ks¾jpk úia;rd;aul j m%ldY lrhs'
5' Y%S ,xldj wdY%s;j uyck iïnkaO;d Ndú;h idïm%odhsl yd kQ;k WodyrK
weiqfrka újrKh lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
uyck iïnkaO;dj hkak w¨;ska y÷kajd ÿka úIh lafIa;%hla f,i fmkqk;a" tys ld¾hhka
yd Ndú;h idïm%odhsl iudch ;=< u ;snqK nj meyeÈ,s h' idïm%odhsl ck Ôú;h ;=< flfrk
úúO iudc ld¾hhkays § tajd id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd ukd uyck iïnkaO;djla wjYH nj ckhd
w;a±lSfuka f;areï .;ay' ta ksid Tjqyq úúO uyck iïnkaO;d l%u úê iudc wjYH;d bgq lr
.ekSu i|yd fhdod .;ay' újdy ux.,H" wjux.,H" úúO wd.ñl yd iudÔh W;aij " f.je§ï"
lDIsld¾ñl ld¾hhka wdÈfhys § fï wdldrfhka ms<s.;a uyck iïnkaO;d l%u b;d wmQrejg Ndú;
lr we;' Y%S ,xldj ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍfï § fmkS hkafka" tu uyck iïnkaO;d l%u úê"
kd.ßl j" .%dóh j" m%foaY jYfhka" wd.ï jYfhka" cd;Ska jYfhka úúO fjkialï iys; j Ndú;
lr we;s nj h
j¾;udk iudcfha kj wjYH;d i|yd o uyck iïnkaO;d jeä jeäfhka fhdod .efka'
úúO ixúOdkj,g ;u meje;au i|yd uyckhd wjYH fõ' tfia u .Dyhlg jqj o meje;au i|yd
ys;j;=ka yd wi,ajdiSka wjYH fõ' foaYmd,k{hkag ish foaYmd,k lghq;= id¾:l j lr f.k
hdu i|yd wdOdr lrejka o" Pkao odhlhka o wjYH fõ' fï wdldrfhka úúO wjYH;d i|yd
uyck iïnkaO;dj fhdod .kakd nj fmfka'
uyck iïnkaO;dj hkak úIhd;aul j meyeÈ,s lrk úg fmkS hkafka" th m%j¾Ok

Wml%uhla jk nj h' túg th wf,úlrKhg wh;a fõ' wf,úlrKfha tla Y%s;hla jkafka
m%j¾Okhhs' tfia;a ke;skï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍuhs' NdKav wf,úlrKfha § mdßfNda.sl iïnkaO;dj
by< uÜgul mj;ajd f.k hdu wjYH fõ' m%j¾Ok Wml%uhla f,i uyck iïnkaO;dj fhdod
.kS' uyckhd ;u jHdmdrh flfrys m%ikak ye`.Sulska hqla; kï th jHdmdrfha ÈhqKqjg fya;= fõ'
fï ksid uyckhd ;=< tjeks m%ikak ye`.Sula we;s lsÍug yd tu ye`.Su mj;ajd f.k hdug úúO
uyck iïnkaO;d Wml%u Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'
iuia;hla jYfhka lsj yelafla" idïm%odhsl iudch ;=< o" kùk ixúOdk ;=< o uyck
iïnkaO;d wjYH;dj tl wdldrfhka u mj;sk nj h' fjkilg we;af;a tla tla wjYH;djka
i|yd fhdod .kakd uyck iïnkaO;d l%u úê fjkialï iys; ùu h' tfy;a wjidkfha ta
ish,af,a wruqK tl h' tkï uyckhd iu. fyd| ys;j;a iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd f.k hdu h'
mdi,la WodyrKhg .;a úg jqj o fmkS hkafka thg ckm%sh;ajhla wdfrdamKhùug uyck
51
iïnkaO;dj m%fhdackhg .efkk nj h' ta ksid ±kqj;a j uyck iïnkaO;d Wml%u ie,iqï lr
Ndú; lsÍfuka" ;ud fyda ;u jHdmdrh fyda ;ud o isák ixúOdkh fyda id¾:l j mj;ajd f.k
hkakg yels nj h'
1' uyckhd w¾: .ekaùu

# uyck iïnkaO;d ld¾hfha § uyckhd hkak fmdÿ uyckhd fkd jk nj
# fmdÿ uyckhd w;ßka f;dard .;a msßila muKla uyckhd f,i fuys § ie,flk nj
# ta wkqj uyck ^Publics) hkak nyqjpkfhka hqla; j w¾:l:kh jk nj
# iEu ixúOdkhlg u f;dard .;a uyck lKavdhula isák nj
# ixúOdkhlg wh;a uyck lKavdhu ixúOdkh ;=< o msg;g o isák nj
# tla ixúOdkhlg wh;a uyck lKavdhu ;j;a ixúOdkhlg wh;a uyck lKavdhug
jvd fjkia úh yels nj
# jdKscuh ixúOdkhla .;a úg thg wh;a jk uyck lKavdhu my; i|yka mßÈ j¾. l<
yels nj
1' m%cdj
2' fiajl msßi
3' fiajd iy øjH imhkafkda
4' wdfhdaclfhda ^ nexl= jeks uQ,Hdh;k&
5' fnodyßkafkda
6' mdßfNda.slfhda yd mßYS,lfhda
7' WmfoaYlfhda
# fï wdldrfhka ´kE u ixúOdkhlg wh;a uyck lKavdhu j¾. l< yels nj
2' uyck iïnka O ;dfõ wjYH;dj yd ia j Ndj

# jdKscuh fyda jdKscuh fkdjk fyda fln÷ ixúOdkhl jqj o meje;aug thg iïnkaO
uyckhd w;HjYH nj
# .Dyhlg fyda wd.ñl uOHia:dkhlg fyda mdi,lg fyda wdfrda.HYd,djlg jqj o
tajdfha meje;aug thg iïnkaO uyckhd w;HjYH nj
# uyck iïnkaO;dfõ wjYH;dj jdKsc wjYH;dj blaujd hk nj
wf,úlrK ñY%h m%j¾Ok ñY%h
ksIamdÈ;h ñ,
m%pdrKh m%isoaêh
fnod yeÍu m%j¾Okh fm!oa.,sl uyck

wf,úh iïnkaO;dj
52
3' uyck iïnka O ;d ks ¾ jpk(
# uyck iïnkaO;dj ±kaùïlrKfhka fjkia jk nj yd ±kaùïlrKh Ndú; fkd l<;a
iEu ixúOdkhlg u uyck iïnkaO;dj w;HjYH nj
# uyck iïnkaO;dj wf,úlrKfhka fjkia jk nj yd wf,úlrKfhys wx.hla jYfhka
uyck iïnkaO;dj ±laúh yels nj
# uyck iïnkaO;dj wf,ú m%j¾Okfhka fjkia jk nj
# uyck iïnkaO;dj m%pdrKfhka fjkia jk nj
# uyck iïnkaO;dj m%isoaêfhka fjkia jk nj yd uyck iïnkaO;dj ksid m%isoaêh we;s
jk nj
# úúO m¾fhaIlhka úiska úúO ks¾jpk bÈßm;a lr we;s nj
# tla tla ks¾jpkj, jpk" úia;r lsÍï yd fhÿï fjkia f,i fmkqk;a" tajdfha iuia;
w¾:h iudk jk nj
ì% ; dkH uyck iunka O ;d wdh;kfha ks ¾ jpkh(

_ uyck iïnkaO;d hkq" lsishï ixúOdkhla iy thg wod< ck;dj w;r wfkHdkH
wjfndaOh ia:dms; lr mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd is;d u;d" ie,iqï iy.; j " bjiSfuka hq;= j orkq
,nk m%h;akhls'
bka È hdkq uyck iïnka O ;d wdh;kfha ks ¾ jpkh(

uyck iïnkaO;dj hkq hï ixúOdkhla yd thg wod< uyckhd w;r wfkHdkH wjfndaOh
yd lS¾;s kduh f.dv kexùu yd mj;ajd f.k hdu .kq ,nk ie,iqï iy.; yd l,a mj;akd ish¨
m%h;akhka h'
ta wkqj fuu ks¾jpkj,ska uyck iïnkaO;djg wh;a m%Odk ld¾hhka ;=kla biau;= lr
oelafjhss'
1' ixúOdkhlg wod< ck lKavdhï yd mj;ajk in|;d
2' fyd| in|;d we;s lr .ekSug fhdod .kakd l%u yd úê
3' in|;dj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh fyda ;;a;ajh
4' uyck iïnkaO;d Ndú;h ^ Y%S ,xldj weiqßka&(

# Y%S ,dxlsl b;sydifha rcjre yd md,lfhda ish uyckhd iu. ukd iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd
f.k hdug fjfyiqKq nj
# uyck;dj w;r m%idoh jeä lr .ekSu i|yd rcjreka úiska úúOdldr wd.ñl lghq;="
l,d Ys,am" idys;Hh wdÈ lafIa;%j, lghq;= l< nj
# uyckhdf.a woyia ,nd .ekSu i|yd rcjreka yd md,lhka fjia j<d f.k ixpdrh l<
nj
# miq ld,Sk j Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH n,h w;am;a lr .;a úfoaYslhka o" uyck;djf.a m%idoh
,nd .ekSu i|yd ie,iqï iy.; j úúO uyck iïnkaO;d ld¾hhka isÿ l< nj
# 1948 § fida,anß fldñIka iNdfõ Wmfoia u; rdcH m%jD;a;s fomd¾;fïka;=jla msysgqùfuka
rdcH uyck iïnkaO;dj flfrys jeo.;a mshjrla .;a nj
# m%jD;a;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%:u md,k jd¾;djg wkqj tys wdrïNl wruqKq fufia h'
1' rch yd ck;dj w;r uyck iïnkaO;d by< wÈhrlg kexùu
2' úúO m%ldYk" w;afmd;a" m%jD;a;s ksfõok yd m%jD;a;s jd¾;d wdÈh ksl=;a lsÍu
u.ska rcfha jev lghq;= ms<sn| uyckhd oekqj;a lsÍu
3' furg f;dr;=re úuikakd jQ úfoaYslhkg yd iajfoaYslhkg yd fmdÿ rdcH
uKav,hg wh;a fjk;a rdcHhka i|yd o Y%S ,xldj fjkqfjka fmkS isák ¥;
uKav,h i|yd o f;dr;=re iemhSu
4' rcfha Ñ;%mg wxYfha lghq;= ixúOdkh lsÍu
5' rcfha m%ldYk ksl=;a lsÍu yd rcfha m%ldYk wf,úh
# rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl fyda rdcH fkd jk ixúOdkj, uyck iïnkaO;d lghq;= Ndr j
uyck iïnkaO;d ks,Odß $ udOH ks,Odß $ m%jD;a;s ks,Odß wd§ ;k;=re kï j,ska
53
ye¢kafjk ks,OdÍka isák nj
# úúO uÜgfï uyck ksfhdað;hka i|yd uyck iïnkaO;d ks,OdÍka $ udOH ks,OdÍka
$ m%jD;a;s ks,OdÍka isák nj
# fmd,sisfha uyck iïnkaO;d wxYh o" wdrlaIl fiajdjkays udOH m%ldYlhka o uyck
iïnkaO;d ld¾hhkays fh§ isák nj
# fmd,sia uyck iïnkaO;d yd wmrdO je<elaùfï ld¾hdxYfhka flfrk ld¾hhka
^1& wmrdO ksjdrK l%u ms<sn| j uyck;dj yd mdi,a isiqka oekqj;a lsÍfï foaYk
^2& fmd,sia yd uyck;dj w;r in|;d jev ÈhqKq lsÍfï foaYk" iïuka;%K yd jev
uq`t ixúOdkh lsÍu yd meje;aùu
^3& úúO úIhhka ms<n s | j ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,j, wkq.y % fhka
,nd .kakd flá jd¾;d Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ykh lsÍu
^4& mdi,a m%o¾Yk i|yd fmd,sia ld¾hNdrh y÷kd .ekSug yels m%o¾Yk l=á ixúOdkh
lsÍu
^5& wmrdO je<elaùu yd uyck iïnkaO;d úIhhka ms<sn| mqj;am;aj, ,sms m<
lsÍfuka ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu
^6& wdmod wjia:dj, § uyck;djg ms<sirK ùu yd iykdOdr lghq;= lsÍu
^7& Èjhsfka m%Odk wd.ñl W;aijj, § uyckhdg msysgùu i|yd uyck iïnkaO;d
ld¾hdxYhla mj;ajd f.k hdu
^8& rEmjdyskh s " .=jka úÿ,sh yd mqj;am;a we;=`t ckudOH i|yd fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;j
=
iïnkaO uyck;djg jeo.;a jkakd jQ úúO m%jD;a;s uqod yeÍu yd jev igyka
ixúOdkh lsÍu
^9& cd;sl jeo.;alula we;s wjia:dj, § m%jD;a;s fomd¾;fïka;=j iy taldnoaOj
l%shd lsÍu
^10& fmd,sia ks,OdÍka oekqj;a lsÍu yd uyck iïnkaO;d ld¾hhka ms<sn| j foaYk
meje;aùu yd ixúOdkh lsÍu
# Y%S ,dxlsl ck iudch ;=< úúO iudÔh wjia:djkays iqúfYaI uyck iïnkaO;d úê yd
l%u Ndú; lrk nj ^újdy ux.,Hh" wjux.,Hh" wd.ñl W;aij" hd;= l¾u" jd¾Isl
iïm%odhsl W;aij &
# iudc ixúOdkhla f,i .;a úg mjq,lg o uyck iïnkaO;d ie,eiaula ;sìh hq;= nj
# ;ks mqoa.,hka o iudcfha ;ukaf.a ia:dkh mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd uyck iïnkaO;d
ie,eiaula l%shd;aul lrk nj
# mdi,lg o M,odhs uyck iïnkaO;d ie,eiaula ilia lr l%shd;aul lsÍfuka" iudch ;=<
ckm%sh;ajhla w;a m;a lr .; yels nj
54
tallh
w;ayod n,hs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 5'2 uyck iïnkaO;d i|yd fhdod .; yels úúO fuj,ï yd úê w;ayod n,hs'
úIh wka;¾.;h( uyck iïnkaO;d fuj,ï yd úê

1' uqøs; udOH
2' Y%jH - oDYH udOH
3' PdhdrEm
4' m%o¾Yk
5' udOH iïnkaO;d
6' wkq.%dyl;ajh
7' mdßißl fuj,ï
1' uyck iïnkaO;d lghq;= i|yd fhdod .kakd fuj,ï yd úê úia;r lrhs'
2' ta ta fuj,ï yd úê ixikaokd;aul j w.h lrhs'
3' ta ta fuj,ï yd úê uyck iïnkaO;d lghq;= i|yd fhdod .kakd wdldrh ú.%y
lrhs'
4' ta ta fuj,ï yd úê Ndú;h ms<sn| w;aoelSï ,nd .kshs'
ye¢ka ù u
uyck iïnkaO;d lghq;= i|yd úúO fuj,ï Ndú; l< yels h' tajdhska m%uqL fuj,ï
jk uqøs; udOH" Y%jH - odYH udOH " PdhdrEm " m%o¾Yk yd mdßißl fuj,ï ms<sn| j o" udOH
iïnkaO;d yd wkq.%dyl;ajh hk uyck iïnkaO;d úê ms<sn|j o uQ,sl ksmqK;djla ,nd .ekSu
b;d m%fhdackj;a h' fuu fuj,ï yd úê iqúfYaI wkkH ,laIKj,ska hqla; fõ' tfia u tajd
fjka fjka j uyck iïnkaO;d lghq;= i|yd fhdod .; fkd yels h' tajd fhdod .; hq;af;a
cd,hla jYfhks' ke;fyd;a moaO;shla jYfhks' fuu cd,h f.dv kexùu i|yd tajdfha wkkH
,laIK fjka fjka j y÷kd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ'
1' uqøs; udOH(

# msgm;a jeä ixLHdjla wjYH jk uqøK ld¾hhl § nyq, j fhdod .kafka iu;,
uqøKh nj
# msgm;a wvq ixLHdjla wjYH jk uqøK ld¾hhl § äðg,a uqøK l%uh jdisodhl jk
nj
# iu;, yd äðg,a uqøK l%uj, ksudj Wiia nj
# äðg,a uqøK l%u fhdod f.k nek¾" fmdaiag¾ wdÈh" lvodis" fmd,s;Ska" frÈ" ma,diaála"
wdÈfha uqøKh l< yels nj' iu;, uqøKfha § tjeks øjH Ndú;h wiSre nj
# uqøs; udOHfha § w;a m;%sld" fmdaiag¾" f*da,av¾" mqj;a i`.rd" jdr i`.rd' nek¾" m%o¾Yk
mqjre" wdosh ks¾udKh l< yels nj
# uqøs; udOHfha § we;=<;a lrkq ,nk jpk yd rEm b;d m%fõYfuka f;dard .; hq;= nj
# ish¨ jpk yd rEm uyck iïnkaO;d b,lal imqrd .ekSug fhda.H oehs ;lafiare l<
hq;= nj
# uqøs; udOH fuj,ï .%dylhd <`. l,la ;nd .; yels nj
# b;d wdl¾IKSh f,i uqøs; udOH ielish hq;= nj
# tla tla uqøs; udOH ksIamdokj, .=Kdx. ms<sn| j fjka fjka j ie,lsh hq;= nj
# tla tla uqøs; udOH ksIamdok fhdod .kafka fjka fjka wruqKq i|yd nj
55
2' Y%jH - oDYH udOH(
# Y%jH - oDYH fuj,ï uyck iïnkaO;d lafIa;%fha § b;d M,odhS f,i fhdod .kakd nj
# rEmjdysksh yd iskudj hk Y%jH - oDYH udOHhkaf.ka rEmjdysksh nyq, f,i uyck
iïnkaO;d lghq;= i|yd fhdod .kakd nj
# rEmjdysksfha ish¨ jev igyka uyck iïnkaO;d lghq;= i|yd fhdod .; yels nj
- # m%jD;a;s úldYh
- # ld,Sk jev igyka
- # l%Svd jev igyka
- # úfYaI jev igyka ^ bjqï msyqï" WoHdk md,kh" i;a;aj md,kh jeks &
- # kdgH yd fjk;a kdgHuh jev igyka
- # ix.S;uh jev igyka
- # wd.ñl jev igyka
- # idlÉPd yd ixjdo jev igyka
- # <ud jev igyka
- # úoHd jev igyka
- # wOHdmk jev igyka
- # pdßld jev igyka
- # ldka;d jev igyka wdÈh
# fuhg wu;r j ia,hsâ m%lafIamKh" ´j¾ fyâ m%lafIamKh" nyq udOH m%lafIamKh wdÈh
o iu. ixhqla; ;eá" má wdÈh fhdod .; yels nj
3' PdhdrEm(
# úúO j¾.fha ;dlaIKh fhdod .;a PdhdrEm úúO mßudKfhka fhdod .; yels nj
# PdhdrEm wmyiqjlska f;dr j hï flá ld,hla m%o¾Ykh l< yels nj
# uyck iïnkaO;d i|yd PdhdrEm ks¾udKh lsÍu b;d ie,ls,af,ka l< hq;= nj
# fhda.H PdhdrEm f.dkqjlska ksis f,i f;dard .; hq;= nj
# l;d lrk PdhdrEm ke;fyd;a l%shdldÍ PdhdrEm jvd;a fhda.H nj
# uyck iïnkaO;d lghq;= i|yd PdhdrEm ks¾udKh úfYaI{ ld¾hhla nj
# uyck iïnkaO;d i|yd úúOdldrfhka PdhdrEm fhdod .; yels nj
•PdhdrEm m%o¾Ykd.drhla wLKav j mj;ajd f.k hdu
•wjYH whg PdhdrEm msgm;a ,nd .ekSug bv ie,iSu
•m%jD;a;s ksfõok iu. PdhdrEm ksl=;a lsÍu
•úfYaIdx. ,sms iu. m< lsÍug ,nd §u
•ljq`t m%o¾Yk jYfhka bÈßm;a lsÍug
•úúO úfYaI wjia:dj, § m%o¾Ykh lsÍug
•úYd,kh lr m%isoaO ia:dkj, m%o¾Ykh lsÍug
•ixúOdkfha jdr m%ldYkj, we;=<;a lsÍug
•úúO m;%sld ^yEkaâ ì,aia" ,S*a,Üia" f*da,av¾ia"& fmd;a msxp" fmdaiag¾" fiajl
•w;afmd;a" jd¾Isl jd¾;d wdÈfha wjYH jQ úg we;=<;a lsÍug
• ksYap, PdhdrEm jYfhka úúO wjia:dj, Ndú; lsßug
# PdhdrEmj,g mdGhla fh§u u.ska thg jvd;a ks¾udKYS,S w¾:hla ,nd Èh yels nj
4' m%o¾Yk
# m%o¾Ykj, wruqK jkafka" tajd krUkakg meñfKkakka u.ska woyia fnod yeÍu nj
# l=uk fyda ixúOdkhl wruqKla bgq lr .ekSug ie,iqï l< m%o¾Yk fhdod .; yels nj
# m%o¾Yk úúO j¾. ;sfnk nj
• uyck m%o¾Yk
• fjf<| m%o¾Yk
• lDIsld¾ñl m%o¾Yk
• wOHdmk m%o¾Yk
• ffjoH m%o¾Yk
56
• cd;Hka;r m%o¾Yk
• cx.u m%o¾Yk
• l=vd m%o¾Yk ^ ljq`t m%o¾Yk" m%o¾Yk mqjre" .ukd.uk fiajdjkays m%o¾Yk wdÈh&
# fndfyda úg iïuka;%K yd m%o¾Yk tla j mj;ajk nj
# m%o¾Yk krUkakkag f.k hdug hï hï uyck iïnkaO;d fuj,ï wjYH nj
# uyck iïnkaO;dj i|yd m%o¾Yk fhdod .kakd w;r u" m%o¾Ykh id¾:l lr .kakg
uyck iïnkaO;d jev igykla wjYH nj
5' udOH iïnka O ;d(

# uyck iïnkaO;d ie,eiaug wod< f;dr;=re Wmßu jYfhka mqj;am;a yd úoHq;a udOH
u.ska ck;dj fj; heùug yd ck;dj ;=< ta ms<sn| oekqu" wjfndaOh yd m%idoh f.dv
kexùug udOH iïnkaO;d u.ska W;aidy .kakd nj
# udOH iïnkaO;d jev igykla meje;aùug fmr ish¨ udOH ms<sn| b;d fyd| wjfndaOhla
;sìh hq;= nj
# id¾:l udOH iïnkaO;djla i|yd jQ uQ,O¾u ;sfnk nj
• uyck iïnkaO;d ks,OdÍka ish¨ udOH iu. oaú ud¾.sl iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd
f.k hd hq;= nj
• ;u ixúOdkh ms<sn| ksjerÈ yd úYajdikSh f;dr;=re blaukska ,nd .; yels
l%uh ms<sn| j ish¨ udOH oekqj;a lr ;sîu
• udOHj,g wjYH ish¨ f;dr;=re fhda.H udOH ,nd §u
• wjYH jQ úg fyda ld,Sk jYfhka udOH iïuka;%K meje;aùu
• hï hï f;dr;=re ;yjqre lr .ekSug udOHj,g bv lv i,id §u
• uyck iïnkaO;d ks,Odß yd ixúOdkfha by< l<ukdldß;ajh udOH iu.
fm!oa.,sl iïnkaO;d wvq jeä jYfhka mj;ajd f.k hdu
• ld,Sk j m%jD;a;s ksfõok udOH fj; ksl=;a lsÍu
# udOH idlÉPd yd iïuka;%K meje;aùu u.ska udOH iïnkaO;d m%j¾Okh l<
yels nj
# udOH iïnkaO;d meje;aùu i|yd úfYaI{ ks,Odßhl= ´kE u ixúOdkhl isáh
hq;= nj
6' wkq . % d yl;a j h(

# ixúOdkfha lS¾;s kduh yd uyck wjfndaOh jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSug iu;a jk úúO
iudc l%shdldrlï i|yd uQ,H m%;smdok ,nd §u fuhska woyia jk nj
# flá ld,Sk l%shdldrlïj,g o" È.= ld,Sk jHdmD;sj,g o wkq.%dyl;ajh ,efnk nj
# wkq.%dyl;ajh ie,iSu tl`. jQ fldkafoais u; isÿ jk nj
# úúO lafIa;%j, l%shdldrlï yd jHdmD;s i|yd wkq.%dyl;ajh olajk nj
# l%Svd # ixialD;sl yd wd.ñl # m%ldYk
# m%o¾Yk # wOHdmkh # mqkH lghq;=
# jD;a;sl lghq;= # fi!LH lghq;= # ksjdi yd ud¾.
# úêu;a j lghq;= lrk fndfyda ixúOdk ish jd¾Isl yd È.= ld,Sk ie,eiaug wkqj
wkq.%dyl;ajh l%shd;aul lrk nj
# m%pdrK ±kaùulska ,efnk m%pdrKhg jvd wkq.%dyl;ajh u.ska ,efnk uyck
m%idoh by< uÜgul mj;sk nj
# Y%S ,xldj ;=< u;ameka yd ÿïjeá ksIamdolhkag wkq.%dyl;ajh ±laúh fkd yels nj
7' mdßißl fuj,ï(

# ixúOdkhlg .kqfokqlrejka yd uyckhd meñfKk ia:dkhla ;sfnk nj
^Wod( nexl=j" ;eme,a ld¾hd,h" frday," ld¾hd,h" mdi,a" fjf<| ie,a wd§ f,i&
# ta ta ia:dkhkag meñfKk mqoa.,hka ;=< m%idohla yd m%ikak ye`.Sula we;s jk
wdldrfhka tu ia:dkj, mßirh ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj
# iqkaor f.dvke.s,s mßirh" u,a fmdaÉÑ" ud`t gexls" l=vd orejka i|yd fi,a,ï NdKav"
57
rEmjdyskS hka;%" jdhq iólrKh" iem myiq .Dy NdKv yd WmlrK" uyck
iïnkaO;d i|yd fhdod .kakd uqøs; øjH wd§ fndfyda foa mdßißl fuj,ï .Khg
wh;a jk nj
# ´kEu ixúOdkhl fujeks ie,iqï lrk ,o mdßißl fuj,ï fhdod .ekSfuka
uyck iïnkaO;d wruqKq bgq lr .; yels nj
# ksjil jqj o fhda.H mdßißl fuj,ï fhdod .ekSfuka tu ksjig meñfKk
uyckhd ;=< m%ikak ye`.Sula we;s l< yels nj
# mdßißl fuj,ï ks¾udKh yd kv;a;=j i|yd msßjehla iys; nj
# hï ixúOdkhl mdßißl fuj,ï ie,iqï iy.; j f.dv kexúh hq;= nj
# fmd,sishla fyda frday,la fyda jeks ia:dkhl jqj o fhda.H mdßißl fuj,ï f.dv
kexùu ;=<ska fyd| uyck iïnkaO;djla f.dv kexúh yels nj
58
tallh( 5'0 uyck iïnkaO;dj ^ld,ÉfPo 50 hs'&
ksmqK;dj( 5'0 uyck iïnkaO;d ie,eiaula l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd úúO fuj,ï yd l%u fhdod
.ekSu w;ayod n,hs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 5'3 uyck iïnkaO;d i|yd úúO ksmqK;d m%lg lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h( uyck iïnkaO;d ksmqK;d

1' uqøs; udOH ksmqK;d
2' udOH ksfõok
3' udOH idlÉPd
4' mßirh ks¾udKh
5' mqoa., m%;srEmh
1' uyck iïnkaO;d lghq;= i|yd uqøs; udOH fhdod .kS'
2' udOH ksfõok ksl=;a lsÍu m%dfhda.sl j isÿ lrhs'
3' wdo¾Y udOH idlÉPdjla mj;ajhs'
4' uyck iïnkaO;d m%j¾Okh jk fia f;dard .;a mßirhla ks¾udKh lrhs'
5' uyck iïnkaO;d ld¾hfhys § mqoa., m%;srEmh f.dv kxjk wdldrh úoyd
olajhs'
ye¢ka ù u
uyck iïnkaO;d lghq;= id¾:l j l%shd;aul l< yelafla" ta i|yd m%udKj;a ksmqK;d
ixj¾Okh lr .;a whg h' tneúka fln÷ uyck iïnkaO;d ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lr .; hq;=oehs
isiqka úiska oek .; hq;= h' tajd w;ayod ne,sh hq;= h' uqøs; udOH ksmqK;d hkafkka hï uq,a
msgm;la ks¾udKh lr th uqøs; udOHfhka m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu yd f;dard .;a .%dylhka fj; tajd
,efnkakg ie,eiaùu woyia flf¾' fuys § uQ,sl jYfhka fln÷ uqøK ;dlaIK l%u flfia fhdod
.kafkao@ hkak ms<sn| j ksmqK;dj ;sìh hq;= h' j¾;udkfha § iu;, uqøK l%uh nyq, j fhdod
.kakd w;r" wjYH wjia:djka ys § ;sr uqøKh o" wxls; msgm;alrKh o fhdod .efka' ta wkqj ta
ta uqøK l%uj, ;dlaIKsl lghq;= ms<sn| j o" ta ta ld¾hhka i|yd fhdod .kakd lvodis fyda fndaâ
wdÈh o" wl=re j¾. wdÈh o ms<sn| j ukd j oek isáh hq;= h'
udOH ksfõok ksl; = a lrkqfha lsih

s ï ksYÑ
a ; ld¾hhla iïnkaO j h' tjeks udOH ksfõokhla
i|yd ukd f,i NdIdj fhdod .; hq;= h' tfia u wkjYH tla wl=rlaj;a tjeks ksfõokhlg
we;=<;a fkd úh hq;= h' ta ksid NdIdj ks¾udKYS,S j Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn| ksmqK;d fuys § w;HjYH
fõ' tmuKla fkdj udOH ksfõokhg wka;¾.; úh hq;= lreKq ms<sn| ksis yeoEÍula l< hq;= w;r
u' wjYH f;dr;=re l%udkql+, j we;=<;a lsÍu wjYH h'
udOH idlÉPdjla meje;aùfï ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lr .; hq;af;a" tjekakla meje;aùfï

m%dfhda.sl w;aoelSula ,nd .ksñks' tneúka mdif,a úfYaI ld¾hhla iïnkaO lr .ksñka udOH
idlÉPdjla ixúOdkh lr meje;aùu wjYH h' udOH idlÉPdjla mj;ajk wdldrh ms<sn| idlÉPd
lsÍfuka muKla tu w;aoelSu ,nd .; fkd yels h'
mßir ks¾udKh lsÍfï § f;dard .;a ia:dkhl mßirh is;a .kakd iq¨ wdldrfhka ks¾udKh
lsÍfï w;aoelSï ,nd .; hq;= h' iuyr úg mdif,a ld¾hd,h fï i|yd f;dard .kakg mq¿jk'
msg;ska meñfKk wuq;;
a kag fyda foudmshkag fyda i;=áka meñK" i;=áka wdmiq hd yels jd;djrKhla
ks¾udKh lsÍu fuys wruqKhs' fï u.ska mdi,g by< uyck iïnkaO;d ixialD;shla we;s lr
.ksh's
mqoa., m%;srEmh by< kexùu wjYH jkafka" ;uka yuq jk uyck;dj ;=< úYajdihla yd
m%ikak ye`.Sula we;s lsÍu i|yd h' ta wkqj mqoa.,hl=f.a ldh NdIdj fuka u yeisÍï rgd o' bßhõ
59
o mqoa., m%;srEmh f.dvkexùug iyh fõ' tmuKla fkdj udOH Ndú; lrñka mqoa.,hl= f.a
m%;srEmh f.dv kxjkakg o mq¿jk' fï i|yd Wmdh ud¾. Ndú; lrkakg isÿ fõ' úfYaIfhka
wdh;k m%Odkshl= f.a m%;srEmh kexùfï Wmdh ud¾. oek f.k isàu yd tajd w;ayod ne,Su o
m%fhdackj;a h'
1' uqøs; udOH ksmqK;d(

# W;a;, uqøKh" iu;, uqøKh" ;sr uqøKh " wxls; uqøKh ;dlaIKsl jYfhka fjkia nj
# W;a;, uqøKh i|yd Bhï wl=re Ndú; jk nj
# W;a;, uqøKh l%ufhka Ndú;fhka neyer fjñka mj;sk nj
# iu;, uqøKh i|yd uqøK ;yvq Ndú; lrk nj
# iu;, uqøKh u.ska Wiia ;;a;ajfha uqøs; msgm;a ,nd .; yels nj
# ;sr uqøKh fjku u Ys,amSh l%uhla jk nj
# ;sr uqøKh u.ska lvodis" frÈ" fndaâ wdÈfha uqøKh l< yels nj
# wxls; uqøKh j¾;udkfha b;d ckm%sh nj
# wxls; uqøKh b;d blauKska ksu lr .; yels nj
# wxls; uqøKh u.ska wvq msgm;a m%udKhla jqj o ,nd .; yels nj
# wxls; msgm;alrKh u.ska b;d blauKska jd¾;d wdÈh iïmdokh l< yels nj
# tla tla uqøK l%u tla tla wjYH;d i|yd úúO f,i fhdod .; yels nj
# ta ta uqøK l%uj, .=Kd;aul nj" msßjeh yd ksuejqï fõ.h fjkia jk nj
2' udOH ks f õok(

# udOH ksfõokhla ilia lsÍu i|yd uQ,sl f;dr;=re .fõIKhla l< hq;= nj
# udOH ksfõokhg wruqKq f.dv kexúh hq;= nj
# wjYH f;dr;=re m%fõYfuka f;dard .; hq;= nj
# f;dard .;a f;dr;=re ks¾udKd;aul j yd fhda.H wdldrfhka f.dkq l< hq;= nj
# ish¨ udOHj,g WÑ; f,i ksfõokh ilia l< hq;= nj
# ksfõokhg ks, jYfhka w;aika l< hq;= nj
# udOH ksfõok ksl=;a lsÍfï § *elaia mKsjqv iy úoHq;a ;EmE, jvd;a fhda.H nj
3' udOH idlÉPd(

# udOH idlÉPdjlg wruqKla f.dv kexúh hq;= nj
# udOH idlÉPdfõ § bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk woyia ksis f,i f.dkq l< hq;= nj
# wjYH mßÈ uqøs; fyda Y%jH oDYH wdldrfhka f;dr;=re m%;sks¾udKh l< hq;= nj
# udOH idlÉPdj i|yd fhda.H ia:dkhla f;dard f.k th ms%shckl f,i iQodkï l< hq;=
nj
# udOH idlÉPdj i|yd hjkq ,nk wdrdOkd m;%h f;dard .;a ;eke;a;ka fj; ,efnk
njg iy;sl lr .ekSu yd Tjqkaf.ka m%;spdr ,nd .ekSu
# udOH idlÉPdjg iyNd.s jkakka i|yd fyd¢ka ix.%y l< hq;= nj
# udOH idlÉPdjg meñfKkakka ms<s .ekSfï ljq`tjla meje;aúh hq;= nj
# ld,h iliqrejï f,i Ndú; lrñka ie,iqï l< fõ,djg u idlÉPdj ksu l< hq;= nj
# idlÉPdjg iyNd.s jkakkag m%Yak wikakg bv Èh hq;= nj
4' mßirh ks¾udKh(

# meñfKk uyckhdf.a is;a weo .kakd iq¨ wdldrfhka mßirh ks¾udKh l< hq;= nj
# ta i|yd f;dard .kakd ia:dkh fyd¢ka wOHhkh l< hq;= nj
# mßirh ks¾udKh lsÍfï ie,eiaula ilia lr .; hq;= nj
# mßir ks¾udKfha È.= ld,Sk meje;aula fuka u flá ld,sSk meje;aula o we;s nj
# mßirh wLKav j m%sh ckl f,i mj;ajd f.k hdu l< hq;= nj
# mßirh ks¾udKh lsÍu yd th kv;a;= lsÍu ta ta whg mejßh hq;= nj
60
5' mqoa., m%;srEmh(
# mqoa.,hl= f.a m%;srEmh f.dv kexùu o uyck iïnkaO;d ld¾hhla jk nj
# mqoa.,hdf.a .;s ,laIK" wej;=ï - mej;=ï" yeisÍï yd fmkqu wdÈh fhda.H f,i ielish
hq;= nj
# iuyr ld¾hhkays § mqoa., m%;srEmh b;d jeo.;a jk nj
# mqoa., m%;srEm f.dv kexùu È.= ld,Sk ld¾hhla jk nj
# hï ixúOdkhl mqoa.,hkaf.a m%;srEmh tu ixúOdkhg lS¾;shla jk f,i mj;sk nj
# ;ukaf.a m%;srEmh o f.dv kxjd .ekSu flfrys yeu flfkla u ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= nj
# ;ukaf.a m%;srEmh f.dv kexfjkafka fln÷ .=Kdx. fyda ,laIKj,ska oehs y÷kd .; hq;=
nj
# fhda.H .=Kdx. fyda ,laIK fmdaIKh lr .; hq;= nj
61
tallh
w;ayod n,hs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 5'4 uyck iïnkaO;d jev igykla i|yd ie,iqï iïmdokh lsÍfï mshjr
w;ayod n,hs'
úIh wka;¾.;h( uyck iïnkaO;d ie,iqï

1' ;;a;aj úYaf,aIKh yd .%dylhka y÷kd .ekSu
2' uyck iïnkaO;d b,lal yd wruqKq f.dv kexùu
3' l%u úê yd Wmdh ud¾. ;SrKh
4' ie,eiau iïmdokh
5' fmr we.hqu
1' kshdul jev igykla i|yd ;;a;aj úYAf,aIKh lr .%dylhka y÷kd .kS'
2' uyck iïnkaO;d kshdul jev igykla i|yd b,lal yd wruqKq f.dv kxjhs'
3' wod< kshdul jev igyk i|yd fhda.H l%u úê yd Wmdh ud¾. ixikaokd;aul j f;dard
.kshs'
4' kshdul jev igykla i|yd iuia; ie,eiaula iïmdokh lrhs'
5' ie,eiau l%shd;aul lsÍAug iqÿiq ;;a;ajhl mj;skafkaoehs fmr we.hqula lrhs'
6' kshdul jev igykla w;ayod n,hs'
ye¢ka ù u
bkaÈhdkq uyck iïnkaO;d wdh;kh olajk mßÈ uyck iïnkaO;dj hkq hï ixúOdkhla
yd thg wod< uyckhd w;r wfkHdkH wjfndaOh yd lS¾;s kduh f.dv kexùu yd mj;ajd f.k
hdu .kq ,nk ie,iqï iy.; yd l,a mj;akd ish¨ m%h;akhka h' fuu ir, ks¾jpkh wkqj
meyeÈ,s jk jeo.;a u lreK kï" l=uk fyda ixúOdkhlg jqj o" wod< uyckhd iu. fyd|
iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd f.k hdu tu ixúOdkfha Ôú; meje;au i|yd w;HjYH jk njhs' tu
ixúOdkh iu. uyckhd .kqfokq lsÍfï § fuu iïnkaO;dj fowdldrhlska n, mj;ajhs' tlla
kï fyd| uyck iïnkaO;djla u.ska tu ixúOdkhg w;am;a jk lS¾;s kduhhs' wfkl kï fyd|
uyck iïnkaO;djla u.ska iEu j¾.hl u .kqfokqlrejka m%idohg m;a ùuhs' fuys § iEu
j¾.hl u .kqfokqlrejka hkafkka tu ixúOdkh iu. .kqfokq lrk ndysr mqoa.,hka yd
wNHka;r mqoa.,hka f,i ie,flk ld¾h uKav,h o woyia fõ' hï ixúOdkhla id¾:l j
mj;ajd f.k hkakg fuu lS¾;s kduh o" m%idoh o w;HjYH fõ'
úfYaIfhka jdKsc jHdmdr .;a úg lS¾;s kduh f.dv kexùu yd m%idoh w;am;a lr .ekSug
oekaùïlrKh o fhdod .kq ,nhs' ta i|yd o msßjehla oeÍug isÿ fõ' uyck iïnkaO;d ld¾hfha
§ o msßjehla orkakg isÿ fõ' tfia jqj;a oekaùïlrKfhka ,efnk lS¾;shg yd m%idohg jvd
ia:djr jQ o" ;yjqre jQ o lS¾;s kduhla yd m%idohla uyck iïnkaO;dfjka w;am;a lr .kakg
mq¿jk' fï ksid È.= ld,Sk wruqKq we;s iEu ixúOdkhla u ;u jd¾Isl ie,eiau ;=< uyck
iïnkaO;d jev igykla we;=<;a lrkq ,nk w;r" ta i|yd msßjeh fjka lsÍula o lrkq ,nhs'
jd¾Isl ie,eiau l%shd;aul lsÍu b;d Ndr OQr jQ ld¾hhls' th ta i|yd fjka lr we;s uqo,a
úhoï lsÍu hk mgq w¾:fhka fkd ie,lsh hq;=h' uyck iïnkaO;d jevigyfkys wfmalaIs;
wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd fhda.H ie,iqï ks¾udKh lsÍu;a" tajd l%shd;aul lsÍu;a" tys m%;s,dN
w.ehSï;a fuhg wh;ah'
m<uqjk ld¾hh kï mj;akd ;;a;ajh fln÷oehs kssis f,i újrKh lsÍu h' thska woyia
jkafka ;ukaf.a ixúOdkfha mj;akd ;;a;ajh hkak fkd fõ' ish¨ mdßißl ;;a;ajhka ksis
f,i wOHhkh l< hq;=h' mdßißl ;;a;ajhka hkakg foaYmd,ksl" iudÔh" wd¾Ól mßirh o
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wh;a fõ' ta u.ska fjk;a ixúOdk úiska l%shd;aul lr we;s fjk;a uyck iïnkaO;d jev
igykla o wOHhkh lrkakg isÿ fõ'
fojkqj uyck iïnkaO;d jev igyfka b,lal yd wruqKq f.dv kexúh hq;= h' ;=ka
fjkqj tu b,lal yd wruqKq ch .ekSu i|yd fhdod .; Wmdh ud¾. yd fhdod .; hq;= l%u yd úê
fudkjdo@ hkak ms<sn| j ksYaph l< hq;= h' iuia; uyck iïnkaO;d jev igyk i|yd fjka
lr we;s uqo,a m%udKh wkqj fuu ksYaph lsÍu l< hq;= h' wjidk ie,eiau iïmdokh l< hq;af;a
ta wkqj h' thg ld, rduqj" l%u yd úê" j.lSï fnod .ekSu" ks¾Kdhl wdÈh we;=<;a úh hq;= h'
ilia lrk ,o ie,eiau l%shd;aul lsÍug fmr we.hqug ,la l< hq;= h' ie,eiau fld;rï
h:d¾:j;a o" fhda.H o" hkak ;SrKh lsÍu fuys wruqK fõ' l%shd;aul lsÍfuka miq lrkq ,nkafka
miq we.hquls' th o b;d wjYH h' tfia fkd jqjfyd;a l%shd;aul lrk ,o jev igyk ksis b,lal
idlaId;a lr .kakd ,oafoa o" l=uk ld¾hhka wid¾:l jQfha o" thg fya;= fudkjdo@ hkak ks.ukh
l< fkd yels fõ' miq w.ehSfïys wkdjrKhka bÈß ie,iqï iïmdokfha § fhdod .; yels h'
uyck iïnkaO;d jevigykla ie,iqï lsÍu" wruqKq y;rla bgq lr .ekSu u; mokï fõ'
1' uyck iïnkaO;d wruqKq ksYaph lr .ekSu

2' uQ,H yd udkj iïm;a wjYH m%udKhka yd iajdNdjhka ;lafiare lsÍu
3' m%uqL;d ;SrKh lsÍu
4' YlH;dj ;lafiare lsÍu
1' ;;a;aj úYaf,aIKh yd .%dylhka y÷kd .ekSu

# uyck iïnkaO;d jev igyk yqfol,d ld¾hhla fkdjk nj
# jevigyk ie,iqï l< hq;af;a thg n,mdk ish¨ mdßißl ;;a;ajhka wOHhkh
lsÍfuka miq nj
# mdßißl ;;a;ajhka hkakg wNHka;r yd ndysr mdßißl ;;a;ajhka wh;a jk nj
# mdßißl ;;a;ajhka hkakg foaYmd,ksl" iudÔh yd wd¾Ól idOl wh;a jk nj
# úfYaIfhka ;r.ldÍ fjk;a ixúOdkhkays ;;a;ajh wOHhkh b;d wjYH nj
# uyck iïnkaO;d jevigykla ieu úg u lssishï uyck msßila b,lal lr f.k
ie,iqï lrkq ,nk nj
# tu ksid b,lal uyck msßi fjka lr y÷kd.ekSu yd Tjqkaf.a .;s ,laIK wOHhkh
lsÍu w;HjYH nj
# .%dyl msßi ksis f,i wOHhkh lsÍfuka ,nd .kakd wkdjrKhka wkqj tu jev igyk
ie,iqï l< hq;= nj
# fï wdldrfhka ;;a;ajh úYaf,aIKh yd .%dylhka y÷kd .ekSu hkq ir, ld¾hhla fkdj
úfYaI{ ld¾hhla jk nj
# úYd, ixúOdkj, fï wdldrfhka ;;a;ajh úYaf,aIKh yd .%dylhka y÷kd.ekSu i|yd
wLKav j l%shd;aul jk m¾fhaIK wxY l%shd;aul jk nj
# fndfyda ixúOdk fuu ld¾hh i|yd ndysr úfYaI{hkaf.a iydh ,nd .kakd nj
# uyck iïnkaO;d fiajd imhkq ,nk úfYaI{ wdh;k úiska o fujeks m¾fhaIK
mj;ajkq ,nk nj
# iólaIK" ksÍlaIK" m%Yakdj,S" idlÉPd" úfYaI{ jd¾;d wdÈh u.ska fï wdldrfhka
;;a;aj úYaf,aIKh yd .%dylhka y÷kd .ekSu i|yd f;dr;=re yd o;a; ,nd .; yels nj
2' uyck iïnkaO;d b,lal yd wruqKq f.dv kexùu

# È.= ld,fha § w;am;a lr .ekSug wfmalaId lrk lS¾;s kduh f.dv kexùu" wkd.;
.kqfokqlrejka w;am;a lr .ekSu wdÈh È.= ld,Sk wruqKqj,g wh;a jk nj
# flá ld,fha § w;am;a lr .ekSug wfmalaId lrk uyck m%idoh by< kexùu" wf,ú
mßudKh by< kexùu wdÈh flá ld,Sk wruqKqj,g we;=<;a jk nj
63
# iDcq wruqKq jYfhka hï b,lal ck ixLHdjla hï ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< ;u ixúOdkh
fj; f.kajd .ekSu fyda ;u ixúOdkhg meñfKk .kqfokqlrejka ;=< m%idoh we;s
lsÍu jeks foa oelaúh yels nj
# jl% wruqKq jYfhka .kqfokqlrejka ;u ixúOdkfha fiajdjka fj; wdl¾IKSh lrjd
.ekSu jeks foa oelaúh yels nj
# uyck iïnkaO;d jev igykla ie,iqï lsÍfï § fï wdldrfhka ksis wruqKq yd b,lal
f.dv ,sÅ; j oelaúh hq;= nj
3' l%u úê yd Wmdh ud¾. ;SrKh

# uyck iïnkaO;d jevigykaj, § fhdod .; yels l%u - úê yd Wmdh ud¾. úúO nj
# jvd;a fhda.H yd jvd;a ld¾hlaIu l%u úê yd Wmdh ud¾. f;dard .; hq;= nj
# ta ta l%u - úê yd Wmdh ud¾. wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd fhda.H úh hq;= nj
# ta ta l%u úê yd Wmdh ud¾. wh jeh weia;fïka;= iu. .e<msh hq;= nj
# l%u úê hkakg uyck iïnkaO;dj we;s lsÍu i|yd fhdod .ekSug fhdod .kakd uqøs;
udOH iajrEm" Y%jH oDYH udOH iajrEm wdÈh o" udOH idlÉPd" m%o¾Yk wd§ úúO úê o"
wh;a jk nj
# Wmdh ud¾. hkafkka woyia jkafka ta ta uyck iïnkaO;d jev igyk l%shd;aul lsÍu
i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk m%fõYhka nj
# Wmdh ud¾. jYfhka hï m%o¾Ykhla újD; lsÍug foaYmd,k{hl= f.kaùu" .%dyl m%;spdr
,nd .ekSu i|yd ;Hd. ,nd §u fyda fyd|u m%;spdr i|yd w.ehSï l%uhla fhdod .ekSu
wdÈh oelaúh yels nj
4' ie,eia u iïmdokh

# uyck iïnkaO;d ie,eiau hkq f;dard .;a úúO l%u - úê yd Wmdh ud¾.j,ska iukaú;
moaO;shla nj
# ta ta l%u - úê yd Wmdh ud¾. tlsfkl yd iïnkaO j l%shd;aul jk nj
# ta ta l%u - úê $ Wmdh ud¾. wkqms<sfj,ska kshñ; ld, jljdkq ;=< l%shd;aul úh hq;= nj
# iuia; ie,eiau l=vd tall jYfhka fjka lr ta ta l=vd tall fjka fjka j mqo.,hkaf.a
j.lSï hgf;a l%shd;aul l< hq;= nj
# l=vd tall ksis f,i l%shd;aul lrk ,o nj ;yjqre l< yels ks¾Kdhl ;sìh hq;= nj
# ie,eiau ilia lsÍu iduQysl j l< hq;a;la nj
# ie,eiau kshdukh lsÍfï ie,eiaula o ;sìh hq;= nj
# ie,eiau l%shd;aul lsÍfï j.lSu iduQysl j bgq l< hq;= nj
# ie,eiau i|yd wh jeh weia;fïka;=jla ;sìh hq;= nj
# ie,eiau ixfYdaOkh lsÍug wjYH jqjfyd;a ta i|yd o bv ;sìh hq;= nj
# fyd| f;dr;=relrK moaO;shla ie,eiau iu. iïnkaO úh hq;= nj
# ie,eiau ieliSug úia;rd;aul wdlD;shla fhdod .; hq;= nj
# ie,eiaug iïnkaO jk ish¨ fokd u ie,eiau oek isáh hq;= nj
5' fmr w.ehSï

# b;d fyd¢ka ilia lrk ,o ie,eiaula jqj;a" th l%shd;aul lrkakg fmr w.ehSulg ,la
l< hq;= nj
# ie,eiau wruqKq bgq lr.ekSug .e<fmk" wh - jeh weia;fïka;=jg Tfrd;a;= fok yd
l%shd;aul l< yels tlla oehs wjidk jYfhka o ;lafiare lsÍu fmr w.ehSfï ld¾hh jk
nj
# fmr w.ehSï l< hq;af;a ie,iqu iïmdokh lrk ,o wh úiska fkdj" fjk;a úfYaI{
lKavdhula u.ska nj yd tu w.ehSï ie,iqï iïmdol lKavdhu o iyNd.s úh hq;= nj
# ie,eiafï hï fjkialï lrkakg fmr w.ehSï lKavdhu úiska fhdackd l< yels nj
# fmr w.ehSï u.ska ie,eiafï l%shdldÍ wjia:d yd iajrEm ksis f,i ;lafiare lrk nj
64
úIh lafIa;%h ( udOH ixialD;sh ^ld,ÉfPo 50 hs'&
ksmqK;dj ( 6'0 udOH ixialD;sfha iajdNdjh" jHdma;sh yd n,mEu o fjf<| fmd< iu. we;s
iïnkaO;d o ú.%y lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 6'1 udOH ixialD;sfha iajdNdjh" wjYH;dj yd úldYkh meyeÈ<s lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( udOH ixialD;sh y÷kd .ekSu
1' ixialD;sh ms<sn| ks¾jpk yd ixl,am
2' udOH yd ixialD;sh w;r iïnkaO;d
3' udOH ixialD;sfha iudÔh wjYH;dj
4' udOH ixialD;sh ck ixialD;sfha úldYkhla f,i
1' ixialD;sh ms<sn| ks¾jpk yd ixl,am ú.%y lrhs'
2' udOH yd ixialD;sh w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;d ú.%y lrhs'
3' udOH ixialD;sfha iudÔh wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'
4' udOH ixialD;sh ck ixialD;sfha úldYkhla jQ wdldrh úia;r lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
ixialD;sh hkq .;sl l%shdj,shl m%;sM,hls' thska woyia jkafka ixialD;sh hkak fkd
lvjd fjkia fjñka mj;skakla nj h' ixialD;sh hk moh ks¾udKh lr we;af;a bx.%Sisfhka
fhfok Culture mohg wkqrEmS j h' iudc yd udkj úoHd{hl= jQ tâjâ ghs,¾ úiska olajd we;s
mßÈ ixialD;sh hkq oekqu" weoys,"s úYajdi" l,dj" iodpdrh" kS;h
s " isß;a úß;a yd iudcfha idudðlhl=
jYfhka ñksid úiska idlaId;a lr .;a yqre mqreÿ yd yelshdjka we;=<;a ixlS¾K iuia;hhs'
1936 § /,a*a ,skagka úiska olajd we;s mßÈ" ixialD;sh hkq idudðlhkaf.a Ôjk l%uhg
tkï" Tjqka úiska bf.k tla /ia fldg .kakd jQ;a" fnod yod f.k mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg f.k
hkq ,enQ woyia - Woyia yd mqreÿj,g h'
1944 § udkj úoHd{ î' ue,sfkdjqials úiska olajd we;s mßÈ" ixialD;sh hkq WmlrK"
mdßfNda.sl øjH" úúO iudchSh iuQyhkaf.a jHqyuh ,laIK" udkj ixl,amkd" Ys,am" úYajdi yd
pdß;%hkaf.ka wkqnoaO iuia;hhs'
iudc úoHd;aul j iudchla hkak w¾: l:kh lrkq ,nkafka" mqoa., wka;¾ l%shdjkaf.ka
ne÷Kq idudðl tl;=jls' ixialD;sh hkq tu iudcfha Ôjk l%ufha yrhhs' thska woyia jkafka
iudch yd ixialD;sh hkq tlsfkl noaO ù we;s nj h' iudchla mj;skafka kï thg wh;a
ixialD;shla ;sìh hq;= w;r " ixialD;shla mej;Sug kï iudchla ;sìh hq;= h' iEu mqoa.,hl= u
bmÿKq ú.i fyf;u ixialD;sl mqoa.,fhla njg m;a jkafka hehs ms<s .ekSula ;sfí' tfy;a we=;a;
jYfhka u kï mqoa.,hl= uõ l=ifha isák wjÈfha u ixialD;sl mqoa.,hl= jk nj" .eìKshla
iïnkaO úúO j;a ms<sfj;a yeoErE úg wkdjrKh fõ'
udOH ixialD;sh hkak l=ula±hs yeoEÍfï § fmkS hkafka hï ixialD;shl yev rej ;SrKh
lsÍfuys ,d ckudOH fln÷ n,mEula we;s lrkafka ±hs yeoEßh hq;= nj h' ckudOHhkaf.ka f;dr
j mej;s iudchkays ixialD;sh flfrys ±ä n,mEula we;s lrk ,oafoa" wd.u" wOHdmkh" isß;a úß;a"
jeäysáhka yd úúO iudc iïnkaO;d h' tfy;a ckudOH jHdma;sh;a iu. fï ish,a, wìnjd th
ixialD;sh flfrys ±ä j n, mdk m%Odk idOlh njg m;a ù we;' udOH ixialD;sh hkafkka
woyia lrkq ,nkafka" ta wdldrfhka udOHfha n,mEu n,j;a j we;s iudchl ixialD;shg h'
tjeks iudchl mqoa.,hkaf.a ish¨ yeisÍï rgd fyda jeä u yeisÍï rgd m%udKhla udOH úiska ,nd
fok ixfoaY u.ska yiqrejkq ,nhs' fuh ±kqj;a j fuka u fkd ±kqj;a j isÿ jkakls' ;Qkkfha
f.da,ShlrKh ;=< fï wdldrfhka udOH úiska úYaj uÜgfï f;dard .ekSï flfrys ish¨ rgj,
ckhd fmd<Ujd we;' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ta ta rgj, ck iudchkag wdfõKsl ixialD;sl
65
,laIK blaujd f.da,Sh ixialD;sl ,laIK jHdma; ùfï iajNdjhla we;s nj fmfka' j¾;udkh
jk úg udOH ixialD;sh ta ta iudchkays idïm%odhsl ixialD;Skag úYd, wNsfhda.hla njg m;a j
we;' ixialD;sh .;sl nj ienE h' th fjkiaùïj,g Ndckh jkafka l%ñl j h' udOH ixialD;sh
;=< § fuu l%ñl nj w;ayer ±fï' ta fjkqjg udOH úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk úúO wx. jyd
u ixialD;sh úiska Ndr .kq ,efí' th mj;akd iïm%odhsl ixialD;shg tl`. o@ mgyeks o@ hkak
ms<sn| úuiSula ke;' tla w;lg th udOHfha mj;akd wêldÍ n,hla f,i o fmkS hhs'
1' ixialD;sh ms<sn| ks¾jpk yd uQ,sldx.

# udkj úoHd{hka úiska ixialD;sh ms<sn| úúO ks¾jpk $ ixl,am f.dv kxjd we;s nj
# ghs,¾" ,skagka yd ue,sfkdjqials úiska olajd we;s ks¾jpk muKla wOHhkh lsÍu
m%udKj;a jk nj
# ´kEu ixialD;shla uQ,sldx.j,ska iukaú; jk nj
# Wm ixialD;sh" úfrdaë ixialD;sh" ixialD;sl úirKh" ixialD;sl iïm¾lh" ixialD;sl
,e.au" ixialD;s rdYslD;sh yd ixialD;sl ;ajrKh uQ,sldx. jk nj
# Wm ixialD;sh hkafkka úúO idOl u; fjka j mj;sk Wm iudchkag wh;a ixialD;sh
woyia jk w;r" th jD;a;Ska" ld¾hhka" m%foaY wd§ idOl wkqj iqúfYaI úh yels nj
# úfrdaë ixialD;sh hkafkka mj;akd ixialD;shg úfrdaëj mj;ajd f.k hk fjkia
,laIK iys; ixialD;sl lKavdhï wh;a jk w;r th iajNdúl iudc isÿùula nj
# ixialD;sl úirKh hkafkka hï ixialD;shla f.dv kxjd .ekSug fjk;a ixialD;Skaf.a
kùlrKhka fyda kj fidhd .ekSï we;=<;a lr .ekSu woyia jk nj
# ixialD;sl iïm¾lh hkafkka n,j;a iudchla úiska ;u ixialD;sldx. ÿ¾j, iudchlg
wjfYdaIKh lsÍu fuhska woyia jk nj
# ixialD;sl ,e.au hkafkka hï ixialD;shl wx. ÈhqKq fkd ù tl u wdldrfhka mej;Su
woyia jk nj
# ixialD;s rdYslD;sh hkafkka udkj iudcfha wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd úúO foa
ks¾udKh lrñka rdYs.; lsÍu woyia jk nj
# ixialD;sl ;ajrKh hkafkka úúO kj woyia yd fidhd .ekSï tla fjñka ixialD;shla
fjkia ùu fyda jeä ÈhqKq ùu fõ.j;a ùu woyia jk nj
2' udOH yd ixialD;sh w;r iïnkaO;d

# ixialD;sl l%shdj,sfha n,j;a idOlhla f,i udOH mj;sk nj
# udOH yd ixialD;sh w;r iïnkaOfha iajdNdj tla tla iudchkays ixialD;sfha n,j;a lu
fyda ÿ¾j,lu fyda u; ;SrKh jk nj
# iuyr ixialD;Ska b;d n,j;a f,i udOHfha l%shdldß;ajh iSud lrk nj
# m%cd;ka;%jd§ ,laIKhla f,i udOH n,j;a j mj;sk úg thg ixialD;sh flfrys
n,mEï we;s l< yels Yla;sh jeä jk nj
# újD; yd kuHYS,S ixialD;shla ;=< § udOHfha yeisÍu ksoyia wdldrfhka mj;sk nj
# ixialD;sh flfrys udOHfha n,mEu jeä ùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka udOH ixialD;sh WmÈk
nj
3' udOH ixia l D;s f ha iudÔh wjYH;dj

# udOH ixialD;sh ìys jkafka iudch úiska udOHfha ixfoaYj,g wkq.; ùu ksid nj
# iudcfha ixialD;sl yeisÍug n, mdk wd.u" iodpdrh" isß;a úß;a yd wOHdmkhg jvd
udOHfha n, mEu iudch úiska Ndr f.k we;s nj
# kùlrKh ùu i|yd iudch ;=< we;s leue;a; udOH ixialD;sh ;=<ska ksrEmKh jk nj
# ixlS¾K iudc mßirh ;=< iudchg jvd;a fmdÿ jQ f;dr;=re yqjudrej l%uh ;=< udOH
mj;sk nj
# kQ;kfha udOH hkak WmlrKhkag jvd Ôjk l%uhla njg m;a ù ;sfnk nj
66
# udOH ixialD;sh ksid iudchg f.da,Sh uÜgñka meje;aula we;s nj
# udOH ixialD;sfha mj;akd wdl¾IKSh njg iudch we¨ï lrk nj
# idïm%odhsl ixialD;sfha iSudjka udOH ixialD;sh úiska blaujd hk nj
# iudc wjYH;djka imqrd .ekSu i|yd udOH ixialD;sh odhl jk nj
# kj iudc wjYH;d udOH ixialD;sh úiska ks¾udKh lrk nj
4' udOH ixia l D;s h ckixia l D;s f ha jHdma ; s h la f,i

# ixialD;sh f.dvk.kafka iy mj;ajd f.k hkafka ckhd úiska u nj
# udOH ixialD;sh f.dvkexfjkafka udOHh úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk ixfoaYhka ckhd
úiska ;u Ôjk p¾hdjg tla lr .ekSfuka nj
# ckixialD;sfha idïm%odhsl idOl blaujd udOHfha idOl ckhd flfrys n,md we;s nj
# wjidk w¾:fha § udOH ixialD;sfha fndfyda wx. ckixialD;shg tlajk nj
67
ksmqK;dj ( 6'0 udOH ixialD;sfha iajNdjh" jHdma;sh yd n,mEu o fjf<| fmd< iu. we;s
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 6'2 udOH ixialD;sl jHdma;sh yd ixfhda.h ú.%y lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( udOH ixialD;sl jHdma;sh yd ixirKh
1' udOH ixialD;sl jHdma;sfha yd ixirKfha iajNdjh
2' udOH ixialD;sh yd ;dlaIKh
3' udOH ixialD;sh yd iudÔh fjkiaùï
4' udOH ixialD;sl ixirKfha wiunr;dj
1' udOH ixialD;sl jHdma;sfha yd ixirKfha iajNdjh ,dxlsl mßirh ;=< ú.%y
lrhs'
2' udOH ixialD;sh yd ;dlaIKh w;r iïnkaO;dj újdohg Ndckh lrhs'
3' udOH ixialD;sh yd iudÔh fjkiaùï w;r mj;akd wfkHdakH .kqfokqj
wkdjrKh lrhs'
4' udOH ixialD;sl ixi¾Kfha wiunr;dj f.da,Sh jYfhka mj;akd iajNdjh
úia;r lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
ckixialD;shg oeä n,mEula úoHq;a udOHhkaf.a yd kj udOHhkaf.a ke.Su;a iu. we;s
jQ nj ft;sydisl lreKls' uqøs; udOHfha n,mEu iudc.; jQ kuq;a th ckixialD;sfha uQ,sl
jHqyh oeä f,i fjkia lrkakg fya;= jQfha ke;' uqøs; udOH úiska ckixialD;sh fmdaIKh lrkq
,eî h' tfy;a úoHq;a udOHh yd kj udOH úiska ish ixfoaY ks¾udKh lrk ,oafoa" ckikakfs õokfha
mokul msysgd fkdj" ckixialD;shg wNsfhda.hla jk mßÈ h' fuys ,d wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=
lreKla kï" úoHq;a udOH yd kj udOH ngysrlrKh iïfm%aIKh lsÍfuys ,d W;aiql jQ nj h'
udOH w;r ;rÕh;a" jdKsc wruqKq biau;=ùu;a ksid úoHq;a yd kj udOH úiska f,dalh mqrd m;=rejd
yßk ,oafoa jHdmdßl udOH wka;¾.;hls' thg úúO ks¾udKd;aul foa we;=<;a jqj;a" ta ;=<
mej;sfha ngysr ixialD;sh úiska ;lafiare lrk ,oaodjQ;a" ngysr ixialD;sh úiska ksYaph lrkq
,oaodjQ;a wka;¾.;hls'
úfYaIfhka uE; oYl fol ;=< f,dalh mqrd udOH ;dlaIKh jHdma; ù we;af;a weoysh
fkdyels ;rï úiañ; f,i h' ;dlaIKsl WmlrK iu. f;dr;=re yqjudre lsÍfï l%u o fjkia
ù we;' pkaøsld ;dlaIKh f,dj mqrd Ndú;hg .ekSu fuys mokuhs' ta ksid fmr fkd jQ úrE
wdldrfhka ngysr udOHhka f,dj mqrd wdêm;Hh ,nd .;a nj fmkS hhs' uQ,sl jYfhka mej;shd
jQ iajfoaYsl ixialD;sl ,laIK my;a fldg ie,lSu o" ngysßka tk ixialD;sl ,laIK ÈhqKq yd
kùlrKh jQ tajd hehs ie,lSu o" tfia i,lkakg mqreÿ lsÍu o ksid" udOH ixialD;sh jHdma; ùug
mq¿,a wjldYhla we;s úh'
udOH ixialD;sh yqfola udOH Ndú;hla fkdj" iuia; iudcfha u Ôjk l%uh fjkia
lsÍula njg m;a úh' th fld;rï fõ.fhka isÿ jkafkaoehs lsj fyd;a" ta ms<sn| j fojrla
is;kakgj;a fkd yels ;;a;ajhg iudch m;a ù ;sfí' tfia u udOHfha fuu fõ.j;a jHdma;sh
ms<sn| j fmr w;aoelSï iudchg fkd ;snQ ksid" fuu jHdma;shg uqyqK fokafka flfiaoehs is;d
.kAkg o iudchg fkd yels ù we;'
wjidkfha fmkS hk lreK kï udOH ixialD;sl ixirKh wiunr j mj;akd nj h' th

ngysr Ôjk ixl,am kef.kysrg f.k taug úkd kef.kysr Ôjk ixl,am ngysrg f.k hkakg
iu;a ù ke;' wm Ôj;a jk wdishd;sl rgj, mj;akd b;d Wiia Ôjk rgdjka yd Ôjk wx. f,dal
uÜgug f.k hdu fjkqjg ngysr Ôjk rgdjka yd Ôjk wx. f,dalh mqrd me;srùug udOH
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ixialD;shg yels ù ;sfí' wjidkfha § wm úiska udOH ixialD;sh hkafkka woyia lrkafka o
ngysr ixialD;sh úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o udOH ixialD;sh nj fmkS hhs'
1' udOH ixia l D;s f ha jHdma ; s f ha yd ixirKfha ia j Ndj

# udOH ixialD;sh úfYaIfhka ngysr iudc ixialD;sh uQ,dY% lr .;a nj
# udOH ixialD;sh jHdma;sfha § isÿ j we;af;a ngysr ixialD;sl ,laIK m%lD;s ;;a;ajfhka
fyda wkqlrKfhka fyda f,dalh mqrd fnod yeÍula nj
# udOH ixirKfha we;af;a wêm;sjd§ iajNdjhla nj
# udOH ixialD;sl ixirKfha § yqjudrejla isÿ ùu wju nj
# cd;sl ixialD;sh flfrys wNsudkhla fkdue;s ùu udOH ixialD;sfha jHdma;shg jdishla
nj
# udOH ixialD;sl jHdma;sfha yd ixirKfha m%Odk N+ñldj bgq lrkq ,nkafka udOH
úiskau nj
# udOH ixialD;sl jHdma;sh yd ixirKh iajNdúl l%shdj,shlg jvd ie,iqï lrk ,o
l%shdj,shla nj
# udOH ixialD;sl ixirKh u.ska kj hg;a úð;jd§ foaYmd,ksl wruqKq bgq lr .; yels
nj
2' udOH ixialD;sh yd ;dlaIKh

# uE; oYl fol ;=< f,dalfha udOH ;dlaIKh weoysh fkd yels wdldrfhka ÈhqKq ù we;s
nj
# udOH ;dlaIKh iu. úÿ,s yd úoHq;a ixfoaY ;dlaIKh tla ù we;s nj
# úoHq;a udOH iu. kj udOHhkaf.a ixj¾Okh o tla ù we;s nj
# f;dr;=re yqjudrej ms<sn| iudcfha p¾hdjka w;sYhska fjkia ù we;s nj
# iDcq f;dr;=re iu. ixialD;sl ,laIK yd p¾hd;aul wx. o iïfm%aIKh jk nj
# udOH ixialD;sh udOH ;dlaIKfha iDcq M,hla nj
# udOH ;dlaIKfha ixj¾Okh wLKav j isÿ fjñka mj;sk nj
# udOH ;dlaIKh iudÔh jYfhka ir, Ndú;hla njg m;a ù we;s nj
# udOH ixialD;sh mj;ajd f.k hdug udOH ;dlaIKh bjy,a ù we;s nj
# udOH ixialD;sh yd udOH ;dlaIKh w;r wfkHdakH iïnkaOhla we;s nj
# udOH ixialD;sfha m%;sM,hla jYfhka iudch úiska udOH ;dlaIKh b,a,d isák nj
3' udOH ixia l D;s h yd iudÔh fjkia ù ï

# iudÔh fjkia ùï iajNdúl ixisoaêhla jk nj
# iudÔh fjkia ùï wLKav j isÿ jk nj
# udOH ixialD;sh ksid iudch lD;s%u f,i yd yÈis f,i fjkia ù we;s nj
# udOH ixialD;sh ksid we;s jk iudÔh fjkia ùï ksid ixialD;sl .egqula we;s jk nj
# udOH ixialD;sh úiska we;s lrkq ,nk fjki jHdmdßl wruqKq yd ngysrlrKh uq,a lr
f.k we;s nj
# udOH ixialD;sh ksid úfYaIfhka ;reK" <ud yd ldka;d msßi f.a p¾hdjkays nrm;,
fjkia ùï we;s lrkq ,nk nj
# iudcfha b;d ixfõ§ p¾hdjka flfrys udOH ixialD;sh ;Èka n,mEï we;s lrk
neúka" iudcfha ixfõ§ p¾hdjkays nrm;, fjkia lï we;s l< yels nj
# udOH ixialD;sfha Wml%uYS,S m%fõYhkag iudch yiq j we;s nj
# udOH ixialD;sfhys u;= msg wruqKq jHdc f,i fmfkk w;r" ;=ka jk f,dalfhys iudÔh
u;jdoh fjkia lsÍu há wruqKqj, mj;akd nj
69
4' udOH ixia l D;s l ixirKfha wiunr;dj
# udOH ixialD;sh ks¾udKh lsÍfï Wmdh ud¾. ie,iqï lrkq ,nkafka ngysrlrKh
mokï lr f.k nj
# udOH ixialD;sh ixirKh jkafka tal ud¾.sl j nj
# f,dalfha ta ta ixialD;Skays jákd wx. yqjudre lr .ekSula udOH ixialD;sl ixirKfhka
isÿ fkd jk nj
# ngysr iDcq p¾hd;aul fyda wkqlrKd;aul wx. fyda muKla ixirKhg Ndckh jk nj
# úfYaIfhka wdishd $ wm%sld l,dmhkays ixialD;Skays jákd wx. fkdi,ld yeÍug yd
wj;lafiare lsÍug;a" ngysr ixialD;sldx. Wiia f,i ie,lSug;a udOH ixialD;sh úiska
yqre lsÍu;a" kef.kysr u;jdoh fy<d olsñka ngysr u;jdoh iudc.; lsÍug;a udOH
ixirKfha wiunr;dj fya;= ù we;s nj
70
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 6'3 udOH ixialD;sfha n,mEu ;=,kd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( udOH ixialD;sfha n,mEu
1' ixialD;sl lïmkh
2' ixialD;sl wdl%uKh
3' ixialD;sl yqjudre
1' udOH ixialD;sfha n,mEï Y%S ,dxlsl iudch weiqßka úu¾Ykh lrhs'
2' udOH ixialD;sh ksid ixialD;sh lïmkhg m;a j we;s wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'
3' úúO úfoaYSh ixialD;sldx. foaYSh ixialD;sh wdl%uKh lr we;s wdldrh
WodyrK iys; j fmkajd fohs'
4' ixialD;sl yqjudrej ksid cd;sl ixialD;sh fmdaIKh yd mßydksh ù we;s
wdldrh Y%S ,dxlsl ixialD;sh mokï lr f.k ú.%y lrhs'
ye¢ka ù u
udOH ixialD;sh hkq ckixialD;sfha u jHdma;shla f,i" tfy;a ckixialD;sfha wx.
hgm;a lrñka fmdaIKh ù jHdma; jkakls' tys iudÔh n,mEu úúOdldr h' hï iudchlg wh;a
ixialD;shg wod< idOl n,j;a j mj;sk úg udOH ixialD;shg thska jk n,mEu wju fõ'
tfy;a ixialD;sfha idOl ÿ¾j, j mj;sk úg" tfia;a ke;skï udOH ixialD;sfha wx. jvd;a
n,j;a j bÈßm;a jk úg" foaYSh ixialD;sh flfrys thska oeä n,mEulA we;s fõ' kQ;k udOH yd
f;dr;=re iudch ;=< fuu ;;a;ajh md,kh lsÍu b;d wmyiq ù we;' thg fhdod .; yels ms<shï
folls'
tlla kï udOH ixialD;sfha iajrEmh oeä f,i md,kh lsÍu h' fï i|yd fhdod .;
yelafla wka;jd§ ms<sfj;a h' tkï wd.u yd kS;sh fï i|yd md,k WmlrK jYfhka fhdod .;
yels h' tfia jqj;a j¾;udk f,dalfha fï wdldrfhka wka;jd§ f,i wd.u yd kS;sh md,k
WmlrK jYfhka fhdod .ekSu wkqu; fkd flf¾' fï i|yd Èh yels fyd| u WodyrKh kï
we*a.ksia:dkfha ;f,andkajreka udOH flfrys olajk wka;jd§ m%;sm;a;shhs' uE;l § trg jeishka
lsysm fofkl=g ;f,andkajreka úiska oeä o`vqjï muqKqjk ,oafoa" mjqf,a W;aijhl § ;reK msßila
/ma .S .dhkd lsÍu ksid h' fï wdldrfhka iudÔh oeä md,k l%u u.ska iuia; m%cdj md,kh l<
fkdyels h'
fojekak kï" udOH idlaIr;dj iudchg w;am;a lr §u h' fï u.ska udOH ixfoaY
h:d¾:jd§ f,i w¾: l:kh lr Ndr .kakg iudcfha ksmqK;dj j¾Okh l< yels h' fuh mqq¿,a
iudc wOHmk l%shdj,shls' tfy;a mj;akd h:d¾:h kï udOH jHdmdrh úiska wLKav j we;s lrkq
,nk n,mEu md,kh lsÍu wmyiq nj h' ta ksid ixialD;sl lïmkh isÿ fõ' tmuKla fkdj
Yla;su;a mokul isg ixialD;sl wdl%uKh o isÿ fõ' flfia jqj o ixialD;shl meje;aug wjYH
ixialD;sl yqjudrej o udOH ixialD;sh ksid b;d il%Sh j isÿ jk nj wu;l fkd l< hq;a;ls' fï
ksid l=uk iudchla jqj o ixj¾Okh fõ'
71
1' ixia l D;s l lïmkh(

# mj;akd ixialD;sfhys w.h lrkq ,nk wx." ndysr ixialD;sldx.j,ska hgm;a ùu ksid
iudchla ;=< we;s jk ixfõ§Ndjh ixialD;sl lïmkh nj
# ixialD;sl lïmkh .egqïldÍ iajNdjhlska m%ldY jkakg mq¿jka nj
# iuyr úg ixialD;sl lïmkh jeäysá - ;reK wr.,hla f,i o fmkakqï flfrk nj
# kj ixialD;sldx. iudcfha tla fldgila Ndr .kakd w;r ;j;a fldgila Ndr fkd
.ekSu ksid lïmkh we;s jk nj
# ixialD;sl lïmkh f,dal b;sydifhys iEu ld,hl u iudchkays wvq - jeä jYfhka
mej;s nj yd wkd.;fha § o mj;akd nj
# iudÔh iïm%odhka oeä j mej;Su o ixialD;sl lïmkhg fya;= jk nj
# úfrdaë ixialD;sh ksid ixialD;sl lïmkh we;s ùu f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, uyd
mßudKfhka isÿ ù we;s nj
# úfrdaë ixialD;shla ìys ùu;a" ixialD;sl lïmkh we;s ùu;a iajNdúl ixisoaëka nj
2' ixia l D;s l wdl% u Kh(

# fjk;a ixialD;Skaf.a wx. ;j;a ixialD;shlg n,y;aldrfhka tla lsÍu ixialD;sl
wdl%uKh nj
# ie,iqï iy.; j yd ie,iqulska f;dr j ixialD;sl wdl%uKh isÿ jk nj
# ft;sydisl j fmkS hkafka ixialD;sl wdl%uKh uQ,sl jYfhka foaYmd,ksl ixisoaëkaf.a
iDcq fyda jl% fyda l%shdldß;ajhla f,i nj
# ixialD;sl wdl%uKh kj hg;aúð;jd§ l%shdud¾.hla nj
# ixialD;sl wdl%uKh msgqmi fjf<| wfmalaIdjka o ;sfnk nj
# ie,iqï iy.; j isÿ jk ixialD;sl wdl%uKfha § udOHhka f.a iydh thg ,efnk nj
# uq,ska ixialD;sl wdl%uKhla jYfhka tla jk wx. miq j ixialD;sfha fldgila njg m;a
jk nj
# ixialD;sl wdl%uKh n,y;aldrfhka fyda Wml%uYS,S j fyda isÿ úh yels nj
3' ixia l D;s l yq j udrej(

# ixialD;sl yqjudrej iudÔh jYfhka b;d M,odhl nj
# ft;sydisl jYfhka ne¨ úg iEu ixialD;shl yqjudre jQ wx. ;sfnk nj
# ixialD;sl yqjudrej ta ta ixialD;Ska úiska leue;af;ka Ndr .kakd nj
# yqjudre jQ ixialD;Ska wx. miq j ta ta ixialD;Skaf.a wdfõKsl wx. njg m;a jk nj
# ixialD;sl wx. yqjudrej cd;Ska w;r isÿ jk úg iudcSh iyÔjkhg th fya;= jk nj
# ixialD;sl yqjudrej cd;Ska yd rgj,a w;r iyfhda.hg fya;= jk nj
# ixialD;sl yqjudrej ie,iqï iy.; j o" ie,iqulska f;dr j o isÿ jk nj
# ixialD;sl yqjudrej ksid iudc ixj¾Okh isÿ jk nj
72
ksmqK;d uÜgu( 6'4 udOH ixialD;sh yd fjf<| fmd< w;r mj;akd wka;¾ iïnkaO;d ú.%y
lrhs'
úIh wka;¾.;h
¾.;h( udOH ixialD;sh yd fjf<| fmd<
1' f.da,ShlrKh yd kj ,snr,ajdoh
2' jHdmdßl wdêm;Hh yd udOH ixialD;sh
3' fjf<| fmd< jHdma;sh yd udOH ixialD;sh
4' udOH oekaùïlrKh yd iudch
1' f.da,ShlrKfha yd ,snr,ajdofha m%Njh" úldYkh yd n,mEu ú.%y lrhs'
2' udOH ixialD;sh flfrys jHdmdßl wdêm;Hh n,md we;s wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'
3' udOH ixialD;sh mj;ajd .ekSu fjf<| fmd< jHdma;shg fya;= jk wdldrh Y%S
,dxlsl w;aoelSï weiqßka úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
4' udOH oekaùïlrKh iudchg fln÷ m%fhdackhla w;am;a lr fokafkao@ hkak
yd thska we;s jk hym;a yd whym;a n,mEï fln÷oehs úYaf,aIKd;aul j
olajhs'
ye¢ka ù u
udOH ixialD;sh yd fjf<| fmd< w;r we;af;a fkdì¢h yels iïnkaOhls' udOH ixialD;sh
f.dv kxjkafka iy mj;ajd f.k hkafka fjf<| fmdf<a isák jHdmdßl m%cdj úisks' fjf<|
fmdf<a meje;aug udOH ixialD;sh úYd, fiajdjla bgq lrhs' ta ksid udOH ixialD;shg ßis fia
yeisfrkakg jHdmdßl m%cdj úiska bv fokafka ke;' iïm;a talrdYs ù we;af;a fjf<| fmd< ;=<
h' udOH ixialD;sh yiqrejkakg fjf<| fmd<g wêldÍ n,hla ,efnkafka fï ksid h' udOH
ixialD;sfha we;s lrkq ,nk iEu fjkilska u fjf<| fmd<g jdishla w;am;a lr .ekSu wfmalaId
flf¾' tu ksid udOH ixialD;shg wh;a iEu f,dl= l=vd wx.hla u ;ukaf.a jdishg yiqrejd ,Su
fj<| fmdf<a wNsu;hhs'
fj<| fmd< hkakg mdßfNda.slhd o wh;a fõ' fuu ixisoaêfha § mdßfNda.slhdg n,hla
ke;s nj fmfka' mdßfNda.slhd jHdmdßl wdêm;Hh úiska f.dv kxjk udOH ixialD;sfha
f.dÿrla njg m;a j isà' ;uka f.dÿrla njg m;a j isák nj udOH mdßfNda.slhdg jegfykafka
ke;' thg fya;=j fj<| fmd< úiska udOH ixialD;sh yiqrejkq ,nkafka b;d ishqï Wmdh ud¾.
fhdod .kssñks' ta i|yd udOH m¾fhaIK o" ufkda úoHdj o" ks¾udKYS,S Ñka;kh o" udOH ;dlaIKh
o fj<| fmd< úiska b;d wmQrejg fhdod .kS'
udOH oekaùïlrKh iudch flfrys oeä j n, mdk moaO;shls' th iudchg w;HjYH

njg ielhla ke;' tfy;a thska isÿ jk NdKav fyda fiajd fyda ms<sn| j f;dr;=re ck;dj fj;
f.k hdug jvd jeäuk;a fohla isÿ fõ' tkï úúO jQ NdKav yd fiajd ms<sn| udkisl;ajh
iudch ;=< f.dv kexùfï flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk wruqKq fuu udOH oekaùïlrKh ;=< b;d
Yla;su;a j l%shd;aul jk nj h' jHdmdßl wdêm;Hh u.ska rdcHhka flfrys o oeä n,mEï we;s
lrk jljdkqjl udOH oekaùïlrKh úiska iudch flfrys oeä n,mEula we;s lsÍu mqÿuhg
lreKla fkd fõ' tfy;a fuys § iudch fuu udOH wdêm;Hhg uqyqK §ug iQodkï fkd lsÍu
úYd, m%Yakhla njg m;a j ;sfí' fuys m%;sM,h ù we;af;a iudch yiqrejk .dul n,fõ.h njg
udOH m;a ùu h'
73
1' f.da , S h lrKh yd kj ,s n r,a j doh(

# f.da,ShlrKh hkq udOH jHdma;sh úiska u ks¾udKh lrk ,oaola nj
# udOH yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ksid f,dalh úYaj .ïudkhla njg m;a lrk ,o nj
# rdcHh yd cd;sl hk ixl,am f.da,ShlrKh ;=< wNsfhda.hg ,la ù we;s nj
# f.da,ShlrKfha iajrEmh wkqj ngysr wdêm;Hh f,dalh mqrd me;sr hñka mj;sk nj
# cd;sl wkkH;dj yd cd;sl ixialD;sh hkak f.da,ShlrKh bÈßfha wNsfhda.hg ,la j
we;s nj
# f.da,ShlrKfhys m%;sM,hla jYfhka kj ,snr,ajdoh ks¾udKh jQ nj
# kj ,snr,ajdofhys moku jkafka" f.da,ShlrKh nj
# kj ,snr,ajdoh ngysr yd hqfrdamSh jHdmdßl wdêm;Hh uq,a lr f.k we;s nj
# cd;sl wd¾:sl iajdëk;ajhka iu. kj ,snr,ajdoh .efgk nj
# kj ,snr,ajdoh mj;ajd f.k hdu udOH ixialD;sfha m%Odk N+ñldjla jk nj
2' jHdmdßl wdêm;Hh yd udOH ixia l D;s h (

# udOH fufyhjkafka jHdmdßl wdêm;Hh úiska nj
# udOH mj;skafka jHdmdßl wdêm;Hfha wkq.%yfhka nj
# jHdmdßl wkq.%yfhka neyer j udOHhg iajdëk meje;aula ke;s nj
# udOHfhA ish¨ m%ldYkhka jHmdßl wdêm;Hfha wdrlaIs; iSudj ;=< mj;sk nj
# udOH ixialD;sh ;ukag wjYH mßÈ yev .eiaùu jHmdßl wdêm;Hh úiska lrkq ,nk nj
# iudÔh uki jHmdßl wdêm;Hhg .e,fmk mßÈ yev .eiaùu udOH úiska lrkq ,nk nj
# udOH ixialD;sfha iajrEmh wkqj tys jHdmdßl wdêm;Hh jika ù ;sfnk nj fyda th
b;d wdl¾IKsh yd iqug wdldrfhka mj;sk nj
# udOH ixialD;sh ;ukag wjYH f,i yev .iajd .ekSu i|yd udOH úfYaI{hka u.ska
udOH m¾fhaIK mj;ajk nj
3' fjf<| fmd< jHdma;sh yd udOH ixialD;sh(

# fjf<| fmdf<a jHdma;sh i|yd udOH ixialD;sh úYd, fiajhla bgq lrk nj
# udOH ixialD;shg f.dÿre jkakka" ;uka fjf<| fmd< jHdma;s ld¾hhla bgq lrk nj
fkd okakd nj
# fjf<| fmd< úiska jHdma; lrkq ,nk udOH ixialD;shg tfrys j bÈßm;a jk iïm%odhsl
ixialD;sl u;jdoh isyska y~la muKla nj
# iïm%odhsl ixialD;sl u;jdoh ieu úg u fjf<| fmd< jHdma;sfha § fkd i,ld yeßh
fkd yels nj ^WodyrKhla jYfhka wd.ñl rEm fyda ixfla; wdÈh NdKav weiqreïj,g
fyda ,dxpk fyda i|yd fhdod f.k bÈßm;a lsÍug iïm%odhsl ixialD;sl u;jdoh bv fkd fohs'
tfia u tjeks ixl,am ;yjqre lsÍug udOH ixialD;sh fhdod .kakg fjf<| fmd< jHdma;sfha §
wjldY fkd ,efí' ;j;a WodyrKhla kï y,d,a wdydr ms<sn| i,l=Kq lsÍu l=uk fyda rgl wdydr
fjf<|dfï § w;HjYH ù ;sfí' tfia fkdjqjfyd;a fjf<| fmd< jHdma; l< fkd yels h' fuh
iïm%odhsl ixialD;shg wh;a wd.ñl Ñka;djg udOH ixialD;sh yd fjf<| fmd< jHdma;sh hgm;a
ùuls' &
4' udOH oekaùïlrKh yd iudch(

# udOH oekaùïlrKh iudÔh wjYH;djla nj
# udOH oekaùïlrKh jHdmdßl wjYH;djla nj
# udOH oekaùïlrKh u.ska iudÔh p¾hdjka fjkia lrkq ,nk nj
# iudÔh p¾hdjka hym;a f,i o" whym;a f,i o fjkia lrkakg udOH oekaùïlrKhg
yels nj
# udOH oekaùïlrKh iDcq jHdmdßl woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug o"
uyck fiajdjka ms<sn| woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug o"
74
uyck;djf.a u;jdoh fjkia lsÍug foaYmd,ksl jYfhka o fhdod .; yels nj
# udOH oekaùïlrKh u.ska hï hï foa ms<sn| j iudch ;=< ixjdohla f.dv kxjkakg
yels nj
# hï hï NdKav fyda fiajd fyda woyia fyda úYajdifhka hq;= j f;dard .ekSug udOH
oekaùïlrKh ksid uyck;djg yels nj
75
bf.kqï --
--- - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd
wdo¾Y l% s h dldrlï
1' uQ,sl Wmfoia

fuu fldgfia oelafjkafka bf.kqï -- ---- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdod .; yels wdo¾Y
l%shdldrlï h' tajd ta wdldrfhka u fhdod .; hq;= hehs wfmalaId fkd flf¾' .=re Nj;dg wjYH
mßÈ tajdfha hï hï fjkia lï lr .kakg mq¿jk' tfia u tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgu i|yd olajd
we;s mßÈ tla l%shdldrlula muKla fkd iEfya' wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï wOHhkh fldg ta ta ld,ÉfPo
i|yd mka;s ldurfha § fhdod .; yels fjk;a l%shdldrlï fhda.H mßÈ fmr iQodkï lr f.k
meñKSu .==re Nj;d f.a j.lSuls' mka;s ldurhg meñK fmr Èk wjidk l< ;ekska wdrïN lsÍu
jeks wid¾:l l%u .=re Nj;d fhdod fkd .; hq;= h' iEu ld,ÉfPohl § u w¨;a w;aoelSula ,nd
.kakg isiq msßi ;=< leue;a;la we;s l< hq;= w;r u" tu w¨;a w;aoelSu ,nd §ug .=re Nj;d lghq;=
l< hq;= h' tla tla ld,ÉfPoh i|yd fhdod .kakd kj l%shdldrlï fmr iQodkï lr ,sms f.dkqjl
r|jd ;eîu;a" tajd fhdod .;a miq wjYH fjkia lï fyda ixj¾Okh l< hq;= ;eka fyda ms<sn| j
igyka lr kej; ,sms f.dkqfõ r|jd ;nd .ekSu;a u.ska tla j¾Ihla ;=< § uekúka ilia lrk
,o l%shdldrlï moaO;shla /ia lr .kakg .=re Nj;dg wjldYh ,efí' .=re Nj;d f. wkkH;dj
wdrlaId jkafka wkqka úiska ,nd ÿka l%shdldrlï l%shd;aul lsÍfuka fkdj" ;uka f.a u jQ
l%shdldrlï moaO;shla f.dv kxjd l%shd;aul lsÍfuks' fuu úIhh orejkag kejqï w;aoelSula ,nd
fokafka" igyka lg mdvï lsÍug ie,eiaùfuka fkdj" l%shdldÍ j bf.k .kakg wjldY i,id
§fuks'
2' bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha kHdhsl moku

mka;s ldurfha § fhdod .;a .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk l%uh o" YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmk l%uh o
fuu úIh b.ekaùfï § neyer lrkq ,efí' ta fjkqjg fhdod .kafkaa f;dr;=re udOH flakaøSh
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%uhhs'
fuu bf.kqï - b.ekaùï udÈ,sh wkqj .=re Nj;d fuka u YsIHhd o f;dr;=re yd udOH
mßyrKh lrhs' iuyr úg .=re Nj;dg fmr hï f;dr;=rla YsIHhdg ,efnkakg mq¨jk' fï wkqj
.=re Nj;d YsIHhdg jvd f;dr;=re udOH mßyrKh lrkakl= úh hq;= h' ta iu. u yels;dla
f;dr;=re udOH mßyrKh lrkakg YsIHhd fm<Uúh hq;= h' úúO f;dr;=re imhd .; yels uQ,dY%
ms<sn| j u. fmkaùula l< hq;= h' úfYaIfhka fuys § wka;¾cd,h f;dr;=re udOHhla f,i n,j;a
j mßyrKh l< yelsh' thg wu;r j Èkm;d yd i;sm;d mqj;am;a" i`.rd" fmd;a wdÈh o" f;dr;=re
76
/ia lrkq ,enQ ixhqla; ;eá o fhda.H mßÈ mka;s ldurh ;=< mßyrKh lrkakg yels bf.kqï -
b.ekaùï mßirhla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu .=re Nj;d f.a j.lSuls' f;dr;=re uQ,dY% y÷kd .ekSu;a"
f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu;a" f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu;a i|yd YsIHhdg .=re Nj;d f.a iyh yd u.
fmkaùu wjYH h' fuhska woyia jkafka ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIh Ndr .=re Nj;d
w¨;a úh hq;= nj h' tjeks fjkia ùulg .=re Nj;d iQodkï úh hq;= h'
fuu fjki we;s lrkakg cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh o" wOHdmk wud;HxYh o wvq - jeä
jYfhka lghq;= lrkq we;' tfia jqj;a fuu fjki we;s lr .ekSfï fm!oa.,sl wNsm%dhhla .=re
Nj;d úiska ;ud ;=< f.dv kxjd .; hq;= h' tfia iaj ixl,amh j¾Okh lr .ekSfuka wkHhkaf.a
iyhla fkdue;s j u jqj o ;uka f.a .=re N+ñldj w¨;a lr .kakg wjldYh ie,fia'
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úIh ta l lh( 1' ika k s f õok wOHhk m% f õYh
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1'1 ksmqK;d uÜgu ( ikaksfõokh wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd tys úldYkh" iajNdj" ks¾jpk yd
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ixl,am ú.%y lrhs'
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1 jk l%shdldrlu ^ld,h úkdä 30 hs'&
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1 jk mshjr( ikaksfõokh hkqfjka ;uka is;kafka fyda okafka fyda l=ulaoehs ,shk
f,i tal, mejreula fokak'
2 jk mshjr( ;sfokd ne.ska lKavdhï lr tla woyila f.dv kxjkakg Wmfoia fokak
'
3 jk mshjr( lKavdhï úiska ilia l< woyi lvodishl ,shd fndaâ tfla t,a,kak' ta
ta lKavdhug meñK tu woyi m%ldY lrkakg i,iajkak'
4 jk mshjr( ta ta lKavdhï úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o woyiaj, we;s jeo.;a mo fyda fhÿï
fjka lr fndaâ tfla ,shkakg tla isiqjl=g Wmfoia fokak'
5 jk mshjr( ta ta mo fyda fhÿï fyda fhdod f.k ikaksfõokh ms<sn| woyila $

ks¾jpkhla f.dv kxjk f,i lKavdhïj,g Wmfoia fokak'
6 jk mshjr( tla tla lKavdhï úiska f.dv kxjk ,o woyia m%ldY lrkakg bv fokak'
7 jk mshjr( ì%iag,a fndaâ tll fmr iQodkï lr f.k meñKs ikaksfõokh ms<sn|
,eiafj,a ks¾jpkh mka;sh bÈßfha m%o¾Ykh lr" th lshjkakg i,iajkak'
8 jk mshjr
jr( ;u lKavdhï úiska ilia lr we;s ks¾jpkh yd ,eiafj,a ks¾jpkh w;r
we;s mr;rh y÷kd .kakg bv fokak'
9 jk mshjr( ,eiafj,a ks¾jpkh idlÉPd lrkak'
10 jk mshjr( ,eiafj,a ks¾jpkh ,shd .kakg i,iajkak'
77
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1'2 ksmqK;d uÜgu ( ikaksfõokfha uQ,sldx. wdlD;s yd ld¾hhka ú.%y lrhs'
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1 jk mshjr( ,eiafj,a ks¾jpkhg wh;a wjia:d my f,dl= wl=ßka i|yka lr fmr iQodkï
lr f.k meñKs fndaâ my mka;sfha isiqka mia fofkl= w;g fokak'
2 jk mshjr( fndaâ my wkq ms<sfj,ska oelafjk mßÈ mka;sfha bÈßfha tajd m%o¾Ykh jk
fia fma<shg isákakg Wmfoia fokak' wkq ms<sfj, ilia lr .ekSu ish¨
isiq ore oeßhkaf.a idlÉPdfjka isÿ úh hq;= w;r" .=re Nj;d lsisÿ Wmfoila
fkdÈh hq;=h'
3 jk mshjr( isiqka ksis ms<sfj,g fndaâ m%o¾Ykh l< miq tla tla fndaâ tl ms<sn| j
isiqka f.a woyia úuikak'
4 jk mshjr( tla tla fndaâ tlg wod<j ikaksfõok l%shdj,shg iïnkaO jk md¾Yajh
kï lrkak' îkaksfõolhd" mKsjqvh" - udOHh" - .%dylhd" - n,mEu &
5 jk mshjr( ta t md¾Yajh ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrkak'
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1'3 ksmqK;d uÜgu ( ikaksfõokfha úúO j¾. ixikaokd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'
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1 jk mshjr( fofk;a jid f.k" l=vd l< isÿ jQ fohla u;la lr .kakg isiqkag lshkak'
2 jk mshjr( ;ukag u;la jQ foa m%ldY lrkakg leu;s isiqka lsysm fofkl=g bv fokak'
3 jk mshjr( wjqreÿ fndfyda .Kklg fmr isÿ jQ fohla tf;la l,a f;dr;=rla f,i
.nvd lr ;snqfKa fldfyaoehs úuikak'
4 jk mshjr( tjeks f;dr;=re fldmuKla ;uka f.a isf;a .nvd lr ;sfíoehs úuikak'
5 jk mshjr( is;Sfï l%shdj,sh bfí isÿ jk fõ.j;a fohla nj myokak'
6 jk mshjr( mEk fyda w,afmks;a;la fyda lvodishla fmkajd ta .ek úkdä folla l;d
lrkakg leu;s flfkl=g wdrdOkd lrkak'
7 jk mshjr( l;dj meje;aùfuka miq ta .ek idlÉPd lrkak' tu woyia .,d f.k
wdfõ fldfykao@ woyia ke;s jQfha kï ta wehs@ tu woyia isf;a ;ekam;a lr
.;af;a flfiao@ u;lfha r|jd .ekSu yd u;la lsÍu hkqfjka l%shdjka
folla ;sfnk nj myokak' yeu flfkla u ;ukaf.a u is; iu. l;d lrk
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6'4 ksmqK;d uÜgu( udOH ixialD;sh yd fj<| fmd< w;r mj;akd wka;¾ iïnkaOh ú.%y lrhs'
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1 jk mshjr( mqj;am;a lsysmhla mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï w;r fnod fokak'
2 jk mshjr( ta ta mqj;am;aj, m< lr we;s fjf<| oekaùï ms<sn| mQ¾K wOHhkhla

lrkakg isiqkag Wmfoia fokak' fuu wOHhkhg oekaùï i|yd fjka lr
we;s uq¿ bv" msgqj, uq¿ bv" ta ta oekaùïj, m%udKhka" oekaùï m< lrkakka"
oekaùïj, wka;¾.;h" oekaùïj,ska bÈßm;a lrk mKsjv q j, iajNdjh" oekaùï
ks¾udKh lsÍfï Wmdh ud¾." oekaùïj, j¾K" wdÈh we;=<;a úh hq;=h'
89
3 jk mshjr( iuia; jd¾;djla ilia lr mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkakg isiq lKavdhïj,g
Wmfoia fokak'
4 jk mshjr( tla úYd, oekaùula isiqkaf.ao leue;a; we;sj f;dard .kak'
5 jk mshjr( f;dard .;a oekaùu ,E,af,a m%o¾Ykh lrñka" tys wka;¾.;h iudchg
n,mdk wdldrh idlÉPd lrkak'
90
mdi,a mdol we.hqï jev igyk
1 jk ks m q K ;dj ^úIh la f Ia ; % h ( ika k s f õok wOHhk m% f õYh&

lKa v dhï mejreï( meh folla ;=< mdif,ys ikaksfõok ld¾hhka wOHhkh lr
jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'
ta l , mejreï( ikakf s õok j¾. yd ikakf s õok úê we;=<;a jk mßÈ ta 3 lvodishla
Ndú;fhka rEm igykla ks¾udKh lrkak'
2 jk ksmqK;dj ^úIh lafIa;%h( ikaksfõokh yd iudch&

lKa v dhï mejreu( mqoa.,hka oy fofkl= iu. idlÉPd lr ikaksfõokh yd iudch
w;r mj;akd wka;¾ iïnkaOh ms<sn| j Tjqka olajk woyia yd ta
ms<sn| we.hqula we;=<;a flá jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'
ta l , mejreu( mqo.
a ,hka oy fofkl= iu. idlÉPd lr ikakf s õokh wjYH jkafka
l=ulg±hs Tjqka olajk woyia yd ta ms<sn| we.hqula we;=<;a flá
jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'
3 jk ksmqK;dj ^úIh lafIa;%h( ikaksfõok l=i,;d yd ksmqK;d&

lKa v dhï mejreu( úksúol m;% y;rla ;=kla fhdod .ksñka " òj¾fyâ fm%dfclagrh
Ndú;fhka úkdä oyhl bÈßm;a lsÍula lrkak'
ta l , mejreu( uu ljqo@ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a ta 4 msgqjl rpkdjla ,shkak'
4 jk ksmqK;dj ^úIh lafIa;%h ( NdIdj yd ckudOH Ndú;h&

lKa v dhï mejreu( .=jka úÿ,s kd,sld myl m%jD;a;s m%ldYhka iajfoaYSh fiajfha m%jD;a;s
m%ldYh iu. ii|ñka jd¾;djla ilia lrkak' WodyrK o bÈßm;a
lrñka jd¾;dj mka;sfha § bÈßm;a lrkak'
ta l , mejreu( Èkm;d mqj;a m;lska ixj¾Ok uQ,sl m%jD;a;shla f;dard f.k th
.=jka úÿ,shg WÑ; jk fia kej; ,shkak'
5 jk ks m q K ;dj ^úIh la f Ia ; % h ( uyck iïnka O ;dj&

lKa v dhï mejreu( újdy ux.,H W;aijhl § fhdod .kakd uyck iïnkaO;d l%u
îïm%odhsl yd kj& wOHhkh lrñka jd¾;djla iïmdokh lrkak'
ta l , mejreu( wdfrda.H Yd,djla" rcfha ld¾hd,hla" jdKsc nexl=jla" iuqmldr
m%dfoaYslhla" frÈ ms<s fjf<| ie,la" wdmk Yd,djla jeks ia:dk
folla f;dard f.k tajdfha uyck iïnkaO;d lghq;= l%shd;aul
jk wdldrh ms<sn| ixikaokd;aul jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'
6 jk ksmqK;dj ^úIh lafIa;%h( udOH ixialD;sh&

lKa v dhï mejreu( jhia .; {d;Ska ;sfofkl= iu. idlÉPd lr" Tjqkaf.a <ud úfha
§ ;snqKdg jvd j¾;udk iudcfha .;s mej;=ï $ p¾hdjka " we÷ï
me<÷ï yd NdKav $ wdydr mßfNdackh wdÈh ixialD;sl ,laIK
fjkia ù we;s wdldrh yd tu fjkia ùug ckudOH n, md we;s
wdldrh ±lafjk jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'
ta l , mejreu( rEmjdyskS fjf<| ±kaùï myla kï lr f.k tajd wOHhkh lrñka"
ta u.ska ck;djg ,nd fok mKsjqvh yd fm<Uùfï Wmdh ud¾. m
ms<sn| úfõpkd;aul jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'
Wmfoia (
1' isiqka úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk mejreï msgm;la mdif,a mqia;ld,fha udOH wxYfha fyda mka;s mqia;ld,fha fyda iq/
lsj ;nkak' tajd B <`. j¾Ifha§ tu mka;sj,g meñfKk orejkag wOHhkh l< yelsh'
2' wjYH wjia:djkays§ fuu mejreïj, l%shdldrlï fyda f;audjka fyda fjkia lr .ekSu .=re Nj;df.a ld¾hhls'
^ksmqK;d uÜgu ,l=Kq 4 3 ksmqK;d uÜgug wvq 2 1&
91
Wm .%ka:h
1' Tfí mdif,a;a udOH iudchla wdrïN lrkak'
1' miqìu(
ikaksfõok yd udOH l%shdldrlï wka ljrodlgj;a jvd j¾;udk iudch flfrys oeä j
n, md we;s w;r" fï n, mEu ojfika oji jeä fõ' ikaksfõok udOH wdh;k ixúOdkd;aul
yd oejeka; jk w;r" tys n,mEfuka ñoSug yelafla ldgoehs is;d .kakg o fkdyels ;rïh'
tneúka fuu ikaksfõok udOHhka úYaf,aIKh lr .ekSug yd tajd f;dard fírd f.k .%yKh lr
.ekSug wjYH YslaIKh orejkag ,nd §u wOHdmk moaO;sfha j.lSuls' wfkla w;g ikaksfõok
ksmqK;d fkdue;sj ;ukaf.a fm!oa.,sl Ôú;h f.dv kexùu yd mj;ajd f.k hduo wiSre lreKla
ù we;' tneúka Ôjk ksmqK;djla jYfhka ikaksfõok ksmqK;d w;am;a lr .ekSu w;HjYH ù
;sfí' tfiau ks¾udKYS,S ore oeßhkag yd .=re Nj;=kago ikaksfõok udOH mßirh u.ska fndfyda
m%fhdack w;am;a lr .; yelsh' mdi,a udOH iudc msysgqùfï miq ìu thhs'
hï mdi,l idudkH fm< fyda Wiia fm< fyda úIhhla jYfhka ikaksfõokh yd udOH
wOHhkh úIhh W.kajkafka kï" tu mdif,a udOH iudchla msysgqjd l%shd;aul lsÍu wksjd¾h
ld¾hhls' mka;s ldurfha l%shdj,shg iu.dój m%dfhda.sl ld¾hhka l%shd;aul l< yelafla mdi,a
udOH iudch u.sks' mdi,a udOH iudchl o< ixúOdk igyk fufia ±laúh yelsh'
wNHka;r lñgqj ndysr lñgqj
iNdm;s
ks' iNdm;s
f,alï m%Odk ixúOdhl NdKavd.dßl

ks'f,alï jHdmD;s ixúOdhljre ks'NdKavd.dßl
ldrl iNdj
1' m¾fhaIK yd .fõIK jHdmD;sh

2' l=i,;d ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sh
3' ks¾udKd;aul jHdmD;sh
4' ri úkaok jHdmD;sh
5' m%cd ikaksfõok jHdmD;sh
6' idu ikaksfõok jHdmD;sh
7' wdmod yd wk;=-re ikaksfõok jHdmD;sh
1' wNHka;r lñgqj( udOH iudcfha uqÿka uÜgfï fufyhqï lKavdhu fukñka ye¢ka
fõ' tys m%Odkshd jkafka úÿy,am;s;=ud $ ;=ñhhs' ta yer wOHdmk ixj¾Ok lghq;= Ndr ksfhdacH
úÿy,am;s;-=ul= $ ;=ñhl" udOH iudch Ndr .=reuõjreka $ mshjreka o wh;a fõ' fuhska neyer jQ
fjk;a .=re uõjreka $ mshjreka o udOH iudcfha wNHka;r lñgqjg we;=<;a lrkakg úÿy,am;s;u
= dg$
;=ñhg yelsh' WodyrKhla jYfhka ix.S;h" Ñ;%" kegqï úIh Ndr .=reuj $ mshd fyda fjk;a .=re
uõjreka fyda mshjreka fuhg iïnkaO l< yelsh' fï wdldrfhka wNHka;r lñgqj mdif,a .=re
uKav,fha idudðlhka jeä msßilska iukaú; ùu udOH iudcfha lghq;j = ,g myiqjls' WodyrKhla
92
jYfhka udOH iudcfha jHdmD;s y;g wod< jk fia .=reuõjreka $ mshjreka wNHka;r lñgqjg
iïnkaO lr .; yelsh' ta u.ska ta ta jHdmD;sj, lghq;= jvd;a id¾:lj l%shd;aul lrkakg
wjldYh ,efí' wNHka;r lñgqfõ ld¾hhka fufia ±laúh yelsh'
1' udOH iudcfha lghq;= ms<sn| j wjidk ;SrK .ekSu

2' jd¾Isl ie,eiau i|yd wjidk wkque;sh ,nd §u
3' udOH iudcfha ld¾hhka id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH Wmfoia §u
4' wjia:dkql+,j wkque;shka ,nd §u
5' udOH iudcfha /iaùï i|yd ksfhdackhka ,nd §u
6' udOH iudcfha ndysr lñgqj iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu
6' úÿy,am;s;=ud $ ;=ñh úiska woyia lrk l=uk fyda ueÈy;aùula
2' ndysr lñgqj( udOH iudcfha ld¾hhka id¾:lj lr f.k hdu i|yd ndysr wkq.%dyl;ajh
,nd .ekSu ndysr lñgqj ia:dms; lr .ekSfï wruqKhs' mdi,a uÜgñka udOH iudchla mj;ajd f.k
hdfï § úúO wjia:dj, úúO wjYH;djka bgq lr .ekSu i|yd ndysr wkq.%dyl;ajh wjYH fõ'
WodyrK jYfhka hï mqyqKq jev igykla i|yd mqyqKq lrejl= ,nd .ekSu" iïuka;%Khla i|yd
foaYlhl= ,nd .ekSu" ;r.hlg iïnkaOj iy;sl m;% uqøKh lrjd .ekSu" úfYaI jev igykla
i|yd nekrhla ilia lrjd .ekSu" udOH Wf,<g iïnkaOj úfYaI ;s<sK ks¾udKh lrjd .ekSu
wdÈh ±laúh yelsh' fï wdldrfha úúO wjYH;d mek ke.=Kq wjia:dj,§ wkq.%dlhka fidhd
.ekSug fjfyi ùu fndfyda úg isÿ jk fohhs' tu ÿIalr;dj u. yrjd .ekSu i|yd mdi,a udOH
iudchg iqN m;kakka lKavdhula udOH iudch wdrïNfha isgu iïnkaO lr .ekSu ndysr lñgqj
ia:dms; lr .ekSfï wruqKhs' fï i|yd my; i|yka wh fjka fjkaj y÷kd .; hq;=h'
1' wd§ YsIH YsIHdjka

2' foudmshka
3' idys;Hlrejka $ l,dlrejka $ fjk;a ks¾udKYS,Ska
4' úoaj;=ka
5' ckudOHlrejka yd ckudOHfõ§ka
6' jHdmdßlhka
7' rdcH ks,OdÍka
8' rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk ksfhdað;hka
9' ysgmq .=reNj;=ka yd úÿy,am;sjreka $ jßhka
10' uyck ksfhdað;hka
ndysr lñgqj ia:dms; lr .ekSug my; i|yka l%shd ms<sfj, wkq.ukh lsÍu fhda.Hh'
1' ndysr lñgqj ixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd udOH iudcfha lñgqjla m;a lr .kak'
2' tu lñgqj /ia j idlÉPd lrñka fhda.H mqoa.,hkaf.a fyda wdh;kj, fyda ,ehsia;=jla
iïmdokh lr .kak'
3' tu ,ehsia;=j udOH iudch Ndr .=reuõjreka $ mshjreka fj; bÈßm;a lr idlÉPd lr
ixfYdaOkhka lr uQ,sl wkque;sh ,nd .kak'
4' úÿy,am;s;=ud $ ;=ñh fj; f,aLkh bÈßm;a lr ,sÅ;j wkque;sh ,nd .kak'
5' wkque;sh ,nd .;a f,aLkhg wh;a ta ta mqoa.,hka f.a yd wdh;kj, úia;r yels;dla
/ia lr .kak' fuu f;dr;=rej,g ta ta whf.a kï"
# fm!oa.,sl ,smskhka $ rdcldß ,smskhka $ úoHq;a ,smskhka o"
# ;k;=r yd úfYaI{;djka o"
# ÿrl:k wxl o"
# mdi,g iïnkaO;djla we;akï th o"
# imhd .; yels fjk;a fhda.H f;dr;=re o we;=<;a úh hq;= h'
6' tu úia;rd;aul f,aLkh udOH iudch Ndr .=reuõjreka $ mshjreka u.ska úÿy,am;s;=ud$
;=ñh fj; ,sms f.dkqjlska bÈßm;a lr wkque;sh ,nd .kak'
93
7' ta ta wh mdi,a udOH iudcfha ndysr lñgqfõ idudðlhl= jYfhka we;=<;a lsÍug
úÿy,am;s;=ud f.a $ ;=ñhf.a wkque;sh iys;j udOH iudcfha /iaùul§ ;SrKh lr .kakd ,o nj
o" bÈß ld,fha§ udOH iudcfha ixj¾Okh i|yd iyfhda.h wfmalaId lrk njo ±lafjk ,smshla
ta ta whg fjka fjkaj heùu
8' udOH iudcfha jd¾Isl ie,eiafï wkqu; msgm;la ta ta wh fj; heùu
9' udOH iudcfha /iaùïj, ixlaIsma; jd¾;djka" bÈßfha§ l%shd;aul lsÍug kshñ; tla tla
jev igyka ms<sn| úia;r yd ksu lrk ,o tla tla jev igyka ms<sn| úia;r
10' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
fï wdldrfhka ndysr lñgqfõ idudðlhka ksrka;rfhka ±kqj;a lsÍu u.ska Tjqka ;=< udOH
iudcfha lghq;= ms<sn|j Wkkaÿjla yd m%idohla we;s fõ' ta wkqj ;ukaf.ka udOH iudchg hï
Wmldrhla lsÍu ms<sn|j Tjqkau l,amkd lrkakg mq¨jk' tfiau ta ta wjid:dj, úúO Wmldr
,nd fok f,i ndysr lñgqfõ idudðlhkaf.ka b,a,d isákakg udOH iudchg mq¨jk' fuys§
úfYaIfhka u;l ;nd .; hq;; a la kï" udOH iudcfha ndysr lñgqj iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu wNHka;r
lñgqfõ ld¾hhla jk njh' ta ksid lsisu wjia:djl udOH iudcfha ks,OdÍka úiska wNHka;r
lñgqfõ wkque;shlska f;drj ndysr lñgqfõ idudðlhka iu. fudku wdldrhl fyda iïnkaOhla
fkdmeje;aúh hq;=h' tfiau Tjqka fj; hjkq ,nk iEu ,smshlau mdi,ska msg;g hk ,smshla jk
neúka" ta i|yd úÿy,am;s;=ud $ ;=ñhf.a ks¾foaYh $ wkque;sh wod< mßÈ ,smsfha igyka lrjd .;
hq;h
= '
3' iNdm;s $ ksfhdacH iNdm;s $ Wm iNdm;s( udOH iudcfha iNdm;s ks,OdÍkaf.a

uQ,sl ld¾hh jkafka /iaùïj,§ uQ,dikh ±Íuh' thg wu;rj ,sms w;aika lsÍuo tla ld¾hhls'
iNdm;s úiska udOH iudcfha jd¾Isl ie,eiau iïmdokh lr uy iNdfõ wkque;sh ,nd .; hq;=h'
mdif,a wNHka;r lñgqj ks, jYfhka iïnkaëlrKh lsÍuo iNdm;s ld¾h uKav,fha ld¾hhls'
tfiau udOH iudcfha ish¨ ld¾hhka ms<sn|j ksrka;rfhka fidhd ne,Suo wjYH iyfhda.h ,nd
§uo" hï hï ld¾hhka ie,iqï lsÍu yd ixúOdkh lsÍuo" wod< jk mßÈ tajd l%shd;aul lsÍuo
iNdm;s ks,OdÍka f.a ld¾hhkag wh;a fõ' tfiau udOH iudcfha m%Odk ld¾hhka jk udOH
Wf<,la meje;aùu" udOH wOHdmk i;sh" hqfkiaflda f,dal fmd;a Èkh" udOH jev yqrej i;sh wd§
úfYaI jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍuo iNdm;s ld¾h uKav,fha j.lSuls'
3' f,alï $ iuf,alïjreka $ ksfhdacH f,alïjreka $ iyldr f,alïjreka( udOH

iudcfha f,alï ld¾h uKav,fha m%Odk ld¾hh jkafka udOH iudchg wh;a f,aLk lghq;= ksis
f,i mj;ajd f.k hduh' jd¾;d fmd;a yd udOH iudcfha ±kaùï mqjrej ta w;r m%Odk fõ'
/iaùï le|ùu" fmr /iaùïj, jd¾;d bÈßm;a lsÍu" /iaùïj, ia;=;s l;dj meje;aùu" ksis wkque;sh
iys;j udOH fj; ks, f;dr;=re heùu" wkqu; ±kaùï ksl=;a lsÍu" /iaùï le|ùfï ±kaùï ksis
wkque;sh iys;j ±kaùï mqjrefõ m%o¾Ykh lsÍu yd ikaksfõokh lsÍu" ksis wkque;sh iys;j
wjYH wjia:djkays § udOH idlÉPdjla meje;aùu" uyck iïnkaO;d lghq;= ie,iqï lsÍu yd
l%shd;aul lsÍu" udOH iudcfha kdu mqjrejla mj;ajd f.k hdu" idudðl ye÷Kqï m;a yd ,dxck
,nd §u" udOH iudcfha .S;h .dhkd lsÍu mqyqKq lsÍu wdÈh f,alï ks,OdÍkAf.a ld¾hhkag uQ,slj
wh;a fõ' f,alï ks,OdÍka ;u ld¾hhka bgq lsÍfï§ mß.Kl Ndú;hg fhduq jkafka kï b;d
fhda.Hh'
4' NdKavd.dßl $ ksfhdacH NdKavd.dßl $ Wm NdKavd.dßljreka ( udOH iudcfha

idudðl uqo,a /ia lsÍu" wruqo,a /ia lsÍu we;=`tj uqo,a fyda j;alï fyda iïnkaO ish`t ld¾hhka
NdKavd.dßl ks,OdÍkag wh;a fõ' ta wkqj ksis f,i .sKqï fmd;a mj;ajd f.k hdu" wod< mßÈ
ßisÜ ksl;= a lsÍu" /ia jk uqo,a m%Odk NdKavd.dßl f,i lghq;= lrk .=re;=ud $ .=re;-=ñh fj; Ndr
§u fyda udOH iudcfha nexl= ;ekam;a .sKqfï ;ekam;a lsÍu" uqo,a yd j;alï .kqfokqj,g wod<
ish`t ,sms f,aLk" ksis mßÈ wkque;sh iys;j" iqrlaIs;j mj;ajd f.k hdu" wruqo,a imhd .ekSfï
úfYaI ld¾hhka fhdackd lsÍu" ie,iqï lsÍu yd l%h s d;aul lsÍu o NdKavd.dr ks,OdÍkaf.a ld¾hhka
w;rg wh;a fõ' fuu ld¾hhka i|ydo yels mßÈ mß.Kl fhdod .ekSu fhda.Hh'
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5' ldrl iNdj( udOH iudcfha wNsu;h mßÈ mka;s ksfhdackh jk f,i yd msßñ $
.eyeKq ksfhdackh jk f,i ldrl iNdj m;a lr .; hq;=h' ta t wjia:djkays udOH iudcfha ks,
idlÉPdj,g iyNd.s ùu" ;ukaf.a Pkaoh ,nd §u u.ska udOH iudcfha ks,Odß uKav,fha /iaùï
j,§ ;u u;h m< lsÍu" idudðlhkaf.a whÿï m;a iïnkaOfhka wkque;sh ,nd §u wdÈho" udOH
iudch úiska jHjia:dj yd w;=re jHjia:d u.ska iïu; lr .kakd ,o fjk;a ld¾hhka bgq lsÍu
ldrl iNd idudðl idudðldjkaf.a j.lSu fõ' tfiau iEu ldrl iNd idudðlhl=u l=uk fyda
jHdmD;shl ld¾hhka iu. ksYaÑ;j iïnkaOj lghq;= l< hq;= w;r" ;uka l=uk jHdmD;sh iu.
iïnkaOj lghq;= lrkafka±hs udOH iudcfha uy iNd /iaùfï§ iNdjg bÈßm;a lr wkque;sh ,nd
.; hq;=h'
6' m%Odk ixúOdhl $ ksfhdacH m%Odk ixúOdhl( fuu ;k;=re iDcqju udOH iudcfha
jHdmD;Ska y; l%shd;aul lsÍfï j.lSu iu. ne£ mj;S' tkï jHdmD;s yf;ys lghq;= ksis f,i
fufyhùu iïnkaOfhka m%Odk ixúOdhl yd ksfhdacH m%Odk ixúOdhl uQ,sl jYfhka j. lsj
hq;=h' hï j¾Ihla ;=< ta ta jHdmD;Skaf.ka m%udKj;a l%shdldrlï l%shd;aul lr we;akï tys
f.!rjho tfia l%shd;aul lr ke;skï tu j.lSuo m%Odk ixúOdhl yd ksfhdacH m%Odk ixúOdhl
úiska Ndr .; hq;=h'
7' jHdmD;s ixúOdhl $ ks f hda c H jHdmD;s ixúOdhl( iEu jHdmD;s h lgu

ixúOdhljrhl= yd ksfhdacH ixúOdhljrhl= m;a lr .ekSu udOH iudcfha uy iNd /iaùul§
l< hq;=h' Tjqkaf.a m%Odk ld¾hh jkafka ;ukagf.a j.lSug wh;a jk jHdmD;sfha jd¾Isl
ie,eiaula ilia lr th l%shd;aul lsÍu ms<sn|jh' tu wod< jHdmD;sh j¾Ih ;=< m%udKj;a
l%shdldrlï l%shd;aul lr we;akï tu f.!rjho" l%shd;aul lr fkdue;s kï tu j.lSuo jHdmD;s
ixúOdhl yd ksfhdacH jHdmD;s ixúOdhl úiska Ndr .; hq;=h' ;u jHdmD;sfha jd¾Isl ie,eiaula
ilia lr th udOH iudcfha idudkH /iaùulg bÈßm;a lr wkque;sh ,nd .ekSuo" th ksis f,i
l%shd;aul lsÍug wod<j ;u iyh ,nd §u yd ksis mßÈ tu lghq;= fufyhùuo fuu ks,OdÍkaf.a
j.lSuhs'
8' jHdmD;s idudðl;ajh( udOH iudch hgf;a jHdmD;s y;la l%shd;aul jk w;r" ta
i|yd iaÓr idudðl msßila kï lr .ekSu fyda fkd.ekSu l< yelsh' th udOH iudcfha wNsu;h
mßÈ fõ' iaÓr idudðl msßila kï lr .kq ,enqj;a" fkd,enqj;a" udOH iudcfha ´kEu idudðlfhl=g
hï jHdmD;shla hgf;a hï l%shdldrlula l%shd;aul lrkakg wjldYh ;sfí' fuhska woyia jkafka
jHdmD;s idudðl;ajh hkq újD; fohla njh' tjeks wjldYhla we;s lr we;af;a" ksYaÑ;j ks,Odß
uKav,hg we;=<;a fkdjk" tfy;a hula lrkakg leue;a;la we;s idudðlhkg wjldY i,id
fokq msKsih'
9' 1' m¾fhaIK yd .fõIK jHdmD;sh( udOH iudch hgf;a we;s m<uqjk jHdmD;sh
fuhhs' m¾fhaIK yd .fõIK hk mohka ;rula nrm;, f,i tla jru ±fkkakg mq¨jk'
we;af;kau tu moj,ska woyia jkafka nrm;, ld¾hhka nj we;a;h' tfy;a tajdfha b;d uQ,sl
uÜgfï m¾fhaIK yd .fõIK l%h s d;aul lrkakg udOH iudchg mq¨jk' m¾fhaIK yd .fõIkj,ska
lrkafka w¨;a ±kqula fidhd .ekSuh' ta ksid mdi, ;=<§o tjeks w¨;a ±kqula fidhd .ekSfï l=vd
m¾fhaIK yd .fõIk lrkakg udOH iudcfha idudðlhka fm<öu ;=<ska bÈßfha§ Tjqkag jvd;a
úYd, m¾fhaIK yd .fõIk l%shd;aul lrkakg wjYH uQ,sl w;a±lSu ,efí' mdif,a§ l%shd;aul
l< yels ir, uÜgfï m¾fhaIK yd .fõIk lsysmhla fufia ±laúh yelsh'
• mdi,g ñ, § .kakd mqj;am; lshùu ms<sn| wOHhkhla

• mdif,a <uqka w;r ckm%sh .S; oyhla y÷kd .ekSfï iólaIKhla
• .fï f.j,aj, .=jka úÿ,sh$ rEmjdysksh $ mqj;am;a mßyrKh lsÍu ms<sn| wOHhkhla
• .fï lfâg .kakd mqj;am; lshùu ms<sn| wOHhkhla
• mdif,a mqia;ld,fha fmd;a lshùu ms<sn| wOHhkhla
• <uqka bf.kSu i|yd rEmjdysksh fhdod .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| wOHhkhla
• '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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m¾fhaIKhla fyda .fõIKhla fyda lsÍfïoS lKavdhula f,i l%h
s d lsÍu b;d m%fhdackj;ah'
ta u.ska tu ld¾hhka fnod f.k myiqfjka l%shd;aul lrkakg wjldYh ,efí' m¾fhaIKhla fyda
.fõIKhla l%shd;aul lsÍfuka miq tys jd¾;dj udOH iudchg bÈßm;a lsÍu fhda.Hh' ta wkqj
tys wkdjrKhka ish,a,kag ±k .kakg wjia:dj ie,fia' tfiau tu jd¾;dfõ msgm;a iyNd.s jQ
idudðlhka fj; ;nd .ekSu w;HjYHh' ;j;a msgm;a mqia;ld,h" wNHka;r lñgqj yd ndysr
lñgqj fj; bÈßm;a lsÍu fhda.Hh' fuys§ jd¾;dj hkafkka msgq fndfyda m%udKhla we;=<;a
f,aLkhla woyia fkdflf¾' jd¾;dj yels ;dla flá lsÍu yeu w;skau fhda.Hh'
9' 2' l=i,;d ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sh( fuu jHdmD;sh hgf;a udOH iudcfha idudðl
idudðldjkaf.a l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lsßu wruqKq lr .;a úúO mqyqKq jev igyka meje;aùu
wfmalaId flf¾' tu mqyqKq jev igykaj, ld,h fldmuK ±hs ksYaÑ; j lsj fkdyelsh' th meh
lsysmhl isg ojia lsysmhla olajd tu ld,h me;sfrkakg mq¨jk' ld,h ms<sn|j ksYaph lr .;
hq;af;a" tys wjYH;dj yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï yelshdj wkqjh' úÿy,am;s;=ud $ ;=ñh úiska wkqu;
lrkafka kï wjg mdi,aj, udOH iudc idudðl idudðldjka hï ixLHdjlgo tu mqyqKq jev
igykaj,g iyNd.s ùug wjldYh i,id §u fhda.Hh' udOH iudch hgf;a ixj¾Okh l< yels
l=i,;do ksYaÑ; j kï l< fkdyelsh' th tu udOH iudcfha yd tu mqyqKq jev igyk ie,iqï
lrk lKavdhfï ie,eiau wkqj ;SrKh l< hq;= h' tfy;a WodyrK lsysmhla fufia ±la úh
yelsh'
• m%jD;a;s jd¾;dlrKh ms<sn|j

• ksYap, Pdhdrem Ys,amh ms<sn|j
• úlg rx.kh ms<sn|j
• ldgqka Ñ;% ks¾udKh ms<sn|j
• mµ ldjH ks¾udKh ms<sn|j
• flá l;d ks¾udKh ms<sn|j
• ì;a;s mqj;am;a ks¾udKh ms<sn|j
• ksfõok Ys,amh ms<sn|j
• m%jD;a;s ixialrKh ms<sn|j
• ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
l=i,;d ixj¾Ok mqyqKq jev igyka meje;aùfï§ mek k.sk m%Odk .eg¨ folls' tlla
kï ta i|yd fhda.H iïm;aodhlhka fidhd .ekSuhs' fojekak kï wjYH WmlrK imhd .ekSuhs'
fï i|yd úÿy,am;s;=ud $ ;=ñhf.ao wjirh we;sj ndysr lñgqfõ iyh ,nd .kakg mq¨jk' tfia
ndysr wkq.y% hla ,nd .ekSug wfmalI
a d lrkafka kï" mqyK
q q jev igyk ms<n
s | iïmQ¾K úia;rhlao"
tys wh jeh weia;fïka;=jlao iu. wod< wkq.%dylhka fj; f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrkakg isÿ fõ'
mqyqKq jev igykla wjidkfha§ mqyqKq,dNSka fj; iy;sl m;%hla udOH iudcfha kñka msßkeóu
jvd;a fhda.Hh' tfiau mqyqKq,dNSkaf.a olaI;d bÈßm;a lsÍulao fï hgf;a l< yelsh'
9' 3' ks¾udKd;aul jHdmD;sh( udOH iudcfha idudðl isiq ore ±ßhkaf.a úúO ks¾udK
bÈßm;a lsÍfï úúO jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍu fuhska woyia fõ' ta iïnkaO WodyrK lsysmhla
fufia ±la úh yelssh'
• Ñ;% m%o¾Ykhla meje;aùu

• ldgqka m%o¾Ykhla meje;aùu
• PdhdrEm m%o¾Ykhla meje;aùu
• flál;d fmd;la uqøKh lr m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu
• mqj;am;la uqøKh lr m%ldYhg m;a lsßu
• ì;a;s mqj;a m;la m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu
• .S; m%ix.hla meje;aùu
• mdi,a .=jka úÿ,s fiajhla meje;aùu
• '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
96
ks¾udKd;aul ld¾hhla ie,iqï lsÍfï isg l%shd;aul lsÍu olajd ;rul ld,hla .;
jkakg mq¨jk' tfy;a fyd| ks¾udKhla bÈßm;a lsÍu jvd;a jeo.;a fõ' tfiau fï i|yd
msßjehlao orkakg isÿ fõ' tu msßjeh flfia wdjrKh lrkafkao hkak úfYaIfhka ie,iqï l<
hq;=h' WodyrKhla jYfhka fmd;la m%ldY lsÍfï§ th wf,ú lr wdodhï ,nd .kakg mq¨jk'
tfy;a fmd; uqøKhg hk úhou uq,ska orkakg isÿ fõ' ta i|yd l%uhla fhdod .ekSu wjYHh' fï
ksid ks¾udKd;aul jHdmD;sh hgf;a l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsßfï§ m%udKj;a ld,hla wjYHh'
ks¾udKd;aul ld¾hh lrkq ,nk idudðlhd fyda idudðlhka lsysm fofkl= fyda úiska fï i|yd
wjYH ie,iqï iïmdokh lsÍu fhda.Hh' fndfyda úg fï i|yd foudmshkaf.ao iyh ,nd .ekSug
isÿ fõ'
9'4' ri úkaok jHdmD;sh ( ri úkaokh Ôú;hg wjYH fohls' udOHj, m%Odk ld¾hh
njg m;a ù ;sfnkafkao .%dylhkag ri ú¢kakg fkdfhla foa bÈßm;a lsÍuhs' tfy;a we;af;kau
Tjqka .dylhdg fhda.H foa ri ú¢kakg ,nd fokafkao hkak úYd, m%Yakhls' fyd| fohla ri
ú¢kakg mqreÿ mqyqKq jQ úg nd, foa m%;slafIam lrkakg mqreÿ fõ' tu mqreoao we;s lr .; hq;af;a
nd, ld,fha isguh' ta ksid mdi,a wjÈfha§u fï wdldrfhka úúO foa ri ú¢kakg yd tajd
úfõpkh lrkakg mqreÿ mqyqKq ùu b;d m%fhdackj;ah' ri úkaok jev igykla ie,iqï lsÍfï§
m%Odk wruqKq folla bgq lr .kakg mq¨jk' m<uqjekak kï fyd| foa l=ula±hs f;dard .kakg
idudðl idudðldjkag wjldYh ,nd §uh' fojekak kï nd, foa l=ula±hs y÷kd .ekSug wjldY
ie,iSuhs' fuu wruqKq folu ri úkaok jev igykaj,§ bgq lr .kakg mq¨jk' udOH Tiafia
ksrka;rfhka ,efnkafka wjr .Kfha ri úkaokhla ksid" tys .=K w.=K y÷kd .ekSu w;sYhska
jeo.;ah' ri úkaok jev igyka i|yd wdo¾Y lafIa;% lsysmhla my; ±la fõ'
• mqia;ld,fha fmd;a lsysmhla ri ú£u

• fyd| .S; ri ú£u
• fyd| fg,s kdgHhla keröu
• wjr .Kfha fg,s kdgH krUd úfõpkh lsÍu
• fkdkj;sk .S; ;eáhla jdokh lr th rih w¾: l:kh lsÍu
• kgkakg .hk .S yd is;kakg .hk .S w;r fjki w¾: l:kh lsÍu
• rEmjdyskS .S; jev igykla krUd th úu¾Ykh lsÍu
• ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ri úkaok jev igyka meje;aùfï§ thg udOH iudcfha idudðl fkdjk isiq ore ±ßhkago
iyNd.s jkakg wjia:dj i,id §u m%fhdackj;ah' ta u.ska mdi, ;=< Wiia ri úkaok Yla;shla
f.dv kxjkakg wjldYh ,efí'
9'5' m% c d ika k s f õok jHdmD;s h ( fuh mdi,g w¨;a lafIa;%hls' m%cdj hkafkka
ye¢kafjkafka ljqreka±hs uq,ska f;areï .ekSu wjYHh' mdif,a m%cdj hkafkka woyia jkafka isiq
isiqúhka yd .=re uKav,hhs' mdif,a wdikak m%cdj f,i foudmshkao we;=<;a fõ' m%cdj ;=< hï
p¾hd;aul fjkila we;s lsÍu m%cd ikaksfõokhhs' idudkHfhka m%cdj ;=< p¾hd;aul fjkialï
we;s lsÍug fhdod .kakd ir, l%uh kï n,h fhdod .ekSuhs' thg o`vqjï lsÍuo wh;a fõ' tfy;a
n,h fhdod f.k we;s lrkq ,nk p¾hdjka t;rï iaÓr fkdjk w;ru" ys;ldóo fkdfõ' tneúka
ienE p¾hd;aul fjkila we;s l< yelafla m%cdjf.a is;Su fjkia lsÍfuks' ta u.ska kj wdl,am
f.dv kxjkakg mq¨jk' th myiq lghq;a;la fkdj b;d wiSre lghq;a;ls' ta i|yd fln÷ l%u
fõo fhdod .kafkao@ hkak ksYaÑ;j ±laúh fkdyelsh' tla ;eklg .e,fmk l%uhla ;j;a
;eklg fkd.e,mSu fuys we;s úfYaIhhs' ta ksid ;ukaf.a mdif,a m%cdj ms<sn|j fyd| wOHhkhla
lsÍAfuka miq m%cd ikaksfõok jev igyka ie,iqï lr l%shd;aul l< hq;=h' tjeks jev igykaj,ska
m%cdj ;=< fln÷ kj p¾hdjka we;s lsÍug wfmalaId lrkafka±hs ksYaÑ;j y÷kd f.k ie,iqï
iïmdokh l< hq;=h' ta i|yd jQ WodyrK lsysmhla my; ±la fõ'
1' mdi, ;=< .uka lsrSfï § ol=fKka .uka lrkakg mqreÿ lsÍu
2' uy,a f.dvke.s,sj, mä fmf<a .uka lsÍfï § ol=fKka hdug mqreÿ lsÍu
97
3' mdif,a ;ek ;ek fl< .eiSfï mqreoao ke;s lsÍu
4' wm øjH ksis ;eklg ±óug mqreÿ lsÍu
5' mka;sfhka msg; hdu yd mka;shg we;=¨ ùu ms<sn| p¾hdjla f.dv kexùu
m%cd ikaksfõok jHdmD;sh wfkla tajdg jvd wmyiq h' thg fya;=j kj p¾hdjka we;s
lsÍu f,fyis myiq fkd jk ksid h' tfy;a tla lKavdhula W;aidy .;a foh ksis wdldrfhka
jd¾;d lr we;akï" ;j;a lKavdhulg t;ek isg th fjk;a wdldrhlska w;ayod n,kakg mq¨jk'
lsisÿ m%h;akhla wid¾:l hehs w;a yer ±ñh hq;= ke;'
9'6' idu ikaksfõok jHdmD;sh( j¾;udkfha fmkS hk lreKla kï" iudch ;=< tlsfkld
w;r iduldó iyfhda.h YS>%fhka ì| jefgñka mj;sk nj h' th b;d lK.dgqodhl lreKls'
tlsfkld w;r iduldó iyÔjkh f.dv kexùu wdrïN lsÍug fyd| u ia:dkh kï mdi,hs' fï
i|yd úúO jev igyka l%shd;aul lrkakg mq¨jk' fïjdfha wjidk m%;sM,h úh hq;af;a mdif,a
orejka ;=< iduldó ye`.Sï j¾Okh lsÍu;a úúO .egqï wju lsÍu;a h' úfYaIfhka mdi,a isiq
isiqúhka iïnkaO lsisu wdldrhl fyda m%pKavldÍ isÿ ùï fkd jk ;;a;ajhg mdi, m;a lr .;
yels kï th úYd, ch.%yKhls' fï i|yd lrkq ,nk jev igyka tla ojilska k;r l< fkd
yels h' ta ksid j¾Ih mqrd me;sÍ hk mßÈ úúO l=vd jev igyka ud,djla l%shd;aul l< hq;= h'
fï i|yd lKavdhï lsysmhla bÈßm;a j lghq;= l< hq;= h' l< yels jev lsysmhla WodyrK
jYfhka my; ±la fõ'
• fmd,sisfha uyck iïnkaO;d wxYfha iyfhda.h we;s j iduh mj;ajd f.k hdug wod<
lreKq ms<sn| ±kqu mq¨,a lsÍu
• úúO wd.ñl kdhljreka f.kajd idudldó Ôú;hl w.h ms<sn| j ±kqu ,nd §u
• iduh iïnkaO fmdaiag¾ mdi, ;=< m%o¾Ykh lsÍu
• iduh f;aud lr .;a .S; ks¾udKh
• iduh f;aud lr .;a .S;uh jev igyka meje;aùu
• ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
9'7' wdmod yd wk;=-re ikaksfõok jHdmD;sh( fuh mdi,g w¨;a w;a±lSula ,nd fok
jHdmD;shls' wdmodjlg uqyqK §ug mqyqKq lsÍu fuka u wk;=reodhl wjia:djka ms<sn| j ksmqK;d
ixj¾Okh o fuu jHdmD;sfha wruqK fõ' wdmodjka md,kh l< yels w;r" wk;=re j<lajd .;
yels h' tfy;a wk;=re yeu ;ek u ;sfnk nj ta ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍfuka fmfka' thg l<
hq;= ms<shu kï ieu úg u ie,ls,af,ka yd wjOdkfhka hq;= j lghq;= lsÍu h'
mdi, ;=< tyd fuyd ÿj f.k hdfï § weo jeàug mq¨jk' úoHd.drfha § ksis ms<sfj;a
wkq.ukh fkd lsÍu wk;=re we;s ùug fya;= fõ' fofofkl= uqyqKg uqyqK ,d yemSfuka nrm;,
;=jd, isÿ úh yels h' mdif,a f.dvke.s,s jfÜ we;s ldkqjlg ll=, f,iaid hkakg mq¨jk' nia
ßfha hoa§ bÈßmi wiqk fyd¢ka w,a,d f.k fkdisáhfyd;a" yÈis ;sßx. ;o lsÍul § bÈß wiqfka
uqyqK jefokakg mq¨jk'
wdmodj iduqysl j uqyqK §ug isÿ jk isoaêhls' wdmodj je<elaùug fyda md,kh lsÍug fyda
mq¨jk' tfy;a th ±k f.k lghq;= l< hq;= h' wdmodjg uqyqK §ug iQodkï lsÍu o w;sYhska
jeo.;a fõ' .skakla" .xj;=rla" iq<s iq<`.la jeks wjia:djl thg uqyqK fokafka flfiao@ fkd
ie,ls,su;a f,i lghq;= lsÍfuka nrm;, ydks isÿ jkakg mq¨jk' wk;=re fuka u wdmodjka o
mdi,g iSud ù ke;' tajd Tn isák yeu ;eklg u Wreu tajd h' ksjfia § o wk;=re isÿ jkakg
mq¨jk'
ta ksid wdmod yd wk;=re ikaksfõok jHdmD;sh hgf;a úúO wk;=re yd wdmod ms<sn| j ±kqu
,nd §u" tajdg uqyqK §ug mqyqKq lsÍu" ta ms<sn| fmd;a m;a lshjkakg imhd §u" úfYaI{hka u.ska
iïuka;%K meje;aùu wdÈh tla tla lKavdhug l< yels h'
98
10' idudðl;ajh( mdi,a udOH iudcfha idudðl;ajh j¾. folla hgf;a ±la fõ' thg
fya;=j hï ixúOdkhl idudðl;ajh hkq j.lSï iy.; ld¾hhla nj orejkag wjfndaO lr
.kakg wjldY i,id §u h' idudðl whÿïm;%hla §fuka u idudðlhl= fkd jk w;r" idudðl
j.lSï yd hq;=lï bgq lsÍu o wjYH nj ish¨ idudðl idudðldjkag wjfndaO lr §u wjYH h'
^1& mQ¾K idudðl;ajh( fuh bx.%Sisfhka Full Member f,i;a" flá fhÿfuka FM
f,i;a ye¢ka fõ' fï i|yd whÿï l< yelafla ikaksfõokh úIhh yodrk isiq isiqúhkag yd
ikaksfõokh yd udOH ms<sn| ksmqK;d iys; isiq isiqúhkag h' udOH iudcfha ks,Odßka f,i
lghq;= lsÍug whs;sh we;af;a fuu idudðl;ajhg muKs'
^2& wdY%h idudðl;ajh( fuh bx.%Sisfhka Associate Member f,i;a" flá fhÿfuka
AMf,i;a ye|ska fõ' fuu idudðl;ajh ikaksfõokh yd udOH ms<sn| we,aula we;s ´kE u
flfkl=g ,nd .; yels h' udOH iudcfha ks,OdÍka ùug wdY%h idudðl;ajhg wjir ke;'
tfy;a jHdmD;s hgf;a hï l%shdldrlï lrkakg wdY%h idudðlhkag o bÈßm;a úh yels h' il%Sh
f,i lghq;= lrk wdY%h idudðlhkag ;u idudðl;ajh ,nd udi ;=klg miq ;u idudðl;ajh
mQ¾K idudðl;ajh olajd Wiia lrk f,i ,sÅ; j b,a,d isákakg mq¨jk' ta wkqj wdY%h
idudðlhl= mQ¾K idudðlhl= olajd Wiia lrkakg udOH iudcfha ldrl iNd /iaùul § mq¨jk'
idudðl ldâ m;a fyda ye÷kqï m;a ksl=;a lsÍfï § tys f,dl= wl=frka FM fyda AM fyda
hkqfjka wod< jk mßÈ i|yka lsÍu fhda.H h'
11' jd¾Isl ie,eiau( udOH iudchg kj ks,OdÍka m;a lr .;a úg udihla we;=<;
jd¾Isl ie,eiaula ilia lr uy iNdjlg bÈßm;a lr wkqu; lr .; hq;= h' jd¾Isl ie,eiau ilia
lsÍu iNdm;s f.a uQ,sl;ajfhka hq;= j l< hq;= w;r" ta i|yd ish¨ ks,OdÍka tla úh hq;= h' jd¾Isl
ie,eiau ilia l< hq;af;a udOH iudch Ndr .=re uõjreka yd mshjreka úiska ,nd fok Wmfoia
ie,ls,a,g .ksñks' udOH iudchg bÈßm;a lsÍug fmr th úÿy,am;s;=ud $ ;=ñh fj; bÈßm;a lr
wkqu; lr .; hq;= h' ksis f,i ilia lr wkque;sh ,nd .kakd ,o jd¾Isl ie,eiafï msgm;a
folla ì%iag,a fndaâ foll ilia lr tlla úÿy,am;s;=ud f.a ld¾hd,h ;=< ;eîug lghq;=
lrkak' fojekak udOH iudcfha ±kaùï mqjrejl fyda udOH iudcfha ldurfha fyda m%o¾Ykh l<
hq;= h'
12' udOH iudcfha jd¾;d fmd;( uy iNd" úfYaI" udisl" ldrl iNd wd§ l=uk /iaùul
jqj o jd¾;dj ksis mßÈ ;nd .ekSu f,alï ks,OdÍkaf.a ld¾hhls' fï i|yd iS'wd¾'fmd;la fhdod
.ekSu fhda.H h' tfia u myiqlï ,nd .; yels kï" jd¾;dj mß.Kl .; lr ;eìh hq;= h' iEu
jd¾;djla u iNdm;s úiska w;aika lr" udOH iudch Ndr .=re uõjreka $ mshjreka w;aika lr
úÿy,am;s;=ud fj; bÈßm;a lr wkqu; lr .; hq;= h'
99
2' udOH jev yqrej wOHdmk jev igykg orejka iyNd.s lrjkak'
1' ye¢kaùu ( udOH jev yqrej wOHdmk jev igyk w;ayod n,kq ,enqfõ 2006 j¾Ifha §
h' fuhg iïnkaO lr .kq ,nkafka ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh yodrk 10 jk
fY%aKsfha isiq ore ±ßhka yd 12 jk fY%aKsfha wjidk jdrfha isiq ore ±ßhka h' fuu isiq isiqúhka
mdi, wi, we;s ld¾hd,hl i;shl ld,hla jev w;a±lSula ,nd .ekSu fuu jev igykska isÿ fõ'
ta i|yd isiq isiqúhka fhdojkq ,nkafka my; i|yka wdldrfhks'
^1& 10 jk fY%aKsfha isiq isiqúhka ( mdi, wi, we;s ´kE u rcfha ld¾hd,hlg h'
^2& 12 jk fY%aKsfha isiq isiqúhka( iuDoaê jHdmdrfha ld¾hd,hlg
2' wruqK( 10 jk fY%aKsfha ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh yodrk isiq isiqúhkag
ikaksfõokh yd udOH jev f,dalh ms<sn| ienE w;a±lSula ,nd .kakg wjldYh i,id §u yd 12
jk fY%aKsfha ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh yodrk isiq isiqúhkag ixj¾Ok ikaksfõok
jev f,dalh ms<sn| ienE w;a±lSula ,nd .kakg wjldYh i,id §u
3' ixúOdkh lrk wdldrh( ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIh Ndr .=re Nj;d úiska
úÿy,am;s;=ud f.a $ ;=ñh f.a wkque;sh we;s j ixúOdkh l< hq;= h'
fhda.H ld¾hd,hla fidhd .ekSu"

ta i|yd tu ld¾hd, m%OdkSka f.a wkque;sh ,nd .ekSu"
wdrlaIl ms<sfj;a yd fi!LH myiqlï fidhd ne,Su
isiq isiqúhka f.a tl`.;ajh yd m%;s{dj ,nd .ekSu"
foudmshka f.a tl`.;ajh yd m%ldYh ,nd .ekSu"
iuia; ie,eiau l,dm wOHdmk wOHlaI fj; bÈßm;a lr wkque;sh ,sÅ; j ,nd.ekSu
foudmshka f.a yd isiq isiqúhka f.a /iaùula meje;aùu
wod< Èkhkays § <uqka tu ld¾hd,hg wkqhqla; lr jev w;a±lSï ,nd.kakg wjldYh
ie,iSu
ksis f,i wëlaIKh lsÍu
jev igyk ksu jQ miq mdif,a § ta ms<sn| idlÉPdjla meje;aúu
wjidk jd¾;dj iïmdokh lr wjYH mßÈ bÈßm;a lsÍu
miq .sh jirj, w;a±lSï wkqj ±laúh hq;af;a" fuu jev igyk i|yd rcfha ld¾hd, Wmßu
iyfhda.h ,nd fok nj;a" wod< orejkaf.ka nyq;rh fuu jev igykg iyNd.s jk nj;a h' hï
mdi,l 10 jk fY%aKsfha fyda 12 jk fY%aKsfha wjidk jdrfha wfkl=;a isiq isiqúhka o b,a,d
isákafka kï" úÿy,am;s;=ud $ ;=ñh f.a wkque;sh we;s j Tjqka o fuu jev igykg iyNd.s lrùu
fhda.H h'
4' fmdÿ lreKq( fuu jev igykg iyNd.s ùu fyda fkd ùu tu isiq isiqúhka f.a wNsu;h
wkqj fõ' tfia u foudmshka o tl`. úh hq;-= h' jev yqrej ld,h ;=< ksYaÑ; mqyqKqjla wfmalaId
lrkq fkd ,efí' tfy;a tu ld¾hd,fha úúO wxYj, lghq;=j,g iyfhda.h ,nd foñka tajdfha
lghq;= flfrk wdldrh ms<sn| j w;a±lSula ,nd .; hq;= h'
5' jev yqrej Èk fmd;( iEu isiq isiqúhl úiska u jev yqrej ld,h ;=< ish¨ úia;r Èk
fmd;l igyka l< hq;= h' fï i|yd l=vd iS'wd¾' fmd;la iEfya'
6' jev yqrej ld,h( idudkHfhka iEu j¾Ihl u cqks udifha wjidk Èk mfya i;sh fï
i|yd fhdod .; yels h' ^ ta ksid ixúOdk lghq;= cqks uq,a i;sfha wdrïN lsÍu fhda.H h'& flfia
jqj;a úÿyf,a wjYH;dj mßÈ fuu i;sh fjkia lr .ekSug lsisÿ ndOdjla ke;'
100
isiq m%;s{dj yd foudmsh m%ldYh(
isiq m%;s{dj
fuys my; w;aika lrkq ,nk ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

úoHd,fha 10$12 jk fY%aKsfha bf.kqu ,nk yd
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
hk iaÒr ,smk s fhys mosxÑ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
jk uu ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' §
200''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''ui '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''oskhkays oS
mj;ajkq ,nk mia osk mdi,a jev yqrej wOHdmk jev igykg leue;af;ka iyNd.s jk nj;a" tu
jev yqrej ld,h ;=< úYajdijka;j" wjxlj yd úkh.relj o" wkHhka iu. iyfhda.fhka yd
lreKdjka;j o lghq;= lrk njg yd fuu jev yqrej jev igyk uf.a wkd.; Ôúld jD;a;sh
ie,iqï lr .ekSug lrkq ,nk Wmldrhla f,i i,ld j.lSfuka hq;=j lghq;= lrkq ,nk njg;a"
tu jev yqrej wOHdmk jev jev igyfkka Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd .kakd njg;a fmdfrdkaÿ fjñ'
oskh w;aik
uj $ mshd $ Ndrlref.a m%ldYh
fuys by; w;aika lr we;s uf.a orejd jk ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''úoHd,hfha 10$12 jk fY%K a f s ha bf.kqu ,nk
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''YsIHhd $ YsIHdj
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''oS
meje;a f jk mia os k ld¾h ia : dk .; mdi,a jev yq r ej wOHdmk jev igykg
20'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''hk Èkhkays § iyNd.s ùu ms<n s ò uf.a leue;a;
fuhska m< lrk w;r" tu orejd Woh tu ld¾h ia:dkhg f.k hdu yd iji wdmiq leòjd f.k
hdfï j.lSu ud úiska Ndr .kakd nj;a" fuu jev igykg iyNd.s ùug orejdg wjYH ish¨
iyfhda.hka ,nd fok njg;a fmdfrdkaÿ fjñ'
oskh''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' uj $ mshd $ Ndrlre

ku ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
,smskh(
w;aik ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
^ udOH jev yqrej jev igyk iïnkaO ish¨ Wmfoia ta iïnkaOfhka iïmdokh lr we;s u.
fmkaùfï w;afmdf;a we;=<;a h' &
101
3' udOH wOHdmk i;sh jev igyk
1' ye¢kaùu( ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh yodrkafka ke;s isiq isiqúhkag yd
foudmshkag udOH wOHdmkh ms<sn| ±kqula ,nd §u;a" Tjqka f.a wdl,am fmdaIKh;a i|yd mj;ajkq
,nk jev igykla f,i udOH wOHdmk i;sh jev igyk ye¢kaúh yels h' th m<uqjrg w;ayod
n,kqfha 2009 j¾Ifha § h' wjidk jYfhka fuys m%Odk wruqK jkafka" úpdrYS,S udOH .%dyl
msßila mdi, ;=<ska iudc.; lsÍug wjYH moku ilia lsßu h'
2' ixúOdkh( ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIhh yodrk isiq isiqúhka yd tu úIhh
W.kajk .=re Nj;=ka úiska fuu jev igyk ixúOdkh lrkq ,efí' ta i|yd wfkl=;a .--=re Nj;=ka
f.a o iyfhda.h wjYH mßÈ ,nd .; hq;= h' tfy;a wfkla isiq isiqúhka f.a iyfhda.h ixúOdk
lghq;= i|yd ,nd .; hq;af;a th w;HjYH u jkafka kï muKs' tfia fkd jkafka kï" úIh
yodrk isiq isiqúhkag fuu ixúOdk lghq;= ms<sn| w;a±lSula ,nd .kakg ish¨ wjldY ,nd Èh
hq;= h'
3' Èkhka ( 2009 j¾Ifha udOH wOHdmk i;sh Tlaf;dan¾ 26 $ 30 i;sfha § mj;ajkq ,efí'
ta wkqj bÈßhg iEu j¾Ihl u Tlaf;dan¾ ui wjidk Èk mfya i;sfha § mdi,a udOH wOHdmk
i;sh jev igyk meje;aùu fhda.H h' tfy;a úÿyf,a wjYH;dj mßÈ fuu jev igyk fjk;a
i;shl meje;aùug wjldYh ;sfí'
4' jev igyfka ia j Ndjh(

1 jk Èkh( wdrïNl Èkh ^fmdaiag¾" Ñ;%" ks¾udK" wdÈh m%o¾Yk újD; lsÍu fuÈk
l< yels h' udOH wOHdmk i;sfha wdrïNl Èkhhs' udOHh j.lSfuka
hq;= j mßyrKh lsÍu ms<sn| iïuka;%Khla mdi, ;=< meje;aùu&
2 jk Èkh( m%idx.sl Èkh ^kdgH' .S; jev igyka" N+ñld rx.k wdÈh&
3 jk Èkh( mdi,a isky Èkh ôka; fi!LH idhkhla meje;aùu yd udkisl
fi!LH ms<sn| j ±kqu ,nd §fï iïuka;%Khla iqÿiq úoaj;l=f.a
uQ,sl;ajfhka meje;aùu&
4 jk Èkh( udOH idlaIr;d Èkh ^m%d:ñl mka;sj, orejka f.a foudmshka i|yd
udOH yd <uhd f;aud .;a iïuka;%Khla yd idlÉPdjla meje;aùu'
fuys § ikaksfõok úIhh bf.k .kakd ore ±ßhka o iïuka;%Kfha
foaYk meje;aúh hq;= h' iqÿiq wdrdê;hka o fï i|yd iyNd.s lrjd
.; yels h'
5 jk Èkh( udOH md .uk( udOH j.lSfuka yd úpdrYS,S j mßyrKh lsÍfï
wjYH;dj yd jeo.;alu yqjd olajk nek¾ yd fmdaig¾ wdÈh /f.k
udOH md .ukla hï ksYaÑ; ÿrla mdif,a isg hdu' fuu jev igyk
ie,iqï lr l,dm wOHdmk wOHlaI fj; bÈßm;a lr wkque;sh ,nd
.; hq;= h'&
^ udOH wOHdmk i;sh jev igyk iïnkaO ish¨ Wmfoia ta iïnkaOfhka iïmdokh lr we;s u.
fmkaùfï w;afmdf;a we;=<;a h' &
102
4' hqfkiaflda f,dal fmd;a Èk jev igyk
1' ye¢kaùu(
u(hqfkiafldafõ úOdhl iNdj úiska 1995 j¾Ifha § .kq ,enQ ;SrKhlg wkqj"
1996 j¾Ifha isg iEu j¾Ihl u wfm%a,a ui 23 jk Èk f,dal fmd;a yd m%ldYk ysñlï Èkh iurkq
,nhs' ta wkqj 2009 j¾Ifha § iurkq ,enqfõ 14 jk f,dal fmd;a yd m%ldYk ysñlï Èkhhs' mdi,a
udOH iudc jev igykla f,i hqfkiaflda f,dal fmd;a Èkh ieuÍu wdrïN lrk ,oafoa 2008
j¾Ifha § h' Ndú;fha myiqj ;ld fmd;a Èkh hehs kï lrkq ,enqj;a" tys § f,dal fmd;a yd
m%ldYk ysñlï Èkhg wod< j jev igyka ie,iqï lrkq ,efí' wfm%a,a 23 jk Èkh idudkHfhka
mdi,a ksjdvqj wjidk ù fojk jdrh wdrïN lrkq ,enQ uq,a i;shg wh;a fõ' ta ksid uehs udifha
m<uq jk i;sfha n%yiam;skaod Èkh fï i|yd fhdod .ekSug fhda.H h' tfia ke;skï úÿy,am;s;=ud
$ ;=ñh f.a wkque;sh we;s j fjk;a myiq Èkhla fhdod .; yels h' hqfkiaflda f,dal fmd;a Èkh
ixúOdkh lrkq ,nkafka flfia±hs Tn wik m%Yakhg fyd| u ms<s;=r jkafka" f,dalfha mdi,aj,
l%shd;aul lrk ,o úúO jev igyka lsysmhla wOHhkh lsÍu h'
2' wdo¾Y jev igyka(

1' f;dard .;a isiq isiqúhka msßila tÈkg f;dard .;a lD;Skaj, pß; f,i ye| me<| f.k meñKSu
yd ta wdY%s; jev igykla l%shd;aul lsÍu
2' mdi,a isiq isiqúhka w;r jvd;a ckm%sh fmd;a oyh Pkaofhka f;aÍu
3' fmd;aj, we;s l;dkaor lSfï iïNdIKhla meje;aúu
4' hï fmd;l $fmd;a lsysmhl fyda l¾;Dka mdi,g f.kajd jev igykla meje;aùu
5' mqia;ld, fmd;a wdY%s; j fmd;a i;shla meje;aùu
6' mdif,a isiq ore ±ßhka ;uka leu;s fmd;l leu;s pß;hl ú,dYfhka ye| me<| mdi,g
meñKsu yd ;ud i;= merKs fmd;la /f.k tau ^fmd; ÿr neyer mdi,l mqia;ld,hg heùug h'&
7' fmd;a lshùfï újD; l+vdrula i;shl ld,hla i|yd mdi,a ñÿf,a ieliSu
8' <ud fmd;a l¾;Djrhl= yd Ñ;% Ys,m a h
s l= wdrdê;hka f,i mdi,g f.kajd jev igykla meje;aùu
9' fmd;aj, pß;j,g wkql+,jk f,i uqyqKq fõY ksrEmKh lsÍu $ mska;dre lsÍu
10' <ud fmd;a l¾;D flfkl= yd Ñ;% Ys,amshl= f.kajd jev igykla meje;aùu
11' <ud fmd;a l¾;D flfkl= iu. wdikak fmd;a y,lg <uhska iu. pdßldjla hdu
12' m%d:ñl mka;sj, orejkag l;kaor fmd;aj,ska l;kaor lSfï jev igykla meje;aùu
13' l;d ,sùfï yd l;d lSfï ;r.hla <uhska w;r meje;aùu
14' hï l¾;Djrhl= f;dard f.k Tyqf.a$ wehf.a ks¾udK we.hSfï jev igykla meje;aùu
15' mdif,a orejl=f.a lD;shla $orejkaf.a lD;s lsysmhla t<s ±laùfï jev igykla meje;aùu
16' hï l¾;Djrhl= f.kajd tu lD;s ms<sn| we.hula lsÍu
17' hï l¾;Djrhl= $jßhl f.a w¨;a lD;shla fodrg jeãfï Wf<,la mdif,a § meje;aùu
18' mqia;ld,fha fmd;a y÷kajd §fï jev igykla mdi, ;=< meje;aùu\
19' lú ,sùfï yd lú lSfï jev igykla mdif,a meje;aùu
20' f,dal fmd;a Èkh '''' jeks ieureï ud;Dldjla hgf;a fmdaiag¾ $ Ñ;% ;r.hla meje;aùu
21' l;kaor lshùï Yd,djla w¨f;ka újD; lsÍu yd l;kaor pß; f,i isiq isiqúhka fmkS isáu
22' l;kaor pß; f,i ye| .;a orejka l;kaor lshkakl= iu. tla j l;kaor bÈßm;a lsÍu
23' mdif,a mqia;ld,hg fmd;a ñ, § .ekSu i|yd fmd;a wf,ú ie,la meje;aùu' tys wf,ú
fiajlhka f,i lghq;= lrkafka l;kaorj, i;=ka fyda pß; f,i fjia .eka jQ orejka h' fuys
§ foudmshka yd wdÈ YsIH msßi meñK fmd;a ñ, § f.k mqia;ld,hg mß;Hd. lrhs'
24' f,dal fmd;a Èkh ieuÍfï Wmka Èk W;aijhla mqia;ld,h ;=< meje;aùu
25' f,dalfha úúO rgj, l;kaor lSfï jev igykla meje;aùu
26' fmd;a wdY%s; m%fya<sld ;r.hla yd fmd;a i<l=Kq ks¾udKh lsÍfï ;r.hla meje;aùu
27' n,a,d" mQid yd kßhd ms<sn| l;kaor lSu yd ta wdldrfhka orejka ye| me<| isáu
28' fmd;a wdY%s; ±kqu ñkqu ;r.hla mdi, ;=< meje;aùu yd ;Hd. jYfhka fmd;a fnod §u
29' leu;s jev igykla bÈßm;a lsÍug orejkag wjia:dj §u yd fmd;a ;Hd. jYfhka ,nd §u
30' fmd;a ms<sn| úpdrd;aul yd ri úkaokd;aul jev igykla wdrdê;hl= úiska meje;aùu
31' .Dyia: mqia;ld, wdrïN lsÍfï jev igykla wdrïN lsÍu
103
5' wfma Wreuh mdi,a uOHia:dkh
1' ye¢kaùu( fuu l%shdldrlu udOH iudcfha m¾fhaIK yd .fõIK jHdmD;shg iïnkaOh
wfma Wreuh mdi,a uOHia:dkh u.ska isÿ lrkqfha" mdif,a Wreuh f.dv kexùuhs' thg fndfyda
foa wh;a fõ' mdi,a lsysmhla muKla ;uka f.a mdif,a Wreuh hï muKlg fyda f.dv kxjd
;sfnkq olskakg ,efí' tfy;a fndfyda mdi,a ;uka f.a Wreuh ms<sn| ksis wjOdkhla fhduq lr
ke;' udOH iudch m%fõY úh hq;f a ;a fuu wvqmdvqj iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd h' fï u.ska ikakf
s õokh
yd udOH W.kakd orejkag ta ms<sn| .fõIKh lrkakg w;aoelSula ,nd .; yelsh'
mdif,a Wreuh
wdrïNh yd thg iïnkaO mqoa.,hka úldYkh yd úfYaI lvbï
ysgmq úÿy,am;sjreka yd .=re Nj;=ka wdÈ YsIHhka
úfYaI ch.%yK wOHdmk l%shdj,sh
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
.fï Wreuh
ixialD;sh iudÔh úfYaI;d N+f.da,Sh úfYaI;d
ksIamdok úfYaI ia:dk jdß ud¾.
ck Ôú;h ckY%e;s '''''''''''''''''''''''''''
by; wdldrfhka úúO f;dr;=re fidhd .ekSu ;ks ;ksj yd lKavdhï jYfhka l< yelsh'
ta i|yd uQ,sl ie,eiaula ilia lr .; hq;= w;r' f;dr;=re ,nd .kafka fldfykao@ tajd /ia
lrkafka ljr wdldrfhkao@ yd f;dr;=re ,nd .kafka ldf.kao@ hk uQ,sl m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re
imhd .; hq;=h'
wfma Wreuh mdi,a uOHia:dkh iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;a;la kï" th È.=
ld,Sk l%shdldrlula nj h' tfiau tys wjidkhlao ke;' tneúka flá ld,Sk jYfhka tys úúO
ld¾hhka fjka lr f.k" tla tla isiq lKavdhï u.ska tu ld¾hhka bgq lr .ekSfuka ld,hla .;
jk úg uOHia:dkh l%ufhka ixj¾Okh lr .; yelsh'
wfma Wreuh mdi,a uOHia:dkh i|yd fjku ia:dkhla wjYHu fkdfõ' uq,ska th
mqia;ld,fha fldgila f,i f.dv kexúh yelsh' fjku ia:dkhla ,nd .; yels kï tfia wdrïN
l< yelsh' jvd;a jeo.;a foh kï fuu l%shdldrlu l=uk uÜgulska fyda wdrïN lsÍuh'
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ikaksfõokh yd

.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

uqøKh yd fnodyeÍu( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

m%:u uqøKh 2009

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uqøKh lrjd fnodyeÍu ( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

j¾I 2007 § 6 iy 10 fY%aKsj,g y÷kajd fok ,o ksmqK;d mdol bf.kqï - b.ekakqï

uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd

12 jk fY%aKsfha ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaYfha bf.kqï - b.ekaùï

nkaÿ, mS' ohdr;ak

úIh lafIa;%h ksmqK;dj

2' ikaksfõokh yd iudch 2'0 ikaksfõokh yd iudch w;r iïnkaO;d yd iudc

yria úIhud,d f;aud

udOH ika k s f õok

úIh ks¾foaYfha m%Odk wruqKq

úIh wka;¾.;h( ikaksfõok m%fõYh

wfma l a I s ; bf.kq ï M,(

miq ld,Skj ikaksfõokh hkq l=ula±hs iudc úoHd{hka" wOHdmk{hka" foaYmd,k{hka"

j¾;udkfha § ikaksfõokh hkq yqfola f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSu hkafkka bÈßhg

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la

1' ika k s f õokh ye¢ka ù u

2' ika k s f õokfha ft;s y dis l úldYkh

3' ika k s f õok ixl,a m yd ks ¾ jpk

4' ika k s f õokfha ia j Ndjh

úIh wka;¾.;h( ikaksfõok l%shdj,sh

wfma l a I s ; bf.kq ï M,(

fuu iajrEmh wdlD;shla jYfhka f.dv kxjkakg miqld,Skj ikaksfõok m¾fhaIlfhda

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la

1' ika k s f õok uQ , s l dx.

2' ika k s f õok wdlD;s

3' ika k s f õokfha ld¾hhk

úIh wka;¾.;h( ikaksfõok j¾.SlrKh

wfma l a I s ; bf.kq ï M,(

mqoa.,hl= úiska wkHhka iu. ikaksfõokfhys fh§fï § wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh yd

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la

1' wka ; ¾j¾;S mq o a . , ika k s f õokh

2' wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh

3' iuQ y ika k s f õokh

4' ckika k s f õokh

úIh wka;¾.;h( ikaksfõok úê

wfma l a I s ; bf.kq ï M,(

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la

1' jdÑl ika k s f õokh

2' wjdÑl ika k s f õokh

3' ,s Å ; ika k s f õokh

4' oDYH ika k s f õokh

5' Y% j H ika k s f õokh

6' úêu;a yd wúêu;a ikaksfõokh

wúêu;a ikaksfõok odu

;ks oduh ´md¥m oduh m¾Io oduh

úIh wka;¾.;h( iudcdjfndaOh

ks¾jdÑlj wdrïN jQ ikakf

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la

1' iudcfha m% N jh yd úldYkh

2' iudc ixhq ; s h

3' iudÔh iïm;a yd n, flakaøKh

4' {dk .fõIKh

úIh wka;¾.;h ( ikaksfõokh yd iudch w;r iïnkaO;dj

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la

1' iudch yd ika k s f õok ixj¾Okh ^ ld,ÉfPo ;= k hs ' &

2' ia j foa Y s l ;a j ika k s f õok wka ; ¾{dkh ^ld,ÉfPo ;= k hs ' &

3' ika k s f õokfha iudÔh n,mEu ^ ld,ÉfPo folhs ' &

4' ika k s f õok ks h dukhka ^ ld,ÉfPo folhs ' &