SGr13TG Geography

13 fY%aKsh N+f.
da, úoHdj
w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<&
N+f.da, úoHdj
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
13 fY%aKsh
^2018 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ&
iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
Y%S ,xldj
fjí wvúh : www.nie.lk
úoHq;a ;emE,: info@nie.lk
13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj
N+f.da, úoHdj
13 fY%aKsh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
m%:u uqøKh 2018
© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ISBN ..............

NdId udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk

úoHq;a ;emE, ( nifo@nie.lk
uqøKh ( uqøKd,h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
Y%S ,xldj
wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh
cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idCId;a lr .ekSu
iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;s wka;¾.;h mokï jQ
úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj ksmqK;d mdol
úIhud,dfjys m<uq wÈhr" j¾I 2007 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd
oaú;Shl wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd fok ,È¡
m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o" wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾YAjhka bÈßm;a l<
fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsÍfï l%shdj,shl m%;sM,hla
f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks wÈhr wOHdmk fCIa;%hg y÷kajd §u 2015 jif¾ isg wdrïN lr
we;¡
fuu ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,sfha § ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isg Wiia uÜgu
olajd l%udkql+, j f.dvke`.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isria ixl,kh Ndú; lr we;s
w;r úúO úIhhkays § tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bÈßm;a ùu yels;dla wju lsÍu" úIh
wka;¾.;h iSud lsÍu iy l%shd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;=re úIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria
ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;¡
.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhys id¾:l j ksr; ùu" mka;s
ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mßÈ fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ud¾f.damfoaY ,nd§fï
wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y÷kajd § we;¡ mka;s ldurh ;=< § jvd;a M,odhS .=rejrfhl= f,i
lghq;= lsÍug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY WmldÍ jkq we;¡ isiqkaf.a ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd
.=Kd;aul fhojqï yd l%shdldrlï f;dard .ekSug .=rejrekag wjYH ksoyi fuu`.ska ,nd § ;sfí¡
tfuka u ks¾foaYs; mdG .%ka:j, we;=<;a jk úIh lreKq ms<sn| j jeä nr ;eîula fuu .=re
ud¾f.damfoaYj, wka;¾.; fkdfõ¡ tu ksid fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhS ùug kï
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iu`. iu.dó j Ndú; lsÍu
w;HjYH fõ¡
;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñ§ YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjla yd jvd;a
l%shdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu u`.ska jev f,dalhg wjYH jkakd jQ ksmqK;d
yd l=Y,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh lsÍuhs¡
kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsÍfï § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha § odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka ish¨ u
iïm;aodhlhkaf.a yd fjk;a md¾YAjhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuh wjia:djla lr .kq
leue;af;ñ¡
wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
i
ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,af.a mKsúvh
bf.kqu mq¿,a fCIa;%hl úyso hkakls' th Ôú; w;suy;a njg o" b;d u ir, njg o m;a
lrhs' ukqIHhd bf.kqï l=Y,;dfjka W;alDIag h' udkj iudc ixj¾Okh flakaø fldg .;a rgla"
iudchla nqoaêh úiska y÷kd .;a wiïu;hka neyer lsÍug o iqNdú;hka ;=<ska kj f,djla
ks¾udKh lr .ekSug o fuj,u lr .kq ,nkafka bf.kqu hs'
bf.kqu i|yd jákd hula o" bf.kqï l%ufõohka yd myiqlï o wOHdmkh jgd ks¾udKh
úh hq;= h' úIh ud,dj" úIh ks¾foaYh" ud¾f.damfoaY" iqidOHlrejka bf.kqï fCIa;%hg tlajkqfha
fï wdldrfhks'
kQ;k YS% ,xldj f.da,Sh m%jK;djka fuka u mqrd;k Wreuhka o iïñY%Kh lr .ksñka
iaùh wOHdmk rgdjla ysñ lrf.k we;' ld,Sk wjYH;d u; m%;sixialrKhka ;=<ska jir wglg
jrla hdj;ald,Sk jk úIhud,dfõ bf.kqï iïm;la f,i fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ks¾udKh fõ'
úIhfhys wruqKj q , ix.;;dj cd;sl uÜgñka mj;ajd .; hq;= h' tfy;a .=re ud¾f.damfoaYhka
ys bf.kqï l%ufõohka" wl=rlaj;a fjkia fkdfldg ms<ms eÈh hq;;
a la kï fkdfõ' úIh ks¾foaYfhys
ksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï" idOkh ùu i|yd wka;¾.;h ;=<ska bf.kqï m, iïm%dma;sh msKsi
bf.kqï l%ufõo ks¾udKYS,S j fjkia lr .ekSug iqidOHlrejkag meyeÈ,sj u bvla we;s nj
i|yka lrñ' YsIH idOk m%;sY;h by< uÜgulg .ekSu i|yd Woõ jk" myiqlï i,ik .=re
N+ñldjg lsishï m%fõYhla i|yd ks¾udKh jk .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh YslaIlhdyg o fo.=rekg o
Ndú; l< yel' wod< fm< fmd;g iylrejl= jk .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ;j;a fm< fmd;la fkdjk
nj ±k .=reNj;=ka .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh yd wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iïmdÈ; wod< fm<
fmd; hk iïm;a øjH fol u Ndú; l< hq;= h'
ta ta úIhhkays idOkh ms<sn| we.hSï isÿ lrk cd;sl uÜgfï mÍlaIljrfhl= jqjo
wfmalaId lrk idOkhka" úIh b.ekaùug u. fmkajk iqidOHlrejka úiska mdvu wjidkfhys
mka;s ldurfha § orejka iuÕ m%;HlaIlrKhg m;a úh hq;= h' tu tald;añl ùu i|yd jQ
m%fndaOd;aul ixialD;shla f.dvk.d .ekSug .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh myqrla" hd;%djla lr .kq we;ehs
wdhdpkd mQ¾jl j wfmaCId lrñ'
wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

mSGdêm;s" ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,a
NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
i
úIhud,d lñgqj
WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkque;sh ( Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iïnkaëlrKh
tï'mS'wd¾' Okj¾Ok ñh ( wOHCI" iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u
úIh úfYaI{ iydh (
iïudks; uydpd¾h tï'tï' lreKdkdhl iïudks; uydpd¾h ^úY%dñl&
iïudks; uydpd¾h tka'fla' ox.,a, iïudks; uydpd¾h" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
uydpd¾h tia'ta' fkda¾nÜ uhd fcHIaG uydpd¾h" fld<U úYajúoHd,h
wdpd¾h mQcH mskakj, ix>iquk ysñ Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
uydpd¾h wd¾'tï'fla' r;akdhl Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
f,aLl uKav,h ^ndysr&

wd¾'mS' mSßia uhd úY%dñl w;sf¾l úNd. flduidßia
tia'tï' ohdkkao uhd úY%dñl jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"
tï'fla' lsxia,s m%shka; uhd lÓldpd¾h" reyqKq cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGh" .d,a,
fÊ'ta'î' ySkaflkao uhd .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" uykqjr
jks;d j,amsg ñh .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" fydrK
fla'fla'hQ' .=Kr;ak uhd .=re fiajh" fmd,amdf.dv kfjdaµd mdi,"
hlal,uq,a,
ã'ví'Ô'fÊ' nKavdr uhd .=re fiajh" uydud;H úoHd,h" w;=re.sßh
tï' W,.kdoka uhd .=re fiajh" fou< uyd úoHd,h" rd.,
tia'tï' l=udrfiak uhd .=re fiajh" fud$uydud;H úoHd úoHd,h
î'tï'tka'wd¾'ta' niakdhl ñh .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" uykqjr
ã'tï'ta'fla' uqKisxy ñh .=re fiajh" .d$f;,slv uyd úoHd,h
ví'tka' pñkao uhd .=re fiajh" Y%S iqNødrdu úoHdh;k msßfjk"kqf.af.dv
fla'mS' fldals, .=Kj¾Ok uhd .=re fiajh" uy$wxl=Uqr mrdl%u cd;sl mdi,
wd¾'mS' ,skagka O¾uodi .=re WmfoaYl ^úY%dñl&" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
kd;a;kaäh
jHdmD;s lñgqj
tï'mS'wd¾' Okj¾Ok ñh wOHCI" iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
tia' lreKdlrka uhd lÓldpd¾h" iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
NdId ixialrKh
Y%Skd;a .fkaj;a; uhd 179" lcqj;a;" f.d;gqj" wxf.dv"
mß.Kl lghq;=
t,a'tia'ví' u,úm;srK ñh 33$74" biqre Whk" jg/l" óf.dv
ta't,a'tia'mS' w;m;a;= fuh cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
úúO iyh
ð'tia'ã' m%kdkaÿ uhd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
msgljrh
ta't,a'tia'mS' w;m;a;= fuh cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iii
mgqk
msgqj
wOHCI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh i
ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,aysñf.a mKsúvh i
úIhud,d lñgqj iii
úIh ks¾foaYh wka;¾.;h v-xxviii
fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj
8'0 foaY.=K fjkiaùï 1-14
9'0 c, iïm;a yd c, iïm;a ixrCIKh 15-19
10'0 Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;a 20-27
11'0 ìfhdau iy mßir moaO;s 28-47
12'0 iajNdúl Wmøj yd wdmod 48-56
13'0 wdmod l<ukdlrKh 57-62

14'0 mdßißl ixúOdk yd fiiq wdh;k 63-70
udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj
7'0 wdlr l¾udka;h 71-78
8'0 Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a 79-90
9'0 ksIamdok l¾udka; 91-100
10'0 Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;h 101-110
11'0 f.da,ShlrKh 111-117
12'0 l,dmSh ixúOdk 118-121
m%dfhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj
5'0 N+f.da, úoHd;aul o;a; 122-160
wdY%s; .%ka: 161
iv
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo
N+f.da, úoHdj
úIh ks¾foaYh
v
13 fY%AKsh
^2018 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ&

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
www.nie.lk
ye¢ka ù u
N+f.da, úoHdj Ôj f,dalfhys .;sl;ajh .%yKh lr .ekSug WmldÍ jk YsCIKhls' ld,h yd wjldYSh udk ;=< wfkHdkH jYfhka
l%shdldÍ jk fN!;sl yd udkqI ixisoaêkaj, ix.Dys; m%ldYkh jk N+ o¾Ykh ;=< fuu .;sl;ajh .eíj mj;S' tfyhska" N+f.da, úoHdj hkq
wjldYSh yd ld,sl m¾hdf,dalhlska ia:dkSh uÜgfï isg f.da,Sh uÜgu olajd jQ mrdihl úysfok mdßißl yd idudÔh l%shdj,s o tajd w;r
mj;akd iïnkaO;d o flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrk YsCIKhls' mdi,a ;=< N+f.da, úoHdj ms<sn| fuu úIhud,dj ilia lr we;af;a by;
úia;r l< ikao¾Nh ;+< h'
j¾I 2017 isg l%shd;aul ùug fhdað; fuu úIhud,dj ilia lsÍfï§ miq.sh mia jir ;=< l%shd;aul jQ N+f.da, úoHd úIhud,dj
ms<sn|j l< m¾fhaIKj, fidhd.ekSï o mka;s ldurh ;=< l< ksÍCIK yd .=re-isiq w;a±lSï o ie,ls,a,g .kq ,eìK' fhdað; úIhud,dj"
vi
isiqka ;=< ±kqu" wjfndaOh" l=i,;d yd wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍug o úfYaIfhka u" wjia:d .%yKh lr .ekSfï iy úúO ixj¾Ok úl,amj,
n,mEï ;lafiare lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍug o wdOdr jkq we;' tfiau" flá ld,Sk j fuka u §¾> ld,Sk j o Ñria:dhs;dj m%j¾Okh
lsÍug WmldÍ jk iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| j ksjerÈ ±laula ,nd §ug o fuu úIhud,dfjka wfmaCId flf¾' ;j o" mdßißl uQ,O¾u
mokï lr f.k iudc-mdßißl wka;¾iïnkaO;d meyeÈ,s lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍug o wfmalaIs; h'
úIh ks¾foaY ilia lr we;af;a YsIHhdf.a jhi iy bf.kSfï YlH;dj wkqj fjkia jk ksmqK;d uÜgï flfrys ie,ls,su;a fjñks'
f;dr;=re yd ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd .=rejrhd úiska wka;¾-l%shdldÍ b.ekaùï l%ufõo Ndú; lrñka mßKduk .=re N+ñldjla bgq lrkq

,eîu wfmaCId flf¾'
j¾I 2017 § l%shd;aul lsÍug fhdað; fuu úIh ud,dj" úYaj úoHd, fcHIaG wdpd¾hjre" wOHdmk{hka" .=reNj;=ka yd cd;sl wOHdmk
wdh;kfhys N+f.da, úoHd jHdmD;s lKavdhfï idudðlhkaf.ka ieÿï ,;a lKavdhul iduqysl m%h;akhls' fuu úIh ks¾foaYh ilia lsÍfï §
N+f.da, úoHd úIhhg wod< lr.;a m%Odk ksmqK;d oyh my; oelafõ'
1' ;ud Ôj;ajk mßirfha iajNdjh yd l%shdj,S ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka Ôj;a fjhs'
2' fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Yk f;areï .ekSug WmldÍ jk uQ,sl ixl,am iy l%ufõo úu¾Ykh lrhs'
3' fN!;sl" udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,CIK yd l%shdj,s ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lrhs'
4' fN!;sl yd udkqI l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾l%shd N+f.da,Sh mßirh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lrhs'
5' o;a; yd f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍu" w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd N+f.da, úoHdfõ l%uYs,am Ndú; lrhs'
6' fN!;sl" udkqI N+ o¾Yk f;areï .ekSu" úYaf,aIKh yd w¾:l:kh lsÍu i|yd idl,H m%fõYh fhdod .kshs'
7' fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrCIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajd .ekSug WmldÍ jk wdl,am iys; j ixfõ§ j yeisfrhs'
vii
8' iajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhlska
lghq;= lrhs'
9' Ôú;fha wNsfhda.d;aul wjia:d ch .ekSug WmldÍ jk iqúfYaI Èú /l=ï l=i,;d Ndú; lrhs'
10' jev f,dalhg il%Sh f,i iyNd.sùug wjYH yqrej ,nhs'

cd;sl wruqKq
mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg wod< jk m%Odk cd;sl wruqKq lrd <`.d ùu i|yd mqoa.,hskag iy lKavdhïj,g cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg iydh úh hq;=
h'
jir .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wOHdmk jd¾;d iy f,aLk u`.ska mqoa., yd cd;sl wjYH;djka imqrd,Su i|yd wruqKq kshu lrkq ,eî
h' iuld,Sk wOHdmk jHQyhka yd l%shdj,ska ;=< oelsh yels ÿ¾j,;d ksid OrKSh udkj ixj¾Ok ixl,am rduqj we;=<; wOHdmkh ;=<ska <``.dlr
.; hq;= my; oelafjk wruqKq cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska y÷kdf.k we;' fuu wruqKq imqrd .ekSu" wOHdmk moaO;sh iòyd jQ ;u bÈß
oelau f,ig cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska m%;HCI fldg f.k we;'
I udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúO iudcfha ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr .ksñka cd;sl
taldnoaO;djh" cd;sl iDcq .=Kh" cd;sl iu.sh" tluq;=lu iy iduh m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;+<ska cd;sh f.dv .ekSu iy Y%S ,dxlSh
wkkH;djh ;yjqre lsÍu
II fjkia jk f,dalhl wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl Wreufha udye`.s odhdohka y÷kd .ekSu iy ixrCIKh lsÍu
viii
III udkj whs;sjdislï .re lsÍu" hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<sn| oekqj;a ùu" yDohdx.u ne£ulska hq;=j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu hk
.=Kdx. m%j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iïu;hka iy m%cd;dka;%sl Ôjk rgdjla .eí jQ mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu
iy mj;ajd f.k hdug iydh ùu
IV mqoa.,hskaf.a udkisl yd YdÍßl iqj iïm;a iy udkj w.hhkag .re lsÍu u; mokï jQ ;sridr Ôjk l%uhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu
V iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla i|yd ks¾udmK yelshdj" wdrïNl Yla;sh" úpdrYS,S Ñka;kh" j.lSu yd j.ùu we;=¨ fjk;a
Okd;aul wx.,CIK ixj¾Okh lsÍu
VI mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha Ôj.=Kh jeäÈhqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd odhl jk M,odhs ld¾hhka i|yd
wOHdmkh ;=<ska udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu

VII YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< isÿ jk fjkialï wkqj yev.eiSug yd tajd md,kh lr .ekSug mqoa.,hska iqodkï lsÍu iy
ixlS¾K yd wkfmaCIs; wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu
VIII cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;r f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla ysñ lr .ekSug odhl jk hqla;sh iudk;ajh iy wfkHdakH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ
wdl,am yd l=i,;d fmdaIKh lsÍu ^ Wmqgd .ekSu 2003 wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj &
uq,sl ksmqK;d
wOHdmkh ;=<ska j¾Okh flfrk my; oelafjk uQ,sl ksmqK;d by; i|yka cd;sl wruqKq lr .ekSug odhl jkq we;'
(I) ikaksfõok ksmqK;d
idCIr;dj" ixLHd ms<sn| oekqu" rEml Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re ;dCIK m%ùK;ajh hk wkqldKav 4la u; ikaksfõok ksmqK;d
mokï fõ'
idCIr;dj : idjOdkj weyqïlka §u" meyeÈ,sj l:d lsÍu" f;areï .ekSu i|yd lsshùu" ksjerÈj iy
ksrjq,a j ,sùu" M,odhs whqßka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu
ixLHd ms<sn| oekqu : NdKav wjldYh yd ld,h .Kka lsÍu" .Kkh iy ñkqï i|yd l%udkql+, b,lalï Ndú;h
rEml Ndú;h : f¾Ld iy wdlD;s Ndú;fhka woyia ms<sìUq lsÍu iy f¾Ld" wdlD;s iy j¾K .,mñka úia;r"
Wmfoia yd woyia m%ldYkh yd jd¾;d lsÍu
ix
f;dr;=re ;dCIK m%ùK;ajh : mß.Kl oekqu iy bf.kSfï § o fiajd mßY%hla ;=< § o fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha § o f;dr;=re iy
ikaksfõok ;dCIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu
(II) fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;d
- ks¾udKYS,S nj" wmidÍ Ñka;kh" wdrïNl Yla;Ska" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu" úpdrYS,S yd ú.%yd;aul Ñka;kh"
lKavdhï ye`.Sfuka lghq;= lsÍu" mqoa.,dka;r in|;d" kj fidhd.ekSï iy .fõIKh jeks j¾.Sh l=i,;d:
- iDcq .=Kh" bjid ord isàfï Yla;sh iy udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍu" jeks w.hhka
- Ñ;a;fõ.S nqoaêh'

(III) mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d
fuu ksmqK;d idudðl" ffcj iy fN!;sl mßirhg wod< fõ'
iudc mßirh : cd;sl Wreuhka ms<sn| wjfndaOh" nyqjd¾.sl iudchl idudðlhka ùu yd iïnkaO ixfõ§;dj yd
l=i,;d" idOdrK hqla;sh ms<sn| ye`.Su" iudc iïnkaO;d" mqoa.,sl p¾hdj" idudkH yd ffk;sl
iïm%odhka" whs;sjdislï" j.lSï" hq;=lï iy ne£ï
ffcj mßirh : iÔú f,dalhl" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .ia je,a" jkdka;r" uqyqo" c,h" jd;h iy Ôjh - Ydl"
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka
i;a;aj yd ñksia Ôú;hg iïnka O;jQ¾.;h bf.kq
wjfndaOh" ixfõ§ nj yd l=i ,;d ï m, ld,Éfþo
fN!;sl mßirh : wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksia Ôú;hg tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj" wdydr" we÷ï"
ksjdi" fi!LH" iqj myiqj" Yajikh" kskao" ksial,xlh" úfõlh" wmøjH iy u,my lsÍu hkdÈh yd
iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõÈ;dj yd l=i,;dj
bf.kSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu i|yd fuj,ï iy ;dCIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï l=i,;d fuys wvx.=fõ'
(IV) jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu"
;u jD;a;Sh ,eÈhd iy wNsfhda.;d y÷kd .ekSu
yelshdjkag iß,k whqßka ?lshdjla f;dard .ekSu" iy
jdisodhl yd ;srir Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu
hk yelshdjka Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug wod< fiajd kshqla;sh yd iïnkaO l=i,;d
(V) wd.u iy iodpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

x
mqoa.,hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdr O¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+, yeisÍï rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;a WÑ; foa f;dard
thg iß,k fia lghq;= lsÍu i|yd w.hhka Wlyd .ekSu yd iaùhlrKh
(VI) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d
fi!kao¾hh" idys;H" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u<, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdjka ;=<ska m%ldY jk
úfkdaoh" i;=g" wdfõ. iy tjka udkqIsl w;aoelSï
(VII) "bf.kSug bf.kqu" ms<sn| ksmqK;d

YS>%fhka fjkia jk ixlS¾K yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mßj¾;k l%shdj,shla yryd fjkiaùï yiqrejd .ekSfï § yd Bg
ixfõ§ j yd id¾:l j m%;spdr oelaùu;a iajdëk j bf.k .ekSu;a i|yd mqoa.,hska yg Yla;sh ,nd §u'
^ Wmqgd .ekSu 2003 wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj &
N+f.da, úoHd úIhfha wruqKq
1' fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s,CIK yd l%shdj,s ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka l%shd lsÍu
2' iajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r we;s wka;¾iïnkaO;d iy tajdfha rgd yd l%shdj,s wjldYSh yd ld,Sk h:do¾Yhlska wOHhkh lsÍu
3' o;a; yd f;dr;=re /ialsÍu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍu" w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd N+f.da, úoHd;aul l%uYs,am Ndú;hg yqre ùu
4' ;ud Ôj;a jk f,dalfha úúO;ajh f;areï f.k tlsfkld iu`.;a" mßirh iu`.;a iqixfhda.S j Ôj;a ùug yqre ùu
5' fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrCIKh lsÍu yd mj;ajd .ekSug WmldÍ jk Okd;aul wdl,am j¾Okh lr .ekSu
xi
6' Ôú;fha wNsfhda.d;aul wjia:d ch .ekSug WmldÍ jk iqúfYaI Èú/l=ï l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu
7' jev f,dalhg il%sh f,i iyNd.s ùug wjYH l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu

úIh ks¾foaYh mdi,a jdr jYfhka fnod .ekSug fhdað; ie,eiau
fY%AKsh jdrh I II III
8'1" 8'2" 8'3" 8'4" 9'1" 9'2" 10'1" 7'1" 8'1" 8'2" 8'3" 9'1 5'1" 5'2
I 10'2" 11'1
44 42 26
11'2" 12'1" 12'2" 12'3" 12'4 9'2" 9'3" 10'1" 10'2" 11'1 5'3" 5'4
xii
13 II
40 40 30
13'1" 14'1" 14'2 11'2" 11'3" 12'1 5'4" 5'5

III
22 22 20

13 fY%aKsh fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfPAo
8'0 f.da,Sh foaY.=K 8'1 foaY.=K fjkiaùïj,g • foaY.=K fjkiaùï ye¢kaùu - foaY.=K fjkiaùï hkak w¾: 16
fjkiaùï flfrys n,mdk iajNdúl fya;= • foaY.=K fjkiaùï we;sùug olajhs'
n,md we;s l%shdj,s yd úia;r lrhs' n,mdk iajNdúl fya;= - foaY.=K fjkiaùïj,g
fya;= mÍCId lrñka - yß;d.dr wdprKh fya;=jk fN!;sl l%shdj,s úia;r
mßir ;=,s;;dj /l - ysre ,m lrhs'
.ekSug lghq;= lrhs' - huy,a
- id.r u;=msg WIAK;aj
fjkiaùï
- t,aksfkda iy ,dkskd
8'2 foaY.=K fjkiaùïj,g • foaY.=K fjkialïj,g - foaY.=K fjkiaùïj,g

n,mdk udkjckH idOl úia;r n,mdk udkjckH idOl n,mdk udkjckH idOl
xiii
lrhs' iy tajdfha n,mEï úia;r lrhs'

- fmdis, bkaOk Ndú;h
- ld¾ólrKh
- lDIsl¾udka;h
- i;aj md,kh
- jkyrKh
- wys;lr jdhq úfudapkh
• foaY.+K fjkiaùï udkj

8'3 foaY.=K fjkiaùï udkj
- foaY.=K fjkiaùï ñksia
l%shdldrlï flfrys n,mdk l%shdldrlï flfrys n,mEu
l%shdldrlïj,g n,mdk
wdldrh úia;r lrhs' - lDIsl¾uh
wdldrh ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s
- l¾udka;
lrhs'
- jdiia:dk
- fi!LHh
8'4 foaY.=K fjkiaùï j, ;%Sj%;dj • wê mßfNdackh iSud lsÍu - foaY.=K fjkiaùïj, ;%Sj%;dj
wju lr.ekSug ñksidg odhl úh • ldnkaa úfudapkh wju lsÍu wju lr .ekSug odhl úhyels
yels wdldrh idlÉPd lrhs' • cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r m%;sm;a;s wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
j,g yd ks¾foaY j,g wkq.;
ùu
9'0 c,fha we;s jeo.;alu 9'1 f,dalfha c,fhys iajNdjh yd • f,dalfha c, jHdma;sh - f,dalfha c, jHdma;sh yd 12
wjfndaO lr .ksñka tys jHdma;sh wOHhkh lrhs' - u;=msg c,h tys iajNdjh úia;r lrhs'
c, iïm;a id.r yd f.dvìu
ixrCIKhg lghq;= - N+.; c,h
lrhs' W,am;a
xiv
iycd;
ue.añh
- jdhqf.da,Sh c,h
9'2 f,dal c, iïm; flfrys n,mdk • f,dalfha c, iïm; flfrys - f,dalfha c, iïm; flfrys
idOl wOHhkh lrñka c, n,mdk idOl n,mdk idOl úia;r lrhs'
ixrCIKfha jeo.;alu fmkajd • c, ixrCIKfha wjYH;dj - c, ixrCIKfha wjYH;dj
fohs' • c, ixrCIK l%u yd tys meyeÈ,s lrhs'

jeo.;alu - Ôjfha meje;au i|yd c,h
ixrCIKh l< hq;= nj
wjOdrKh lrhs'
10'0 Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;a 10'1 Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;aj, • Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;a • Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;aj, 12
y÷kd .ksñka c, iajNdjh yd jHdma;sh - iajNdjh iajNdjh yd c, uQ,dY% úia;r
iïm; ixrCIKhg úu¾Ykh lrhs' - c, uQ,dY% lrhs'
odhl fjhs' - jHdma;sh • Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;aj,
jHdma;sh is;shï weiqfrka úia;r
lrhs'
10'2 Y%S ,xldfõ c, ixrCIKfha • Y%S ,xldfõ c, ¥IKh • Y%S ,xldfõ c, ¥IKh meyeÈ,s
jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs' • c,h wmf;a hdu lrhs'
• c,h wêNdú;h • c,h wmf;a hk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
• c, ixrCIKfha wjYH;dj lrhs'
xv
• c, iïm;aa wê Ndú;d jk wdldrh

meyeÈ,s lrhs"
• Y%S ,xldfõ c, ixrCIK l%u
ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'
11'0 fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykfha 11'1 ìfhdauj, ^ffcj o¾Y&f,dal • ìfhdau ^ffcj o¾Y&ye¢kaùu • ìfhdau w¾: olajhs' 40
ixrpl" .;s ,CIK yd jHdma;sh yd tajdfha .;s ,CIK • ìfhdau j¾. yd .;s ,CIK • f,dal ìfhdau kï lrhs'
l%shdj,s mÍCId lrñka meyeÈ,s lrhs' - ksj¾;k jkdka;r • ìfhdauj, .;s ,CIK úu¾Ykh

mßir ixrCIKhg - fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r lrhs'
odhl fjhs' - uOHOrKS jk ,eyeí • f;dard.;a ksoiqka weiqfrka ìfhdau
- ;DK N+ñ yd iejdkd uqyqKmdk .eg¨ mÍCId lrhs'
- gdhs.d jkdka;r
- ldka;dr - ;=kaød
11'2 Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;sj, • ìfhdau uqyqKmdk .eg¨ - Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s kï
jHdma;sh yd .;s ,CIK meyeÈ,s • Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;sj, lrhs'
lrhs' jHdma;sh yd .;s,CIK - Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;sj,
- jkdka;r - ,÷le,E ,CIK úu¾Ykh lr bÈßm;a
- ;DK N+ñ - f;;a ìï lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s - mßir moaO;sj, jHdma;sh
uqyqKmdk .eg¨ is;shula weiqßka olajhs'
- Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s
uqyqKmdk .eg¨ úia;r lrhs'
xvi
11'3 Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s • Y%S ,xldfõ mßir ixl,am yd - Y%S ,xldfõ mßir wdpdr
ixrCIKh yd ne÷KQ ixl,am yd wdpdrO¾u O¾uj, jeo.;alu úia;r
wpdrO¾u w.h lrhs' - f;;a ìï lrhs'
- jkdka;r yd jkÔù rCIs; - Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s
- fjr< ixrCIKh i|yd f.k we;s
- c,dY iy jeõ wdY%s; ffcj l%shdud¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs'
moaO;s
• Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s

ixrCIKh i|yd f.k we;s
l%h s dud¾.
12'0 iajNdúlWmøj 12'1 iajNdúl Wmøj yd wdmodj, • iajNdúl Wmøj yd wdmod - iajNdúl Wmøj y|qkajhss' 26
fN!;sl yd udkqI fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs' ye¢kaùu - iajNdúl wdmod y÷kajhs'
mßirh flfrys
n,mdk wdldrh
mÍCId lrhs' 12'2 f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj • f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj - f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj
meyeÈ,s lrhs' - N+ñlïmd - iq,s iq<x ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
- ksh. - .xj;=r
- ,eõ.sks - .sksl÷
- iqkdñ - kdh hdï
- wl=Kiq er - ysul÷ m%m;kh
xvii
12'3 f,dalfha iajNdúl Wmøj ksid • iajNdúl Wmøj ksid isÿjk - iajNdúl Wmøjhka f.ka
fN!;sl yd udkqI mrsirhg - fN!;sl n,mEu fN!;sl mßirhg isÿ jk ydks
isÿ jk n,mEï úu¾Ykh - udkqI n,mEu ú ia;r lrhs'
lrhs' - iajNdúl wdmodjkaf.ka f.ka
udkqI mßirhg isÿjk ydks
úia;r lrhs'
12'4 iajdNdúl Wmøj ;Sj% lsÍu • iajdNdúl Wmøj ;Sj% lsÍu - Wmøj yd wdmod ;sj% lsÍug

flfrys n,mdk udkqI flfrys n,mdk udkqI udkqI l%shdldrlï n,mdk
l%shdldrlï mÍCId lrhs' l%shdldrlï wdldrh ksoiqka weiqßka bÈßm;a
- wl%uj;a bvï mßyrKh lrhs'
- jkyrKh
- ld¾ñl l%shdldrlï
- wúêu;a bÈlsÍï
13'0 fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ 13'1 Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod •wdmod l<ukdlrKh ye|skaùu - wdmod l<ukdlrKh hkq l+ula±hs 12
o¾Ykh ixrCIKh l<ukdlrKhg il%sh j odhl • wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%h úia;r lrhs'
lsÍug yd mj;ajd fjhs' - wju lsÍu - Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod l<ukdlrK
.ekSug WmldÍjk - fmr iQodku hdka;%Kh ms<sn| f;dr;=re
Okd;aul - m%;spdr ±laùu bÈßm;a lrhs'
wdl,amj,ska - h:d ;;ajhg m;a lsÍu
hqla; j yeisfrhs' • Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod l<ukdlrK
hdka;K % h
S mdßißl • tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir

14'1 cd;Hka;r yd m%dfoaYh - cd;Hka;r yd m%dfoaYSh mdßißl 12
xviii
14'0 iajNdjO¾uh yd ixúOdkj, N+ñldj mÍCId jevigyk (UNEP) ixúOdk ms<sn|j úu¾YKh lr
iudch w;r lrhs' f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'
• iajNdj O¾uh ixrCIKh
iqixfhda.S
i|ydjQ wka;¾cd;sl ix.uh
wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj
(IUCN)
m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd
mDÓúh yd tys • tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ld,.=Ksl
jeishka ms<sn| j fjkiaùï ms<sn| rduq.;
ukd wjOdkhlska iïuq;sh' (UNFCC)

lghq;= lrhs' • ol+Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.S;d
mdßißl jevigyk (SACEP)
14'2 Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%shd;aul jk • uOHu mßir wëldßh (CEA) - Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%shd;auljk
mdßißl ixúOdkj, • cd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK mdßißl jeo.;alulska hq;=
N+ñldj mÍCId lrhs' ksfhdacH wdh;kh (NARA) ixúOdkj, odhl;ajh úia;r
• fjr< ixrCIK lrhs'
fomd¾;fïka;=j (CCD)
• cd;sl f.dvke.s,s yd m¾fhaIK
wdh;kh (NBRO)
• N+ úoHd iólaIK yd m;,a
ld¾hdxYh (GSMB)
xix

udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj
7'0 wdlr l¾udka;fha 7'1 f,dalfha wdlr l¾udka;fha • wdlr l¾udka;h ye|skaùu - wdlr l¾udka;h hkq 14
m%jK;d mÍCIdlr jHdma;sh" ksIamdokh" fjf<odu l=ula ±hs w¾: olajhs'
Ñria:dhS f,i Lksc .eg¨ yd m%jK;d wOHhkh • f;dard.;a wdlr l¾udka; - fmfg%da,shï .,a w`.=re iy
iïm;a Ndú; lsÍfï lrhs' - fmfg%da,shï hmiaj, f,dal jHdma;sh
wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s - .,a w`.=re is;shï weiqfrka meyeÈ,s
lrhs' - hmia lrhs'
^jHdma;sh" ksIamdokh yd - f,dal fmfg%da,shï l¾udka;h
fjf<|du & yd ta wdY%s; ksIamdok úia;r
- wdlr l¾udka;h wdY%s; lrhs'
m%jK;d yd w¾nQo - f,dal fmfg%da,shï
• Ñria:dhs f,i LKsc iïm;a fjf<|dfï iajNdjh meyeÈ,s
xx
Ndú;h lrhs'
- f,dal .,a w`.==re ksIamdokh
yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka; úia;r
lrhs'
- f,dal .,a w`.==re fjf<|dfï
iajNdjh úia;r lrhs'
- f,dal hmia ksIamdokh yd
fjf<|du wdY%s; ,CIK

úia;r lrhs'
- f,dal wdlr l¾udka;h
wdY%s; m%jK;d úia;r lrhs'
- f,dal wdlr l¾udka;h
wdY%s; w¾nqo meyeÈ,s lrhs'
8'0 Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh 8'1 Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aj, • Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a - Lksc iïm;a hkak ks¾jpkh 24
;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jHdma;sh" ksIamdokh yd • Y%S ,xldfõ f;dard.;a Lksc lrhs'
jákdlu mÍCId lr m%jK;d mÍCId lrhs' iïm;a - Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk Lksc
tajd ;srir f,i - ñksrka iïm;a lSmhl jHdma;sh Y%S ,xld
Ndú;d lsÍfï - Lksc je,s wdlD;s is;shï weiqfrka bÈßm;a
jeo.;alu - wemghsÜ lrhs'
meyeÈ,s lrhs' ^fïjdfha jHdma;sh" ksIamdokh - Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk Lksc
yd m%jK;d ms<sn| idlÉPd iïm;a lSmhl ksIamdokh yd
lsÍu & tys m%jK;d meyeÈ,s lrhs'
xxi
8'2 Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc • Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc - ld¾ñl wuq øjHhla f,i Lksc
iïm;aj, jeo.;alu wjOdrKh iïm;aj, jeo.;alu iïm;aj, jeo.;alu úia;r
lrhs' - cd;sl wdodhug we;s lrhs'
odhl;ajh - Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a wdY%s;
- fiajd kshqla;sh fiajd kshqla;sh o;a; weiqßka
- m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|yd úia;r lrhs'
odhl;ajh - m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|yd Y%S
- ld¾ñl wuq øjHhla f,i ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aj,

Ndú;hg .ekSu odhl;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
- tl;= l< w.h jeä lsÍu - Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl ixj¾Okhg
Lksc iïm;aj, odhl;ajh o;a;
weiqfrka mÍCId lrhs'
8'3 Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a • Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh ksid - Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a
Wmfhdackfha § we;s jk - fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykhg we;s jk Wmfhdackfha § isÿ jk
mdßißl n,mEï wju lsÍug n,mEu mdßißl n,mEï úia;r lrhs'
lghq;= lrhs' - c, iïm;g we;s lrk - Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha §
n,mEï isÿ jk mdßißl ydksh wju
- N+ñ ydhkh lsÍug .; yels l%shdud¾.
- jdhq ¥IKh fhdackd lrhs'
• mdßißl ydksh wju lsÍu
- mßir ys;ldó wdl,am
j¾Okh lsÍu
- wod< wKmk;a n,.ekaùu
xxii
yd l%shd;aul lsÍu
- foaYmd,k lemùu
- mqrjeis ixúOdkj, il%sh
iyNd.s;ajh'
9'0 l¾udka; ia:dk.; 9'1 f,dalfha l¾udka; ia:dk.; • f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; - ksIamdok l¾udka; hkq 26
ùfï idOl bÈßm;a ùug n,mdk idOl ksoiqka ia:dk.;ùug n,mdk idOl fudkjd ±hs meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lrñka ta idOlj, weiqßka mÍCId lrhs' - wuqøjH - n,Yla;sh - l¾udka; ia:dk .; ùug

m%jK;d úu¾Ykh - m%d.aOkh - Y%uh n,mdk idOl f;dard.;a
lrhs' - ;dlaIKh - fjf<|m, l¾udka; lsysmhla weiqßka
- m%jdykh - jHjidhl;ajh úia;r lrhs'
- rdcH m%;sm;a;s - l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï kj
• l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï kj m%jK;d meyeÈ,s lrhs'
m%jK;d
9'2 Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólhg • Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg my; - Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólhg
l¾udka;j, odhl;ajh úia;r l¾udka;j, odhl;ajh l¾udka; wxYfha odhl;ajh
lrhs' - isfuka;s úia;r lrhs'
- iSks
- we.¨ï
- rn¾ yd ma,diaála wdY%s;
l¾udka;
- idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;
9'3 Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; ia:dk.; • Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; ia:dk.; - Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; ia:dk.;
ùSug n,mE idOl mÍCId lrhss' ùSug n,mdk idOl iy ta ùug n,mdk idOl
xxiii
wdY%s; m%jK;d f;dard.;a l¾udka; lSmhla

weiqßka úia;r lrhs'
- Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; ia:dk.;
ùfï m%jK;d úia;r lrhs'

10'0 Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl 10'1 Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl • Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl - Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl
l¾udka;fha .;s ,CIK 14
l¾udka;fha l¾udka;fha .;s ,CIK l¾udka;fha .;s ,CIK
j¾;udk ;;a;ajh úu¾Ykh lrhs' • cd;Hka;r yd foaYSh ixprKh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
mÍCId lrñka • ixprKfha m%fNao - Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh flfrys
ixialD;sh yd - mdßißl ixprKh ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEu
mßirh .ek ksis - ixialD;sl ixprKh o;a; weiqßka úia;r lrhs'
wjOdkfhka hq;=j - m%;sfudaol ixprKh - ixpdrl l¾udka;h Y%S ,dxflah
tys ixj¾Okhg - fi!kao¾hd;aul ixprKh ixialD;shg" iudchg yd
fhdackd bÈßm;a - úl%uhka wdY%s; ixprKh mßirhg isÿlrk n,mEu
lrhs' • ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
- wd¾Ól
xxiv
- ixialD;sl yd iudÔh
- mßiruh jYfhka
10'2 Y%S ,xldfõ wkkH;dj /l • ixpdrl l¾udka;fha - Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl

.ksñka ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .;yels l%shdud¾. l¾udka;h j¾Okhg .;yels
j¾Okhg .;yels l%shdud¾. - ixpdrl l¾udka;h ms<sn| l%shd ud¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs'
fhdackd lrhs' m%;sm;a;s hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu'
- ixpdrlhdf.a wkkH;dj yd

wdrlaIdj ;yjqrejk
mßirhla f.dvke.Su
- foaYSh ixpdrl l¾udka;
m%j¾Okh lsÍu
- úl,am ixpdrl l¾udka;
m%j¾Okh lsÍu
- ixpdrl l¾udka;fhaa
wys;lr n,mEï wju lsÍu
i|yd l%shdud¾. .ekSu
11'0 f.da,ShlrKfha 11'1 f.da,ShlrKh hkq l=ula±hs • f.da,ShlrKh ye|skaùu - f.da,ShlrKh hkq l=ula ±hs 20
iajNdjh ;=,kd;aul úu¾Ykh lrhs' • f.da,ShlrKfha .;s ,CIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
j úu¾Ykh lrhs' • f.da,ShlrKfha jdis wjdis - f.da,ShlrKfha jdis wjdis
ú.%y lrhs'
11'2 f.da,ShlrKfha m%Odk jdyl • f.da,ShlrKfha m%Odk jdyl - f.da,ShlrKfha m%Odk jdyl
úuid n,hs' - f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok y÷kajhs'
;dCIKh - f;dr;=re yd ikaaksfõok
xxv
- nyqcd;sl iud.ï ;dCIKh" nyqcd;sl iud.ï

- udkj ixp,kh fõ.j;a ùu f.da,ShlrKh i|yd olajk
odhl;ajh úia;r lrhs'
- f.da,ShlrKh i|yd udkj
ixp,kh fõ.j;a ùu n,mdk
wdldrh úia;r lrhs'
11'3 f.da,ShlrKh ixj¾Okh • f.da,ShlrKh ixj¾Okh - ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk

fjñka mj;sk rgj,g n,mdk fjñka mj;sk rgj,g rgj,g f.da,ShlrKfhka we;s
wdldrh mÍCId lrhs' isÿlrk hym;a yd whym;A lrk hym;a yd whym;a
n,mEï n,mEï úia;r lrhs'
- wd¾Ól n,mEu - Y%S ,xldjg f.da,ShlrKh
- iudc yd ixialD;sl n,mEu u`.ska lrk n,mEï ksoiqka
- ±kqu iy ;dCIKh iys; j bÈßm;a lrhs'
12'0 l,dmSh ixúOdkhka 12'1 f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdkhkays • f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdk - l,dmSh ixúOdk hkak 08
ys N+ñldj mÍCId ld¾hNdrh úu¾Ykh lrhs' - l,dmSh iyfhda.s;djh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lrñka l,dmSh i|yd jQ ol=Kq wdishdkq - id¾la ixúOdkfha ld¾hNdrh
iyfhda.s;djg fhduq ixúOdkh (SAARC) úia;r lrhs'
fjhs' - w.aksÈ. wdishdkq ix.uh - w.aksÈ. wdishdkq ix.ufha
(ASIAN) ld¾hNdrh úia;r lrhs'
- hqfrdamd ix.uh (EU) - hqfrdamd ix.ufha ld¾hNdrh
úia;r lrhs'
- l,dmSh ixúOdk j,g wh;a
rgj,a is;shï u.ska olajhs'
xxvi

m%dfhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj
5'0 o;a; yd f;dr;=re 5'1 o;a; uQ,dY% úu¾Ykh lrhs' - ks¾jpkh - o;a; hkq fudkjd±hs ks¾jpkh 76
úYaf,aIKh lsÍu" - o;a; uQ,dY% lrhs'
w¾: ksrEmkh yd - o;a; j¾. - o;a; j¾. wkqj tajdfha
bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd - o;a; yd f;dr;=re w;r iajNdjh úia;r lrhs'
ixLHdk úoHd;aul fjki - o;a; yd f;dr;=re w;r fjki
l%u yd m%ia;dßl l%u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
Ndú; lrhs'
5'2 o;a; tla /ia lsÍfï l%u mÍCId • m%d:ñl o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%u - o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%u ksoiqka
lrhs' ióCIK" iïuqL idlÉPd" iys;j úia;r lrhs'
ksÍCIK" ñkqï
• oaús;shl o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%u
xxvii
mqi;ld, uQ,dY%" mß.Kl

uQ,dY%" is;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm"
pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd
PdhdrEm
5'3 ixLHdk úoHd;aul l%u u.ska • ixLHdk úoHd;aul l%u

o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh - o;a; ixúOdkh yd j.=.;
lrhs' lsÍu

• ixLHd; jHdma;sh f.dv ke.Su
• o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd ir,
ixLHdk Ys,am l%u fhdod
.ekSu
•flakaøSh m%jK;dj
ud;h" uOHkh" uOHia:h

• wmlsrKh
mrdih" pd;=¾:l" úirK
igyka yd wka;¾ pd;=¾:l
mrdih" uOHkh" wm.ukh"
iïu; wm.ukh
• o;a; ksrEmkh
- ixLHdk úoHd;aul igyka
yd m%ia;dr ye|skaùu
5'4 o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh - cd, f¾Lh" ixLHd; - o;a; fhdod.ksñka o;a;
xxviii
i|yd m%ia;dßl l%ufõo fhdod nyqwi%h" ixLHd; jl%h" ixúOdkh yd j.= .; lsÍu
.ksh's iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jl%h" isÿ lrhs'
iuqÉÑ; m%;sY; jl%h - o;a; weiqrska ixLHd
- m%ia;dßl l%ufõo jHdma;shla f.dv k.hss'
- f¾Ld m%ia;dr îr,$ - ixLHdk úoHd;aul l%u
ixlS¾K& weiqßka o;a; úYaf,aYKh
- ;Sre m%ia;dr îr,$ yd újrKh lrhs'
ixlS¾K$ msróv& - m%ia;dßl l%u weiqßka o;a;

- ila igyka ^fnÿ jD;a;& úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh
lrhs'
5'5 o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd is;shï • is;shï úoHd;aul l%u Ys,am - is;shï úoHd;aul l%u
úoHd;aul l%u Ys,am fhdod - iu ixLHd is;shï weiqßka o;a; úYaf,aKh yd
.ksh's - f¾Ldxls; is;shï újrKh lrhs'
13 fY%a‚h - N+f.da, úoHdj
ksmqK;dj ( 8'0 f.da,Sh foaY.=K fjkia ùï flfrys n,md we;s l%shdj,s yd fya;=
mÍCId lrñka mßir ;=,s;;dj /l .ekSug lghq;= lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 8'1 foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g n,mdk iajdNdúl fya;= úia;r lrhs'
8'2 foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g n,mdk udkj ckH idOl úia;rlrhs'
8'3 foaY.=K fjkia ùï udkj l%shdldrlï flfrys n,mdk wdldrh

úia;r lrhs'
8'4 foaY.=K fjkia ùïj, ;Sj%;dj wju lr.ekSug ñksidg odhl úh

yels wdldrh idlÉPd lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 16 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • foaY.=K fjkia ùï hkak w¾: olajhs'

• foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g fya;= jk fN!;sl l%shdj,s úia;r lrhs'
• foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g n,mdk udkj ckH idOl úia;r lrhs'
• foaY.=K fjkia ùï ñksia l%shdldrlïj,g n,mdk wdldrh ksoiqka
weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• foaY.=K fjkia ùïj, ;Sj%;dj wju lr .ekSug odhl úh yels
wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ye|skaùu ( w;S;fha isg u foaY.=K fjkia ùï isÿ j we;s w;r j¾;udkfha udkj
l%shdldrlïj, n,mEu u; tAjdfha ;Sj%;dj jeä ù we;' tA ksid wkd.;
f,dalh fjkqfjka mßir ;=,kh mj;ajd f.k hdu yd iïm;a l<ukdlrKh
i|yd j¾;udkfha mßir ys;ldó ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lsÍu w;sYhska jeo.;a
fõ' tA i|yd foaY.=K fjkia ùï y÷kd .ekSu" tajdg n,mdk fN!;sl yd
udkjckH l%shd yd foaY.=‚l fjkia ùïj, ;Sj%;dj wju lsÍug .; yels
l%shdud¾. ms<sn| j wOHhkh fuu tAllfhka wfmalaId flf¾' bf.kqï
l%shdj,sfha §" ld¾hCIu iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd mßir ys;ldó wdl,am
j¾Okh jk wdldrhg bf.kqï wjia:d yd l%u-Ys,am Ndú;h fuys § w;sYhska
jeo.;a fõ'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la(
8'1 foaY.=K fjkia ùï(

• wjqreÿ 30l muK ld,hla ;=< mj;akd ld,.=K ;;a;ajhkays idudkHh" foaY.=Kh
f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
• foaY.=Kh o l,ska l,g fjkia jk njg idlaIH we;'
• ñksid úiska mDÓúfha fN!;sl m%mxp fjkia lrk neúka foaY.=Kh o thg idfmaCI j
fjkig ,la fjñka mj;shs'
1
• foaY.=K fjkia ùï ms<sn| wka;¾ rdcH uKav,fha (Inter governmental panel on

climate change) 2007 jd¾;dj u`.ska jdhqf.da,Sh WIaK;ajh jeä fjñka mj;sk nj
;yjqre lr we;'
• fmdf<dj u;=msg WIaK;ajh b;d by< .sh ld, jljdkqj f,i 1995-2006 f;la jQ
ld,h jd¾;d.; j we;' 1906 isg 2005 f;la j¾I 100l ld,h ;=< WIaK;ajh
fi,aishia wxYl 0'74lska jeä ù ;sfí'
• my; ±lafjk m%ia;drh u`.ska f.da,Sh idudkH WIaK;ajh fjkia ùug ,la jQ wdldrh
±lafõ'
rEm igyk 1' f.da,Sh idudkH WIaK;ajh fjkia ùï j¾Ih 1860-2000 f;la
foaY.=K fjkia ùï flfrys n,mdk iajdNdúl fya;=(
• iQ¾hhdf.ka ,efnk n,Yla;sh jdhqf.da,h ;=< .nvd lr.kakd m%udKh wkqj mDÓúfha
foaY.=K ;;a;ajh /£ mj;shs'
• iQ¾h úlsrKh yd N+ úlsrKh w;r fjki iQ¾h n,Yla;s ;=,s;;dj ;SrKh lrhs'
• n,Yla;s ;=,s;;dj fjkia ùu ksid f.da,Sh foaY.=Kh o fjkia fõ'
• fuu n,Yla;s ;=,s;;dj flfrys ndOd muqKqjk ieu l%shdjla u foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g
fya;= fõ'
2
foaY.=K fjkia ùu

fya;= fõ
ndysr l%shdj,s wNHka;r l%shdj,s



fya;= fõ m;kh ùu isÿ fõ
iQ¾h ,m mDÓú moaO;sh ;=<

W,aldmd;



fya;= fõ fya;= fõ
fya;= fõ
yß;d.dr .sksl÷ id.ßl

wdprKh msmsÍu ixirKh
fjkia fõ t,aksfkda ,dkSkd
yß;d.dr jdhq ixhq;sh
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ
laf,dafrd*af,dfrda ldnka
CO2 óf;aka
khsg%ia Tlaihsâ
CH4
N2O
CFC -11 SF6
CFC - 12 HFC
foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g n,mdk fya;=
3
yß;d.dr wdprKh
• foaY.=K fjkiaùïj,g n,md we;s m%Odk u fya;=j f,i jdhqf.da,Sh WIaK;ajfha by<
hdu fmkajd Èh yels h' thg yß;d.dr wdprKh fya;= ù we;'
• yß;d.dr wdprKh iajdNdúl l%shdj,shls' th fmdf<da;,h yd jdhqf.da,h WKqiqï ùug
WmldÍ fõ'
• Ôùkaf.a meje;au i|yd ys;lr mßirhla ks¾udKh ùug iajdNdúl j isÿ jk yß;d.dr
wdprKh wjYH fõ'
• tu`.ska mDÓúf.da,fha idudkH WIaK;ajh fikaáf.%aâ wxYl 15l muK uÜgul r|jd
.ekSug yels ù ;sfí'
• fuu iajdNdúl yß;d.dr wdprKh isÿ jQfha ke;s kï mdÓúfha idudkH WIaK;ajh fikaáf.%â a
wxYl 18 muK uÜgul mj;skq we;'
• mD:súfhka uqÞyßkq ,nk È.= ;rx. úlsrK tkï" wfOdarla; lsrK by< wjldYhg .uka
lsÍfï § ldnka vfhdlaihsâ CO2 " óf;aka CH4 " khsg%ia Tlaihsâ N2O " laf,dafrda*af,dafrda
ldnka CFC, ´fidaka O3 jeks jdhq u`.ska wjfYdaIKh lr kej; mDÓúh foig ksl=;a lrhs'
• fuu l%shdj,sh wiSñ; j isÿ ùu ksid mDÓú jdhqf.da,h wêl f,i WKqiqï fõ'
• 1750 § muK wdrïN jQ ld¾ñl úma,jh yd wúêu;a udkj ckH l%shd Rcq j yd jl% j
iSudj blaujd jdhqf.da,hg ksl=;a lrkq ,nk yß;d.dr jdhq ksid f.da,Sh WKqiqï ùu isÿ
ù we;'
• fï fya;=fjka f.da,Sh foaY.=K úm¾hdi ygf.k we;' my; j.=j u`.ska yß;d.dr
jdhQkaf.a idkaøKh fjkia ù we;s wdldrh ±lafõ'
j.=j 1 - jdhqf.da,fha yß;d.dr jdhq m%udKh fjkia ùu
jdhqj 1750 g fmr mßj¾;S j¾;udk mßj¾;S

f.da,fha idkaøKh f.da,fha idkaøKh
îdkaøKh oi ,CIhlg fldgia&
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj 280 385
îdkaøKh ì,shkhlg
fldgia&
óf;aka 700 1857 - 1735
khsg%ia Tlaihsâ 270 321 - 320
îdkaøKh á%,shkhlg
fldgia&
CFC - 11 0 246 - 243
CFC - 12 0 541 - 537
HFC 0 49 - 41
SF6 0 6.40/6.03
uQ,dY%hh( foaY.=K w¾nqohg foaYSh úi÷ï lrd" ldIsl¾u mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kh-
fmardfoKsh úYajúµd,h
4
yß;d.dr wdprKh isÿ jk wdldrh my; rEmh u`.ska ±lafõ'
jdhqf.da,hg yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh lrkq ,nk udkqI l%shdj,S my; ila igyk u`.ska ±lafõ'
f.da,Sh yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh

f.da,Sh yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh lrk m%Odk m%Nj jkafka n,Yla;s wxYh ^26]&" l¾udka;
^19]& yd jkdka;r úkdY ùu ^17]& h' tfuka u lDIsl¾udka;h ^14]& yd m%jdyK wxYh
5
^13]& o yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkhg Þhl fõ'
ysre ,m
• jdhqf.da,Sh moaO;sh ;dmj;a ùu iQ¾h úlsrKh u`.ska isÿ ùu idudkH ixisoaêhls'
• fuu ;;a;ajh we;eï úg fjkia jkafka ysref.a u;=msg we;s jk uyd msmqreï fya;=fjks'
• fuu msmqreï iQ¾hhdf.a pqïnl fCIa;%fha we;s jk wka;¾ l%shdldrlï ksid we;s fõ'
• fujeks msmqreï ksid ysref.ka uyd .sks±,a u;= fõ' .sks±,a we;s ù ksù hdug jir 11l
muK ld, mßÉfþohla .; jk nj ksÍCIK u`.ska fy<s ù we;' fuu msmqreï ia:dk
w÷re meyefhka Èiafõ' fïjd ysre ,m f,i ye¢kafõ'
• È.ska È.g ysre ,m we;s ùu u`.ska mDÓúhg ,efnk ;dm m%udKfha fjkialï we;s fõ'
• fufia ,efnk ;dm m%udKh jdhqf.da,hg Wrd .ekSu ksid mDÓú WIaK;ajh jeä fõ'
• fuys m%;sM, f,i kshÕ we;s ùu" ldka;dÍlrKh" Ydl j¾Okhg n,mEï t,a, ùu" <eõ.sks
jeks ixisoaê y÷kd f.k we;'
huy,a(
• huy,a l%shdldß;ajh u`.ska o mDÓú jdhqf.da,h ;dmj;a fõ'
• mDÓú;,fha we;s me,Sï" l=ia;+r" úfNao wdÈ ÿ¾j, ia:dk u`.ska mDÓú wNHka;rfha we;s
ue.aud" mdÓú;,h u;=msgg meñK isis,a ùfï § wêl ;dm m%udKhla jdhqf.da,hg uqÞ
yef¾'
• óg wu;rj w¿" ÿï" ¥,s" wdÈ øjH úYd, f,i jdhqf.da,hg tl;= fõ'
• fuys m%;sM, f,i iq<x ixirK rgdfõ fjkia ùï" wêl WIaK;ajh yd wêl j¾Idj jeks
ixisoaê we;s fõ'
id.r u;=msg WIaK;aj fjkialï we;s ùu

• jdhqf.da,fha mj;sk wêl WIaK;ajh id.r c,h uÕska wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu ksid tys
WKqiqu jeä ù >k;ajh wvq ùfuka mßudj jeä fõ'
• fuu`.ska id.ßl m%jdyj, ixirKfha f.da,Sh rgdj o fjkia fjñka mj;sk nj ksÍlaIKh
lr we;'
• ksoiqka f,i .sïydk ld,fha § meis*sla fjr<nv WKqiqï f.dvìï m%foaYj, wvq mSvkhla
o YS; id.r u;=msg jeä mSvkhla o mj;sk neúka il%sh yd fõ.j;a iq<x yeóula isÿ fõ'
• id.r u;=msg WIaK;aj fjkialï ksid WKqiqï yd YS; Èhje,aj, ixirK rgd fjkia ùu"
iq<x rgd fjkia ùu" l=Kdgq we;s ùu" my;a ìï hg ùu" lfvd,dk mßir úkdY ùu"
,jK c,h f.dvìug .,d tAu wdÈ isÿùï /ila we;s fjñka mj;shs'
t,aksfkda (EL-NINO)
• meis*sla id.rh u;=msg iEu jir 3-5 w;r ld,hlg jrla úYd, WKqiqï c, u;=msgla
ks¾udKh ù jirla fyda Bg jeä ld,hla fyda mqrd th mj;S'
• ta wkqj fmare yd blajfodar rdcH wjg meis*sla id.r c,fha WIaK;ajh jeä ùu ksid jdhq
mSvkfha yd iq<x rgdfõ we;s jk fjkialï t,aksfkda yg.ekSug fya;= ù we;'
• fuh idudkHfhka k;a;,a iufha § isÿ jk neúka l%sia;= orejd hk w¾:h we;s —t,aksfkda˜
6
kñka y÷kajhs'
• t,aksfkda ksid mDÓúh u; wka;.dó ld,.=K ;;a;ajhka we;s ù f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeä fõ'
my; is;shu u`.ska t,aksfkda l%shdj,sh isÿ jk l,dm ±lafõ'
wêl
ysu l=Kdgq
j¾Idm;kh
t,aksfkda ksid we;s jk

ld,.=‚l fjkia ùï
kshÕ iq<s l=Kdgq
,dkskd (LA-NINA)
• t,aksfkda ixisoaêh wjika ùu;a iu`. ,dkskd ;;a;aj ks¾udKh fõ'
7
• iamd[a[ NdIdfjka ,dkskd"—mqxÑ ±ßh˜ hk f;areu f.k foa'
• t,aksfkda ksid wêl WIaK;ajhla yg.;a m%foaYj, ,dkskd ;;a;aj ksid YS; mßirhla
ks¾udKh fjhs'
• ksß; È. meis*sla id.rfha widudkH f,i YS; id.ßl c,;,hla fuu`.ska ks¾udKh fõ'
• ksoiqka f,i 1998 cqks udifha § meis*sla id.rfha kef`.kysr c,;,h tla jr u isis,a ù
jdhq mSvkh jeä ù Èhje,aj, fõ.h fjkia ùug ,la ù we;'
foaY.=K fjkia ùï ksid we;s úh yels n,mEï
 uqyqÿ c, uÜgu by< hdu ^fi'ó'18-59 f;la&

 21 ishjfia f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh fikaáf.%aâ wxYl 1'1 isg 6'4 f;la m%udKhlska
by< hd yels h'
 ks;r we;s jk WIaKdêl ld, iSud iy ;o jeis we;s ùu'
 kshÕh" iq<s iq<x yd wêl jvÈh .e,Sï isÿ úh yels h'
 fï ish¨ l%shdldß;ajhka ksid udkqI yd fN!;sl mßirhg wys;lr n,mEï t,a,
ù ;sfí'
8
8'2 foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g n,mdk udkjckH idOl
• ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj iu`. mDÓú f.da,fha m%mxp" .;s,CIK" ixisoaê yd l%shdj,S fjkia ùu
fõ.j;a úh'
• ld¾ñl úma,jh fuhg m%n, j Þhl úh'
• ñksidf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka isÿ jk fmdis, bkaOk oykh" jkdka;r úkdY lsÍu" yß;d.dr
jdhq ksl=;=j jeä ùu foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g fya;= ù we;'
• 1750 jk úg jdhqf.da,fha mej;s ldnka vfhdlaihsâ ixhq;sh 280 ppm ^fldgia ñ,shkhla
;=< we;s fldgia .Kk& 2017 jk úg 400 ppm blaujd ;sfí' fuh yß;d.dr wdprKhg
fya;= ù we;'
fmdis, bkaOk oykh

• Èrdm;a jQ Ydl iy i;a;aj fYaI §¾> ld,hla ;siafia wêl ;dmhg yd mSvkhg m;a ùfuka
fmdis, bkaOk ks¾udKh ù we;'
• tu fmdis, bkaOk j¾;udkfha .,a wÕ=re" fmfg%da,shï yd iajdNdúl jdhq f,i úúO
iajrEmj,ska m%fhdackhg .efka'
• ld¾ñl úma,jfha isg jir 200lg wêl ld,hla ;siafia fïjd oykh lsÍu ksid jdhqf.da,Sh
CO2 m%udKh 30]lska muK jeä ù we;'
• fï i|yd m%uqL f,i fya;= jkafka ld¾ñl yd m%jdyK fCIa;%j, l%shdldrlï h'
ld¾ólrKh
• foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g fya;= ù we;s m%uqL l%shdldß;ajhla imhk udkjckH l%shdldrlula
f,i ld¾ólrKh ye¢kaúh yels h'
• l¾udka;j, § nyq, f,i fmdis, bkaOk n,Yla;sh f,i fhdÞ .efka'
• fuys § yß;d.dr jdhq /ila jdhqf.da,hg tl;= fõ' tA w;r khsg%ia Tlaihsâ (N2O) "
óf;aka (CH4) " ´fidaka ( O3) " yhsfv%d*af,dafrdldnka (HFCs)" i,am¾ fylaid*af,darhsâ (SF6)"
m¾*af,dafrdldnka (PFCs) m%Odk fõ'
• yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkfha § 19]la u Þhl;ajh imhkafka l¾udka; jk w;r fï i|yd
jeä u Þhl;ajhla imhd we;af;a ixj¾ê; ld¾ñl rgj,a h'
lDIsl¾udka;h
• mDÓúfha 40]-50]la muK m%foaYhl j.d l< yels ìï jHdma; j we;'
• lDIsld¾ñl l%shdj,sfha § yß;d.dr jdhq f,i ldnkavfhdlaihsâ" óf;aka" khsg%ia Tlaihsâ
hk jdhq uqÞ yef¾'
- mi ilia lsÍfï § uqÞ yefrk ldnksl øjH
- ù j.d ìïj,ska óf;aka jdhqj ksl=;a ùu
- mig fhdok khsg%cka wvx.= fmdfydr Ndú;h fuhg fya;= ù we;'
• ridhksl fmdfydr ksIamdokfha § o yß;d.dr jdhq ksl=;a fõ'
• lDIsld¾ñl l%shdldrlïj,ska uqÞ yefrk khsg%cka Tlaihsâ jdhqfõ wdhq ld,h jir 150la
muK jk neúka f.da,Sh WKqiqug th fnfyúka Þhl fõ'
9
i;a;aj md,kh
• i;a;aj md,k lghq;= o yß;d.dr wdprKh u`.ska foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g fya;= fõ'
• i;a;aj u<øjH" uQ;%d" judrd lEu óf;aka jdhqj ksl=;a ùug Þhl fõ'
• jHdmdßl i;a;aj md,k lghq;= nyq, j flfrkafka fi!uH l,dmsl rgj, h'
jkyrKh
• jkyrKh o foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g n,mdk m%n, fya;=jls' jkdka;r fy<s lsÍu iy
ffcj ialkaO ms,siaiSu yß;d.dr úfudapkhg m%n, j Þhl fõ'
• ±kg weia;fïka;= lr we;s wdldrhg jkdka;r fylaghdrhlg .nvd lr .kakd ldnka
m%udKh fuá%la fgdka 250la muK fõ'
• jkdka;r fy<s lsÍu ksid jdhqf.da,fha mj;akd ldnka vfhdlaihsâ wjfYdaIKh lsÍug
we;s wjldYh ke;s j hhs'
10
8'3 foaY.=K fjkia ùï udkj l%shdldrlï flfrys n,mdk wdldrh
lDIsl¾uh
• foaY.=K fjkia ùï lDIsl¾uh flfrys Rcq j u n,mdhs' j¾Idm;k rgd
fjkia ùfuka th isÿ úh yels h'
• foaY.=K fjkia ùï ksid frda. yd m,sfndaO Wjÿre jeä fõ'
• Ydlj, m, yg .ekSu wvq ùu;a wl,g m, yg .ekSu;a isÿ fõ'
• kshx ;;a;aj ksid mfia wdï,sl;dj by< hdfuka bvï" j.djg kqiqÿiq fõ'
• id.r c, uÜgu by< hdu ksid fjr<nv lDIs bvï j.d l< fkdyels ;;a;ajhg
m;a fõ'
• fNda. wiajkq wvq ùu ksid lDIs wd¾Ólh lvd jeàug mq¿jk'
• wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj ms<sn| .eg¨ we;s fõ'
• iajdNdúl úm;a jeä ùu ksid lDIs ìï úkdY fõ'
• YS; R;=j flá ùu fyda .sïydkh È.= ùu ksid we;eï m%foaYj, me, jefvk ld,h §¾>
ùfuka jdis iy.; ;;a;ajhka o we;s úh yels h'
l¾udka;
• yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh md,kh lsÍu i|yd f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a foaY.=K
úm¾hdi ms<sn| f.da,Sh iïuq;sj,g w;aika lsÍu ksid wdlr l¾udka;fha miqnEula
we;s ùu'
• w¨;a mßir ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK §ug isÿ ùu ksid l¾udka;j, msßjeh by< hdu'
• iajdNdúl úm;a we;s ùu jeä ù we;s neúka l¾udka; Yd,d yd ksIamdok úkdY ù hdu'
WÞ( 2015 cmdkhg n,mE iqkdñ ;;a;ajh
• c, ys`.hg uqyqK §ug isÿ jk neúka ld¾ñl wjYH;d i|yd c,h iSñ; ùu'
• ëjr ìïj, jHdma;sh yd u;aiH .ykh flf¾ we;s jk n,mEu'
jdiia:dk
• f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeä ùu ksid id.r c, uÜgu by< hdfuka fjr<nv ckdjdi úkdY
ùu'
• f,dal ck.ykfhka 50]la muK uqyqÿ fjrf<a isg ls'ó' 60l ÿr m%udKhla ;=< jdih
lr;s' f,dalfha k.rj,ska 3$4la muK fjr<nv msysgd we;'
• f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeä ùu fya;=fjka mßir WIaK;ajh by< hdu ksid jdiia:dk ;=<
úfYaIfhka kd.ßl m%foaYj, ksjdi ixlS¾Kj, Ôj;a ùu wmyiq ùu'
• n,Yla;s Ndú;fhka ksjdi ;=< Ôj;a ùu myiq ;;a;ajhg m;a lr .ekSu ksid n,Yla;s
msßjeh by< hdu'
• jdiia:dk bÈ lsÍug hk msßjeh jeä ùu'
• jdiia:dkj,g iajdNdúl úm;aj,ska isÿ jk ydks jeä ùu'
• kshx iy c, .e,Sï jeks iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid jdiia:dkj,g we;s jk n,mEu'
• wka;.dó ld,.=K ;;a;ajhka ksid we;s jk n,mEu' WÞ( iq<s l=Kdgq
11
fi!LHh
• frda. jdylhka u`.ska me;sfrk fnda jk frda. by< hdu yd frda. me;sÍu' WÞ( fvx.="
uef,aßhd" nrjd
• wêl WKqiqug fyda YS;,g fyda ksrdjrKh ùu yd jdhq ¥IKh fya;=fjka yDo frda. fyda
p¾u ms<sld jeä ùu'
• foaY.=K fjkia ùï lDIs ksIamdokhg wys;lr f,i n,mEfuka wdydr yd fmdaIK
uÜgï my< hdu u`.ska ukaofmdaIKh jeks fmdaIK W!k;d wdY%s; frda. ;;a;ajhka
j¾Okh ùu'
• mdßißl WIaK;ajh jeä ùu u`.ska Yajik frda. by< hdu'
12
8'4 foaY.=K fjkia ùïj, ;Sj%;dj wju lr .ekSug ñksidg Þhl úh yels wdldrh
• wêmßfNdackh iSud lsÍu
- ñksidf.a ixlS¾K wjYH;d iu`. nyqNdKav mßyrKh i|yd fhduq ù we;' úfYaIfhka
ixj¾ê; f,dalfha rgj, fï ;;a;ajh lemS fmfkhs'
- uQ,sl wjYH;d f,i ie,flk c,h" wdydrmdk" weÿï me<÷ï" jdiia:dk i|yd
wêl b,aüla mj;sk w;r ñksid úiska mßyrKh lrkq ,nk NdKav yd WmlrK
mßjyk udOH" fiajd myiqlï ms<sn| j wêl b,aüla mej;Su'
- fï fya;=fjka mßir iïm;a wêl f,i mßfNdackh i|yd fhduq ù we;' ksoiqka
f,i c,h" mi" Lksc iïm;a" jd;h" jkdka;r fï w;r lemS fmfkk f,i
wêmßfNdackhg fhduq ù we;'
- fï ksid fmdis, bkaOk iïm;a Ndú;h iSud l< hq;= h'
- jkdka;r ;srir f,i Ndú; lsÍu wjYH j we;'
- ñksidf.a wêmßfNdackh iSud lr .ekSug" ir, yd pdï Èúfmfj;lg yqre ùu'
- wêmßfNdackh iSud lr .ekSfuka ld¾hCIu j yd M,ÞhS j iïm;a mßyrKh l<
yels h'
• ldnka úfudapkh wju lsÍu

- jk jeiau wdrCId lsÍu yd kej; jk j.dj u`.ska mDÓú jk wdjrKh ixrCIKh
l< hq;= h' yß;d.dr jdhq wjfYdaIK yelshdj we;s m%n, u iajdNdúl udOHh
jkdka;r h'
- fmdis, bkaOk oykh ldnka úfudapkh g m%n, u idOlhla jk ksid bkaOk
oykh iSud lsÍug mshjr .; hq;= h'
- n,Yla;s ld¾hCIu;dj by< kexùu" n,Yla;s Ndú;h wju lsÍu" úl,am n,Yla;s
fj; fhduq ùu" i;a;aj md,k lghq;= iSud lsÍu" m%jdyK ld¾hCIu;dj by<
kexùu" wmøjH l<ukdlrKh" ir, Wmdx. Ndú;h yd ir, Èú meje;au wdÈh
u`.ska ldnka úfudapkh wju lsÍu l< yels h'
• cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r m%;sm;a;sj,g yd ks¾foaYj,g wkq.; ùu

- tlai;a cd;Skaf.a foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| rduq.; iïuq;sh wkqj lghq;= lsÍu'
- tlai;a cd;Skaf.a foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| rduq.; iïuq;sh f.da,Sh jYfhka ksis
mßÈ l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd kS;Hkql+, mokula iys; lsfhdf;da ikaOdkh msysgq ùu
yd Bg wkq.; ùu'
- foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| meßia COP 21 (Conference of Parties) iy meßia iïuq;shg
wkqj lghq;= lsÍu' fï i|yd rgj,a 55la w;aika lr we;'
13
Y%S ,xldfõ Þhl;ajh
- 1993 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldj foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a rduq.; iïuq;sfha
md¾Yajlrejl= ùu'
- mßir yd iajdNdúl iïm;a wud;HdxYh hgf;a foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| f,alï ld¾hd,hh
ia:dms; lsÍu'
- cd;sl ldnka wruqo, ia:dms; lsÍu, cd;sl ´fidaka tallh msysgqùu'
- Y%S ,xld mqrjeis iudcfha l%shdldß;ajh i|yd foaY.=Kh ms<sn| j l%shdldÍ ie,eiaula
ilia lr ;sîu ^2015&' tA hgf;a úúO l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lr ;sîu'
WÞ( fmdis, bkaOk oykh wvq lsÍu" c, ixrCIKh" jkdka;r ixrCIKh" mqk¾ckH
n,Yla;s uQ, y÷kajd §u" jeis c,h mßyrKh" foaY.=Kh ms<n s | ±kqïj;a lsÍï
jeä lsÍu" jdyk ÿï úfudapkh ms<sn| wkq.ukh lrk úúO m%;sm;a;s yd kS;s
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï(
1' foaY.=K fjkia ùïj,g n,md we;s fya;= lKavdhï l%shdldrlula u`.ska bÈßm;a lr ùu'
2' foaY.=K fjkia ùï flfrys iajdNdúl fya;= n,mdk wdldrh ±lafjk mska;+r" PdhdrEm"
we;=<;a w;a m;%sldjla ks¾udKh lrùu'
3' mDÓú jdhqf.da,fha yß;d.dr wdprKh i|yd udkjckH l%shd Þhl ù we;s wdldrh ±lafjk
f;dr;=re we;=<;a ì;a;s mqj;am;la ks¾udKh lrùu'
4' foaY.=K fjkia ùï ñksidg n,md we;s wdldrh ms<sn| j úia;r f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍula
isiqka ,jd ilia lr mdif,a wksl=;a YsIHhka ±kqïj;a lsÍug jevigykla ieliSu'
5' foaY.=K úm¾hdij,ska we;s úh yels n,mEï wju lsÍug .; yels l%shdud¾. we;=<;a
Ñ;%$fmdaiag¾ ks¾udKh lrùu'
14
ksmqK;dj ( 9'0 c,fha we;s jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .ksñka c, iïm;a
ixrCIKhg lghq;= lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'1 f,dalfha c,fhys iajNdjh yd tys jHdma;sh wOHhkh lrhs'
9'2 f,dal c, iïm; flfrys n,mdk idOl wOHhkh lrñka c,

ixrCIKfha jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'
ld,Éfþo ( 12 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • f,dal c, jHdma;sh yd tys iajNdjh úia;r lrhs'

• f,dal c, iïm; flfrys n,mdk idOl úia;r lrhs'
• c, ixrCIKfha wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• Ôjfha meje;au i|yd c,h ixrCIKh l< hq;= nj wjOdrKh lrhs'
ye¢kaùu ( c,h Ôùkaf.a meje;au i|yd w;HjYH iïm;ls' c,h fkdue;s j Èk

3lg jvd wmg Ôj;a úh fkdyels h' mDÓúh u; jeä m%udKhla jeiS
we;af;a c,fhks' tfy;a Ôùkag m%fhdackhg .; yels c, iïm; iSud iys;
h' iuia; f.da,Sh c, m%udKfhka ñksia mßfNdackhg iqÿiq jkafka 0'03]la
mu‚' ñksia l%shdldrlï ksid fuu iSñ; c,h o ¥IKh fjñka mj;S' c,
iïm; ys`. ùu ksid tys jákdlu by< f.dia ;sfí' c,h ñ,g .ekSug
we;eï rgj, ck;djg isÿ j we;af;a fï ksid h' f.da,Sh c, jHdma;sh"
f.da,Sh c, iïm; flfrys n,mdk idOl yd c, ixrCIKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re
wOHhkh lsÍu fuu tAllfha wruqK h'
9'1 f,dalfha c,fhys iajNdjh yd tys jHdma;sh

ks,a .%yhd - .%yf,dal w;ßka c,h mj;akd tl u .%yf,dalh
c,fha ridhksl ixhq;sh H2O jYfhka y÷kajkafka c, wxY=jl yhsv%cka mrudKq folla
yd Tlaiscka mrudKq tlla wvx.= jk neúks'
c,h mj;akd úúO iajrEm

>k - l÷lr m%foaYj, whsia jeiau Ice caps
O%ej m%foaYj, .a,eishr Glacier
øj - N+;, c,h
id.r" .x.d" ú,a" jeõ
N+.; c,h
jdhq - c, jdIam" c, ìkaÿ
15
c, jHdma;sh(
• mDÓú f.da,fhka 71]la u c,fhka jeiS mj;S'
• thska 97'5]la we;af;a id.rj, ,jK c,h

jYfhks' b;sß 2'5] ñßÈh fõ'
• ñßÈh m%udKfhka 68'7]la .a,eishr jYfhka

o" 30'1]la N+.; c,h jYfhka o" 0'8]la
ks;H ;=ysk jYfhka o" 0'4]la u;=msg yd
jdhqf.da,Sh c,h jYfhka o mj;S'
• u;=msg yd jdhqf.da,Sh c,h jHdma; j we;af;a

fufia h'
ñßÈh ú,a c,h 67'5]
mdxY= c,h 12'0]
jdhqf.da,Sh c,h 9'5]
f;;a ìï c,h 8'5]
.x.d c,h 1'5]
Ydl c,h 1'0]
• 12 jk fY%a‚fha § wOHhkh lr we;s c,
pl%fha l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| j fuys § isiq
wjOdkh fhduq lrjkak'
• c, pl%fha l%shdldß;ajh fya;=fjka Ôj
l%shdldß;ajh i|yd wjYH c,h iemfha'
• mDÓúh u;=msgg c,h ,efnkafka j¾IKh
u`.sks' bka fldgila fmdf<djg ls|d nei
N+.; c,h njg m;a fõ' b;sßh .x.d we<
fÞ< u`.ska id.r føda‚j,g .,d hhs'
• f,dalfha ;sfnk m%Odk .x.d føda‚ ixLHdj 263la jk w;r" tAjdfha úYd,;ajh j¾. ls'ó'
231"059"898la fyj;a mDÓú j¾. m%udKfhka 45'3]la fõ'
mDÓú c, jHdma;sh
u;=msg c,h
N+.; c,h
jdhqf.da,Sh c,h
u;=msg c,h - • øj c,fhka jeä m%udKhla u;=msg c,h f,i mj;S' thskq;a jeä
m%;sY;hla id.rj, ,jK c,h f,i mj;S'
• .x.d" we," fÞ<" ú,a c,dYj, ñßÈh c,h f,i mj;S'
• ñksidg jvd jeo.;a jkafka ñßÈh c,h hs'
16
N+.; c,h - • mDÓú wNHka;rfha ;ekam;a j we;s c,h

W,ald c,h - fmdf<djg ls|d nei we;s c,h
iycd; c,h - wjidÈ; ;Ügq w;r ;ekam;a j we;s c,h
ue.aóh c,h - WKq Èh W,am;a wdÈfhys ;ekam;a j we;s c,h
jdhqf.da,Sh c,h- • c,jdIam" c, ìkaÿ
Ôjfha meje;au yd úúO ñksia lghq;= i|yd c,h w;HjYH h'

- ldhsl wjYH;d i|yd fhdÞ .efka'
- l¾udka; i|yd m%fhdackj;a fõ'
- lDIsl¾uh i|yd fhdÞ .efka'
- .Dyia: lghq;= i|yd fhfoa'
- c,h wdydr .nvdjls û;aiH" c,c Ydl&'
- m%jdyK lghq;= i|yd m%fhdackj;a h'
- n,Yla;s W;amdokh i|yd fhdÞ .kS'
- úfkdao yd l%Svd lghq;= i|yd Ndú; fõ'
17
9'2 f,dal c, iïm; flfrys n,mdk idOl yd c, ixrCIKfha jeo.;alu
f,dal c, iïm; flfrys n,mdk idOl(

• ck jHdma;sh yd j¾Okh
jeä jk ck.ykhg wkqj c, wjYH;d jeä ùu
• kd.ÍlrKh
wêl c, mßfNdackh" c, ud¾. wjysr ùu
• wmøjH neyer lsÍu
lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl fiajd yd .Dy lghq;= ksid neyer jk wmøjH ksid c,
¥IKh
• fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk Ndú;h
c,hg úúO ridhk øjH tl;= ùu
• i;a;aj øjH uqiq ùu
c,h wmsßisÿ ùu yd ¥IKh
• wdlr l¾udka;
.,a wÕ=re" fmfg%da,shï yd m;,a l¾udka; ksid wmøjH c,hg tl;= ùu yd
c, uQ,dY% úkdY ùu
• iajdNdúl wdmÞ
kdh hEï" .sksl÷ jeks wdmÞ ksid c,h ¥IKh ùu
c, ixrlaIKfha wjYH;dj
• c, ixrCIKfha wjYH;dj biau;= flfrk m%Odk fya;= folls'
1' b,aüg iß,k fia m%udKj;a mßÈ c, iïm; ysÕ ùu
2' mj;akd c,h ksrka;rfhka ¥IKh ùu
• jir 2025 jk úg f,dal ck.ykfhka 2$3lg c,h ysÕ m%foaYj, Ôj;a ùug isÿ jk
nj wkdjrKh fldg we;'
• wm%sldkq uydoaùmfha rgj,a 25la jir 2025 jk úg wjYH wju c, m%udKh j;a fkd
,nk rgj,a njg m;a fõ' [jd¾Isl tAl mqoa., c, mßfNdackh jk 1700m3 ^>k ógr
1700& jvd wvq]
• j¾;udk f,dal ck.ykfhka 20]la muK wdrlaIdldÍ mdkSh c,h fkd ,nk .eg¨jg
uqyqK md we;' fï ksid frda. nyq, jk w;r ñhhk orejka ixLHdj úYd, h'
• fï ishji ;=< c,h fnÞ .ekSu i|yd .egqï we;s úh yels nj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkh mjihs'
c, ¥IKh
• ñksia l%shdldrlï fya;=fjka c, iïm;aj, .=Kd;aul nj fjkia fjñka mj;S'
• ¥Is; c,h úúO wdldrj,ska ffcj m%cdjg n,mdhs'
• ffcj úúO;ajhg ydks ùu" iuyr i;=ka yd Ydl j| ù hdu" cdk úlD; ùï yd ñksid
úúO frda.j,g f.dÿre ùu" iqj jk" iqj fkdjk yd urKdka;sl f,v frda.j,g
f.dÿre ùu isÿ fõ'
18
• u;=msg c,h fuka u N+.; c,h o ¥IKh fjñka mj;S'
• tA ksid c, ixrCIKfha wjYH;dj u;= fjñka mj;S'
c, ixrlaIKh
• N+;, yd N+.; c, iïm; wdrCId lsÍu" c, iïm;a mßfNdackh md,kh lsÍu" yd ixj¾Okh
lsÍu" ¥IKh je<elaùu yd wkd.;hg b;sß lsÍu fuhska woyia flf¾'
• c, ixrCIKfha § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= m%Odk idOl folls'
1' jeä jk c, b,aüg iß,k fia c, iemhqu mj;ajd f.k hdu
2' c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wdrCId lsÍu yd j¾Okh
fï i|yd .; yels úúO l%shdud¾.
- c, mßfNdackfha § yels muK wrmsßueiafuka c,h Ndú; lsÍu
- jeis c,h Ndú; lsÍu
- c, ixrCIKfha wjYH;dj ms<sn| j ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍu
- N+.; c,h ,nd .ekSu i|yd l%shdud¾. ilia lsÍu
- kj c,dY we;s lsÍu
- lrÈh c,fha we;s ,jK iajNdjh bj;a fldg m%fhdackhg .ekSu
- m%fhdackhg .;a c,h msßisÿ fldg kej; mdúÉÑhg .ekSu
- c, fmdaIl m%foaY /l .ekSu
- c,h wmsßisÿ ùu j<lajd .ekSu
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï
1' —f.da,Sh c, iïm;˜ uefhka fmdaiagrhla ks¾udKh lrjkak'
2' c, iïm; iq/lSu ms<sn| my; ud;Dld hgf;a jd¾;djla imhkak'

fuh flaj,$lKavdhï l%shdldrlula f,i ixúOdk l< yels h'
- c, ¥IKhg n,mdk fya;= idOl
- c, ixrCIKfha wjYH;dj
- c, ixrCIKh i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾.
- Tfí .Dyia: c, mßfNdackfha § c, iïm; iq/lSu i|yd .; yels mshjr
19
ksmqK;dj ( 10'0 Y%
S, xl df õ c , i ï m; ay ÷k d . k sñ k ac , i ï m; i xr CI K h g
Þh l f j h s'
k smq
K ; d u Üg u ( 10'1 Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;aj, iajNdjh yd jHdma;sh úu¾Ykh lrhs'
10'2 Y%S ,xldfõ c, ixrCIKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 12 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;aj, iajNdjh yd c, uQ,dY%h úia;r lrhs'

• Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;aj, jHdma;sh is;shï weiqfrka úia;r lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ c, ¥IKh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• c,h wmf;a hk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• c, iïm;aa wêNdú; jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs"
• Y%S ,xldfõ c, ixrCIK l%u ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'
ye¢kaùu ( Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm; u;=msg c,h yd N+.; c,h jYfhka jHdma; j we;'
N+;, c,fhka fldgila N+.; c,h njg m;ajk w;r" N+.; c,fhka
fldgila N+;, c,h njg m;ajk ksid fïjd w;r .;sl iu;=,s;;djla
mj;S'
YS% ,xldj c, iïm;ska fmdfydi;a rgls' wfma c, iïm; ;SrKh flfrk

m%Odk idOlh j¾Idm;kh hs' fuu tAllh u`.ska" Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïmf;ys
iajNdjh" jHdma;sh yd c, iïm;a mßyrKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re wOHhkh
flf¾'
10'1 Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;aj, iajNdjh yd jHdma;sh
• Y%S ,xldj c, iïm;ska imsß rgls' wm rgg m%Odk jYfhka u c,h ,efnkafka
j¾Idfjks'
• úúO l%u u`.ska jir mqrd u j¾Idj ,efí'
ixjyk jeis
fudaiï jeis
jdiq<s
• j¾Idm;k m%udKh
- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kfha uOHkH w.h ñ'ó' 1861ls'
- uOHu l÷lrfha ngysr nEjqïj, th ñ' ó' 5000 blaujhs'
- w¾O Y=Ial m%foaYj, th ñ' ó' 1000g wvq h'
• c, iïm; msysàu wkqj th fldgia follg fnfoa'
u;=msg c,h ^N+;, c,h&
N+.; c,h
20
• c,fha iajNdjh wkqj th m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnfoa'
ñßÈh
lrÈh
lsjq,a Èh
u;=msg c,h
u;=msg c,h m%Odk wdldr ;=klska jHdma; j we;'
.x.d føda‚
wNHka;r c,dY
l,mq
.x.d føda‚ ( m%Odk .x.d 103ls' bka 80la úh<s l,dmh yryd .,d nisk w;r tajdhska
jeä ixLHdjla R;=uh .x.d fõ'
b;sß .x.d f;;a l,dmhg wh;a ks;H .x.d h' uyje,s È. u .x.dj
jk w;r th f;;a yd úh<s l,dm fol u fmdaIKh lrhs'
uyje,s .x.dfõ fmdaIl m%foaYh j'ls'ó' 10327ls' È.ska fojk .x.dj

jk u,aj;= Tfha fmdaIl m%foaYh j'ls'ó' 3246ls'
wm rgg ,efnk jeis c,fhka jeä m%udKhla uqyqog .,d hhs' th

wmOdjh f,i ye¢kafõ' f;;a l,dmSh .x.dj, wmOdjh úh<s l,dmSh
.x.dj,g jvd wêl h'
Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk .x.d ms<sn| f;dr;=re

È. fmdaIl .x.d føda‚fha id' wmOdjh$j¾Idm;k
.x.dj
ls'ó' m%foaYh j'ls'ó' j¾Idm;kh ñ'ó' wkqmd;h ^]&
1 uyje,s .`. 335 10,327 1946 20

2 u,aj;= Th 164 3,246 1332 4
3 l,d Th 148 2,772 1192 12
4 le,‚ .Õ 145 2,278 3452 43
5 hdka Th 142 1,520 1404 6
6 ±ÿre Th 142 2,616 1728 36
7 j,fõ .Õ 138 2,442 1774 8
8 udÿre Th 135 1,541 1750 8
9 uy Th 134 1,510 2722 42
10 l¿ .Õ 129 2,688 3605 42
11 lsß¢ Th 117 1,165 1618 4
12 l=Uqlalka Th 116 1,218 1622 24
13 ue‚la .Õ 114 1,272 1670 16
14 .sx .Õ 113 922 2887 48
15 ó Th 109 1,516 1218 2
16 .,a Th 108 1,792 2032 7
uQ,dY%hh( Y%S ,xld cd;sl is;shï ix.%yh ^mdi,a uqøKh 2015&
21
Y%S ,xldfõ u;=msg c, jHdma;sh
uQ,dY%hh( Y%S ,xld cd;sl is;shï ix.%yh" mdi,a uqo%Kh 2015
22
wNHka;r c,dY( Y%S ,xldfõ wNHka;r c,dYj,g hg ù we;s ìï m%udKh j'ls'ó' 2905ls' bka
j'ls'ó' 731l m%udKhla me;sÍ we;af;a W;=re ueo m<df;a h'
Èjhsfka fjr< jgd l,mq lsysmhla msysgd we;' je,s jeáj,ska fjka jQ" mgq
újrhlska uqyqog újD; j we;s fuu l,mqj,ska we;eï tAjdg flá .x.d
.,d niS' l,mqj, we;af;a lsjq,a Èh hs' uvl,mqj" mq;a;,ï" fooaÿj" l,ueáh
l,mq WÞyrK lsysmhls'
N+.; c,h ( fmdf<dj ;=< g ls|d nei wmdr.uH mdIdK ;Ügqjla u; ;ekam;a j we;s c,h
N+.; c,h hs'
mdIdKj, we;s iújr;dj îsÿre m%udKh& yd mdr.uH;dj ^ldkaÿ ùfï

yelshdj& u; N+.; c,fha m%udKh r|d mj;S'
Y%S ,xldfõ N+.; c, jHdma;sh
uQ,dY%hh( Arjuna's Atlas of Sri Lanka

23
Y%S ,xldfõ c, mßfNdackh

úúO ld¾h i|yd c,h fhdod .efka'
• mdkSh c,h i|yd
• .Dyia: lghq;=
• lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=
• ld¾ñl lghq;=
• ëjr lghq;=
• l%Svd yd úfkdaÞxY lghq;=
• ixpdrl lghq;=
• m%jdyKh
• c, úÿ,sh ksmoùu
• w,xlrKh
24
10'2 Y%S ,xldfõ c, ixrCIKfha jeo.;alu
Y%S ,xldfõ c, ¥IKh

• oYl lsysmhlg fmr Èjhsfka mej;s N+;, yd N+.; c,h mdkSh yd fjk;a wjYH;d
i|yd Rcq j u Ndú; l< yels j ;sìK'
• tfy;a j¾;udkfha c,fha .=Kd;aul nj ySk ù we;' Èjhsk mqrd mdkSh c, fnda;,
Ndú;h YS>%fhka by< hdu u`.ska u tA nj ;yjqre fõ'
• j¾;udkfha c,h ms<sn| nrm;< .eg¨j jkafka c, ¥IKh hs'
• c, ¥IKh fya;=fjka f,v frda. nyq, úh yels h' ñksiqka yd i;=ka ñh hdu jeks
nrm;< ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK §ug isÿ fõ'
• c,h ¥IKh ùu iajdNdúl fya;= yd ñksia l%shdldrlï hk fowdldrfhka u isÿ fõ'
tu`.ska c,fha .=Kd;aul nj wvq fõ'
• iajdNdúl fya;= ksid c,h ¥IKh ùu
- uqyqÿ c,h ñY% ùu
- laIqø Ôùka tl;= ùu
• ñksia l%shdldrlï ksid c,h ¥IKh ùu
- u, wmøjH mßirhg uqÞ yeÍu
- .Dy wmøjH neyer lsÍu
- lD;%su fmdfydr Ndú;h
- lDIs ridhk Ndú;h
- j,a kdYl Ndú;h
- l¾udka;Yd,dj,ska wmøjH c,hg uqÞ yeÍu
- wmsßisÿ jdhq j¾. ñY% ùu
- m;,a leKSu" je,s f.dv ±óu" ueá yEÍu
c,h wmf;a hdu(

• c,h ms<sn| ;j;a .eg¨jla jkafka wmf;a hdu hs' úfYaIfhka u Y%S ,xldfõ
kd.ßl m%foaYj,g .Dy lghq;= i|yd c,h iemhSug wêl msßjehla ±Íug isÿ fõ'
• kd.ßl m%foaYj, j¾;udkfha flfrk N+ñ wdjrK lghq;= ^fldkal%SÜ wdjrK&
ksid jeis c,h fmdf<djg Wrd fkd.ekSu yd wmøjH wêl ùu ksid th N+.; c,
uÜgug wys;lr f,i n,mdhs'
• lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl yd fiajd lghq;=j, § c,h fndfyda fihska wmf;a hhs' fndfyda
úg fufia Ndú; jkafka msßmyÿ l< c,h hs'
c, iïm;a wêNdú;h
—lsishï m%foaYhl c,h ixÑ; jk m%udKhg jvd jeä
m%udKhlska c,h Ndú;hg .ekSu wêNdú;h f,i
ye¢kaúh yels h'˜
-World Economic Forum-
25
• fï wkqj c, iïm;a wêNdú;h hkq úúO m%foaY wkqj fjkia jk idOlhla nj
fmfka'
• c, iïm;a wêNdú;h fCIa;% lsysmhla Tiafia úuid ne,sh yels h'
- wdydr ksIamdokh
- ld¾ñl ksIamdokh
- ffoksl mßfNdackh
- mßir w,xlrKh
• wdydr ksIamdokh i|yd ñßÈh m%udKfhka 60]la jeh jk w;r" j.d i|yd fhdÞ.kq
,nk c, iïmdok l%u wkqj Ndú; lrk c,fhka 50]la muK wmf;a hhs' tu`.ska c,
iïm;a wêNdú;hla isÿ fõ'
• ld¾ñl ksIamdokfha § o c,h wêNdú; fjhs' frÈ ms<s l¾udka;" msÕkaueá wdY%s;
l¾udka; i|yd wêl c, m%udKhla jeh fõ' je,s fYdaOkh" wdlr l¾udka;" fldkal%SÜ
ksIamdok" f.dvke`.s,s l¾udka; i|yd wm rfÜ wêl c, m%udKhla jeh jk w;r
tu`.ska wêNdú;hla isÿ fõ'
• ffoksl mßfNdack lghq;=j, § iEu wjia:djl § u c, wêNdú;h isÿ fõ' fia§ï
lghq;=j, § ^frÈ" jdyk yd ffoksl wjYH;d i|yd& wjYH jk wju c, m%udKhg
jvd wêNdú;hla ksrka;rfhka u isÿ fõ'
• wm rfÜ mßir w,xlrK ld¾h i|yd o c,h wêl j Ndú; fõ' tfuka u c,h wmf;a
hdula o isÿ fõ' fuh jvd;a nrm;< jkafka wm fï i|yd Ndú; lrkafka mdkSh c,h
u ùu ksid hs'
Y%S ,xldfõ c, ixrCaIKfha wjYH;dj

oYl lsysmhlg fmr Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm; ksoyfia nyq, j mßfNdackhg .; yels jQ
ksid th ixrCIKh ms<sn| .eg¨jla fkdù h'
tfy;a j¾;udkfha úúO ñksia lghq;= ksid c, iïm; YS>%fhka ¥IKh fjñka mj;S'
tfuka u wksis f,i Ndú;h fya;=fjka c,h uyd mßudKfhka wmf;a hdula isÿ fõ'
j¾;udk c, ¥IKh yd kdia;sh kj;ajd" ke;fyd;a wju fldg tu .eg¨ u`.yrjd
f.k wkd.;h i|yd c, iïm; /l .; hq;= h'
' • c, ixrCIKh i|yd

1' c,h ld¾hCIu f,i Ndú; lsÍu
2' c, wêNdú;h j<lajd .ekSu
3' c, ¥IKh je<elaùu hk wxY flf¾ wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fõ'
c,h ld¾hCIu f,i Ndú; lsÍu i|yd 3R ixl,amh wkq.ukh lsÍu ^ Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle - wvqlsÍu" h<s Ndú;h" m%;spl%SlrKh)
wêNdú;h je<elaùu
- .DydY%s; lghq;=j, § c,h wmf;a fkdhk f,i Ndú; lsÍu'
- jeis c,h Ndú; lsÍu" c,h msßisÿ lr kej; Ndú; lsÍu" kQ;k ;dCI‚l
WmlrK Ndú;h jeks Wml%u u`.ska wmf;a hdu yd wêNdú;h md,kh lsÍu
26
- lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, § ukd c, l<ukdlrKhla mj;ajd f.k hdu" fnda.
i|yd wjYH jk c, m%udKh muKla fhdÞ .ekSu" úúO jdß ;dCIK l%u
Ndú; lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
- l¾udka; i|yd Ndú; lrk c,h wmf;a fkdhk f,i Ndú; lsÍu
c, ¥IKh je<elaùu
- u, wmøjH neyer lsÍu i|yd l%uj;a l%shdud¾. .ekSu
- .Dy wmøjH yd le,sli< m%;spl%SlrKh
- lD;%su fmdfydr" lDñ kdYl yd j,a kdYl Ndú;h wju lsÍu yd iSudjka
mekùu
- ld¾ñl wmøjH neyer lsÍu i|yd kS;sÍ;s mekùu
- je,s f.dv ±óu" m;,a leKSu yd ueá lemSu jeks lghq;= wju lsÍu
- ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍu
- kSs;sÍ;s W,a,x>kh lrkakkag ±ä o~qjï meñK ùu
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï
1' Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm; ixrCIKh i|yd c, Ndú;fha § wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdud¾.
±lafjk m%o¾Yk m;%sldjla$fmdaiagrhla ilia lr th mdif,a m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
2' mdi, wjg m%foaYfha" c, uQ,dY%h" c, mßfNdackh yd c, ¥IKh ms<sn| j flá úia;r
jd¾;djla ilikak'
3' ksjfia § yd mdif,a § c, iïm; iq/lSug Tng .; yels mshjr fhdackd lr tA

ms<sn| j isiqka ±kqïj;a lsÍug l%shdud¾. .kak'
^fuu l%shdldrlï tlla fyda lSmhla fyda flaj,$lKavdhï l%shdldrlï f,i ixúOdk l<
yels h'&
27
ksmqK;dj ( 11'0 fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykfha ixrpl" .;s ,CIK yd l%shdj,s mÍCId

lrñka mßir ixrCIKhg odhl fjhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 11'1 ìfhdauj, f,dal jHdma;sh yd tajdfha .;s,CIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
11'2 Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;sj, jHdma;sh yd .;s,CIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
11'3 Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s ixrCIKh yd ne÷Kq ixl,am yd
wdpdrO¾u w.h lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 40 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • ìfhdau w¾: olajhs'

• f,dal ìfhdau kï lrhs'
• ìfhdauj, .;s ,CIK úu¾Ykh lrhs'
• f;dard.;a ksoiqka weiqfrka ìfhdau uqyqK mdk .eg¨ mÍCId lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s kï lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;sj, ,CIK úu¾Ykh lr bÈßm;a lrhs'
• mßir moaO;sj, jHdma;sh is;shula weiqßka olajhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s uqyqK mdk .eg¨ úia;r lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ mßir wdpdrO¾uj, jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s ixrCIKh i|yd f.k we;s l%shdud¾.
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ye¢kaùu ( ìfhdauh hkq lsishï m%foaYhla mqrd me;sr we;s Ydl yd i;a;aj m%cdjls'
tAjd f,dal jHdma; h' ìfhdauj, .;s ,CIK úúO h' tu úúO;ajh
flfrys n,mE ;SrKd;aul idOlh foaY.=Kh hs' fï wkqj f,dalfha
m%Odk ìfhdau j¾. 7la y÷kd .; yels h' we;eï úg ;DK N+ñ yd iejkd
ìfhdauh fldgia folla f,i i,ld ìfhdau j¾. 8la f,i ±lafjk wjia:d
o we;' tu ìfhdau úúO jQ .eg¨j,g uqyqK foñka isáhs'
ìfhdauhla ;=< mßir moaO;s lsysmhla ;sìh yels h' mßir moaO;s ìfhdauj,g
jvd úYd,;ajfhka wvq h' Y%S ,xldfõ mj;skafka tjeks l=vd mßir moaO;s h'
Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;sj, o ,CIK úúO jk w;r tAjdfha úúO .eg¨ o
mj;S' tfuka u mßir moaO;s ixrCIKh yd tA iïnkaO wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla
o Y%S ,xldjg mj;S'
ìfhdau ye¢kaùu" úúO ìfhdau j¾." f,dal jHdma;sh iy .;s ,CIK" Y%S
,xldfõ mßir moaO;sj, jHdma;sh yd .;s,CIK" tAjd ixrCIKh yd ne÷Kq
ixl,am fuka u wdpdrO¾u ms<sn| j o wOHhkh lsÍu fuu tAllfhka
wfmaCIs; h'
28
11'1 ìfhdauj, f,dal jHdma;sh yd tajdfha .;s,CIK

ìfhdauh( zzìfhdauhla hkq hï foaY.=K j¾.hlg wkqj¾;kh jQ ksYaÑ; Ydl yd i;a;aj
m%cdjla iys; mßirhls'ZZ
f,dalfha m%Odk ìfhdau

1' ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r
2' fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r
3' uOHOrŒ jk <eyeí
4' ;DKN+ñ yd iejdkd
5' ghs.d jkdka;r
6' ldka;dr
7' ;=kaød
ìfhdauj, f,dal jHdma;sh
ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r ghs.d jkdka;r ;DKN+ñ ldka;dr
fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r uOHOrŒ jk,eyeí iejdkd ;=køa d
ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r ìfhdauh
• jHdma;sh (
- wdishdj" wm%sldj" ol=Kq weußldj" uOHu weußldj iy meis*sla id.ßl ¥m;aj, ksj¾;k
j¾Id jkdka;r olakg ,efí'
- iulh fomi fïjd jHdma; h' ^W'wlaIdxY 10o iy o'wlaIdxY 10o w;r&
- ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rj,ska wvla muK ol=Kq weußldkq rgla jk n%iS,h ;=< msysgd
we;'
29
• foaY.=Kh(
- fi,aishia wxYl 27 - 30 w;r jir mqrd me;=reKq taldldr WIaK;ajhla mj;S'
- jir mqrd me;sreKq wêl j¾Idm;kh ñ'ó' 2500 - ñ'ó' 5000 f;la fjkia fõ'
- idfmaCI wd¾ø;dj 79] - 90] ;rï by< w.hls'
- jif¾ jeä ld,hla ;=< mdxY= f;;ukh /£ mj;S'
• jDCI,;d ,CIK(
- Ydl iÞyß; h
- Ydl l|ka Rcq h' Wig úysfoa' lhsre uq,aj,ska hqla; h'
- Ydl úúO;ajhla we;' f,dalfha Ydl úfYaI w;=ßka 60]la muK fuys olakg we;'
- fuu m%foaYj, Ôj úúO;ajh by< h' f,dalfha CISrmdhS úfYaIj,ska 65]la muK o"
lDñ úfYaIj,ska 70]-80] w;r m%udKhla o fuu m%foaYj, jdih lr;s'
- Ydl ia;rdhkh wkqj ,efnk iQ¾hdf,dalh fjkia fõ'
) fkre ia;rh
jvd;a Wia Ydl iys; h' úhka ia;rfhka ;ekska ;ek u;= ù fmfkk fuu
.ia óg¾ 35-45 muK Wi h'
) úhka ia;rh
úhka ia;rfha Ydl tlsfkl <Õska msysghs' Wi óg¾ 25-35 muK fõ'
) Wmúhka ia;rh
óg¾ 15-25 ;rï Wiska hqla; h'
) m÷re Ydl ia;rh
óg¾ 5-15 Wie;s h'
- ialkaO mqIamSh;djla ^Ydl l|ka u; u,a yd m, yg .ekSu& olakg we;'
- ms<s, Ydl nyq, h'
- jDCI,;djkays jir mqrd u YS>% j¾Okhla isÿ fõ'
- ìï ia;rhg wdf,dalh úysfok m%udKh wvq fyhska háfrdamKh ÿ¾j, h'
• Ydl úfYaI(
l¿jr" fydr" kd" ;d,j¾.fha Ydl" f;alal" WK" uefyda.kS
• i;a;aj úfYaI(
jdkr j¾. - nenqka" l¿ j÷rd" ß<jd" Ñïmkaishd
Wr. j¾. - wekfldKavd" fmd<Õd" khd
l=re¨ j¾. - .srjd" lmqgd" fldÜfgdarejd
fjk;a i;=ka - j,yd" Èúhd" lsUq,d" f.d¿fn,a,d
fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r ìfhdauh

• jHdma;sh(
- w¾Of.da, fofla u wCIdxY 50o - 60o w;r jQ l,dmhl úysfoa' W;=re weußldfõ
kef`.kysr m%foaYh" hqfrdamfha W;=re yd uOHu m%foaY" wdishdfõ kef`.kysr m%foaY
^fldßhdj" cmdkh" kef`.kysr Ökh& íafÜ%,shdfõ kef`.kysr yd ol=Kq fjr< ;Srh"
ol=Kq weußldfõ ngysr fjr< wdikak m%foaYh'
30
• foaY.=Kh(
- meyeÈ,s R;= fNaohla olakg we;'
- WIaK;ajh jir mqrd tAldldr fkdjk w;r th fi,aishia wxYl 15 muK fõ'
- ñ'ó' 750-1500 muK j¾Idm;khla we;'
- j¾Idm;kh wvq jqj o Ydl jeãug m%udKj;a fõ'
- YS; R;=fõ ysum;kh isÿ jqj o blaukska u Èh ù hhs'
- .sïydkfha WIaK;ajh yd wd¾ø;dj idfmaCI j jeä h'
- mi b;d idrj;a h' fmdaIl øjH .yk h'
• jDlaI,;d ,laIK(
- fndfyda Ydl m;kYS,S h' iÞyß; Ydl o we;'
- m%uqL Ydlhkays Wi óg¾ 25-30 jk w;r wfkl=;a Ydl óg¾ 8-32 ;rï Wia fõ'
- hï m%udKhl ia;rdhkhla we;' Wi m%uqL Ydl" m÷re Ydl" ;DK" mdis olakg we;'
- R;= wkqj Ydlj, iajrEmh fjkia fõ' YS; R;=fõ § Ydl m;% yef,a'
- ksj¾;k jeis jkdka;rj,g idfmaCI j wvq ffcj úúO;ajhla mj;S'
• Ydl úfYaI(
´la" îÉ" n¾É" fïm,a" t,aï" fpiakÜ
• i;a;aj úfYaI(
wm%sldkq ó yrld" uqjd" kßhd" b;a;Ejd" mfrúhd" o~q f,akd" ms<syqvqjd" nluQKd" fldyd"
wúÉÑhd
foaY.=Kh yd jDCI,;djkays fjkialï wkqj fï jkdka;r Wmj¾. folls'

1' fi!uH l,dmSh m;kYS,
2' fi!uH l,dmSh iÞyß;
uOHOrŒ ìfhdauh
• jHdma;sh(
- fuu ìfhdau j¾.h ieu uydoaùmhl u fjr<nv iSñ; m%foaYj, olakg we;' hqfrdamfha
yd W;=re wm%sldfõ uOHOrŒ uqyqo wjg m%foaYfha o" W;=re weußldfõ le,sf*da¾kshd"
ol=Kq weußldfõ ngysr fjr<nv m%foaY ^Ñ,S&" ol=Kq wm%sldfõ flamagjqka wdY%s; m%foaYh
iy íafÜ%,shdfõ m¾;a iy weäf,aâ wjg o fuu ìfhdau j¾.h jHdma; j we;'
• foaY.=Kh(
- WKqiqï úh<s foaY.=Khla mj;S'
- .%SIaufha WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl 26'6 - 32'2 iy isisrfha WIaK;ajh fi,aishia
wxYl 10 w;r úp,kh fõ'
- j¾Idm;kh YS; R;=fõ § ,efí'
- uOH jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ñ'ó' 762g wvq jk w;r ßoaudkql+, j¾Idm;khla ,efí'
- jeis iys; isisrh yd jeis fkd,nk úh<s .sïydkh lemS fmfkk ,CIK fõ'
31
• jDCI,;d(
- .sïydk kshÕhg Tfrd;a;= fok Y=Ial rEmS wkqj¾;khla we;'
- Ydl m;% lgq iys; h' m;% báj,ska fyda ÿïuf,ka fyda jeiS we;'
- m;%j, mQáld iQ¾hdf,dalfhka bj;g yefrk mßÈ jla jQ iajNdjhla .kS'
- >k fmd;a; yd .eg iys; l|ka ;sfí'
- .eUqrg úysÿKq uQ, moaO;s u.ska N+.; c,h weo .kS'
- ìï ia;rh ;Kfld<j,ska jeiS we;' Bg by<ska .ia yd m÷re jeù we;'
• Ydl úfYaI(
- hqle,smagia" iSv¾" ´la" T,sõ" áhq,sma" foajÞr" mhska" frdaiauß" ,ejekav¾
• i;a;aj úfYaI(
- uqjd" l=re¨ j¾." jDl úfYaI" äkaf.da ^j,a n,a,d&
;DK N+ñ yd iejdkd ìfhdauh

fuu ìfhdauh j¾. follg fnfoa'
i. fi!uH l,dmsl ;DK N+ñ
ii. ksj¾;k l,dmSh ;DK N+ñ
• jHdma;sh(
fi!uH l,dmsl ;DK N+ñ
uOH wCIdxYSh m%foaYj," uydoaùm wNHka;rfha jHdma; j we;' reishdfõ iafgmaia"
W;=re weußldfõ fm%hßia" wd¾ckaákdfõ meïmdia" íafÜ%,shdfõ vjqki
a a" ol=Kq wm%sldfõ
fj,aâ
ksj¾;k l,dmSh ;DK N+ñ
wm%sldfõ iejdkd" n%iS,fha leïfmdaia" fldf,dïìhdfõ iy fjksishq,dfõ ,dfkdaia
• foaY.=Kh(
- fi!uH l,dmSh ;DK N+ñ wdY%s; j È.= úh<s R;=jla yd flá j¾Id ld,hla we;'
- ñ'ó'250 -750l jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh jkdka;r j¾Okhg m%udKj;a fkdfõ'
- wd¾ø;dj wvq uÜgul mj;S'
- YS; u udifha jeä u WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl 18 - 20 muK h'
- ksj¾;k l,dmSh ;DK N+ñ wdY%s; j ñ'ó' 1016 - 1500 j¾Idm;khla we;'
- úh<s ;o iq<x yud hhs'
• jDCI,;d(
- fi!uH l,dmsl m%foaYj, ;DK j¾. o iejdkd ;DK N+ñj, Wi jDCI yd m÷re Ydl o
olakg we;' nyq, jYfhka ;DK j¾. olakg we;'
• Ydl úfYaI(
- fi!uH l,dmSh ;DK ìïj, ;DK j¾." ´la" úf,da o ksj¾;k ;DK ìïj, weflaIshd
iy nfhdanEí Ydl o ±lsh yels h'
32
• i;a;aj úfYaI(
- fi!uH l,dmSh ;DK ìïj, mCIs úfYaI" ÿUqre j,yd" t,ala" kßhd hk i;a;= o
ksj¾;k ;DK ìïj, isxyhd" iSn%d" w,shd" ðrd*a" nhsika yd meianrd hk i;a;= o Ôj;a
fõ'
gdhs.d ^fldaks*ria$fla;=Or& ìfhdauh
• jHdma;sh(
- W;=re weußldfõ W;=re wCIdxY 45o - 55o f;la W;=rg o ngysr hqfrdamfha § W;=re
wCIdxY 50o - 60o f;la W;=rg o jHdma; fõ'
- W;a;rd¾O f.da,fha uydoaùmhkays ngysr isg kefÕkysrg máhla f,i úysfoa'
WÞ( lekvdj" W;=re hqfrdamfha isg ihsîßhdj f;la
• foaY.=Kh(
- YS; yd .%SIau R;= lemS fmfkhs' ir;a yd jika; R;= b;d flá h'
- WIaK;ajh idfmaCI j wvq h' jir mqrd WIaK;aj úp,khla isÿ fõ' idudkH jd¾Isl
WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl 21-54 f;la h'
- jirla ;=< WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl 0g jvd wvq udi yhla muK mj;S'
- YS;h b;d lgql h'
- .sïydkfha § jqj o È.= Èjd ld,hla we;s fkdfõ'
- jd¾Isl j¾IKh ñ'ó' 300 - 850 f;la h' j¾IKfhka jeä m%udKhla WKqiqï"
wd¾ø .sïydk udi ;=< § ,efí'
• jDCI,;d ,CIK(
- Ydl fla;=rEmdldr h' bÈlgq jeks m;% iys; h' wêl ysum;kh g Tfrd;a;= §u i|yd
ieliS we;'
- Ydl úfYaI .Kk b;d wvq h'
- Ydlj, Wmßu Wi ó' 12-20la muK fõ'
- há frdamKh ÿ¾j, h'
- wvq ffcj úúO;ajhla we;'
• Ydl úfYaI(
- Tiaá%hka mhska " *¾" iamarEia
• i;a;aj úfYaI(
- jDlhd" r;= uqjd" f.dakd" t,ala" b;a;Ejd" j,yd" ydjd
ldka;dr ìfhdauh
f,dalfha ìï m%udKfhka 20]la muK ldka;dr fõ' m%Odk ,CIKh jkafka j¾Idm;kfha wvq
nj hs'
WIaK;ajh mokï lrf.k ldka;dr j¾. follg fnÈh yels h'
1' WIaK ldka;dr ^ksj¾;k wdY%s; j&
2' YS; ldka;dr ^YS; l,dmh wdY%s; j&
33
• jHdma;sh(
- W;=re yd ol=Kq wCIdxY 20o - 35o w;r l,dmfha WIaK ldka;dr jHdma; j we;'
- uydoaùmhkays uOHhg jkakg msysghs'
- wm%sldfõ iyrd yd l,ydÍ" wrdì ldka;drh" uyd íafÜ%,shdkq ldka;drh WIaK
ldka;dr fõ'
- wdishdfõ f.daì" wekagd¾laáld" .%Ska,ka;h ol=Kq weußldfõ wegldud YS; ldka;dr h'
• foaY.=Kh(
- WIaK ldka;drj, jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ñ'ó' 150la ;rï wvq h'
- j¾Ih mqrd tAldldÍ WIaK;ajhla mj;S' th fi,aishia wxYl 20-25 f;la fõ' iuyr
wjia:dj, wia:dhS WIaK;ajhla mj;S' fi,aishia wxYl 43-49 f;la úh yels h'
- ffoksl WIaK;aj wka;rh by< w.hla .kS'
- úh<s jdhqf.da,hla iys; h'
- Èjd rd;%s foflys u úh<s iq<x yuhs'
- YS; ldka;drj, YS; R;=fõ WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl -2 isg -4 f;la jk w;r .%SIau
R;=fõ § fi,aishia wxYl 21-26 f;la úh yels h'
- ysfuka jeiS mj;S' jika;fha j¾Idm;kh ,efí' ñ'ó' 150 - 260 f;la h'
• jDlaI,;d(
- Ydl jeiau me;sÍ ke;
- fCIau N+ñ yd jeis ,efnk ;eka wdY%s; j iq¿ Ydl jeiaula mj;S'
- mj;sk Ydl m%cdj wvq wd¾ø;dj yd Y=Ial;djg fyd¢ka wkqj¾;kh ù we;'
tneúka ) isyska m;% ±Íu
) m;% m;kh
) m;% bá jeiau iys; ùu
) È.= uq,a moaO;sh
) lgq iy hqI iys; nj
) udxi, l|ka ±Íu
wdÈh Ydlj, úfYaI ,CIK h'
• Ydl úfYaI(
- mf;dla" ldka;dr whka jqâ" fldaudßld" lgq m÷re" fm| mdis
• i;a;aj úfYaI(
- i;a;= Y=Ial;djg wkqj¾;kh ù we;' c,h .nvd lr .ekSug fud,a,shla we;s Tgqjd
ksoiqkls'
- i;a;= .=,a ydrdf.k Ôj;a fj;s'
- fndfyda i;a;= ksYdpr h'
- N+;, WIaK;ajfhka wdrlaId ùu i|yd iuyr mCISyq óg¾ 300la ;rï Wiska mshdir
lr;s'
- ldka;dr mßirhg yev.eiqKq i;a;ajfhda jdih lr;s' Tgqjd" ldka;dr lgqiaid" l=yqUj
q ka"
ldka;dr óhd (Jerboa) Wr.fhda
34
;=kaød ìfhdauh
ìfhdau w;ßka YS;, u ìfhdauh fuh hs' fuh wdlaála ;=kaød yd we,amhska ;=kaød f,i fldgia
follg fnfoa'
• jHdma;sh(
- W;=re wefußldfõ" hqfrdamfha" wdishdfõ yd .%Ska,ka;fha W;a;rO%ejhg wdikak m%foaYj,
wdlaála ;=kaød ìfhdauh jHdma; h'
- tjriaÜ" we,amaia jeks Wia l÷ YsLrj, we,amhska ;=kaød ìfhdauh jHdma; j we;'
• foaY.=Kh(
wdlaála ;=kaød
- b;d lgql yd È.= YS; R;=jla we;'
- YS; R;=fõ WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl -34 muK h'
- .%SIau R;=fõ idudkH WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl 3 isg 12 olajd fjkia fõ'
- ysudxlhg my<ska WIaK;ajh mj;sk udi 6la muK we;'
- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ñ'ó' 150 - 250;a w;r h'
- udi 6la wdf,dalh ke;' th Ydl j¾Okhg ndOdjls'
- ljr fõ,djl jqj o" ;=ysk we;s fõ'
- mehg ls'ó' 200la ;rï ;o iq<x mj;S'
we,amhska ;=kaød
- Wkak;dxYh wkqj WIaK;ajh wvq ùu ksid fuu m%foaYj, ;=kaød ìfhdau ,CIK
we;s fõ' jir mqrd ysfuka jeiS we;' .%SIaufha WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl 10la muK
h'
• jDCI,;d
- flá .sïydkfha muKla me<Eá j¾Okh fõ'
- wvq WIaK;ajh me<Eá j¾Okhg ndOdjla fyhska b;d wvq ffcj úúO;ajhla mj;S
- ysfuka jeiqKq m%foaYfha fm| mdis jefâ'
- ;=kaød Ydl m%cdfõ m%uqL ia:dkh ;DK h' fïjd ;ekska ;ek m÷re f,i msysghs'
- ldIaÀh ^l| iys;& Ydl fkdue;
- Ydl m;% isyska h' flaYr we;' m;% we;=<g keó msysghs'
• i;a;aj úfYaI(
- i;a;aj Ôú;hg ys;lr mßirhla fkdfõ' iS;, lgql mßirhg yqre ù we;s ysuniaid"
msks uqjd" fmka.=hska" lDóyq iy ixl%u‚l l=re,af,da olakg ,efn;s'
35
j¾;udkfha ìfhdau uqyqK fok .eg¨(
• j¾;udkfha iEu ìfhdauhla u .eg¨j,g uqyqK § ;sfí' fïjd fowdldrh'
i. udkqI l%shdldrlï ksid we;s jk .eg¨
ii. iajdNdúl wdmÞ ksid we;s jk .eg¨
udkqI l%shdldrlï (
- lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=
j.dìï m%idrKh ksid isÿ jk jkyrKh ksj¾;k jeis jkdka;r ìfhdauj,g
m%n, j n,mdhs'
WÞ ( weufidaka føda‚h" fldxf.da føda‚h" ksß; È. wdishdj
- we;eï m%foaYj, j.dìï m%idrKh ksid ldka;dÍlrKh isÿ fõ' ;DKN+ñ m%foaYj,
fuh we;s fõ'
WÞ ( wm%sldfõ iyrd ldka;drhg ol=fKka msysá m%foaY
- lDIsl¾udka;fha § lDñkdYl yd ridhk fmdfydr Ndú;h ksid c,c ìfhdauj,g
n,mEï we;s fõ'
- ±j l¾udka;h ksid isÿ jk jkyrKh fya;=fjka ksj¾;k jeis jkdka;r ìfhdaufha
ffcj úúO;ajhg ydks muqKqjd we;'
- úúO l¾udka; ksid jdhq ¥IKh yd c, ¥IKh fya;=fjka ìfhdauj, .eg¨ we;s
fõ' wï, jeis we;s ùu ksid ghs.d ìfhdauj,g ydks isÿ fõ'
- wdlr l¾udka; hgf;a Lksc f;,a iEÍu ksid id.r ìfhdau W.% .eg¨j,g uqyqK
fohs' wdlr wk;=re fya;=fjka i;a;aj yd Ydl ±ä f,i fjkia fõ' 2010 jif¾ §
fulaisflda .,a*a uqyqfoa isÿ jQ wk;=r" ëjr l¾udka;h yd id.r m%jdyKh ksid o
iduqøsl ìfhdau .eg¨j,g uqyqK mdhs'
- uydud¾. ;ekSu jeks ixj¾Ok lghq;= o ìfhdauj,g .eg¨ we;s lrhs'
WÞ ( weufidaka jkdka;rh ;=< isÿ jk úúO ixj¾Ok lghq;=
iajdNdúl wdmÞ (
huy,a l%shdldÍ;ajh" N+ñ lïmd" iqkdñ" c, .e,Sï" kshÕ" kdhhEï" iq<s l=Kdgq jeks
iajdNdúl wdmÞ ksid ìfhdau úúO .eg¨j,g uqyqK mdhs'
1' mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï lrkak' tla lKavdhulg ìfhdau j¾.h ne.ska ,nd § ìfhdauj,
,CIK yd .eg¨ ms<sn| j bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd wjia:dj fokak'
tys § yels ;dla ÿrg mska;+r u`.ska tu lreKq ikd: lsÍug i,iajkak'
36
1'2 Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;sj, jHdma;sh yd .;s ,CIK
mßir moaO;shla hkq tlsfklg iïnkaO iÔj yd wÔj wx. ,CIK ^úp,Hhka& iuqÞhlska
iukaú; iajdNdúl fyda ñksid úiska ks¾ñ; tAllhls' Y%S ,xldj ksj¾;k l,dmfha msysá
j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 65610 l jmißhla iys; ¥m;ls' foaY.=Kfha ±ä úIu;djla fkd±lajqj o
WIaK;ajh yd ¥m;la ùu hk idOl u; mßir moaO;sj, m%dfoaYSh j úúO;ajhla mj;S'
• Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s

m%Odk mßir moaO;s y;rla Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,efí'
- jkdka;r
- ,÷le,E
- ;DKN+ñ
- f;;aìï
jkdka;r mßir moaO;sh

jkdka;r mßir moaO;sfha m%fNao ;=kls'
1' ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r
2' iÞyß; jkdka;r$ksj¾;k úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r
3' l÷lr jkdka;r
^Y%S ,xldfõ jDCI,;d l,dm is;shu" YS% ,xld cd;sl is;shï ix.%yh" mdi,a uqøKh 2015" msgq
wxl 69&
ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r ^ksj¾;k fyda iodyß; jkdka;r&

- f,dal ìfhdau hgf;a ksj¾;k j¾Id j¾.hg wh;a fõ' my;rg yd ueorg f;;a l,dmfha
jHdma; ù we;' isxyrdc" lkafk,sh" foÈh.," kdlshdfo‚h" ?K lkao" rïuf,a
lkao wdÈh ksoiqka h'
- Y%S ,xldfõ uq¿ N+ñfhka 8] la muK N+ñ m%udKhl jHdma; ù we;'
- ffcj úúO;ajh b;d by< m%foaY f,i fï jkdka;r y÷kdf.k we;'
• foaY.=Kh(
- j¾Idm;kh ñ'ó' 2500 - 5000 w;r fõ'
- jir mqrd jHdma; jQ j¾Idm;khla iys; h' jeämqr u uehs - iema' udij, ,efí'
- jir mqrd me;sreKq fi,aishia wxYl 27l muK WIaK;ajhla mj;S'
• jDlaI,;d (
- wêl Ydl úúO;ajhla iys; w;r iÞyß; h'
- wdfõ‚l Ydl 100 - 140la muK ixLHdjla ;sfí'
- m<,a m;%" fíreï ;=vq iys;h' ^m;% u;g jefgk Èh fíÍu i|yd&
- wdf,dalh wvqfjka ,efnk fyhska ìï ia;rfha Ydl m;% m<,a h'
- Ydlj, ia;ÍlrKhla we;s w;r Rcq l|ka iys; h'
37
- fkre ia;rh óg¾ 35 - 45 ;rï Wissks' ^Ydlj, Wvq úhk&

m%uqL Ydl - fydr" ¥k" neÈfo,a
- úhka ia;rh óg¾ 20-25 l ;rï Wia fõ'
wegU" fodU" lSk" j,afo,a" ojg" ñ,a,
- Wm úhka ia;rh óg¾ 10-15l Wisks'
ls;=,a" Èhmr" f.dvmr" lr|
- m÷re ia;rh óg¾ 3l muK Wiska msysgd we;'
ng,S" fõje,a
- ìï frdamKh >kj jeã we;s ksid jkdka;rhg msúiSu wmyiq h'
- wdfrdayl Ydl
rils|" fjksje,a" fõje,a" Wvjeähd
• i;a;aj úfYaI
- Èúhd" Wr. j¾." l=re¨ j¾." f.d¿fn,a,ka iy lDñ úfYaI
- Y%S ,xldjg wdfõ‚l i;=kaf.ka 74]la muK fï jkdka;rj, jdih lr;s'
iÞyß; jkdka;r ^ksj¾;k úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r&

• jHdma;sh(
- Y%S ,xldfõ iuia; N+ñfhka 3$5l u jHdma; ù we;'
- úh<s l,dmfha o f;;a l,dmfha iSñ; m%foaYhl o jHdma; h' ^reyqKq" hd," Wvj,j hk
jfkdaoHdk we;=<;a fõ'& Y%S ,xldfõ W;=r" ol=K" jhU yd .s‚fldK m%foaYj, me;sr
we;'
• foaY.=Kh(
- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ñ'ó' 1250 - 2000 w;r fõ'
- j¾Ih mqrd fi,aishia wxYl 30 - 35 ;rï by< WIaK;ajhla mj;S'
- W;aiafõokh by< h'
- uehs - iema;eïn¾ w;r kshx ld,hls'
• jDlaI,;d
- úp,s; j¾Idm;khg wkqj¾;kh jQ Ydl moaO;shla fõ'
- kshx ld,fha m;% m;kh o" j¾Id ld,fha YS>% j¾Okhla o isÿfõ'
- ia;ÍlrKhla ke;' Ydl tlsfklg wE;aj msysghs'
- Ydl Wi óg¾ 15 - 20 muK fõ'
- ìï tAllhl ffcj úúO;ajh idfmaCI j wvq h'
- Ydl uia;l fndfydaÿrg me;,s iajNdjhla .kS'
- ìï ia;rhg fyd¢ka wdf,dalh m;s; jk neúka há frdamKfha m÷re jeã we;'
- wmsYdl yd wdfrdayK Ydl wvq h'
- fldf<dx" ñ,a," jEjrK" l¨jr" nqre;" f;alal" fldfydU Ydl fyd¢ka jefâ'
38
• i;a;aj úfYaI (
w,shd" ß,jd" j÷rd" ixl%u‚l mCISka" f.dakd" uqjd" Èúhd" j,aW!rd
l÷lr jkdka;r
• jHdma;sh (
- uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg ó' 1200g jvd Wia m%foaYj, jHdma; h'
msÿre;,d.," fndam;a;,dj" lsls<shudk" iuk," kl,aia
• foaY.=Kh (
- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ñ'ó' 3500g jvd by< h' jir mqrd jHdma; fõ'
- WIaK;ajh fi,aishia wxYl 20 - 24 w;r' ffoksl yd jd¾Isl úp,H;d iys; h'
- ld,hlg yuk ;o iq<x iys; h'
• jDCI,;d (
- Ydl úúO;ajh wvq h'
- isyska m;% iy m;%j, bá iys; wmsp¾uhla olakg we;'
- t;rï Wig fkdjefâ' ^Wi ó' 10 - 15& óg¾ 2000l muK Wia m%foaYj, § Ydl Wi
wvq fõ' ^ó' 8 - 10&
- ia;rdhkhla ke;' Ydl w;r mr;rh jeä h'
- Ydl uia;l me;,s h'
- iq<Õ ksid weUreKq yd .eg iys; l|kaj,ska hqla; h'
- Ydl l|ka u; Wvjeähd" mdis" ,hslk jeks ms<s, nyq, h' ójk jeã we;'
- lSk" j,aimq" oU" l÷lr ng,S jeks Ydl nyq, h'
• i;a;aj úfYaI(
- uqjd" f.dakd" j,aW!rd jeks isõmdjqka" lgqiq úfYaI iy l=re¿ j¾."
,÷le,E mßir moaO;sh

• jHdma;sh(
- Y%S ,xldfõ w¾O Y=Ial l,dmhg wh;a ukakdru" mq;a;,u" yïnkaf;dg hk m%foaYj,
jHdma;j we;'
• foaY.=Kh (
- jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ñ'ó' 1200g wvq fõ' tfy;a fndfyda m%foaYj, ñ'ó' 800 - 1000
w;r fõ'
- fi,aishia wxYl 30l ;rï by< WIaK;ajhla ,efí'
- ud¾;= isg iema;eïn¾ olajd kshx ld,hls'
- mi blau‚ka úh<s Ndjhg m;afõ'
• jDlaI,;d (
- Y=Ial foaY.=Khg Ydl wkqj¾;kh ù we;'
39
- .ia ó' 3 - 6 ;rï Wiska hqla; h'
- Ydl W,a lgq iy >k m;% iys; h'
- c,h .nvd lr.kakd Ydl me;sÍ we;' tAjdfhys uq,a moaO;sh úYd, m%foaYhla mqrd
me;sf¾'
- m¨" ùr" uylrU" wdÈ Ydl jHdma;j we;' ;ekska ;ek jevqKq le,E frdoj,aj,
wkaor" trñ‚hd" l=l=,a lgq" mf;dla" rKjrd" fldaudßld" kjykaÈ" o¿la wdÈh olakg
,efí'
• i;a;aj úfYaI (
- l=¿óud" W!rd" fudKrd iy l=re¿ j¾.
;DK N+ñ mßir moaO;sh(

• jHdma;sh(
- Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r fkdjk jDCI,;d ldKav w;r m%Odk úfYaIh ;DKN+ñ h'
- m%dfoaYSh úIu;d iy foaY.=Kh u; ;DKN+ñ moaO;s y;rla ±lsh yels h'
1' f;;a m;k ;Kìï
- óg¾ 2000 g jvd jeä Wiska hq;a fyda¾gka ;ekak" iS;d t<sh" i| ;ekak"
wd.rm;k" wfòfj, iy l|fmd, m%foaYj, jHdma; h'
- m%uqL Ydlh ;DK h' m÷re Ydl ûyr;au,a&
2' úh<s m;k ;Kìï
- uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg óg¾ 500-1000la w;r Wiska hq;a m%foaYj, - W!j føda‚h"
isxyrdc jkhg wdikak rlajdk m%foaYfha o" nKavdrfj, yd " je,suv l÷
m%foaYj, o olakg ,efí'
- ,efnk j¾Idm;kh wvq h'
- ±kg fïjdfhys tAl foaYSh fkdjk Ydl j.d fldg we;'
3' ouk ;Kìï ^;,dj&
- .,aTh" fmdf<dkakrej" udÿre Th jeks my;rg úh<s l,dmSh m%foaYj,
jHdma;h'
- udkd" b¨la m%uqL ;DK j¾.hka h'
4' ú,a¨(
- j¾Id ld,fha § c,fhka hgjqkq" c,h /£ mj;sk my;aìï wdY%s; j olakg
,efí'
- fidaudj;sh" ukïmsáh" ú,am;a;= cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh wdÈfhys jHdma; h'
• jDCI,;dj, fmdÿ ,CIK(

- m%uqL Ydl ;DK j¾. fõ'
- ;ekska ;ek jevqkq ñá .ia yd l=vd m÷re olakg we;'
• i;a;aj úfYaI
- j÷rd" f.dakd" j,a W!rd Wr. úfYaI iy l=re¿ j¾.
40
f;;a ìï mßir moaO;sh(
f;;a ìï ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh fyj;a z/ïid¾Z iïuq;sh uÕska j.=re" f.dfydre"
c,fhka msÍ .sh .ia fnk iys; m%foaY" iajdNdúl j fyda ;djld,sl j fyda ksYap, ia;rj,
c,h /£ ;sfnk ke;fyd;a .,dhk ñßÈh" lsjq,a" ,jK fyda lrÈh fyda iys; m%foaY o
we;=<;a jkakd jQ ndÈh wjia:dfõ § .eUqr óg¾ 6 fkdblaujk m%foaY f;;a ìï f,i
y÷kajhs' Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk f;;a ìïj,ska 41la u wka;¾cd;sl jeo.;alulska hqla; h'
Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a ìï
iajdNdúl lD;%su
• f,ajd
lsjq,a Èh • bÈ l< c,dY
ñßÈh • lDIs ìï ^l=Uqre&
• leKSï j<j,a
• wNHka;r c,dY • fv,agd

• .x.d we< fÞ< • lfvd,dk N+ñ
• ñßÈh j.=re • l,mq
• msgdr ;eks • msgdr ;eks
• ú,a¨ • uqyqÿ wdY%s; f;;a ìï
• lsjq,a Èh iys; f;;a ìï
• fldr,a mr
) ñßÈh f;;a ìï(

- msgdr ;eks yd ú,a¨
.x.d ksïk woaor yd Wiaìï w;r msysghs' jßka jr c,fhka hg jk neúka ks;r
c,h /£ mj;S' WÞ( ó Th wdY%s; jkd;ú,a¨j" l,d Th" uyje,s ksïkh
- ñßÈh j.=re
N+.; c,h" W,am;a" Èh oyrd fyda .xj;=r fyda ksid ks;r f;;a j mj;shs' WÞ(
fyda¾gka ;ekak
- j.=re ìï
Ydl m%cdj m%uqL jk .eUqre c, moaO;sh
WÞ( l¿;r Èia;l %s l
a fha —j,õfõ j;a; j;=rdk˜ j.=reìu ^f,dalfha ±ä wjOdkhg
,la j we;&
41
) lsjq,a Èh
- l,mq yd .x fudah
- lfvd,dk iuqødikak ;DK wdia;r yd fv,agd
WÞ( mq;a;,u" hdmkh" uvl,mqj" ó.uq l,mqj
- my;a j.=re ìï (Low Lying Marsh)
lrÈhg Tfrd;a;= fok ;DK j¾. yd lsjq,a Èh
- Woï Èfha n,mEu ksid yg.kakd m÷rej,ska hqla; h' WÞ( uq;=rdcfj,
- Woï ;,d (Tidal flats)
fïjd ,jK j.=re" f.dfydre f,i o y`ÿkajhs' Woï n,mEug ,la jk
fjr<nv my;a m%foaY WÞ( uqkao,a" nqkao," ;%sl=Kdu,h
) lD;%su f;;a ìï
- jeõ wdY%s; j ;DK m÷rej, isg .ia f;la mrdihla fmkajhs'
- føda‚ yd we< ud¾. wdY%s; j jHdma; h'
WÞ( ñkafkaßh" .sß;f,a
• jDCI,;d
- f;;a ìï wdY%s; j jeä u jHdma;shla olajkafka lfvd,dk Ydl m%cdj h' f,dalfha
lfvd,dk j¾. w;ßka úYd, ixLHdjla Y%S ,xldfõ we;'
- mßirhg ±ä f,i wkqj¾;kh ù we;'
) iq<Õg yd c,fha .;sl;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fok mßÈ lre uq,a iy lhsre uq,a iys; h'
WÞ( mqxlkav" u,a lfvd,a" lgq bls,s" uy lfvd,a" lsr," .sxfmd,a'
) c,dnqc;dj îuyr lfvd,dkj,&
- îc ork ldIaÀh Ydl yd m÷re Ydl msysàu
- uqyqÿ ;Kìï ^ó.uqj" uKav;sjq" fldafKai mqr" ukakdrï fndlal&
- ynr," flláh" tr" ñfo,a, jeks Ydl o we;'
• i;a;aj úfYaI(
- fkajdisl fuka u idxl%u‚l mCISka úYd, ixLHdjla we;'
WÞ( fmdare lEoe;a;d" mqxÑ Èhldjd" w,s udk fldld iy fjk;a fldlal= j¾." c,
mCISyq
ixl%u‚l mCISyq( leiamshka uqyqÿ ,sysKshd
rcishlaldrhd
- u;aiHfhda - ^ñßÈfha yd lsjq,a Èfha jdih lrk&
- ldjdáhd" biaid" fmdlsßiaid
Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s uqyqK mdk .eg¨

- Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s uqyqK fok m%Odk .eg¨jls jkyrKh' 1900 jk.ykh
70]ls' 1920 Y%S ,xldfõ jk wdjrKh uq¿ ìñka 49]la jQ w;r 2005 jk úg 20]la ;rï
wvq úh'
42
- Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s wdY%s; .eg¨j,g udkj l%shdldrlï fya;= fõ'
- f;;a l,dmh w;sYhska ckdlS¾K ùu ksid bvïj,g we;s b,aü jkdka;r flfrys
;¾ckd;aul j n,md we;'
- jkdka;r wdY%s; .ï yd k.r mq¿,a lsÍu jeks l%shdjka jeä ù we;'
- cdk uxfld,a,h" cdk wmkhkh ksid f;;a l,dmSh me<Eá yd jk Ôùkag ;¾ck
t,a, ù we;'
- wkjir ±j lemSu - isxyrdc jkdka;rfha iSudka;sl m%foaYj, ±j lemSu ksid N+ñh
fnfyúka Ldokhg ,la j we;'
- bkaOk i|yd or Ndú; lsÍu
- l÷lr mßir moaO;s ;=< wkjir ue‚la .eÍu
WÞ( flfy,a.uq Th" r;akmqr
- ckdjdi msysgqjd .ekSu yd c,dY bÈ lsÍu
- f;;a ìïj, jeo.;alu fkdi,ld Ndú;hg .ekSu" f.dv lsÍu yd bÈ lsÍï
WÞ( ueá l¾udka;h
- udkj l%shdldrlï ksid lfvd,dk úkdY ùu - ó.uqj
WÞ( biaika j.d lsÍu" ixpdrl l¾udka;h
43
11'3 Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s ixrCIKh yd ne÷Kq ixl,am yd wdpdrO¾u
mßir moaO;s ixrCIKh

c, iïm;a" mdxY= yd ffcj úúO;ajh fuka u mdßißl ;=,kh iqrCIs; j mj;ajd .ekSug
mßir moaO;s úiska bgq lrk ld¾hNdrh buy;a h' mßir moaO;s ñksidf.a wjYH;d imqrd
.ekSfï § úúOdldrfhka m%fhdackhg .efka' n,Yla;sh ksIamdokh lDIsl¾uh" jk
l¾udka;h fuka u úúO ksIamdok l¾udka; yd ixpdrl l¾udka;h hk wxYhkays § mßir
iïm;a nyq, f,i Ndú; fõ'
YS>% ck ixLHd j¾Okh;a iu`. iïm;a wêmßfNdackhg ,la ùu ksid mßirfha tf;la
mej;s iu;=,s;;dj ìò jeà we;' mßir moaO;s úkdYhg m;a ùu j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldfõ
m%n, .eg¨jla ù we;' bka ,nkakd jQ wksgq úmdl yuqfõ mßirh /l.ekSu i|yd ñksiqka
úiska u we;s lr.; yels l%shdÞuh mßir ixrCIKh hs' ta wkqj mßir ixrCIKfha woyi
jkafka ñksia wjYH;d i|yd mßir iïm;a keKj;a f,i mßyrKh lsÍu hkak hs'
jk ixrCIKh i|yd f.k we;s l%shdud¾.(

• jk ixrCIKfha § ck;dj ;=< mßir ys;ldó wdl,am we;s lsÍu
• jkdka;r úkdYh yd mßyrKh iïnkaO kS;sÍ;s l%shd;aul lsÍu
hk fowdldrfhka u rch úiska l%shdud¾. f.k we;'
• úúO wKmK;a mekùu

1' 1907 wxl 16 ork le,E wd× mK;
- jkdka;r iïnkaO uq,au l%shdud¾.h hs' rcfha jkdka;r wdrCIdj i|yd mkjk
,§' 1995 § wxl 25 orK le,E mk; f,i th ixfYdaOkh úh'
- tu.ska ixrCIs; jkdka;r m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu iy jk iSud fjkia lsÍu isÿ
úh' tA wkqj ixrCIs; jkdka;rhlg we;=¿ùu yd ydks lsÍu kS;s úfrdaë nj
m%ldYhg m;a úh'
2' 1937 jk i;a;aj yd jDCI,;d wdrCIl mk;

- Y%S ,xldfõ jk i;=ka iy jDlaI,;d ixrCIKh lsÍu wruqKq lr we;'
- hï l,dmhla ;ykï wvúhla f,i fyda iSudka;ßl l,dmhla f,i fyda m%ldY
lsÍfï yelshdj we;'
3' 1980 cd;sl mßir mk;

- fuu`.ska uOHu mßir wêldßh (CEA) msysgq jk ,È'
- 1988 ixfYdaOkh u`.ska Bg wêldß n,h mjrk ,È'
44
- 2000 j¾Ifha kej; ixfYdaOkh lsÍu
- ljr mßir lghq;a;l § fyda ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s i|yd uOHu mßir wêldßfhka
n,m;% ,nd.; hq;= h'
- jkdka;r yd jkÔùka iq/lSu" iajdNdúl iïm;a ;srir Ndú;h" ëjr lghq;=
md,kh" mdxY= ixrCIKh" bvï Ndú;h Wmßu M,ÞhS lsÍu i|yd fuu mk;
u`.ska bv ie,fia'
4' 1988 cd;sl Wreu jkN+ñ mk;

- fuu`.ska jákdlñka hqla; jkN+ñ m%foaY kï lsÍfï n,h mßir wud;Hjrhdg
mejf¾'
- cd;sl Wreu N+ñ ;=<g wkjir we;=¿ ùï fyda mßir ydkshg ;=vq fok lsis ÿ
l%shdjl ksr; ùu fyda ;ykï fõ'
- kSs;shg mgyeKs ùu o`vqjï ,nd fok jrola f,i ie,fla'
- rchg wh;a fkdjk lsishï foam<la jqj o Bg we;=<;a l< yels h'
5' wmkhk kS;sh

- mßir wud;HdxYfha wxl 03$2001 pl%f,aLfhka jkdka;rj,g iïnkaO foa
wmkhk lsÍu ms<sn| kS;s y÷kajd § we;'
- wmkhk ;ykï lsÍfï f,aLkhla o fï iu`. bÈßm;a lr we;'
Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r rCIs; yd jkÔù rCIs; msysgqùu
jkÔù rCIs; j¾. lsysmhls'

1' ±ä rCIs; - yla.," hd, ûOHu&" ßá.,
2' iajNdj rCIs; - ;%sfldaKuvq" ñkafkaßh" .sß;f,a" msgdr ;eks (flood plain)"
yslalvqj .,au,a Whk .x.dOdr
3' cd;sl jfkdaoHdk - ú,am;a;=" hd, kef`.kysr" jia.uqj" nQkao," Wvj,j" fyda¾gka ;ekak
we;=¿ ±kg 14 la we;'
4' wNh N+ñ - úlafgdaßhd" rkafoKs.," rkagefò" wdkú¨kaÞj" uq;=rdcfj,"
pqkaäl=,ï wdÈ ia:dk 28la we;'
^Y%S ,xld cd;sl is;shï ix.%yh mdi,a uqøKh 73 msgqj n,kak&
Y%S ,xldfõ mßir ixl,am iy wdpdr O¾u

Y%S ,xldj nqÿ oyu uq,a fldgf.k nyq wd.ñl mßirhla u`.ska yev.eiqKq iudc ixialD;sl
,CIKj,ska fyìfha h' ieu wd.uhla u mßirh ms<sn| j;a mßirh yd ñksid w;r iïnkaOh
ms<sn| j;a idlÉPd lrhs'
- jkdka;r yd jkÔùka we;=<;a mßirh wdrCId lsÍfï jeo.;alu ieu wd.uhl u
biau;= lr olajd we;'
- mßirfha iunr;dj ì| ±óug n,mdk l=uk fyda l%shdud¾.hla .ekSu mßirhg isÿ
lrk ydkshls'
45
- j¾;udkfha f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a mßir ixl,am yd mßir wdpdrO¾u wdrCId
lsÍu i|yd úúO l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lrkafka tfyhsks'
1' Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;s ms<sn| Pdhdrem fyda ùäfhdamg m%o¾Ykh lrùu
2' fCIa;% pdßld

lKavdhïj,g fn§ tA tA mßir moaO;s ms<sn| j fjk fjk u f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu
yd tu`.ska jd¾;djla bÈßm;a lsÍu
ke;fyd;a
mß.Kl wdY%s; bÈßm;a lsÍula
3' Y%S ,xldfõ mßir moaO;sj, jDCI,;d iajrEmh /.;a Ñ;% ^bj; ,k fndaâj,ska Ydlj,
yevhg ilia l<& ì;a;s mqjrejla ilia lrùu'
fï i|yd isiqka lKavdhï lr tla tla mßir moaO;s ud;Dld ,nd fokak'
46
ksmqK;dj ( 12'0 iajdNdúl Wmøj fN!;sl yd udkqI mßirh flfrys n,mdk

wdldrh mÍCId lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 12'1 iajdNdúl Wmøjj, yd wdmodj, fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'

12'2 f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
12'3 f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid fN!;sl yd udkqI mrsirhg
isÿ jk n,mEï úu¾Ykh lrhs'
12'4 iajdNdúl Wmøj ;Sj% lsÍu flfrys n,mdk udkqI l%shdldrlï
mÍCId lrhs'
bf.kqï m, ( - iajdNdúl Wmøj y÷kajhss'

- iajdNdúl wdmod y÷kajhs'
- f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
- iajdNdúl Wmøjhka f.ka fN!;sl mßirhg isÿ jk ydks
úia;r lrhs'
- iajdNdúl wdmodjkaf.ka udkqI mßirhg isÿ jk ydks úia;r lrhs'
- Wmøj yd wdmod ;Sj% lsÍug udkqI l%shdldrlï n,mdk wdldrh
ksoiqka weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 26 hs'
ye¢kaùu
j¾;udkfha § iajdNdúl Wmøj yd wdmÞ m%n, .eg¨jla f,i y÷kd.; yels h' wdmÞj
y÷kd.ekSug fmr Wmøjh y÷kd.ekSu wjYH fõ' mDÓúh u; Ôjh ìys ùu;a iu`.
iajdNdúl Wmøj o werö we;ehs ks.ukh l< yels h' tfy;a tAjdfha l%shdldß;ajh fuka
u ydks ms<sn| j tl, ñksiqka ;=< ;snQ wjfndaOh m%udKj;a fkdù h' fndfyda úg tAjd jgd
ñ:Hd úYajdi ne`§ ;sì‚' flfia jqj o j¾;udk úoHdj yd ;dCIK ÈhqKqj iu`. fN!;sl
mßirfhys fjkialï fuka u tA ;=<ska we;s úh yels ydks ms<sn| j o wjfndaOhla ñksidg
,eì‚'
f,dalh mqrd úúO m%foaYj, úúO iajdNdúl Wmøj we;s fõ' fuu Wmøj il%Sh ù ñksia Ôú;
yd foam<j,g ydks meñfKk úg th wdmod f,i ye¢kafõ' N+ñlïmd" iqkdñ" wl=Kq l=Kdgq"
iq<siq<x" c, .e,Sï iy ysul÷ m%m;kh tA w;r jeo.;a fõ' óg wu;r j udkqI l%shdldrlï
ksid isÿ jk wdmÞ o ±lsh yels h' we;eï iajdNdúl Wmøj ñksidf.a l%shdldrlï u`.ska o
;Sj% jk nj meyeÈ,s h' tA wkqj iajdNdúl Wmøjh" wdmÞjla jk wdldrh iy by;
wdmÞjkays fN!;sl l%shdj,sh wOHhkh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h' iajdNdúl Wmøj fkd±kqïj;a
Ndjh fyda fkdje<elaúh yels fya;= fyda ksid iajdNdúl wdmÞ njg m;a ù ñksidg fuka
u fN!;sl mßirhg o úúOdldrfha n,mEï t,a, lrhs' tÈfkÞ ck Ôú;h ì| jefgkjd
fia u mßir ;=,H;dj ì|jeàula o fuu`.ska isÿ úh yels h' fï ksid Wmøj yd wdmÞ"
iajdNdúl Wmøj ms<sn| j ±kqïj;a ùu ld,Sk wjYH;djls' fuu mßÉfþofhka tA ms<sn|
j wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
47
12'1 iajdNdúl Wmøj yd wdmÞ
Wmøjh (Hazard) ( iajdNdúl l%shdj,S fya;=fjka m%cdjg fyda foam<j,g yd mßirhg
ydkshla isÿ úh yels ixisoaêhla Wmøjhla f,i y÷kajhs'
wdmÞj (Disaster) ( Wmøjhla ñksia Ôú;hg" foam<j,g yd mßirhg ydks isÿ jk whqßka
il%sh ùu wdmÞjla jYfhka ye¢kafõ'
we;eï úg udkj l%shdldrlula fya;=fjka o Wmøjhla fyda wdmodjla we;s úh yels h'
12'2 f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj

iajdNdúl Wmøj j¾.SlrKh(
iajdNdúl Wmøj úúO ks¾Kdhl wkqj j¾. lr we;'
1' l,dm iy iajNdjh wkqj
i. nyqúO Wmøj - N+ñlïmd iu`. iqkdñ" wjmd; iu`. iq<siq<x yd c, .e,Sï
ii. ksYaÑ; l,dmj, isÿ jk Wmøj - N+ñlïmd" huy,a úÞrKh" fgdfkafvda"
ysul÷ m%m;kh
iii. l=uk fyda l,dmhl iajdNdúl j isÿ úh yels Wmøj - iq<siq<x" wl=Kq ier"
c, .e,Sï
2. iajdNdúl Wmøj isÿ jk fCIa;% wkqj j¾.SlrKh

i. N+ úoHd;aul Wmøj - N+ñlïmd" iqkdñ" .sksl÷" kdh hEï
ii. foaY.=K úoHd;aul - iq<siq<x" c, .e,Sï" wl=Kq ier" kshÕ" ysul÷
m%m;kh
iii. Ôj úoHd;aul Wmøj - <eõ.sks
N+ñlïmd (Earthquake)
- N+ñ lïmd f,dalfha úfYaIs; jQ m%foaYj," tkï N+ ;eá udhsï wdY%s; j nyq, j
y÷kd.; yels iajdNdúl ixisoaêhls'
- mDÓú lfndf,ys ixÑ; j ;sfnk Yla;sh úfudapkh ù N+;eá udhsï Tiafia we;sjk
yÈis p,kh fyda .eiaiSu fyda N+ñlïmdjl § isÿ jk l%shdj,sh hs'
- N+ñlïmd l,dm y÷kdf.k ;snqK o th lskï ia:dkhl" lskï wjia:djl § isÿfõ
±hs wkdjels m%ldY lsÍug ÈhqKq úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh ;=< jqj o ;j u fkdyels ù
we;'
- N+lïmkhl m%n, nj wkqj isÿ jk wdmodfõ ;ru fjkia fõ' th isÿ jk
m%foaYfha ckdêl nj yd ld¾h ixflakaøKh wkqj Wmøjh wdmÞjla njg m;a jk
w;r wdmodfõ ;Sj%nj jeä fõ'
iq<siq<x (Cyclone)
- ksj¾;k l,dmh ;=< j¾Okh jk" jdiq<sj, wvqmSvk lrd fõ.fhka we§ tk iq<x
úfYaIhla f,i iq<siq<x ye¢kaúh yels h' fõ.fhka N%uKh jk fõ.j;a iq<x
úfYaIhla f,i o iq<siq<x ye¢kaúh yels h'
48
- lsishï ia:dkhl mej;sh hq;= idudkH ld,.=K ;;a;ajh ;djld,sl f,i fjkia ùug
fya;= jk ld,.=‚l ixisoaêhla f,i o iq<s iq<x ye¢kaúh yels h'
- l,dm wkqj fuu iq<s iq<x úúO kïj,ska y÷kajhs'
bkaÈhka id.r l,dmfha § - iq<siq<x
W;=re meis*sla id.rfha § - ghsmQka
W;=re w;a,ka;sla id.rfha § - yßflaka
ms,smSkhg ol=‚ka - ne.sfhda
- fïjdg wu;r j m%dfoaYSh j flá l,la l%shd;aul jk iq<s iq<x j¾. folls'
W;=re íafÜ%,shdj - ú,sú,Sia
leßìhdkq uqyqo wjg - fgdfkafvda
- idudkHfhka j¾Ihlg iq<s iq<x 80-100 w;r m%udKhla ksj¾;k m%foaYj, j¾Okh
fõ'
- nyqúO Wmøjhla jk iq<s iq<x iu`. ;o jeis" c,.e,Sï yd id.r W;ai¾ch ûqyqo
f.dv .e,Su& isÿ jk w;r tu`.ska Ôú;" foam< ydks isÿ úh yels h'
kshÕh (Drought)
- wiajdNdúl f,i §¾> ld,hla ;siafia j¾Idm;kh wvq ùu ksid we;s jk c, ys.h
ksh`.h hs'
- f,dj nyq,;u wdmÞjla jk kshÕ m%Odk j¾. ;=kla y÷kd.; yels h'
1' ld,.=‚l kshÕh - j¾IKfha W!k;dj fyda m%udKj;a c, m%udKhla
fkd,efnk w;r tys ;Sj%;dj yd ld,h wkqj ksh`.fha iajNdjh ;SrKh fõ'
2' lDIsld¾ñl kshÕh - ld,.=‚l kshÕfha úúO ,CIK lDIsl¾udka;h flfrys
n,mdk wdldrh fuys § wjOdkhg fhduq flf¾' mdxY= c,fha W!k;dj isÿ fõ'
3' c, úoHd;aul kshÕh - ld,.=Ksl ksh`.fhka udi lSmhlg miq .x.d" c,dY
wdÈfha c, uÜgu wvq ùu;a" N+.; c,uÜgu my< hdu;a c, úoHd;aul ksh`.h
hs'
- kshÕ Wmøjhla wdmÞjla ùug ;=vq fok fya;= lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
1' N+.; c,h wêl f,i mßyrKh ^k< <ska" lDIs <ska" wdÈh u`.ska úh<s l,dmSh
m%foaYj, c, Ndú;h&
2' j¾Idm;kh wvqfjka ,efnk m%foaYj, c, .nvd m%udKj;a f,i bÈ lr
fkd;sîu yd ;sfnk tAjd ksis mßÈ kv;a;= fkdlsÍu'
3' kshÕh §¾> ld,hla ;siafia mej;Sfuka c, iemhqu flfrys úfYaIfhka .Dy
c,h" N+.; c,h wvq ùu fuys § isÿ fõ'
4' wêl yd wl%uj;a f,i c, mßfNdackh lsÍu
5' wêl j c,h Wrd.kakd fnda. j¾. j.d lsÍu
wl=Ki
q er ( Lightning)
- úoHq;a f,i wdfrdamKh jQ j,dl=¿ j¾Okh ù we;s úg úúO wdldrfhka mdÓúh
fj; isÿ jk úoHq;a úi¾ckhla wl=Kq f,i meñfKa'
49
wl=Kq we;s úh yels l%u lsysmhls'
• j,dl=<l isg mdÓúh fj;g isÿ jk úoHq;a úi¾ckh ^mDÓú wl=Kq&
• j,dl=¿ u; wdfrdamK flakaø w;r isÿ jk úoHq;a úi¾ckh ^j<d wl=Kq&
• j,dl=¿ iy wjldYh w;r isÿ jk úoHq;a úi¾ckh ^jd wl=Kq&
- fïjdhska mDÓúhg n,mdk wk;=re isÿ jkafka mDÓú wl=Kq u`.sks'
- idudkH wl=Kq myrl Odrdj weïmsh¾ 2500la muK jk w;r fjda,aàh;dj ñ,shk
100 la muK fõ'
- WKqiqï wia:dhS iy f;;ukh iys; jdhqf.da,Sh ;;a;aj hgf;a j¾Okh jk b;d Wi
leá jeys j,dl=¿j,ska wl=Kq iy .s.=reï we;s fõ'
- iajdNdúl j we;s jk wl=Kqier u`.ska f,dalfha ieu m%foaYhlg u Wmøj we;s úh yels
h'
- wl=Kqier Wmøjh wdmÞjla njg m;a jk wjia:d /ils'
• újD; ia:dkj, /|S isàu yd újD; jdykj, .uka lsÍu
• wl=Kq .ik wjia:dj, § úoHq;a WmlrK Ndú; lsÍu
• Wiaìïj, /£ isàu
• wl=Kq .ik wjia:dj, § c,dY%s; m%foaYhl isàu fyda msyskSu fyda wdÈ
wkdrCIs; l%shd
iqkdñ (Tsunami)
- id.r c,l| tla jr u by< f.dia tuÕska we;s lrk ±jeka; ;rx. uqyqÿ fjr<g lvd
je§fuka iqkdñ we;s fõ'
- iajdNdúl ixisoê a hla jk iqkdñ f,dalfha úfYaIs; l,dmhkag muKla n,mdk Wmøjhls'
fï i|yd fya;= lSmhla n,mdhs'
1' id.r m;af,a isÿjk N+ñlïmd
2' id.r m;af,a .sksl÷ msmsÍfuka
3' id.rh u;g W,aldmd; lvd jeàfuka
fï w;ßka uE; ld,fha nyq, j iqkdñ ygf.k we;af;a id.r m;af,a isÿ jk N+ñ lïmd
u`.sks' tys § jkafka mDÓú ;,fha we;s tla N+;,hla wfkflys .eàfuka my<g .uka
lrk ;,h u; msysá c,l| tla jr u by< hdu yd tu`.ska we;s lrk ;rx. uqyqÿ fjr<
olajd .uka lsÍu h'
- .eUqre uqyf q oa § ;rx.fha fõ.h mehg ls'ó' 800g jeä fuka u ;rx.fha Wi b;d wvq fõ''
- fjr< wdikakfha § fõ.h mehg ls'ó' 50la muK yd Wi ó' 50la muK úh yels h'
- iqkdñ Wmøjh wdmÞjla njg m;aùug fya;= lsysmhla n,mdhs'
1' iqkdñ ms<sn|j fyda Bg m%;spdr ±laùu ms<sn| j fyda fkd±k isàu
2' fjr< m%foaYj, Ydl jeiau bj;a lr ;sîu
3' fjr< m%foaYj, wkjir bÈ lsÍï isÿ lsÍu
4' fmr iQÞkula fkdue;s ùu
50
c, .e,Sï (Floods)
- f,dalfha ksr;=re j we;s úh yels wdmÞjla jk c, .e,Sï o lsysm wdldrhlg isÿ úh
yels h'
1' .x.djl Odrfha .,k c,fha uÜgu by< f.dia tu c,h .x.d ksïk fomi
m%foaYhg .,d hdu
2' c, ud¾. wjysr ùu ksid úfYaIfhka kd.ßl m%foaYj, we;s jk c, .e,Sï
3' iq<siq<x yd jvÈh mj;sk wjia:dj, § uqyqo f.dv .e,Sï ksid we;s jk
c, .e,Sï
- ñiQß ñisisms" fydjexfyda" .x.d kï .Õ wdÈ .x.d ksïk m%foaY f,dalfha .xj;=r Wmøj
nyq, m%foaY fõ'
- iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk c, .e,Su wdmÞjla njg m;a lr .kq ,nkafka ñksid úiska
u h'
- .x.d wdY%s; my;a ìï f.dv lsÍu" Wmøj ms<sn| fkd±kqïj;a Ndjh" oßø;dj yd wkjir
bÈ lsÍï wdÈh ksid c, .e,Sï wdmÞj W.% fõ'
- .x bjqre wdY%s; wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï c, .e,Sï i|yd m%n, j n,mdhs'
<eõ.sks (Wild-fire)
- iajdNdúl jkdka;rj, iajdNdúl fyda udkj l%shdldß;ajfhka yg .kakd jHikhla
f,i <eõ.sks ye¢kaúh yels h'
- <eõ.skakla we;s ùug fya;= lsysmhla n,mdhs
1' N+p,k ksid we;s jk ue.aud Odrd u`.ska
2' jkdka;rfha úh<s .ia tlg we;s,a,Sfuka
3' wl=Kq ier je§fuka
- f,dalfha <eõ.sks wk;=re nyq, j ±lsh yels m%foaY f,i ksj¾;k yd fi!uH m%foaYj,
úh<s foaY.=Khla we;s m%foaY - íafÜ%,shdfõ ksõijq;afõ,aia m%dka;h" weußld tlai;a
ckmofha le,sf*dakshdj yd lekvdfõ we,an¾gd m%dka;h wdÈh ±laúh yels h'
- <eõ.sks wdmÞ ;Sj% lsÍug n,mdk fya;= lsysmhls'
1' <eõ.sks we;s jk jkdka;r wdY%s; j ckdjdi bÈ lsÍu
2' ñksiqkaf.a we;eï úkdYldÍ l%shdldrlï
ysul÷ m%m;kh (Avalanche)

- by< wCIdxYSh m%foaYj, yd b;d Wia l÷ uqÿkaj, mj;akd wêl YS;, ksid ysu l=Üá
ks¾udKh fõ' tAjd by< m%foaYj, isg my<g lvd jeàu ysu l÷ m%m;kh hs'
- WIaK;aj fjkia ùfuka iy .=re;ajfha n,mEfuka ysul÷ lvd jeàu isÿ fõ'
- f.da,Sh WKqiu q by< hEug fya;= jk l%shdldrlï ksid fuu wk;=re nyq, fõ' ^yß;d.dr
jdhq ksl=;=j jeä ùu" huy,a úÞrKh" ld¾ñllrKh" ysre lsrK&
- N+ñ lïmd ksid o we;s úh yels h'
.sksl÷ (Volcanoes)
- mDÓú wNHka;rfha WKq øj iajNdjfhka mj;sk ue.aud mDÓú mDIaGfha ÿ¾j, ia:dk
51
fyj;a l=ia;+r Tiafia u;=msgg meñK .sksl÷ ks¾udKh fõ'
- ;eá;, udhsï Tiafia meñfKk ue.aud ksid .sksl÷ fyj;a huy,a ks¾udKh jk w;r
f,dalfha m%Odk huy,a l,dm y;rla y÷kdf.k we;'
1' mßmeis*sla l,dmh ^meis*sla .sKs j<,a,&
2' uOHOrŒ-ysud,hdkq l,dmh
3' uOH w;a,ka;sla id.ßl jeáh
4' wm%sldkq iqúfNao ksïk l,dmh
- .skslkafoka ,djd fyda w¿ fyda ksl=;a lrk w;r" tAjd fmdf<dj u;=msg fyda wNHka;rfha
fyda ;ekam;a úh yels h'
- l%shdldß;ajh wkqj huy,a j¾. ;=kls'

1' il%sh huy,a
2' ksok huy,a
3' u< huy,a
- il%sh huy,aj,ska 65]la muK u we;af;a meis*sla id.rh wjg h'
- .sksl÷ wdY%s; j ckdjdi msysgqùfuka iy fjk;a wd¾:sl lghq;= mj;ajd .ekSfuka
.sksl÷j,ska isÿ jk wdmÞfjys úkdYldÍ nj jeä úh yels h'
kdh hEï (Landslides)

- .=re;aj n,h ksid l÷ nEjqï fyda nqre,a miska hq;a m%md;dldr ìï fmfoia fyda Tiafia
mia" mdIdK yd fjk;a øjH .=re;ajh u; my<g .,d neiSu kdhhEula f,i ye¢kaúh
yels h'
- kdhhEï i|yd fN!;sl fuka u udkqI fya;= o n,mdhs'
fN!;sl fya;=
1' j¾Idm;k ;Sj%;dj 5' N+ úoHd;aul ;;a;ajh
2' N+ñlïmd 6' mdxY= yd N+.; c,h
3' mdIdKj, iajNdjh 7' mdIdK Ô¾Kh
4' nEjqï wkql%uKh
udkqI l%shdldrlï
1' wúêu;a bvï mßyrKh 4' jkdka;r úkdY lsÍu
2' iajdNdúl c, ud¾. wjysr lsÍu 5' m;,a leKSu
3' Wiaìïj, c,h /|ùu 6' msmsrùï u`.ska
- kdh hEï wk;=re wdmÞjka njg m;a ùug fya;=

nEjqïj, ckdjdi fyda úúO bÈ lsÍï fyda isÿ lsÍu yd j.d lghq;= lsÍu
fkd±kqïj;a Ndjh ksid kS;s fkdms<sme§u
fmr iQÞkula fkdue;s ùu
- f,dalfha kdhhEï wk;=re nyq, m%foaY f,i yhsá ¥m;" n%iS,h" Ñ,S" Ökh wdÈh ±laúh
yels h'
52
12'3 iajdNdúl Wmøj ksid fN!;sl yd udkqI mßirhg isÿ jk n,mEï
fndfyda úg wdmÞ u`.ska fN!;sl yd udkqI mßirhg isÿ jk n,meï iudk jk neúka
fuys § wdmÞ folla ms<sn| j muKla wjOdkh fhduq fldg we;' wfkla wdmÞjkays n,mEï
tA wkqj .fõIKh l< hq;= h'
kdhhEï(
fN!;sl n,mEï
- l÷ m%foaY lvd jeàfuka l÷lrfha fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykfha iajNdjh fjkia ùu
- c, W,am;aj, .uka ud¾. fjkia ùu yd W,am;a is£ hdu fyda kj c, W,am;a
ks¾udKh ùu
- jkdka;r úkdY ùu
- mdxY= jHQyh fjkia ùu
- c, .e,Sï we;s úh yels ùu
udkqI mßirhg isÿ jk n,mEï
- ksjdi yd foam< úkdY ù hEu
- lDIsld¾ñl ìï úkdY ùu
- há;, myiqlï úkdY ùu
- c,jykh yd c,dmjykh ì|jeàu ksid mdkSh c,h ys`. ùu
iqkdñ
fN!;sl n,mEï
- fjr< l,dmSh N+ o¾Ykh fjkia ùu' tfuka u fldr,amr yd l=vd ¥m;a úkdY úh
yels h'
- fjr<dY%s; mig ,jK ñY% c,h tla ùfuka mi ksire ùu
- f.dvìu c,hg ,jK ñY% c,h tla ùfuka c,h ¥IKh ùu
- fjr< mßirh wdY%s; iajdNdúl fi!kao¾h úkdY ùu
udkqI mßirhg isÿ jk n,mEï

- ñksia Ôú;" ksjdi yd foam, úkdY ùu
- há;, myiqlï úkdY ùu
- ëjr l¾udka;h" lDIs lghq;= yd fjr< wdY%s; wd¾:sl l%shdldrlï ì| jeàu
- iudÔh yd udkisl .eg¨ mek ke`.Su
53
12'4 ( iajdNdúl Wmøj ;Sj% lsÍu flfrys n,mdk udkqI l%shdldrlï
Wmøj yd wdmÞ ;Sj% lsÍug udkqI l%shdldrlï n,mdk wdldrh(

iajdNdúl j we;s jk Wmøj je<elaùu l< fkdyels h' l< yelafla tAjdfhys wk;=re wju
lsÍu muKls' wk;=re wju lsÍu fjkqjg ñksid úiska fndfyda úg isÿ lrkqfha wdmÞ
wk;=re ;Sj% lsÍu h' tkï Wmøjh wdmÞjla njg m;a ùug wjldYh jeä lsÍu hs' fï i|yd
ñksid úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk l%shdldrlï lsysmhls'
- wl%uj;a bvï mßyrKh
- wúêu;a bÈ lsÍï
- ld¾ñllrKh
wl%uj;a bvï mßyrKh(

ñksid úiska úêu;a fkdjk wdldrfhka isÿ lrkq ,nk bvï mßyrK lghq;= ksid
fndfyda iajdNdúl Wmøj wdmÞ njg m;a j we;' wk;=re iys; l=uk fyda m%foaYhl
ckdjdi bÈ lrhs kï th wl%uj;a bvï mßyrKhls' tfuka u j.djka i|yd N+ñh
fhdÞ .ekSfï § j.dj yd myiqlï ms<sn| j muKla wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' tA u`.ska
mek k`.sk mdßißl .eg¨ ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq fkdlrhs' fï ksid mek k`.sk
.eg¨ w;r"
- wêl nEjqïj, j.d lsÍfuka kdhhEï we;s ùu$fkd.e<efmk fnda. j.dj
ksid kdhhEï we;s ùu ^ÿïfld< j.dj&
- nEjqïj, mdxY= Ldokh u`.ska .x.d f.dv ù c, .e,Sï we;s ùu
- jkdka;r úkdY lr j.d ìï i|yd fhdÞ .ekSfuka c, W,am;a is£ hdu yd
tA u`.ska kshÕ we;s ùu$Wia ìïj, c,ud¾. wjysr jk fia c, ;gdl bÈ
lsÍfuka mdxY= c,h by< f.dia kdh hEï we;s ùu
- .x.d uqjfÞr wkjir bÈ lsÍï
- my;A ìï f.dv lsÍu
wúêu;a bÈ lsÍï(
ckixLHdj jeä ùu;a iu`. Tjqkag wjYH ksjdi yd há;, myiqlï fjkqfjka N+
úoHd;aul fyda bxðfkare Wmfoia fkd,nd kqiÿq iq ìïj, bÈ lsÍï isÿ lrhs' tA wkqj
ksjdi" uydud¾. yd wfkl=;a f.dvke`.s,s mßir we.hSulska f;dr j bÈ lsÍu ksid
wdmÞ wk;=re ;Sj% fjhs' tjeks wjia:d f,i"
- nEjqï wkql%uKh y÷kd fkdf.k uyd ud¾. yd f.dvke`.s,s bÈ lsÍfuka
kdh hEï wk;=re we;s ùu'
- c,h nei hdug we;s my;a ìï f.dv lr bÈ lsÍï isÿ lsÍfuka c, ud¾.
wjysr ù c, .e,Sï we;s ùu'
- jeõ wuqKq yd fõ,s bÈ lsÍfï § fkd.e<efmk yd ÿ¾j, ;dCIKh fhdÞ
.ekSu ksid c, .e,Sï yd kdh hEï we;s ùu'
- jkdka;r úkdY lrñka ixj¾Ok jHdmdr isÿ lsÍfuka kshÕ yd kdh hEï
we;s ùu'
54
- N+ñlïmd wk;=re iys; m%foaYj, yd iqkdñ wk;=re m%foaYj, wk;=rej,g Tfrd;a;=
fkdfok wdldrfha yd ;dCI‚l j fkd.e<efmk f.dvke`.s,s bos lsÍu'
- wl=Kq wk;=re nyq, m%foaYj, Wia f.dvke`.s,sj, wl=Kq ikakdhl iú fkdlsÍu'
- iq<x wêl m%foaYj, Yla;sfhka f;dr fiú,s Ndú; lr ksjdi$f.dvke`.s,s bÈ lsÍu'
ld¾ñl l%shdldrlï(
- wêl ld¾ñllrKh;a iu`. úYd, jYfhka l¾udka;Yd,d bÈ lsÍug jkdka;r
úkdY lsÍfuka tA wdY%s; j kshÕ" kdh hEï c, .e,Sï wdÈ wdmÞ we;s ùu'
- ld¾ñllrKhg wjYH k.r yd ud¾. moaO;s ie,iqï lsÍfï § iajdNdúl
c,jyk moaO;s wjysr jk fia bÈ lsÍï isÿ lsÍu ksid c, .e,Sï yd my;a ìï
hg ùu isÿ ùu'
- ld¾ól l%shdldrlï ksid l¾udka;j,ska ksl=;a jk úI jdhq" >k wmøjH yd wmú;%
c,h ksid mßirh ¥IKh ùfuka Ôùkag jix.; yd frda. nyq, ùu'
- r:jdyk Ndú;h wêl ùu ksid o mßirhg úI jdhq tla ù úúO .eg¨ we;s úh yels
ùu
- ld¾ñl l%shdldrlï ksid we;s jk ck.yk mSvkh" ud¾. ;onoh wdÈh fya;=fjka
iajdNdúl wdmÞjkays ;Sj%;dj by< hd yels h'
jkyrKh(
- jk úkdYh ksid c, W,am;a is|S hdu yd c, fmdaIl m%foaY úkdY ùu uÕska kshÕ
;;a;ajhka ;Sj% ùu'
- mdxY= Ldokh jeä ùfuka kdhhEï Wmøj isÿ úh yels h'
- c, ud¾.j, mia ;Ügq ;ekam;a ùfuka c,h msgdr .e,Su ksid c, .e,Sï we;s ùu
- jkdka;r úkdY lsÍu ksid jkÔùkaf.a jdiia:dk wysñ ùfuka Tjqkg
a wdmÞ ;;a;j
a hla
we;s ùu'
l%shdldrlï (
1' uE; ld,fha f,dalfha isÿ jQ wdmÞ folla we;s jQ j¾Ih" ia:dkh iy n,mEï ms<sn| j
jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'
2' kdhhEï iy iqkdñ wdmÞ yer wfkl=;a wdmÞjkays fN!;sl iy udkqI n,mEï j.=jlska
olajkak'
55
ksmqK;dj ( 13'0 fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh ixrCIKh lsÍug yd mj;ajd
.ekSug WmldÍ jk Okd;aul wdl,amj,ska hqla; j yeisfrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 13'1 Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod l<ukdlrKhg il%sh j odhl fjhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 12 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • wdmod l<ukdlrKh hkq l+ula ±hs úia;r lrhs'

• Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod l<ukdlrK hdka;%Kh ms<sn| f;dr;=re
bÈßm;a lrhs'
ye¢kaùu
Wmøjhla we;s ù wdmÞjla njg m;a jkqfha iajdNdúl j jqj o" th ydks wju jk wdldrfhka
l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSu ñksidf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka isÿ úh hq;= h' tfia ueÈy;a jk wdldrh
wkqj iajdNdúl Wmøjh wdmÞjla njg m;a jk m%udKh ;SrKh fõ' f,dalfha úúO m%foaY
úúO wdmÞjkag uqyqK fok w;r" tAjdhska isÿ jk ydksj, ;Sj% nj o úúO fõ' tfuka u
wdmÞjla l<ukdlrKh lr .kakd wdldrh o m%dfoaYSh úIu;d yd wdmÞj wkqj fjkia fõ'
Bg wu;r j rgla i;= jk wd¾Ól yd ;dlaI‚l uÜgu o Bg n,mdhs' Y%S ,xldj úúO
wdmÞjkag uqyqK fok rgla njg m;a ù we;s neúka j¾;udkfha § wdmÞ l<ukdlrKh b;d
jeo.;a ù we;' tA wkqj fuys § Y%S ,xldfõ wdmÞ l<ukdlrKh yd Bg wÞ< l%shdj,sh ksoiqka
weiqßka idlÉPd lsÍu wfmaCIs; h'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la(

13'1 Y%S ,xldfõ wdmÞ l<ukdlrKh
- Y%S ,xldfõ wdmÞ l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq ùu wdrïN ù we;af;a iajdNdúl
wdmÞ wjÞkï wju lsÍfï wka;¾cd;sl oYlh ^1990& ;=< § h'
- 1995 j¾Ifha § wdmÞ l<ukdlrK leìkÜ wkqlñgqj msysgqùu fï wkqj jeo.;a h'
- cd;sl wdmÞ fmr iQÞkï iy wju lsÍfï ie,eiau iu`. cd;sl wdmÞ fmr iQÞkï iy
wju lsÍfï mk; o bÈßm;a úh'
- 1996 uehs ui iudc fiajd yd jks;d lghq;= wud;HdxYh hgf;a cd;sl wdmÞ l<ukdlrK
uOHia:dkh msysgqùu fuys § jeo.;a h'
wdmÞ l<ukdlrKh(
zzwdmÞjkag n,mdk fya;= je<elaùu" bka isÿ jk m%;súmdl wju lsÍu wdmÞ$yÈis wjia:djka
md,kh lsÍu i|yd uyck;djg iydh ùu ms‚i wjYH l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu" wdlD;s
ilia lsÍu" l%shdjg ke`.Su md,kh lsÍu yd kv;a;= lsÍuZZ wdmÞ l<ukdlrKh hs'
Y%S ,xldfõ wdmÞ l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh yd tys ld¾hNdrh(

- Y%S ,xldfõ wdmÞ wjÞku ms<sn| j ±ä j wjOdkh fhduq jQfha 2004 j¾Ifha isÿ jQ
iqkdñ jHikfhka miq j h' tA wkqj iudc fiajd wud;HdxYh hgf;a mej;s wdmÞ
l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh fjk u wud;HdxYhla hg;g m;a fldg m%uqL wjOdkhla
fhduq lrkq ,eìK' tA wkqj"
56
- i¾j mdCIsl ksfhdað;hska 21 fofkl=f.a iyNd.s;ajfhka ilia l< mia wjqreÿ
jevigykla l%shd;aul lsÍu'
- 2005 § wdmÞ wjÞkï l<ukdlrKh i|yd kS;s rduqjla y÷kajd §u
- 2005 uehs Y%S ,xld wdmod l<ukdlrK mk; bÈßm;a lsÍu
- 2005 uehs 13 Y%S ,xld wdmÞ l<ukdlrK cd;sl iNdjla msysgqùu
- 2005 cQks wOHCI ckrd,ajrhl= hgf;a wdmÞ l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh msysgqùu'
- th 2006 ckjdß udifha § w¨f;ka msysg jQ wdmÞ l<ukdlrK yd udkj ysñlï
wud;HdxYh hg;g f.k we;'
- lsishï cd;shla" iudchla iy mqoa.,hka úiska uqyKq fokq ,nk udkj" fN!;sl"
wd¾Ól wysñ ùï j<lajd ,Su yd wju lsÍu fuys wruqKq w;r jeo.;a h'
- yels b;d blaukska h:d ;;a;j a hg m;a lsÍug o wdmÞ l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh
jeo.;a fõ'
- wdmÞ l<ukdlrK ld¾hfha § tu uOHia:dkfha ixúOdk jHQyh my; ±lafõ'
Y% S ,xldfõ wdmod l<ukdlrK cd;s l iNdfõ jHQ yh
iudc fiajd fmd,sish

mqkre;a:dmkh yd wdmod l<ukdlrK cd;sl iNdj
uqo,a
m%;sks¾udKh
ksjdi lghq;= iNdm;s( w;s.re ckdêm;s;=ud bvï
WmiNdm;s( .re w.%dud;H;=ud
fi!LHh ëjr yd c,c iïm;a
úmCI kdhl;=ud
úoHdj yd ;dCIKh úfoaY lghq;=
ksjdi uy c, iemhqu
úmCI
weu;sjre uka;%Sjre
fjr< ixrCIKh uyd ud¾.
wdmod l<ukdlrK yd
c, iïmdokh udkj ysñlï
kd.ßl ixj¾Okh
wud;HdxYh wOHdmkh
n,Yla;sh
wdrCIdj mßirh
wdmod l<ukdlrK
uOHia:dkh DMC
uQ,dY%hh( Road map for disaster risk Management, vol. DMC Colombo; 2005 December
57
- tu wju lsÍï i|yd ueÈy;a ùfï § uOHu rch" m<d;a iNd yd m<d;a md,k
wdh;k Þhl lr .kS'
- wdmÞ l<ukdlrKhg jeä jYfhka Þhl lr.kakd wdh;k yd Tjqkaf.a ld¾hh
lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
• N+ úoHd yd m;,a leŒï ld¾hdxYh
- cd;Hka;r iy l,dmSh N+ñlïmd iy fmr wk;=re weÕùfï moaO;shg
iïnkaO j isàu
- Lksc øjH leŒu i|yd wjirm;a ksl=;a lsÍu
• cd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK wdh;kh
- rg jgd we;s uqyqÿ uÜgï udml .ek iqmÍCIdldÍ j isàu
- mSvdjg m;a úh yels m%cdjkag iy ëjrhka yg wdmod ms<sn| j ±kqï §u
iy tA i|yd iydh ùu
- uqyqÿ l=Kdgq ;;a;ajhka ms<sn| j ie,ls,af,ka isàu
• ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
- iqkdñ" iq<siq<x" l=Kdgq" uqyqo f.dv.e,Su wdÈ Wmøj ms<sn| f;dr;=re
yels blaukska ,nd .ekSu iy mqfrdal:kh lsÍu
- wdmÞ wjia:dj ms<sn| mQ¾j ±kqï §u
- meh 24 ;=< il%sh fiajd ,nd .ekSu
• m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,
- bj;a lsÍu iy uqÞ .ekSu
- wdrlaIl iyk l|jqre iy wdydr iemhSu
- mqkre;a:dmk iy m%;sixialrK
- fi!LH iy iqNidOl myiqlï we;s lsÍu
- wdmÞ lghq;= l<ukdlrKh yd iïnkaëlrKh
• by; wdh;kj, ld¾h iïnkaëlrKh lrñka wdmÞ wjÞkï l<ukdlrKh
lsÍu wdmÞ l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkfha ld¾hNdrh hs'
wdmÞ l<ukdlrK pl%h

- wdmÞ l<ukdlrKh i|yd úúO rgj,a úúO jQ m%fõYhka wkq.ukh lrhs'
- Y%S ,xldj iqkdñ wdmÞjg fmr iyk iemhSu uq,a fldg .;a iudc fiajd
ld¾hhkag m%uqL;ajhla § l%shd lr we;'
- 2004 j¾Ifha we;s jQ iqkdñ wdmÞj;a iu`. wdmÞ l<ukdlrK mk; f.keú;a" tu`.ska
wdmÞ l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkhg jeä n,;, mejßKs'
- Y%S ,xldfõ we;s jk ieu wdmÞ wjÞkula u y÷kd f.k l<ukdlrKh lsÍug fmdÿ jQ
l<ukdlrK m%fõYhla Tjqka bÈßm;a lr we;'
- tu`.ska wdmÞ wjÞku uev,Su" wju lsÍu" fmr iQÞku" n,mEï ord.ekSfï yelshdj iy
m%;sm;a;s iy Wmdh ud¾. l%shd;aul lsÍug ixúOdk i;= yelshdj o mßmd,k ;SrK
l%shd;aul lsÍfï yelshdj o flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'
58
fmr iQÞku (Preparedness)

wdmÞjkag n,mdk fya;= yd wdmÞj iïnkaOfhka wkdjels m%ldY lsÍfï yelshdj" thg
m%;spdr ±laùug yd wdmÞ iu`. Èú f.ùug yels jk mßÈ lghq;= lsÍug l%uj;a jev
ms<sfj<la l%shd;aul lsÍu'
ksoiqka(
- kdh hEula we;s ùug fmr foaY.=‚l jYfhka yd fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykh weiqßka
fjkila fõ kï tAjd y÷kd .ekSfï yelshdj ;sîu wjYH fõ'
- fufia y÷kd .ekSfuka wdmÞjg Yla;su;a j uqyqK §ug yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
- wjÞku wju lsÍfï jevigyka fuu`.ska ielish yels h'
- ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍfï jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu
• w;HjYH NdKav tl;=jla ilid yÈis wjia:djl m%fhdackhg .ekSug ;eîu
• ikaksfõok udOHhkag ijka §u$wk;=re ix×j,g ijka §u
m%;spdr ±laùfï wjia:dj (Response)

wdmÞjkag f.dÿre jQ ck;djf.a uQ,sl wdrCIdj iy iykdOdr wjYH;d iemhSu i|yd
iydh ùug wjYH l%shdldrlï ieliSu fuu wjia:dfõ § isÿ fõ' m%;spdr ±laùu tA tA wdmÞ
wkqj fjkia úh yels h'
WÞ( kdh hEu
- wk;=re weÕùu iy fírd .ekSu
- wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍu
- wk;=rg ,la jQ whg ffjoH m%;sldr ,nd §u
- yelshdjla we;akï fN!;sl foam< bj;a lr .ekSu
- ck;djg ;djld,sl ksjdi yd wdydr mdk imhd §u
- w,dN ydks ;lafiare lr .ekSu
- Yla;us ;a iïnkaëlrKh
59
h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu (Recovery)
wdmÞ wjÞku wju lr m%cdj kj ;;a;ajhlg fhduq lsÍu iy tA i|yd Èßu;a lsÍu
isÿ lrk w;r;=r § u wdmÞj uqyqK ÿka m%cdfõ Ôjk ;;a;ajh fmr ;snQ ;;a;ajhg
fyda Bg jvd jeä ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhlg fyda f.k taug l%shd lsÍu yd wjYH ;SrK .ekSu
fuys § isÿ fõ'
ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;s ieliSfï § o fï ms<sn| j i,ld ne,sh hq;= h'
WÞ( kdh hEï
- wdmÞjg f.dÿre jQ ck;djf.a YdÍßl yd udkisl fi!LH uÜgu h:d
;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍfï jevms<sfj<la l%shd;aul lsÍu
- ydks jQ ksjdi yd há;, myiqlï ;djld,sl j fuka u iaÓr j o f.dvke`.Sfï
jevms<sfj<la Èh;a lsÍu
- wdmÞjg uqyqK ÿka m%cdjf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh fmr ;snQ ;;a;ajhg jvd jeä
ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhlg m;a lsÍug l%shdud¾. .ekSu ^wd¾Ól lghq;= i|yd myiqlï
iemhSu&
wju lsÍu (Mitigation)

Wmøj uev,Sfuka yd yelshdjka f.dvke.Sfuka wdmÞjkag f.dÿre ùfï bvlv wju lsÍu
fuys § wfmalaIs; h' wdmÞ l<ukdlrK pl%h ;=< wju lsÍug .kakd l%shdud¾." bka miq
t<fUk fmr iQÞkug o iïnkaO fõ' fï ksid fuu wjia:d folg u .efkk l%shdud¾.
o fï ;=< wka;¾.; h' wdmÞ wjÞku wju lsÍu i|yd m%fõY lSmhla mj;S'
• wjÞkug fmr
- wjÞku ;lafiare lsÍu
- wk;=re weÕùfï moaO;s iú lsÍu
- wjÞku wju lsÍfï fuj,ï y÷kajd §u
- wju lsÍfï mQ¾j iQÞkï jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu
- ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍu yd m%cd iyNd.s;ajh
- wdh;ksl Yla;sjka; Ndjh we;s lsÍu
• wdmÞ wjia:dj
- wk;=re weÕùu yd fírd .ekSu
- yÈis l%shdldrlï
- Yla;u s ;a iïnkaëlrK hdka;%Kh
• wdmÞjg miq
- wdmÞ ydks ;lafiare lr tAjdg ms<shï bÈßm;a lsÍu
- ±kqïj;a lsÍï
- ixj¾Okh bÈßhg lrf.k hdu'
60
1. Y%S ,xldjg n,mdk tla wdmÞjla ksoiqka f,i f.k tAjd l<ukdlrKh lr.kakd wdldrh
wdmÞ l<ukdlrK pl%hg wkqj idlÉPd lrkak'
2' Y%S ,xldjg jvd;a n,mdk wdmÞjla weiqßka wdmÞ wjia:djl § wdmÞ l<ukdlrK
uOHia:dkfha ld¾hNdrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
61
ksmqK;dj ( 14'0 iajNdj O¾uh yd iudch w;r iqixfhda.S wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj

m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd mDÓúh yd tys jeishka ms<sn| j ukd
wjOdkhlska lghq;= lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 14'1 cd;Hka;r yd m%dfoaYSh mdßißl ixúOdkj, N+ñldj mÍCId lrhs'
14'2 Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%shd;aul jk mdßißl ixúOdkj, N+ñldj mÍCId

lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 12 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • cd;Hka;r yd m%dfoaYSh mdßißl ixúOdk ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh lr

f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%shd;aul jk mdßißl jeo.;alulska hq;= ixúOdkj,
odhl;ajh úia;r lrhs'
ye¢kaùu ( j¾;udk f,dalh m%n, mdßißl w¾nqo /ilg uqyqK md we;s w;r
ñksidf.a ueÈy;a ùu fuu m%n,;ajfhys ;Sj%;dj jeä ùug fya;= ù ;sfí'
tfuka u fuu w¾nqo tla rglg ;ksj úi|d.; fkdyels uÜgulg o
m;aj we;' tkï mßirh f,djg u fmdÿ jk ksid .eg¨ o f,djg u
fmdÿ h' tAjdfha n,mEïj,g o fmdÿfõ uqyqK §ug f,djg isÿ j we;'
ixj¾Okh" ckixLHd j¾Okh iu`. mdßißl .eg¨j, m%n, nj jeä jk

w;r foaYmd,k fya;= ksid fïjdfha ;Sj%;dj ;j ÿrg;a jeä ù we;' tfyhska
mßir .eg¨ úi|d .ekSu i|yd f,dalfha rgj,a tlaj fmdÿ wruqKlska
hqla; ixúOdk msysgqjdf.k lghq;= lsÍug fm,ö we;' tA wkqj ;ks j .eg¨
úi|d .ekSug fkdj tla j tAjd úi|d .ekSug f,dalfha rdcH lghq;= lrhs'
Y%S ,xldfõ o fujeks ixúOdk rdYshla msysgqjd we;s w;r Y%S ,xldj iïnkaO
ù we;s mdßißl ixúOdk o /ils' tjeks ixúOdk lsysmhla yd tAjdfha
ld¾hNdrh úuiqu fuys § isÿ flf¾'

14'1 cd;Hka;r yd m%foaYSh mdßißl ixúOdk
• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk - United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)
- 1972 iaùvkfha iafgdlafydaï w.kqjr mej;s udkj mßirh ms<sn| tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
m%:u iuq¿fjys m%;sM,hla f,i tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk ìys úh'
- flkahdfõ khsfrdaìys uQ,ia:dkh msysgqjd we;s fuu ixúOdkh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
wfkl=;a ish¨ ixúOdk iu`. o rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yd rdcHhka iu`. o
lghq;= lrhs'
- ixúOdkfha m%uqL;dj jkqfha ksjerÈ jQ o ld,Sk jQ o" úoHd;aul o;a; ms<sn| iy;sl
62
ùu;a" tu o;a; yd f;dr;=re wjYH ;SrK .kakd mqoa.,hka w;g m;a lsÍu;a h'
- 1987 § fkda¾fõ w.ue;sj isá f.%da yd,ï nDDkaÜ,kaâf.a iNdm;s;ajfhka msysgjQ
mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r fldñifuka —wfma fmdÿ wkd.;h˜ (Our
Common Future) .%ka:h m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfuka t'cd'mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn|
iuq¿j ^ßfhda iuq¿j$ñysl; iuq¿j& ixúOdkh úh'
- —wfma fmdÿ wkd.;h˜ (Our Common Future) lD;sfhka mßirh iq/lSu" wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okh yd mßirh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'
• tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßirh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| iuq¿j 1992 cQ,s 01 isg 14 f;la n%iS,fha
ßfhda o cekhsfrdays § mj;ajk ,È'
- fuh f,dalfha rgj,a 172la ksfhdackh lrñka rdcH kdhlhka jeä u msßila
iyNd.s jQ iuq¿jla úh'
- ñysl; iuq¿fjys f;audj jQfha zzmßirh yd ;srir ixj¾OkhZZ hs'
- fuu iuq¿fjka ìys jQ m%ldY lSmhla we;'
1' 21 kHdh m;%h
2' ixj¾Okh yd mßirh ms<sn| ßfhda m%ldYh
3' jkdka;r uQ,O¾u ms<sn| m%ldYh
4' foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| t'cd'rduq.; iïuq;sh
5' ffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| j jk t'cd'rduq.; iïuq;sh
6' wdÈjdiSkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu
by; m%ldYkj,g wkqj ñysl; iuq¿fjys ld¾hNdrh m%Odk fldgia ;=klska oelaúh yels
h'
1' ieu ñksfil= u ia:djr wkd.;hlg uqyqK Èh yels jk fia mDÓú mßirh
/l.ekSu yd mßirh yd wd¾Ól lghq;= w;r .e<mSula we;s lsÍug wjYH iaÓr
mshjr .ekSu'
2' udkj ixy;sfha wkd.;h w¨;a u`.lg fhduq lsÍu i|yd ñksiqka tAlrdYs lsÍu
3' mßirfha .=Kd;aul Ndjh mj;ajdf.k hdu yd mdßißl jYfhka hym;a ia:djr
ÈhqKqjla ieu rgl u we;s lsÍu' WÞ( jdhqf.da,h wdrCId lsÍu" mDÓú iïm;a
wdrCId lsÍu
- Èk .Kkdjla mej;s ñysl; iuq¿fjka mßirhg yd ;srir ixj¾Okhg wÞ< idlÉPd
mj;ajd —21 kHdh m;%hla˜ hk uefhka cd;Ska ish,a, tlÕ úh hq;= iïuq;s folla
bÈßm;a lrk ,È' tAjdfha we;s jeo.;a tlÕ;d folla kï(
• jdhqf.da,hg tla jk we;eï jdhq u`.ska yß;d.dr wdprKhla we;s ùu;a" tA
u`.ska foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï we;s ùu;a je<elaùu i|yd ñksia l%shdldrlï
u`.ska tjeks jdhq j¾. jdhqf.da,hg tla ùu je<elaùug ish¨ md¾Yajhka
tlÕ úh hq;= h'
• i;a;aj yd Ydl úfYaI wdrCId lsÍu u`.ska f.da,Sh ffcj úúO;a jh
iq/lSug;a tu ffcj úúO;ajh jkik ieu l%shdud¾.hlska u je<elaùug;a
ish¨ md¾Yajhka tlÕ;dj m< l< hq;= h'
- t'cd' mßir jevigyk ;u ld¾hhka" mßirh ms<sn| ±kqïj;alu" ldka;dÍlrK
63
md,kh jeks wxY 11lg fnÞ l%shd;aul lrhs'
- nexfldla" fulaisflda isá" lsx.aiagka" nyf¾ka" ðkSjd yd we;ekaia hk l,dmSh
uOHia:dkj,g fuu jevigyfkys lghq;= úuOH.; lr we;'
- UNEP ixúOdkh mdßißl fCIa;%h ;=< úIhhka lsysmhla úfYaI f,alï ld¾hd,
myla Ndrj lghq;= lrhs'
1' ydkslr ridhksl øjH - ðkSjd
2' l¾udka; yd mßirh - meßish
3' ydkslr wmøjH foaYiSud yryd m%jdyKh yd tAjd neyer lsÍu md,kh -
ðkSjd
4' j| ù hdfï ;¾ckhg ,la ù we;s Ôùka fjf<|du ms<sn| iïuq;sh - ðkSjd
5' idxl%u‚l i;a;ajhka ms<sn| iïuq;sh - fndka
iajNdjO¾uh ixrCIKh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r ix.uh - International Union for Conservation of

Nature (IUCN)
- m%:u cd;Hka;r mdßißl ixúOdkh jk fuh 1948 § m%xYfha Fontainebleau
k.rh uQ,ia:dkh fldg msysgqjk ,È'
- miqld,Sk j ixúOdkfha uQ,ia:dkh iaúÜi¾,ka;fha Gland k.rfha msysgqjk ,È'
- IUCNys m%Odk ld¾h lsysmhls'
1' j;auka yd wkd.; ñksia m%cdjf.a hym; i|yd h<s we;s l< yels iïm;a
úNjh ukd fia kv;a;= lsÍu u`.ska ;srir ixj¾Okh iy;sl lsÍu'
2' úfYaI wdrlaIdjla fkdue;s N+ñ yd id.r m%foaYj, wdrCIdj yd
l<ukdlrKh u`.ska iajdNdúl iïm;a ixrCIKh iy fndfyda Ydl yd
i;a;aj úfYaI m%udKj;a ixLHdjlska mj;ajdf.k hdu'
3' ksfhdackd;aul yd iqúfYaI m%cdjla iys; Ydl yd i;a;ajhka we;=<;a jk
N+ñ yd lrÈh yd ñßÈh m%foaY wdrCId lsÍu'
4' tjeks lsisÿ Ydl fyda i;a;ajhka úfYaIhla j| ùfï ;¾ckhg ,la fkdjk
mßÈ tAjdfha wdrCIdj iy;sl lr,Su i|yd l%fudamdh ilia lsÍu'
5' jdhqf.da,h ms<sn| mq¿,a mrdihl lghq;= lsÍu'
6' cd;Hka;r iïuq;s bgq lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu'
7' úúO rdcHhka l,dmSh wdh;k yd rdcH wdh;kj, m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul
lsÍu'
- IUCN úiska mßirh ms<sn| úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqlrñka i;a;aj úfYaI ixrCIKh"
Ydl ixrCIKh" f;;aìï ixrCIKh yd wdrCIs; m%foaY l<ukdlrKh jeks úfYaI
jHdmD;s o isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
- IUCN úiska mßirh iïnkaO mqj;a iÕrd iy r;= o;a; fmd; jeks m%ldYk jd¾Isl j"
w¾O jd¾Isl j yd udisl j m< lrhs'
- Y%S ,xldfõ fN!;sl mßirfha we;s ffcj úúO;aj m%fNao wOHhkfhys ,d jk ixrlaIK
fomd¾;fïka;=jg Ys,amSh wdOdr ,nd §u yd T!Iëh Ydl ixrCIKh lsÍu i|yd Ys,amSh
iyfhda.s;dj ,nd §u jeks ld¾hhkag IUCN Y%S ,xldjg wdOdr imhhs'
64
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| rduq.; iïuq;sh - United Nations Framework Convention
on ClimagteChange (UNFCC):
- t'cd'mßir iuq¿fõ § t<ô iïuq;shla f,i fuh ye¢kaúh yels h'
- 1992 cQks ui isg fuu iïuq;sh n,.ekaúKs'
- md¾Yajlrejka ixLHdj 2015 jk úg 197ls'
- jd¾Isl j md¾Yajlrejka yuq jk w;r tu yuqùu md¾Yajlrejkaf.a iïfï,kh ^COP&
hkqfjka y÷kajhs'
- UNFCCys uQ,sl wruqK jkqfha yß;d.dr jdhq ia:djr uÜgulg f.k tAu hs'
- lsis u rglg yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh ms<n| j iSudjka fkdmkjk w;r tA tA rgj,g
úfudapk jdhq uÜgï ms<sn| j ;SrK .ekSug bvlv imhd we;'
- UNFCC u`.ska meje;ajQ lsfhdaf;da iuq¿j u`.ska ixj¾ê; rgj,g yß;d.dr jdhq
úfudapkh ms<sn| j iSud mkjd we;'
- fulaisfldaj meje;ajQ CANCUN iuq¿j u`.ska f.da,Sh WKqiqu md,kh ms<sn| j Wmfoia
,nd § we;'
- PARIS - 2015 iuq¿fjka yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh iSud lsÍu ms<sn| j idlÉPd lr
we;'
ol=Kq wdishd;sl iyfhda.s;d mdßißl jevigyk - South Asia Co-operative Environmental

Programme (SACEP)
- l,dmSh mßir ixúOdkhla f,i 1982 jif¾ § werô fuhg ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,a 8
tla j isà'
- fuys uQ,ia:dkh fld<U msysgqjd we;'
- ifima ixúOdkh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyfkys ol=Kq wdishdkq uqyqÿ f,alï
ld¾hd,hh f,i o lghq;= lrhs'
- fuh wdishdkq l,dmSh fldr,amr ixúOdkh jeks cd;Hka;r ixúOdk
iu`. iyfhda.fhka jev lghq;= lrhs'
- ixúOdkh úiska ish ld¾hhkag úIh m:hka 15 la y÷kdf.k tAjd idudðl rgj,a
w;r my; whqßka fnÞ § we;'
1' bkaÈhdj - kS;s ilia lsÍu" wOHdmkh yd mqyqKq lsÍu

2' brdkh - n,Yla;s" j.lSï yd mdßißl .=Kh
3' nx.a,dfoaYh - lfvd,dk" fv,agd yd fjr< l,dmh
4' fkamd,h - ixpdrl l¾udka;h
5' mdlsia;dkh - mßir moaO;s yd m%cd jk j.dj
6' Y%S ,xldj - mdßißl n,mEu ;lafiarej" msßjeh m%;s,dN úYaf,aIKh
7' ifima ixúOdkh - ldka;dÍlrKh yd m%foaYSh uqyqÿ îuia;hla f,i&
65
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdldrlu
fuh lKavdhï fyda flaj, fyda l%shdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh l< yels h'
l%shdldrlu(
f;dard.;a wka;¾cd;sl mßir ixúOdk ;=kla ms<sn| úia;r m;%sldjla ilia lsÍu
1' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk
(United Nation's Environmental Programme)
2' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ld,.=K fjkia ùï ms<sn| rduq.; iïuq;sh
(United Nation's Framework Convention on Climate Change)
3' iajNdjO¾uh ixrCIKh i|yd jQ wka;¾cd;sl ix.uh
(International Union for Conservation of Nature)
by; mßir ixúOdk ms<sn| j my; i|yka Ys¾I hgf;a úia;r m;%sldj ilia lsÍu wfmalaIs; h'
- ixúOdkfha wruqKq$N+ñldj
- l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk jHdmD;s ms<sn| úia;r
- Y%S ,xldj yd iïnkaO ld¾hNdrh
66
14'2 Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%shd;aul jk mdßißl ixúOdkj, N+ñldj
uOHu mßir wêldßh - Central Environment Authority (CEA)

- Y%S ,xldfõ mdßißl m%;sm;a;s yd l%fudamdhhka ilia lsÍfï yd wÞ< úúO wdh;k
iïnkaëlrKh lsÍfï m%Odk;u wdh;kh jk —uOHu mßir wêldßh˜ 1980 wxl 47
ork cd;sl mdßißl mkf;a ksfhda. wkqj msysgqjd we;'
- fuys m%Odk j.lSu jkqfha ixj¾Ok lghq;= ie,iqïlrKfha § mdßißl wjOdkh

fhduq lrùu iy iajdNdúl iïm;a yd mßirh ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhSu h'
- 1984 isg l%shd;aul jk mßÈ rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ish¨ u ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s
i|yd —mdßißl n,mEï ;lafiarejla˜ ilia l< hq;= njg;a" tAjdg wksjd¾hfhka u
uOHu mßir wêldßfha ks¾foaYh yd wkqu;sh w;HjYH njg;a kS;s iïu; flre‚'
- 1988 § uOHu mßir wêldßh úiska m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o —cd;sl ixrCIK Wmdh
ud¾.˜ b;d jeo.;a h' tu`.ska ixj¾Okfha § mdßißl n,mEï wju lr.; yels
wdldrh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'
- wêldßfhys lghq;= §mjHdma; j bgq lsÍu i|yd Èia;%sla mdßißl ksfhdað;dh;k

25la msysgqjd ;sfí'
- iajdNdúl iïm;aj,g n,mEï we;s jkafka kï tA ms<sn| j f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu yd

tA wkqj lghq;= lsÍu o uOHu mßir wêldßfhys ld¾hhls'
- mßir wdrCIKfhys jeo.;alu ms<sn| j úúO l%ufõo fhdÞ .ksñka ck;dj ±kqïj;a
lsÍfï jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu o fuu wdh;kfhka isÿ lrhs'
- mßirh ms<sn| j ie,ls,a,la olajk ck;djla ìys lsÍug wjYH mßir wOHdmkhla
yd ±kqïj;alula ck;dj ;=< we;s lsÍu o wêldßfhys uQ,sl ld¾hhls'
- uOHu mßir wêldßh úiska cd;sl mdßißl úu¾Yk flakaøhla ìys lsÍu' tA
u`.ska mßirh yd iïnkaO o;a; iy f;dr;=re /ia lr ;eîu o fuys m%Odk ld¾hhls'
- mßir m%;sm;a;s yd ixrCIK l%fudamdh ilia lsÍu i|yd l,ska l,g wjYH jk
f;dr;=re yd o;a; moaO;shla ms<sfh< lsÍu o fuu`.ska isÿ fõ'
cd;sl c,c iïm;a m¾fhaIK ksfhdacH wdh;kh - National Aquatic Resources Agency (NARA)
- Y%S ,xldfõ c,c iïm;a ixj¾Okh yd l<ukdlrK lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh"

m¾fhaIK mj;ajdf.k hdu hk ld¾hhka bgq lsÍu i|yd 1981 wxl 54 ork mk;ska
kdrd (NARA) wdh;kh msysgqjk ,È'
- wdh;kfha m%Odk ld¾hh jkqfha Y%S ,xldfõ iduqøsl wkkH wd¾Ól l,dmfha mek
k`.sk .eg¨ ms<sn| lghq;= lsÍu yd Bg uqyqK §u hs'
67
- Y%S ,xldfõ c,c iïm;a l<ukdlrKh" ixj¾Okh yd m¾fhaIK lghq;= isÿ lrkqfha
o kdrd wdh;kh u`.sks'
- ðù yd wÔù c,c iïm;a iïnkaO j cd;sl ixj¾Ok jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍfï

§ ;dCI‚l úfYaI{hkaf.a iydh ,nd.ekSu o fuys m%uqL ld¾hhls'
- c,c iïm;a wêNdú;h l<ukdlrKh" ixrCIKh iy ixj¾Okh iïnkaO j

úoHd;aul ;dCI‚l yd ffk;sl wxYhkaf.a WmfoaYk fiajd iemhSu iy thg
iïnkaO wdh;k lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu o isÿ flf¾'
- Y%S ,xldfõ ëjr l¾udka;h yd c,c iïm;a ixj¾Okh ixrlaIKh yd l<ukdlrKh

iïnkaOfhka we;s o;a; yd f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu" m%pdrh lsÍu yd m%ldYhg m;a
lsÍu o kdrd wdh;kh u`.ska isÿ lrhs'
- Èjhsk wjg .eUqre iy fkd.eUqre uqyÿq j, fuka u wNHka;r c,dYj, o c, úoHd;aul

f;dr;=re yd kdúl f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu ms<sfh< lsÍu yd m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu o
by; iEu wxYhlg u wÞ< udkj iïm;a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd mqyqKq mdGud,d
meje;aùu o kdrd wdh;kh isÿ lrhs'
fjr< ixrCIK fomd¾;fïka;=j - Coast Conservation Department (CCD)
- ¥m;a rdcHhla ùu ksid Y%S ,xldfõ fjr< l,dmh mdßißl yd wd¾Ól jYfhka b;d
jeo.;a h' ffk;sl j fjr< hkqfjka ye¢kafjkqfha udOH by< c, uÜgfï isg
óg¾ 300la f.dvìu foig o udOH my< c, uÜgfï isg ls'ó' 2la uqyqo foig o
me;sfrk mq¿,a m%foaYh hs'
- fjr< ixrCIKh ms<sn| jeä wjOdkh fhduq jQfha 1963 j¾Ihg miq j jk w;r Bg
fmr úúO fomd¾;fïka;= hgf;a tu lghq;= isÿ úh' fï wkqj 1963 § fjr<
ixrCIKfhys jeo.;alu ksid fld<U jrdh fldñiu hgf;a fjk u wxYhla
f,i fuh ia:dmkh lrk ,È'
- 1978 j¾Ifha § fjr< ixrCIKh ëjr wud;HdxYh hg;g mjrd we;s w;r 1981 wxl
57 orK fjr< ixrCIK mk; hgf;a 1984 § fjr< ixrCIK fomd¾;fïka;=j
msysgqjk ,È'
- 1988 wxl 64 ork ixfYdaê; mk; u`.ska o fjr< ixrCIKhg wÞ< ld¾hhka yd
wruqKq olajd we;' ta wkqj fjr< ixrCIK ie,iqï lsysmhla bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'
1' 1990 fjr< ixrCIKh yd l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| uyd ie,eiau

2' 1992 fjr< ixrCIK ie,eiau
- fjr< ixrCIK fomd¾;fïka;=fjys ld¾h my; ±lafõ'
1' fjr< wdY%s; lghq;= fjkqfjka n,m;% ,nd §fï ld¾hhka l%shd;aul lsÍu
68
2' cd;sl fjr< l,dmSh l<ukdlrK ie,iqï ilia lsÍu
3' f;dard.;a úfYaI jQ m%foaYj, l<ukdlrK lghq;= l%shd;aul lsÍu
4' je,s f.dv ±óu yd fldr,a ms<sn| kshdukh lsÍu
5' fjr< l,dmSh mßir lghq;= ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su
6' fjr< bxðfkare lghq;= ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su
7' fjr< wdrCIs; bÈ lsÍï lsÍu
8' yÈis wdmÞj, § fjr< wdrCIs; lghq;= lsÍu
9' fjr< ixrCIKh ms<sn| wOHdmk lghq;=j, fh§u
cd;sl f.dvke`.s,s m¾fhaIK wdh;kh - National Building Research Organisation (NBRO)
- wdmÞ l<ukdlrK wud;HdxYh hgf;a 1983 jif¾ § fuu wdh;kh msysgqjd we;'
- cd;sl f.dvke`.s,s m¾fhaIK wdh;kh nyq úIhSh jk w;r tA wkqj úoHd;aul

wxY yhlg fnÞ we;'
- kdh hEï wOHhkh - N+ ;dCIKh
- mßir wOHhkh - udkj ckdjdi
- f.dvke`.s,s øjH m¾fhaIK - jHdmD;s l<ukdlrKh
- kdh hEï wOHhkh u`.ska kdh hEï l,dm is;shï.; lsÍu" kdh hEï Wjÿr
y`ÿkd .ekSu iy kdh hEfï wjÞku úYaf,aIKh lsÍu" kdh hEug ,la jQ l÷
nEjqï ia:dhSlrKh yd mQ¾j wk;=re we`.ùu wdÈh isÿ lrhs'
- mßir wOHhkh ;=<ska c,fhys yd jd;fhys .=Kd;aul Ndjh ms<sn| mÍCIK

Yío yd fooreï uÜgu uekSu" mßir l<ukdlrKh" jevuq¿ yd mqyqKq mdGud,d
meje;aùu fuka u mdßißl ¥IK md,kh o isÿ flf¾'
- N+ ;dCI‚l wxYh u`.ska N+ñNd. .fõIKh" mdxY= .fõIKh" yd bÈ lsÍï wëCIKh

isÿ flf¾'
- f.dvke`.s,s øjH m¾fhaIK wxYh u`.ska fldkal%SÜj, ;;a;aj mÍlaIdj" jdfka lïìj,
wkql+,;dj msßlaiSu yd ueá .fvd¿" ghs,a yd isfuka;s ksIamdok mÍCIdj isÿ lrhs'
- udkj ckdjdi wxYh u`.ska ckdjdi wdY%s; wdmÞ wjÞkï l<ukdlrKh" udkj
ckdjdi wdY%s; mdßißl n,mEï wOHhkh isÿ lrhs'
- jHdmD;s l<ukdlrK wxYh u`.ska f.dvke`.s,s bÈ lsÍug wjYH .Dy ks¾udK ie,iqï
jHQyd;aul bxðfkare ie,iqï iy c, iemhSu" kj f.dvke`.s,s bÈ lsÍu i|yd wjYH
weia;fïka;= ms<sfh< lsÍu fuka u mer‚ yd w¨;a f.dvke`.s,s mÍCId lr n,d tys
jHQyd;aul ia:djrNdjh úYaf,aIKh fldg ;;a;aj jd¾;d ms<sfh< lsÍu wdÈh isÿ flf¾
'
69
N+ úoHd ióCIK yd m;,a ld¾hdxYh - Geological Survey and Mining Bureau (GSMB)
- N+ úoHd ióCIK yd m;,a ld¾hdxYh hkq N+ úoHd ióCIK lghq;= yd N+ leŒï iïnkaO
.fõIK" wOHhk yd kshduk ld¾hhkays ,d l%shdldÍ f,i Þhl jk wdh;khls'
- 1992 wxl 33 ork m;,a yd Lksc øjH mk; hgf;a 1993 ud¾;= ia:dmkh l< fuh w¾O
rdcH wdh;khls' 1993 f;la fuh N+ úoHd ióCIK fomd¾;fïka;=j f,i mej;S ;sfí'
- N+ úoHd wxYh yd leŒï wxYh f,i fuys m%Odk fldgia folls' fuys m%Odk ld¾h
lSmhls'
1' Y%S ,xldjg wÞ< úúO N+ úoHd;aul is;shï ilia lsÍu îs;shï úoHd tAllh&
2' Y%S ,xld N+ñh ;=< jQ Lksc iïm;a y÷kd.ekSug wjYH uQ,sl N+ úoHd;aul o;a;
tl;= fldg iúia;r .fõIK i|yd fhduq lsÍu" Lksc iïm;a ixj¾Okh yd
;srir Ndú;h Èß .ekaùu ^N+ fN!;sl úoHd úoHd.drh&
3' Lksc .fõIK" leŒï" fj<|du yd m%jdyKh iy wmkhkh kshdukh lsÍu yd

wÞ< rdcH Nd. ,nd.ekSug lghq;= lsÍu ^n,m;% yd l%shdmámdáh&
4' Lksc iïm;a ixj¾Ok ld¾hfhys ,d wÞ< úIhNdr wud;Hjrekag Wmfoia ,nd §u'
5' YS%s ,xldj ;=< yd wjg N+ lïmk jeks iajdNdúl jHik wjÞku ksÍlaIKh lsÍu yd
N+ bxðfkare jHdmD;s ld¾hhka i|yd Þhl;ajh ,nd §u ^N+ lïmk o;a; yd iqkdñ
ksÍCIK uOHia:dkh&
70
ksmqK;dj ( 7'0 wdlr l¾udka;fha m%jK;d mÍCIdlr Ñria:dhS f,i Lksc iïm;a
Ndú; lsÍfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 7'1 f,dalfha wdlr l¾udka;fha jHdma;sh" ksIamdokh" fjf<òdu" .eg¨"
yd m%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 14 hs
bf.kqï m, ( • wdlr l¾udka;h hkq l=ula ±hs w¾: olajhs'

• fmfg%da,h
s ïj," .,a w`.=rej, iy hmiaj, f,dal jHdma;h
s is;h
s ï weiqfrka
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• f,dal fmfg%da,shï l¾udka;h yd ta wdY%s; ksIamdok úia;r lrhs'
• f,dal fmfg%da,shï fjf<|dfï iajNdjh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• f,dal .,a w`.==re ksIamdokh yd ta wdY%s; l¾udka; úia;r lrhs'
• f,dal .,a w`.==re fjf<|dfï iajNdjh úia;r lrhs'
• f,dal hmia ksIamdokh yd fjf<|du wdY%s; ,CIK úia;r lrhs'
• f,dal wdlr l¾udka;h wdY%s; m%jK;d úia;r lrhs'
• f,dal wdlr l¾udka;h wdY%s; w¾nqo meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ye¢kaùu ( f,dalfha l¾udka; m%Odk fldgia follg fnÞ ±laúh yels h' ksIamdok
l¾udka; yd ksIal¾Yl l¾udka; hkqfjks' ksIm a dok l¾udka; hkq wuqøjH
iy wfkl=;a idOl fhdÞf.k NdKav ksmoùu hs' ksIal¾Il l¾udka; hkq
mDÓúfha ;ekam;a j we;s Lksc øjH leŒï uÕska u;=msgg .ekSfï l%shdj,sh
hs' tA wkqj wdlr l¾udka;h ksIal¾Il l¾udka;hls'
wdlr l¾udka;hg ksoiqka f,i .,a w`.=re" hmia" fmfg%da,shï" iajdNdúl

jdhq" yqkq.,a" ueKsla" fvd,uhsÜ" uhsld leKSu oelaúh yels h' f;dard.;a
wdlr l¾udka; lsysmhl jHdma;h s " ksIamdokh" fjf<|du" m%jK;d yd .eg¨
ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu fuu tAllfhka wfmaCIs; h'
óg wjqreÿ oyia .Kklg fmr isg u wdlr l¾udka;h mej;s njg idOl ,efí' m iq
ld,fha ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj;a iu`. wdlr l¾udka;fha YS>% ÈhqKqjla isÿ úh'
wdlr leKSSu l%u follska isÿ flf¾'
• u;=msg leKSu - Surface Mining

fmdf<dfõ ksê jYfhka u;=msg fyda Bg wdikakfha fyda nEjqïj, fyda mj;sk Lksc
,nd .ekSu hs' Wod( fndr¿" ueá" je,s" lfndla" l¿.,a" .,a w`.=re'
• N+.; leKSu - Underground Mining

mDÓú wNHka;r leKSï u`.ska Lksc øjH ,nd .ekSuhs' Wod( hmia" .,a w`.=re" r;arka"
fmfg%da,shï
71
fmfg%da,shï - Petroleum(
fuh f,dalfha nyq, j Ndú; jk n,Yla;s uQ,hls' fmfg%da,shï ixÑ; msysgd we;af;a wjidos;
mdIdK ia;r wdY%s; j h' leKSï u`.ska ,nd .kakd fndrf;,a msßisÿ lsÍfuka fmg%,a" ãi,a"
N+ñf;,a mßfNdackhg .efka'
• n,Yla;s uQ,hla f,i fmfg%da,shï" hka;%iQ;% l%shdlrùug" r:jdyk Odjkhg yd

úÿ,sn,h ksmoùug fhdod .kS' Bg wu;r j fmfg%da,shï wdY%s; w;=re ksIamdok f,i
;dr" ridhksl fmdfydr" ,sysis f;,a" ma,diaála yd wdf,amk wdÈh oelaúh yels h'
• bkaOkhla jYfhka fmfg%da,shï Ndú;fha jdis lsysmhla u we;' th idfmaCIj nßka

wvq h' oykfha § lsisjla b;sß fkdfõ' øjhla ksid myiqfjka mßjykh l< yels h'
.Dyia: mßfNdackhg myiq h'
jHdma;sh
• f,dalfha ieu m%foaYhl u fmfg%da,shï jHdma; j fkdue;'

• oekg fidhd f.k we;s fmfg%da,h
s ï ixÑ;j,ska wvlg jvd jHdma; j we;af;a ueofmrÈ.
l,dmhg wh;a rgj, h'
• tu ixÑ;h fiiq f,dalfha uq¿ f;,a ixÑ;hg;a jvd wêl h'
• f;,a ixÑ; we;s wfkla rgj,a kï lekvdj" fjksishq,dj" weußld tlai;a ckmoh"
reishdj" ,sìhdj" Ökh" khsÔßhdj yd lilaia;dkh hs'
fjf<\u(
fmfg%da,shï fjf<\fï lemS fmfkk ,CIK lsysmhls'

• tlai;a ckmoh" Ökh yd lekvdj m%Odk ksIamdolhka jqj o m%Odk wmkhklrefjda
fkdfj;s'
• fmfg%da,shï wmkhk lrk m%Odk rgj,a(
rg jákdlu rg jákdlu
we'fvd' ì,shk we'fvd' ì,shk
reishdkq iuQydKavqj 153'9 lilaia;dkh 53'6
lekvdj 28'1 fkda¾fõ 45'5
tlai;a wrdì tó¾ 75'4 fulaisfldaj 35'9
khsÔßhdj 75'0 údkh 34'8
lafõÜ 69'3 t' rdcOdksh 28'9
• fmfg%da,shï wdkhkh lrk m%Odk rgj,a

rg jákdlu rg jákdlu
we'fvd' ì,shk we'fvd' ì,shk
we't' ckmoh 253'2 c¾uksh 65'7
Ökh 228'3 fko¾,ka;h 46'6
bkaÈhdj 135'8 iamd[a[h 44'3
cmdkh 130'7 m%xYh 38'9
o' fldßhdj 95'0 b;d,sh 38'5
uQ,dY%hh( http//www.gsmlondon.ac.uk
72
• m%Odk ksIamdolhka jk we't' ckmoh yd Ökh fmfg%da,shï wdkhkh lrk m%Odk
rgj,a o fõ'
• f,dalfha fmfg%da,shï ksIamdokh iy fjf<\u md,kh lrkq ,nkafka m%Odk iud.ï

lsysmhlsks'
frdah,a vÉ fI,a Royal Dutch Shell - fko¾,ka;h

fi!os we/ïflda Saudi Aramco - fi!Èwrdìh
ì%áIa fmfg%da,shï British Petroleum - ì%;dkHh
tlafidaka fudì,a Exxon Mobil - we't' ckmoh
fgdag,a SA Total SA - o' wm%sldj
• fmfg%da,shï fjf<\u ms<sn| taldêldrhla mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd msysgqjd .;a ixúOdk
o we;' WÞ( fmfg%da,shï wmkhk flfrk rgj, ixúOdkh (OPEC)
• fmfg%da,shï i|yd mj;akd b,aü YS>%fhka by< hhs' úfYaIfhka u ixj¾Okh fjñka
mj;akd rgj,ska o by< b,aüla we;'
.,a w`.=re - Coal
fmdis, bkaOkhla jk .,a w`.=re jDCI,;d Èrdm;a ùfuka ks¾udKh jQjls' Èrdm;a jQ Ydl
fldgia mdIdK ;Ügq w;r ;ekam;a ù È.= ld,hla mSvkhg ,la ù >k ldnka ;Ügq we;s fõ'
N+ wjqreÿ ñ,shk 300 muK fmr wx.drOr hq.fha (Carboniferous) .,a w`.=re ks¾udKh jQ nj
N= úoHd{hkaf.a woyi hs'
.,a w`.=re m%Odk j¾. y;rlg fldgia lrhs' ldnka m%;sY;h by< uÜgul mj;sk .,a
wÕ=re Wiia j¾.h fõ'
• m%c;= .,a w`.=re Ânthracite& ldnka m%;sY;h - 90]g jeä
• c;= .,a w`.=re ^Bituminous& - 60] - 80]
• ldIaÀl .,a w`.=re ^Lignite& - 45] - 60]
• Ô¾Kl .,a w`.=re ^Peat& - 20] - 45]
jHdma ; s h (
• f,dalfha .,a w`.=rej,ska 95] muK jHdma; j we;af;a W;=re w¾O f.da,fha h' m%Odk
ksIamdol rgj,a jkafka Ökh" tlai;a ckmoh" bkaÈhdj" íafÜ%,shdj" reishdj"
bkaÿkSishdj yd ol=Kq wm%sldj hs'
• fuu m%Odk rgj,g wu;r j c¾uksh" fmda,ka;h" lilaia;dkh" ;=¾lsh"

fldf,dïìhdj" hqlaf¾kh" .%Sish" lekvdj yd fpla ckrch o .,a w`.=re ksIamdolfhda
fj;s'
w`.=re jHdma;sh wkqj m%Odk l,dm y;rla y÷kd.; yel'

1' W;=re wfußldfõ uOHu yd kef`.kysr l,dmh
2' jhUÈ. hqfrdamd l,dmh
3' reishdkq l,dmh
4' kef`.kysr wdishdkq l,dmh
îs;shï weiqfrka l,dmSh jHdma;sh y÷kd .ekSug isiqka fhduq lrkak'&
73
7'1 j.=j - f,dalfha .,a wÕ=re ksIamdokh - 2015
rg ksIamdokh fgd'ñ'
Ökh 3747'0
tlai;a ckmoh 812'8
bkaÈhdj 677'5
íafÜ%,shdj 484'5
reishdj 377'3
bkaÿkSishdj 392'0
ol=Kq wm%sldj 352'1
c¾uksh 184'3
fmda,ka;h 135'5
lilaia:dkh 106'5
uQ,dY%hh( http://www.wikiwand.com/en/coal/coal industry
fjf<\u(
• 2003-2012 o;a; wkqj .,a w`.=re wmkhk l< m%Odk rgj,a y;r jkafka" bkaÿkSishdj"
íafÜ%,shdj" reishdj yd we't' ckmoh hs' ^7'2 j.=j&
• 2006-2010 o;a; wkqj m%Odk wdkhklrejka jkafka cmdkh" Ökh" ol=Kq fldßhdj yd
bkaÈhdj hs' ^7'3 j.=j&
• 2008-2013 f;la ld,h ;=< f,dal .,a w`.=re fjf<\u YS>%fhka j¾Okh úh' 2014 § th
meyeÈ,s wvq ùula isÿ úh' Bg m%Odk fya;=j jQfha Ökh úiska wdkhkh lrk ,o .,a w`.=re
m%udKh úYd, jYfhka my< hdu hs'
74
7'2 j.=j .,a w`.=re wmkhkh 2003 - 2012 ^fgd'ñ'&
rg 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
bkaÿkSishdj 107.8 131.4 142.0 192.2 221.9 228.2 261.4 316.2 331.4 421.8
íafÜ%,shdj 238.1 247.6 255.0 255.0 268.5 278.0 288.5 328.1 313.6 332.4
reishdj 41.0 55.7 98.6 103.4 112.2 115.4 130.9 122.1 140.1 150.7
tlai;a ckmoh 43.0 48.0 51.7 51.2 60.6 83.5 60.4 83.2 108.2 126.7
fldf,dïìhd 50.4 56.4 59.2 68.3 74.5 74.7 75.7 76.4 89.0 92.2
ol=Kq wm%sldj 78.7 74.9 78.8 75.8 72.6 68.2 73.8 76.7 75.8 82.0
75
lekvdj 27.7 28.8 31.2 31.2 33.4 36.5 31.9 36.9 37.6 38.8
lialaia:dkh 30.3 27.4 28.3 30.5 32.8 47.6 33.0 36.3 33.5 35.2
fudxf.da,shdj 0.5 1.7 2.3 2.5 3.4 4.4 7.7 18.3 26.1 24.3
úhÜkduh 6.9 11.7 19.8 23.5 35.1 21.3 28.2 24.7 19.7 21.1
Ökh 103.4 95.5 93.1 85.6 75.4 68.8 25.2 22.7 27.5 15.2
fmda,ka;h 28.0 27.5 26.5 25.4 20.1 16.1 14.6 18.1 15.0 14.9
tl;= j 713.9 764.0 936.0 1,000.6 1,073.4 1,087.3 1,090.8 1,212.8 1,286.7 1,413.9
uQ,dY%hh( http://en.m.wikipeia.org/wiki/coal
7.3 j.=j .,a wÕ=re wdkhkh 2006-2010 ^fgd'ñ'&
rg 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
cmdkh 199.7 209.0 206.0 182.1 206.7

Ökh 42.0 56.2 44.5 151.9 195.1
ol=Kq fldßhdj 84.1 94.1 107.1 109.9 125.8
bkaÈhdj 52.7 29.6 70.9 76.7 101.6
;dhsjdkh 69.1 72.5 70.9 64.6 71.1
c¾uksh 50.6 56.2 55.7 45.9 55.1
l=¾lsh 22.9 25.8 21.7 22.7 30.0
tlai;a rdcOdksh 56.8 48.9 49.2 42.2 29.3
b;d,sh 27.9 28.0 27.9 20.9 23.7
fko¾,ka;h 25.7 29.3 23.5 22.1 22.8
reishdj 28.8 26.3 34.6 26.8 21.8
m%xYh 24.1 22.1 24.9 18.3 20.8
we't'ckmoh 40.3 38.8 37.8 23.1 20.6
tl;=j 991.8 1,056.5 1,063.2 1,039.8 1,178.1
uQ,dY%hh: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/coal
hmia Iron Ore
• hlv f,dayh ,nd.; yels mdIdK j¾.h hmia f,i ye¢kafõ' f,dalfha hmia ksIamdokfhka
98]la muK u fhdod.kafka hlv yd jdfka ksIamdokh i|yd h'
• hmiaj, wvx.= hlv m%udKh wvq u hmia j¾.h jkafka isvrhsÜ (siderite) h' tys wvx.= hlv
m%udKh 48]la muK h' jeä u hmia m%udKhla tkï 70]la muK wvx.= hmia j¾.h
fyughsÜ (hematite)f,i ye¢kafõ'
hlv yd jdfka úúO ld¾ñl ksIamdokj,g mdol fõ'
jHdma;sh(
• f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, hmia ksê.; j ;snqK o jHdmdßl f,i m%fhdackhg .;

yels Wiia j¾.fha hmia we;af;a rgj,a lsysmhl muKs' ta w;ßka Ökh m%Odk jk w;r
íafÜ%,shdj" n%iS,h" bkaoshdj yd reishdj o hmia ksIamdokfha m%uqLfhda h' tfuka u
hqlaf¾kh" o'wm%sldj" we'tA'ckmoh" brdkh yd lekvdj o hmia ksIamdokh flfrk rgj,a
h'
76
• hmia jHdma;s m%foaY l,dmSh jYfhka o y÷kd.; yels h'
o W;=re wfußldfõ uydú,a m%foaYh
o hqlaf¾kh yd reishdfõ l=iafkÜiala m%foaYh
o Ökfha Idxis m<d;
o ol=Kq iqjfldõ" n%iS,h
o íafÜ%,shdfõ yeu¾ia,s jeáh
o uyd ì%;dkHfha ol=Kq fõ,aih" ñâ,ka; ksïkh" fImS,aâ yd n¾ñkayeï hk

m%foaY jeo.;a fõ'
f,dalfha m%Odk hmia ksIamdok rgj,a 7'4 j.=fjka ±lafõ'
fjf<\u
• hmia wmkhkh lrk m%Odk rgj,a jkafka íafÜ%,shdj" n%iS,h" o' wm%sldj" lekvdj yd
bkaÈhdj hs'
• wmkhklrejka w;r íafÜ%,shdj yd n%iS,h lemS fmfkk m%uqL;ajhla Wiq,hs'
^7'5 j.=j&
• m%Odk jYfhka hmia wdkhkh lrkafka Ökh" hqfrdamd ix.uhg wh;a rgj,a" cmdkh"
ol=Kq fldßhdj yd ;dhsjdkh hs'
• hmia fj<\fï lemS fmfkk ,CIKh jkafka b,aü YS>%fhka jeä ùu hs'
rgj - f,dal hmiaksks

7'4 j.= IamIdokh
amdokhfu'fgd'ñ'
- 2014
Ökh 1500
íafÜ%,shdj 660
n%iS,h 320
bkaÈhdj 150
reishdj 105
hqlaf¾kh 82
ol=Kq wm%sldj 78
we' tlai;a ckmoh 58
brdkh 45
lekvdj 41
uQ,dY%hh: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/iron-ore
77
7'5 j.=j - hmia wmkhkh lrk rgj,a - 2016
jákdlu
rg m%;sY;h
we'fvd'ì,shk
íafÜ%,shdj 39'5 55'0
n%iS,h 13'3 18'5
ol=Kq wm%sldj 3'6 5'0
lekvdj 2'9 4'0
hqlaf¾kh 2'3 3'2
iaùvkh 1'6 2'2
fko¾,ka;h 1'1 1'5
bkaÈhdj 1'0 1'4
brdkh 0'83 1'2
Ñ,S 0'82 1'2
uQ,dY%hh( http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/iron-ore
wdlr l¾udka;h wdY%s; m%jK;d
• uq,a ld,fha m%uqL jQ rgj,g tu ia:dkhka wysñ ùu yd kj ld¾ñl rgj,a wdlr

l¾udka;fha m%uqLhka ùu'
• .=Kd;aul Ndjfhka wvq f,day j¾. mjd ksIal¾IKh lsÍug fhduq ùu'
• ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mE idOlhla f,i Lksc ksê wdY%s; m%foaYj,
jeo.;alu wvq ùu'
• kj ;dCIKh Ndú; lsÍu yd hdka;%SlrKh'
• Lksc iïm;a l%ufhka CIh ùu yd ixrCIK Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i úl,am iïm;a flf¾
fhduq ùu'
wdlr l¾udka; wdY%s; .eg¨(
j¾;udkfha wdlr l¾udka;h wdY%s; j úúO .eg¨ u;= ù ;sfí' fïjd w;r
• wdlrj, .eUqr jeä ùu
• wdlr wdY%s; wk;=re jeä ùu
• ñksia Y%u Ndú;h i|yd we;s b,aü wvq ùu
• mdßißl .eg¨
• ksIamdok msßjeh by< hdu
• m%dka; w;r o iajfoaYsl ck;dj iy wdlr iud.ï w;r o we;s jk w¾nqo
jeks .eg¨ m%Odk fõ'
78
ksmqK;dj ( 8'0 Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu mÍCId lr
tajd ;srir f,i Ndú; lsÍfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 8'1 Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aj, jHdma;sh" ksIamdokh yd m%jK;d
mÍCId lrhs'
8'2 Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lrhs'
8'3 Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;s jk mdßißl
n,mEï wju lsÍug lghq;= lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 24 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • Lksc iïm;a hkak ks¾jpkh lrhs'

• Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk Lksc iïm;a lSmhl jHdma;sh Y%S ,xld wdlD;s
is;shï weiqfrka bÈßm;a lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk Lksc iïm;a lsysmhl ksIamdokh yd tys m%jK;d
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ld¾ñl wuqøjHhla f,i Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a wdY%s; fiajd kshqla;sh o;a; weiqßka úia;r
lrhs'
• m%foaYSh ixj¾Okh i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aj, odhl;ajh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl ixj¾Okhg Lksc iïm;aj, odhl;ajh o;a;
weiqfrka mÍCId lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § isÿ jk mdßißl n,mEï
úia;r lrhs'
• Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § isÿ jk mdßißl ydksh wju lsÍug
.; yels l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'
ye¢kaùu ( Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól lghq;= w;r b;d jeo.;a ia:dkhla Lksc iïm;a yd tA
wdY%s; l%shdldrlïj,g ysñ fõ' ;dlaIK ±kqu Ndú;fhka Lksc lekSï
lghq;= yd NdKav ksIamdokh u`.ska wd¾:slhg ie,lsh hq;= Þhl;ajhla
iemfha' Y%S ,xldfõ úúO Lksc j¾. jHdma; j mej;sh o tAjd foaYSh
ksIamdok i|yd Wmfhdackhg .ekSu wvq h' tneúka Lksc iïm;a wuqøjH
f,i wmkhkh lsÍug w;sf¾l j tys jákdlu jeä lrñka oaú;Shl
ksIamdokhla f,i wmkhkh lsÍu u`.ska o cd;sl wdÞhug jvd;a jdisÞhl
;;a;ajhla we;s lr .; yels h'
Lksc iïm;a Ndú;h jeä ùu;a iu`. iïm;a CIh ùu yd mdßißl ydksh isÿ
úh yels h' f;dard.;a Lksc iïm;a lsysmhla weiqfrka Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc
iïm;aj, jeo.;alu yd jHdma;sh;a tAjd Ndú;fhka we;s jk mdßißl n,mEï
wju l< yels wdldrh;a fuu tAllfhka wOHhkh flf¾'
79
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,ss lsÍug w;aje,la(
8'1 Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aj, jHdma;sh" ksIamdokh yd m%jK;d
Lksc iïm;a ye¢kaùu(

• zzuQ,øjH tlla fyda lsysmhla fyda ixfhda. ùfuka >k fyda iaMál iajrEmfhka
ks¾udKh jkakd jQ Lksc" iïm;la jkafka lsishï wd¾Ól lghq;a;la i|yd th
Ndú;hg .ekSfuka h'
• Y%S ,xldj ld¾ñl Lksc øjH w;ska fmdfydi;a jk w;r fuys n,Yla;s Lksc úr, h'
Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a lsysmhla
- ñksrka
- Lksc je,s
- wemghsÜ
ñksrka(
• ñksrka hkq iajNdjfhka u ks¾udKh jk iaMál ldnka iajrEmhls'
• Y%S ,xldfõ ñksrka l¾udka;hg È.= b;sydihla we;'
• wm rfÜ ñksrkaj, ldnka m%;sY;h 99] ;rfï by< w.hla .kakd neúka by<
wd¾Ól jákdlula we;'
• Y%S ,xldfõ nyq, jYfhka m%fhdackhg .kq ,nkafka mdIdKhkays iajdNdúl me<Sï
Tiafia uyd Ouks jYfhka msysá ñksrka h'
• m;=re f,i msysá ñksrka úfYaIhla o Y%S ,xldfjka ,efí' fïjd ;,d;= ñksrka
ûhsld& f,i ye¢kafõ'
jHdma;sh(
• uOHu" inr.uqj" ol=K" jhU yd W;=re ueo m<d;aj, Ouks ñksrka jHdma; j mj;S'
uykqjr" nÿ,a, yd ud;f,a Èia;%slalj, ;,d;= ñksrka me;sÍ we;'
• fnda.," lyg.y" rdf.or ±kg l%shd;aul jk m%Odk m;,a lsysmhls' j¾;udkfha
fuu m;,aj, ñksrka leKSu hdka;%slrKh ù ;sfí'
ksIamdokh(
8'1 j.=j - ñksrka ksIamdokh ^fu'fgd&
j¾Ih 2010 2011 2012 2013
Ouks ñksrka 3437 3357 4173 3143
uhsld 2095 2927 1260 1493
uQ,dY%hh( Sri Lanka Minerals Year Book 2014
• ñksrka ±ä WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fok Lkschls'

• mekai,a l+re" mqmqrk øjH" jd;a;= wÉpq" ,sysis øjH" ;Ska; j¾." Wÿka" negß hkdÈh
ñksrka wdY%s; ksIamdok h'
• úÿ,s WmlrK yd bf,lafg%dksl l¾udka; i|yd ;,d;= ñksrka m;=re Ndú; flf¾'
80
• ñksrka ld¾ñl wuqøjHhla f,i foaYSh j iq¿ jYfhka Ndú; fõ' uhsld ksIamdokh
iïmQKfhka u wmkhkh flf¾' ^2013 jif¾ § foaYSh ñksrka Ndú;h fu'fgd' 38la
mu‚'&
8'2 j.=j - 2013 Y%S ,xldj( ñksrka wmkhkh ^m%Odk rgj,a&
8'3 j.=j - 2013 Y%S ,xldj( uhsld wmkhkh ^m%Odk rgj,a&
kj m%jK;d(
• m;,aj, .eUqr jeä ùu ksid ksIamdok úhou wêl ùu
• fm!oa.,sl wxYh m%Odk jYfhka ñksrka l¾udka;fha fh§ isàu
• ñksrka m;,aj, ld¾hhka hdka;%sllrKh lsÍug we;s keUqrej
• ydrd.kakd m%udKfhka 99]la muK wmkhkh i|yd fhdÞ .ekSu
Lksc je,s(
• Lksc je,s b;d jákd Lksc iïm;ls'
• Lksc je,sj, m%Odk ix>gl jYfhka jk i¾fldaka (Zr) ghsfÜkshï (T)" f;daßhï
(Th) yd gka.aiagka (W) jeks úr, ridhksl uQ,øjH wvx.= ùu ksid tAjdfha
jákdlu by< hhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc je,s m%Odk jYfhka idkaøKh ù ;sfnkafka fjr< wdikakfha
mj;sk uqyqÿ je,sj,g ñY% j hs'
81
• Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc je,sj, m%Odk jYfhka my; i|yka Lksc øjH wvx.= h'
b,aukhsÜ (ilmenite) - 70] - 72] muK
rEghs,a (rutile) - 8] muK
i¾fldaka (zircon) - 8] - 10] muK
is,sukhsÜ (sillimanite) - 1'0] muK
fudkihsÜ (monosite) - 0'3] muK
• Y%S ,xldfõ jeä jákdlula we;s Lksc je,s ixÑ; mq,auqfâ" lhsldj," fmd,afldgqj
yd l=Èruf,a hk m%foaYj, olakg we;'
• mq,auqfâ b,aukhsÜ ksêh f,dalfha Wiia j¾.fha Lksc je,s ksêhla f,i i,lk
w;r tys we;s ghsfÜkshï Lkschkaf.a ixflakaøKh fjk;a Lksc je,s ksêj,
olakg fkd,efnk nj y÷kdf.k we;'
jHdma;sh(
• mq,auqfâ b,aukhsÜ Lksc je,s ixÑ;h Y%S ,xldfõ Bidk È. fjr< m%foaYfha ukdj
ixflakaøKh ù we;'
• fuh ls'ó' 10 muK È.lska yd óg¾ 100 l muK idudkH m<,lska hqla; fjhs'
• uq,;sõ yd ks,dfj,s w;r khdre" mqojhslÜgq yd fkúl,a¨ hk m%foaYhkays fujeks
ksê ;=kla fidhdf.k we;'
• m%fhdackhg .; yels fjk;a Lksc je,s ksê b÷rej" fírej," le,‚ .xfudah
m%foaYh" ó.uqj W;=reÈ. m%foaYh" l=Èruf,a yd ukakdru m%foaYj, jHdma; j we;'
;j o fojqkaor isg yïnkaf;dg f;la fjr< ;Srfha 15]-20] olajd .dkÜ je,s wvx.=
fõ' fjr< Lksc je,s ixÑ; m%udKh fuá%la fgdka ñ,shk 60 muK nj .Kkh
lr we;'
ksIamdokh(
• Lkscje,s ksIamdokfhka b;d iq¿ fldgila foaYSh jYfhka m%fhdackhg .;a; o jeä
m%udKhla wmkhkh lrhs'
8'4 j.=j - Lksc je,s ksIamdokh ^fu'fgd'&
Lkscje,s 2012 2013
b,aukhsÜ 40,118 44,129
rEghs,a 1,590 1,749
i¾fldaka 293 323

• fudkihsÜ Lksch jdfka ksIamdokfha § f,day iïñY%Khla f,i Ndú; flf¾'
• Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc je,s m%Odk jYfhka Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka ghsfÜkshï kue;s
f,dayh ksiaidrKh lsÍu i|yd h'
• .=jka hdkd ksIamdok l¾udka;fha § o rEmjdyskS ;srh i|yd fuka u j¾K .ekaùu
i|yd o Ndú; jk ghsfÜkshï f,dayh ksIamdokh lsÍug Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc je,s
Ndú; flf¾'
82
• ;j o mß.Kl ;srfha yd X-ray ;srfha j¾K .ekaùu yd È,siSu we;s lsÍu i|yd o
ghsfÜkshï Ndú; flf¾'
m%jK;d(
• miq.sh ld,jljkqfõ § wdrCIl fya;+ka jsid Lksc je,s ksIamdokfha hï wvd<
ùula isÿ úh' tfy;a ±ka th h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a ù we;'
• ;dCI‚l l%u-Ys,am fhdÞf.k we;s neúka Y%u fhojqu wvq ù we;'
• ghsfÜkshï kue;s f,dayh ksiaidrKh lsÍug l%ufõohla y÷kajd §u u`.ska
uE; ld,fha b,aukhsÜ i|yd b,aü úYd, jYfhka by< f.dia we;'
• uE;ld,Sk j Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; fCIa;%fhys Lksc je,s Ndú;h jeä ù we;;a" jeä
jYfhka wmkhkh flf¾'
wemghsÜ
• wemghsÜ mdIdKfhka iukaú; jk fmdiafmaÜ ksêhla" N+ úoHd ióCIK
fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska 1971 § fidhd.kakd ,È'
• fuu ksêfha úc,k ldrlhla jk fmdiamria fmkafgdlaihsâ (P2O5) 32-37]
m%udKhla wvx.= fõ' we;eï ;ekaj, th 70] olajd by< w.hla .kS'
• fuu mdIdKh wUrd l=vq lr .ekSfuka fmdiafmaÜ fmdfydr ,nd .; yels h'
• fuu fmdfydr by< wd¾Ól jákdlulska hqla; h'
jHdma;sh(
• wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalfha ;,djg kqÿre tmamdj, m%foaYfha wemghsÜ ksêh msysgd we;'
• j¾. ls'ó' 07l m%foaYhla mqrd me;sÍ we;s fuu ksêfha we;s ixÑ; m%udKh fuá%la
fgdka ñ,shk 60la muK nj ks.ukh lr we;'
• fuh fmdf<dj u;=msg isg ó' 12l muK .eUqrg úys§ we;'
ksIamdokh(
• fmdiafmaÜ ksIamdokfha § m%Odk ld¾hh y;rla isÿ flf¾'
- wemghsÜ l=Üá lvd .ekSu
- fmdiafmaÜ f;aÍu
- l=vq lsÍu (Jaw crusher hka;% fhdÞ .efka)
- weUÍu (Roller mills fhdÞ .efka)
• ksIamdok lghq;= lrkq ,nkafka ,xld fmdiafmaÜ ksIamdok iud.u uÕsks' tuÕska
fmdfydr j¾. folla ksmofõ'
- HERP (High Grade Eppawala Rock Phosphate 38% P205)
- ERP (Eppawala Rock Phosphate 28% P205)
• j¾;udk ksIamdokh
- fmdfydr ksmoùu i|yd wuqøjHhla jYfhka
- ;Ska; ksIamdokh i|yd
- fnfy;a j¾. i|yd fhdÞ .efka'
83
8'5 j.=j - fmdiafmaÜ ksIamdokh fu'fgd'
2010 2011 2012 2013
47,778 58,254 47,558 49,106
m%jK;d(
• oekg ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk fmdfydr Ndú; lrk ,nkafka È.= ld,Sk fnda. j¾.
^f;a" rn¾" fmd,a& i|yd h'
• uE; Nd.h ;=< fmdfydr ksIamdokfhka ,efnk wdÞhu YS>% f,i jeä ù we;'
• fmdiafmaÜ wmkhkh i|yd rch úiska hï iSudjka mkjd we;'
óg wu;r j ,xldfõ nyq, j mj;sk .%ekhsÜ yd khsia mdIdK o úúO l¾udka; i|yd
fhdod .kakd Lksc h'
Wod( f.dvke`.s,s l¾udka;h" uyd ud¾. ;ekSu" ksfjiaj, f.ìu w,xlrKh
i|yd o fuu Lksc Ndú; fõ'
84
8'2 Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< Lksc iïm;a ysñ lr .kakd jeo.;alu
• Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg ie,lsh hq;= Þhl;ajhla Lksc iïm;aj,ska ,nd § we;'
• Lksc iïm;a wuqøjH f,i wmkhkh lsÍu fjkqjg oaú;Shl ksIamdokhla f,i
ixj¾Okh lr wmkhkh lrkafka kï úYd, wd¾Ól m%fhdack ,nd.; yels h'
ld¾ñl wuqøjHhla f,i Lksc iïm;aj, jeo.;alu(

• Lksc iïm;a foaYSh l¾udka; lsysmhlg u wjYH jk jeo.;a wuqøjH f,i
ye¢kaúh yels h' WÞ( msÕka" ùÿre" isfuka;s" idhï j¾.
• wdkhkh lrkq ,nk wuqøjH yd foaYSh j ksmojk Lksc ñY% lrñka we;eï
ksIamdok lrkq ,efí' WÞ( weianeiafgdaia l¾udka;h
• flT,ska Lksch wuqøjHhla f,i fhdÞ.ksñka m%Odk iud.ï lsysmhla msÕka wdY%s;
ksIamdok l¾udka;fha fh§ isà' WÞ( oxfldgqj fmdaisf,aka iud.u" ,xld
fjda,aghs,a iud.u - msÕka NdKav" msÕka .fvd¿" ikSmdrCIl NdKav" mßjdrl"
úis;=re NdKav fuu iud.ï u`.ska ksmojkq ,efí'
• foaYSh jYfhka úYd, f,i m%fhdackhg .kakd ùÿre NdKav ksIamdokh i|yd wjYH
jk is,sld je,s ld¾ñl wuqøjHhla f,i jeo.;a fõ'
• foaYSh mßfNdackhg fhdÞ.kakd w;r u úfoaY úksuh Wmhk ud¾.hla f,i Lksc
iïm;a fhdÞ .efka' WÞ( ue‚la" ñksrka" Lksc je,s
Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a wdY%s; fiajd kshqla;sh(

• Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wxYfha /lshd fuka u" oaú;Shl wxYfha /lshd imhk ud¾.
fuu`.ska újD; ù we;'
• ueá" yqkq.,a" ue‚la" ñksrka" Lksc je,s" is,sld je,s" .x.d je,s" wemghsÜ" mdIdK
j¾. wdÈ Lksc øjH wdY%s; ld¾ñl l%shdj,shg fhduq ù we;s Rcq yd jl% fiajd
kshqla;sh ,CI y;rla muK fj;ehs .Kka n,d ;sfí'
• by; i|yka Lksc iïm;aj,ska wm rg ;=< u NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍfuka
fiajd kshqla;sh jeä l< yels h' tu`.ska Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;shg fyd| úi÷ula
,nd§ug mq¿jk'
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aj, Þhl;ajh(

• Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a m%dfoaYSh jYfhka jHdma; j mj;S'
• tAjd ksIal¾IKh yd ksIamdokh u`.ska m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a l< yels h'
• Lksc iïm;a Ndú;fhka isÿjk ld¾ñl ksIamdokh ksid m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhla
we;s fõ'
• Lksc iïm;a ksIal¾IKh u`.ska tu m%foaYj, ckhdg fyd| wd¾Ólhla fuka u
iudÔh myiqlï ,nd§u o isÿ fõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl ixj¾Okhg Lksc iïm;aj, Þhl;ajh(

• o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;hg m;,a yd leKSï wxYfha by< Þhl;ajhla ,eî we;s nj miq.sh
jir lsysmhl ixLHd o;a; weiqfrka meyeÈ,s fõ'
85
8'6 j.=j - m;,a yd leKSï" o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;hg Þhl;ajh ^re'ñ,shk&
j¾Ih 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

m;,a yd
leKSï 25523 30129 35932 46202 56645
uQ,dY%hh( Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j 2007
• fjr< l,dmfhka myiqfjka leKSug yels b,aukhsÜ" rEghs,a" i¾fldaka" .dkÜ"

fudkihsÜ jeks Lksc je,sj,ska úYd, úfoaY wdohula ,nhs'
8'7 j.=j - Lksc je,s j¾. lSmhl wmkhk bmhSï 2010-2013 ^re' ñ,shk&
Lksc j¾.h 2010 2011 2012 2013
b,aukhsÜ 561.73 1 497.05 2 999.33 713.31
rEghs,a 202.52 332.81 1 072.73 157.73
i¾fldaka 223.04 123.69 161.16 129.92
• Lksc øjH wmkhkj,ska 2007 j¾Ifha weußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk 136 la Wmhdf.k
we;' ^thska ue‚laj,ska muKla Wmhdf.k we;s jákdlu weußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk
120ls&'
• ue‚la yereKq úg wfkla Lksc iïm;a u`.ska Wmhd we;s úfoaY úksuh wvq nj fmkS
hhs' thg fya;=j úh yelafla wuqøjH f,i Lksc wmkhkh lsÍu hs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ Ouks ñksrka jeä u m%udKhla ñ, § .kakd rgj,a f,i cmdkh yd
we't'ckmoh ±laúh yels h' ;,d;= ñksrka jeä u m%udKhla Ökh ñ, § .kS'
tuÕska wm rgg úfoaY úksuh ,efí'
8'8 j.=j - Y%S ,xldfõ ñksrka wmkhkh2011-2013
2011 2012 2013

rg
m%udKh wdÞhu m%udKh wdÞhu m%udKh wdÞhu
fu'fgd' we'fvd' fu'fgd' we'fvd fu'fgd' we'fvd'
cmdkh 1 538 1 457 889 1 640 953 300 1 247 1 396 100
we't' ckmoh 658 1 122 265 411 750 843 638 1 133 599
c¾uksh 527 550 187 626 708 274 562 665 241
fpla ckrch - - - - 360 362 758
o'fldßhdj 83 152 120 71 237 537 74 247 573
86
8'9 j.=j - Y%S ,xldj úiska ;,d;= ñksrka ûhsld& wmkhkh lrk ,o rgj,a
2011 2012 2013

rg
m%udKh wdÞhu m%udKh wdÞhu m%udKh wdÞhu
fu'fgd' we'fvd,¾ fu'fgd' we'fvd,¾ fu'fgd we'fvd,¾
cmdkh 1 237 575 825 1 428 808 925 1 048 602 420
Ökh 1 002 371 609 694 264 634 455 172 570
bkaÈhdj 563 192 994 315 129 933 453 169 987
reishdj - - 171 90 440 224 103 500
c¾uksh 80 28 816 40 14 412 120 56 175
uQ,dY%hh( Sri Lanka Minnerals Year Book 2012
87
8'3 Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § we;sjk mdßißl n,mEï
• Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha § úúO mdßißl n,mEï we;s fõ'

• tu n,mEï m%Odk wxY lSmhla weiqfrka i,ld ne,sh yels h'
- c, iïm;
- N+ñ ydhkh
- jdhq ¥IKh
c, iïm;(
• wdlr l¾udka;h wdY%s; l%shdldrlï ksid f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, olakg ,efnk
nrm;< .eg¨jla jkafka c, ¥IKh hs'
• N+ñh leKSfuka ,nd .kakd Lksc j¾. ksid N+ñh u;=msg l=vd wdjdg ks¾udKh fõ'
• j¾Idm;kh fya;= fldg f.k c,h tu my;a ia:dkhkays r|d mj;S'
WÞ( ue‚la m;,a leKSu
l¿ .Õ wdY%s; j isÿ jk ue‚la .eÍu ksid úYd, f,i c,jykhg n,mEï
we;s fjhs'
• Lksc leKSï yd ksIamdok lghq;=j, § bj;a lrk >k" øj wmøjH u`.ska c, uQ,dY%
ÿIKhg ,la fõ'
• c, ¥IKh fya;=fjka fi!LH .eg¨ mek kef`.a'
• .x.d msgdr .e,Su" ,jK c,h rg ;=<g .,d tAu" îug c,h ,nd.kakd <ska is£ hk
mßÈ N+.; c, uÜgu wvq ùu wdÈ wys;lr n,mEï we;s fõ'
N+ñ ydhkh
• ue‚la .eÍu" ñksrka yEÍu ksid úYd, j<j,a fuka u mia f.dv .eiSu fya;=fjka
f.dve,s ks¾udKh ùfuka N+ñh ydhkhg m;a fõ'
• .x.d wdY%s; ue‚la .eÍu fya;= fldg f.k .x.djkays .uka u`. o fjkia ùfuka N+
o¾Ykh fjkia fõ'
• wemghsÜ jeks Lksc fndfyda úg Wia ìï wdY%s; j ks¾udKh fõ' wemghsÜ Lksch
leKSu ksid tAjd jHdma; ù ;snQ m%foaYfha úYd, j<j,a ks¾udKh jk w;r Wia ìï o
bj;a fõ'
• l=uk fyda wdldrfha Lkschla yEÍu ksid Ydl moaO;shg o n,mEula isÿ jk fyhska
mdxY= Ldokh W.% fõ' fï ksid iajdNdúl N+ o¾Ykh fjkilg ,la fjñka
iajdNdúl fi!kao¾hh úkdY úh yels h'
jdhq ¥IKh(
• Lksc ksIal¾IK l¾udka;h ksid N+;,h u;=msg fuka u m;,a ;=< o jdhq ¥IKh
fõ'
• m;,a ;=< wmú;% jdhq yd úI jdhq ksid Ôú; ydks isÿ fõ'
88
• Lksc øjH ksIal¾IKfha § ¥ú,s me;sr hEfuka mßirh úYd, jYfhka wmú;% fõ'
WÞ( fmdiafmaÜ ksIamdokh wdY%s; jdhq ¥IKh
• Lksc øjH m%jdyKfha § wdjrK Ndú;h fkdflfrk ksid jdhq wmú;% ùfuka
ud¾.hkays .uka lrkakkag wmyiq;d isÿ fõ'
• Lksc øjH ksIamdokfha § lrk msmsrùï ksid jdhq ¥IKh isÿ fõ'
mdßißl ydksh wju lsÍug .; yels l%shd ud¾.(

• mdßißl ydksh uq¿ukska u je<elaúh fkdyels jqj;a hï ;dla ÿrg wju lr .ekSfï
l%shd ud¾. wkq.ukh l< yels h' tA i|yd my; i|yka l%ufõo wkq.ukh l<
yels h'
- mßir ys;ldó wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍu
- wÞ< wKmK;a n, .ekaùu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu
- foaYmd,k lem ùu
- mqrjeis ixúOdkj, il%sh iyNd.s;ajh ,nd .ekSu
mßir ys;ldó wdl,am(

• je,s f.dv ±óu" ysß.,a leãu" ue‚la m;,a yEÍu wdÈfha § kS;Hkql+, fkdjk
l%shd u`.ska mßir ydksh úYd, jk neúka tjeks lghq;=j,ska wE;a ùu'
• Lksc leKSfï § mßir ys;ldó l%fudamdhhka ms<sme§u
WÞ( tl ia:dkhl ksr;=re j je,s f.dv fkd±óu
m;,a leKSfuka miq j<j,a kej; jid ±óu
• Lksc wrmsßueiaulska hqla; j mßyrKh lsÍug keUqre ùu
• Lksc leKSïj, § mßir ys;ldó j lghq;= lsÍu iïnkaO Wmfoia mdi,a úIh
ks¾foaYj,g we;=<;a lsÍu u`.ska mßir ys;ldó wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍu
wÞ< wKmk;a n,.ekaùu yd l%shd;aul lsÍu(

Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackh yd tu lghq;= md,kh i|yd wjYH ffk;sl
miqìu ilia lr .ekSug wKmk;a l%shd;aul lr we;'
• 1992 wxl 33 orK m;,a yd Lksc øjH mk;
- 1992 wxl 33 ork m;,a yd Lksc øjH mkf;a 26 j.ka;sh wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ
ljr fyda ia:dkhl msysá ´kEu Lkschl ysñlu rch i;=fõ'
- by; mkf;a 34 jk j.ka;shg wkqj Lksc leKSu yd m%jdyKh i|yd n,m;%
ksl=;a l< yelafla N+ úoHd ióCIK yd m;,a ld¾hdxYhg hs'
• .x.d m;=,aj,ska je,s leKSu i|yd m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,hfhka wjir m;% ,nd
.ekSu'
• 1993 jif¾ leKSï n,m;% fr.=,dis wxl 1 u`.ska Lksc iïm;a Wmfhdackfha
n,mj;akd mdßißl kS;sÍ;s y÷kajd §u'
• fuu wKmk;a l%shd;aul fldg n,.ekaùu i|yd wÞ< wêldÍka j. n,d .; hq;= h'
• Lksc ksIal¾IKfha § isÿ jk mßir ydksh j<lajd .ekSug m%cdjg o hï j.lSula
we;' úfYaIfhka wkjir Lksc leKSï ms<sn| j wÞ< n,OdÍ wdh;kh ±kqïj;a lr
th j<lajd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu'
89
foaYmd,k lem ùu
• ;srir ixrCIKhg lem jQ foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhla u`.ska ck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍug
l%shd lsÍu'
• foaYmd,k ixúOdk yd Tjqkaf.a m%;sm;a;s m%ldYj, mßir wdpdr O¾u ms<sn|
we;=<;a lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
• foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh mßirh iq/lSu ms<sn| j wdo¾Yj;a j lghq;= lsÍu'
mqrjeis ixúOdkj, il%sh iyNd.s;ajh ,nd .ekSu

• kS;Hkql+, fkdjk Lksc leKSï je<elaùug fldf;la kS;sÍ;s mej;=K o tAjd
n,.ekaùug mqrjeis ixúOdkj, il%sh iyNd.s;ajh;a lemùu;a wjYH nj úúO
isÿ ùï Tiafia fmkShk lreKls'
• wkjir je,s f.dv ±óï" ue‚la m;,a" ysß.,a leãu" .,a j<j,a mj;ajdf.k hdu
jeks oE msgqmi úúO foaYmd,k ueÈy;a ùï ;snQ wjia:d we;' tu ksid tjeks wjia:d
je<elaùug mßir ys;ldó ixúOdk msysgqjd foaYmd,k mCI fNaohlska f;dr j
ueÈy;a ùu jeo.;a fõ'
• mßir ixúOdk u`.ska Lksc ksIamdokh yd mßfNdackh ms<sn| j ys;lr wdl,am
j¾Okh lsÍu'
l%shdldrlu(
• zY%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;aj, wd¾Ól jeo.;aluZ hk uefhka N+f.da, úoHd
iÕrdjlg ,smshla imhkak'
90
ksmqK;dj ( 9'0 l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï idOl bÈßm;a lrñka ta idOlj,
m%jK;d úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'1 f,dalfha l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl ksoiqka weiqßka
mÍCId lrhs'
9'2 Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólhg l¾udka;j, odhl;ajh úia;r lrhs'
9'3 Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mE idOl mÍCId lrhss'
ld,Éfþo ( 26 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • ksIamdok l¾udka; hkq fudkjd ±hs meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl f;dard.;a l¾udka; lsysmhla
weiqßka úia;r lrhs'
• l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï kj m%jK;d meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólhg l¾udka; wxYfha odhl;ajh úia;r lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl f;dard.;a
l¾udka; lsysmhla weiqßka úia;r lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï m%jK;d úia;r lrhs'
ye¢kaùu ( udkj YsIagdpdrh j¾;udkh f;la úldYh ùfï § l¾udka; b;d jeo.;a
ld¾hNdrhla bgq lr we;' ñksidf.a nqoaêh fufyhjd ksIamdok idOl
iu`. iajdNdúl iïm;a yiqrejd ñksia wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd ksñ fyda
w¾O ksñ fyda NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu fuu`.ska isÿ fõ'
l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï § wuqøjH" n,Yla;sh" m%d.aOkh" Y%uh" ;dCIKh"

fjf<| fmd<" m%jdyKh" jHjidhl;ajh yd rdcH m%;sm;a;s hk idOl
jeo.;a fõ' w;S;fha § wuqøjH wdY%s; m%foaY l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug
jeo.;a jQ w;r miqld,Sk j fjf<|fmd," n,Yla;sh yd mßjyk myiqlï
wkqj l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùu fjkia ù we;' fuu tAllh u`.ska l¾udka;
ia:dk.; ùfï idOl yd m%jK;d ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍug wfmaCIs; h'
tfuka u Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; wxYh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka tu`.ska
Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg jk Þhl;ajh mÍCId lsÍu;a" f;dard.;a l¾udka; lsysmhla
weiqßka l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl yd m%jK;d wOHhkh
lsÍu;a u`.ska bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh fufyhùu wfmalaId lrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,laa(

ksIamdok l¾udka; ye|skaùu
• l¾udka;hla hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka wuq øjHhla ksñ øjHhla njg m;alsÍfï l%h
s dj,shhs'
• fuys § wuq øjHhla fyda lsysmhla iïñY%Kh lr jeä jákdlula ,ndfoñka
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh isÿ flf¾'
91
• ksIamdok l¾udka; i|yd §¾> b;sydihla mj;sk w;r udkj YsIagdpdrfha

wdrïNfha isg j¾;udkh yd wkd.;h f;la wLKav jHdma;shla olakg ,efí'
• tys ld,Sk yd iudÔh wjYH;d wkqj isÿ jQ fjkialï /ila y÷kd.; yels h'
• 19 jk ishjfia hqfrdamfha we;s jQ ld¾ñl úma,jh u`.ska ksIamdok l%shdj,shg
hkaf;%damlrK fhdÞ .ekSu ksid ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha mßudj yd .=Kd;aul Ndjh
j¾Okh úh'
• miq.sh jir 200l muK ld,h ;=< l¾udka; fCIa;%fha YS>% j¾Okhla isÿ ù ;sfí'
• j¾;udkfha rgl ixj¾Okh uekSfï § ld¾ñl wxYh ie,ls,a,g .kakd w;r rgl
lDIs yd fiajd wxYj, ÈhqKqj o ksIamdok l¾udka; ÈhqKqjg jeo.;a fõ'
• f,dalfha ksIamdok l¾udka; wiudk j jHdma; j we;'
ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl

wuqøjH(
- ish¨ l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍu i|yd jeo.;a jk uQ,sldx.hla f,i wuq øjH
jeo.;a fõ'
- wuq øjH uQ,sl jYfhka fldgia follska iukaú; fõ'
lDIsld¾ñl wuq øjH WÞ( iSksl¾udka;hg Wla j.dj
Lksc wuq øjH WÞ( hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h - hmia
• w;S;fha § wuq øjH wdY%s; m%foaYj, u l¾udka; ia:dk.; úh' m%jdyKh lsÍfï
ÿIalr;d thg fya;= ù we;' ksoiqka f,i weußld tlai;a ckmofha mxp uyd ú,a
wdY%s; m%foaYh yd bkaÈhdfõ ofudaÞ¾ ksïk m%foaYh ;=< hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h
wuq øjH nyq,;dj ksid ia:dms; úh'
• tfy;a cmdkh ;=< hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h wdkhksl wuqøjH mokï lrf.k
ia:dk.; ù we;' fgdalsfhda" kf.dahd" fldafí m%foaYj, jHdma; j we;'
• fï wkqj l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï § wuqøjHj, n,mEu fjkia ù we;'
n,Yla;sh(
• l¾udka; i|yd wjYH Yla;sh W;amdokhg fhdÞ.kq ,nk uQ, ñka woyia fõ'
• fï i|yd ld,fhka ld,h úúO Yla;s fhdÞ.kakd ,È' ñksia Y%uh" or" .,dhk
c,h" c, jdIam" .,a wÕ=re" Lksc f;,a" úÿ,s n,h" iq<x" iQ¾h úlsrK" kHIaál wdÈ
jYfhka úúO n,Yla;s uQ,hka Ndú; fldg we;'
• tA wkqj w;S;fha § .,a wÕ=re nyq, m%foaY l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug fya;= úh'
WÞ( tlai;a rdcOdksfha ,sj¾mQ,a yd we'tlai;a ckmofha msÜian¾.a ld¾ñl l,dm
• .,a wÕ=re CIh ùu;a iu`. úl,am n,Yla;s flfrys wjOdkh fhduq úh' c, úÿ,s
n,h" Lksc f;,a yd kHIaál n,h Ndú;hg fhduq ùu ksid n,Yla;s uQ,h fjkia
fjñka mej;Su' WÞ( bkaÈhdfõ uqïndhs mqfka ld¾ñl l,dmh ;=< .,a wÕ=re
fjkqjg ;drdmq¾ys (Tharapur) kHIaál n,d.drfha ksIamdÈ; Yla;sh Ndú; úh'
• j¾;udkfha l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï § n,Yla;sfha Ndú;fha § ksIamdok msßjeh
ld¾hCIu;dj" mßirh flf¾ n,mdk wdldrh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ù ;sfí'
92
m%d.aOkh(
• ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd /ia lrk wuq øjH iy n,Yla;s iïm;a ksñ øjH njg
m;a lsÍug fhdÞ.kakd uq,H yd wksl=;a udkqI iïm;a m%d.aOkh f,i ie,fla'
• m%d.aOkh fN!;sl m%d.aOkh yd udkj m%d.aOkh f,i j¾. lr ±laúh yels h'
• fN!;sl m%d.aOkhg uq,H iïm;a" hkaf;%damlrK yd fuj,ï iy f.dvke`.s,s jeks
foa wh;a fõ'
• udkj m%d.aOkhg mqoa., yelshd" oCI;d" ks¾udK Ys,amSh;ajh" mqyqKqj yd ksmqK;d
iys; Y%u iïm; wh;a fõ'
• ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug m%d.aOk idOlh w;HjYH h' fuys § wdfhdack
i|yd ;ks mqoa.,hka" mqoa., lKvdhï" nyqcd;sl iud.ï fyda rch fyda Þhl fõ'
• fjf<|fmd, wd¾Ólhla mj;sk rgj, fm!oa.,sl jHjidhlhka m%d.aOk
wdfhdackhg fhduq jk w;r ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, rdcH
jHjidhl;ajh m%uqL fõ'
• uQ,Okh ysñ ixj¾ê; rdcHj, nyq;rhla l¾udka; Yd,d msysgqjk ,oafoa mqoa.,hka
yd iud.ï úisks'
WÞyrK f,i tx.,ka;h" weußld tlai;a ckmoh" m%xYh" c¾uksh wdÈ rgj,a
ld¾ólrKhg m%uqL úh' WÞ( BMW iud.u" Ford iud.u
• ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, l¾udka; msysgqùfï § rch m%uqL úh'
• tfy;a j¾;udkh jk úg ld¾ñl fCIa;%hg nyqcd;sl iud.ï wj;S¾Kh ù we;'
tu`.ska kef`.kysr wdishdkq yd ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,a fuka u ,;ska weußldkq
rgj, o ld¾ñl fCIa;%h j¾Okh ù we;'
Y%uh(
• l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùu i|yd Y%u iïm; w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' mqyqKq Y%uh yd
kqmqyqKq Y%uh f,i Y%u iïm; j¾. l< yels h'
• mqyqKq Y%uh f,i wÞ< l¾udka;h i|yd mqyqKqjla ,enQ Ys,amSka oelaúh yels h'
úêu;a wdldrfhka mqyqKqjla fkd,enQ msßi kqmqyqKq Y%ñlhka f,i ye¢kafõ'
• l¾udka;fha iajNdjh wkqj Y%u iQCIau yd m%d.aOk iQCIau f,i l¾udka; j¾. l<
yels h'
• ksIamdok l%shdj,shg jeä Y%u Þhl;ajhla ,efnk l¾udka; Y%u iQCIau l¾udka;
fõ' ksoiqka - frÈ mss<s" keõ ;ekSu" .=jka hdkd" wú wdhqO ksIamdok l¾udka;'
• m%d.aOk iQCIau hkq l¾udka;fha iuia; ksIamdok l%shdj,shg jeä Þhl;ajhla
hdka;%SlrKh u`.ska isÿ jk l¾udka; hs' WÞ( fudag¾ r:" hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;
• uq,a ld,fha hqfrdamd yd weußldkq rgj, l¾udka; ia:dk.; jQfha mqyqKq Y%uh
nyq, j mej;s ksid h'
• j¾;udkfha mj;sk Y%u ixp,;dj" ,dNÞhS j Y%u iïm; imhd.; yels ùu ksid
ixj¾ê; rgj,a úiska ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk w.aksÈ. wdishdj yd ol=Kq
wdishd;sl rgj,a yd wm%sldkq yd ,;ska weußldkq rgj,aj, l¾udka; msysgqjhs'
ksoiqka f,i nyqcd;sl iud.ï ÿq l¾udka; f,i ie,flk weÕ¨ï l¾udka;h"
wdydr øjH ieliSu" fjk;a ieliqï l¾udka; fujeks rgj, jHdma; lsÍug ,dNÞhS
Y%uh imhd .ekSu jeo.;a idOlhla ù we;'
93
• wê ;dCIK l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï § Y%u iïm; jeo.;a idOlhla ù we;'
ksmqK;djlska fyì úoHd{hka" m¾fhaIlhka" l<ukdlrejka" ld¾ñl Ys,amsSka
nyq, j isák m%foaYj, fuu l¾udka;h ìys ùug Y%u idOlh n,md we;'
WÞ( ;dhsjdkh" uef,aishdj" isx.mamQrej" ;dhs,ka;h" Ökh" fydxfldx
;dlaIKh(
• ;dCIKh hkq lsishï l%shdj,shla isÿ lsÍu i|yd fhdÞ.kq ,nk l%fudamdh h'
• fuu ;dCIKh i|yd ñksiqkaf.a yelshdj" oCI;dj yd Ys,amSh l%ufõo fuka u
fuj,ï o wh;a fõ' ñksidf.a nqoaêuh oCI;d yd ±kqu ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqjg fya;=
fõ'
• ;dCIKfha j¾Okh l¾udka;j, ÈhqKqjg m%n, fya;=jls'
• ld¾ñl úma,jh ;dCIK j¾Okfhys tla m%n, ikaêia:dkhls'
• ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iu`. l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï idOlj, n,mEfï fjkialï
isÿ j we;'
• tys m%;sM, f,i wuq øjH flakaølr.;a l¾udka; fjk;a ia:dk lrd .uka lsÍfï
m%jK;djla olakg ,efí'
• ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iu`. wdrïNl wjêj, mej;s udkqI m%d.aOkh nyq, j fhdÞ
.;a l¾udka; j¾;udkfha fN!;sl m%d.aOkh nyq, j fhdÞ.kakd l¾udka; njg
mßj¾;kh ù we;' WÞ( hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h
fjf<|fmd<(
• mdßfNda.slhka yd ksIamdolhka iïnkaO jkafka fjf<|fmd< uÕsks'
• j¾;udk fjf<|fmd< ixlS¾K ù we;s w;r mdßfNda.slhka ksIamdolhkag wu;rj
w;rueÈhka" iud.ï" úoHq;a iïnkaO;d wdÈ wu;r idOl o fjf<|fmd<
l%shdldß;ajhg iïnkaO fõ'
• fjf<|fmd< m%dfoaYSh" foaYSh" l,dmSh yd cd;Hka;r uÜgu olajd jHdma; ù we;s
neúka l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfuys th jeo.;a idOlhla fõ'
• f.da,Sh ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj iu`. fjf<|fmd, l%shdldß;ajh wka;¾cd,h yryd
isÿ jk neúka fmr mej;s mgq fj<|fmd< iSudj mq¿,a ù újD; Ndjhg m;a ù we;'
m%jdyKh(
• l¾udka;hlg wjYH wuqøjH yd n,Yla;sh tla/ia lsÍug;a" ksñøjH fjf<|fmd,
lrd f.khdug;a m%jdyKh w;HjYH h'
• tu ksid l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï § m%jdyK idOlh b;d jeo.;a fõ'
• n,Yla;s uQ,dY%h myiqfjka imhd.; yels yd msßjeh wvqfjka jeh jk ia:dk
uq,a lrf.k l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùu j¾;udkfha olakg ,efí'
• ;dCI‚l ÈhqKqj u`.ska m%jdyKh i|yd .; jk ld,h wvq ù we;s neúka f,dalfha
ljr rgla iu`. jqj o ksIamdÈ; NdKav yqjudre lsÍfï myiqj jeä ù we;'
• tA wkqj .=jka" kdúl" f.dvìï m%jdyK myiqlï jeä ia:dkj, l¾udka; ia:dk.;
j we;'
WÞ( cmdkfha fgdalsfhda" weußld tlai;a ckmofha Ñldf.da" msÜian¾.a"
Tydfhda" *s,fv,a*shd" n*¾f,da
94
jHjidhl;ajh(
• l¾udka; ia:dk.; lsÍfï § jHjidhl;ajh yd jHjidhlhd b;d jeo.;a fõ'
• w;S;fha Okh we;s mqoa.,hka l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍug uq,a jQ w;r Tjqyq
jHjidhlhka f,i i,lk ,oy'
• miqld,Sk j fm!oa.,sl jHjidhlhka fuka u rdcH jHjidhlfhda l¾udka;
wdrïN lsÍu i|yd fhduq jQy'
• jHjidhl;aj N+ñldj j¾;udkh jk úg mq¿,a ù we;s neúka l¾udka; fCIa;%fha §
;ks mqoa.,hka fuka u mqoa., lKavdhï tlaù jHjidhl;aj l%shdj,shg fhduq ù
we;' nyqcd;sl iud.ï fï i|yd uQ,sl;ajh f.k we;'
• l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï§ nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, jHjidhl l%shdldß;ajh yd Tjqkaf.a
;SrK j¾;udkfha o jeo.;a ù we;'
rdcH m%;sm;a;s(
• l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï § rdcH m%;sm;a;s w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ'
• fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fuka u jdKsc wxYfha o l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï § rdcH
m%;sm;a;s n,mdhs' tfy;a th úfYaIfhka u n,mdkafka rdcH wxYfha l¾udka;
ia:dk.; ùfï § h'
• mßir ixrCIKh yd m%foaYSh ixj¾Okh jeks wxY flf¾ rcfha m%;sm;a;s u`.ska
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùu o md,kh flf¾'
• rch úiska ld¾ñl m%foaY wdrïN lsÍu i|yd úfYaIs; ld¾ñl l,dm" ld¾ñl ckmo"
ld¾ñl k.r wdÈ úfYaI l,dm we;s lsÍu u`.ska l¾udka; ia:dk.; lsÍu isÿ
flf¾'
WÞ( weußldfõ msÜian¾.a ld¾ñl k.rh" cmdkfha fgdalsfhda fhdlydud
ld¾ñl l,dmh'
l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï uE;ld,Sk m%jK;d
- ;ksmqoa., l¾udka; jHdmdr fjkqjg iduQysl iud.ï yd nyqcd;sl iud.ï l¾udka;
ia:dk.; ùfï § jHjidhlhka f,i lghq;= lsÍu'
- úYajúoHd, yd m¾fhaIK uOHia:dk uq,a lr.ksñka wê;dCI‚l l¾udka; ia:dk.;
ùu'
- mßir ixrCIK Wmdh ud¾. m%uqL lr f.k mßir ys;ldó j l¾udka;Yd,d ia:dk.;
ùu'
- idïm%Þhsl ia:dk.; ùfï idOlj,g wu;r j" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha
n,mEu jeo.;a ùu'
- kQ;k f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,sh l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï idOlj, n,mEu fjkia lr
we;'
- nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, ;SrK l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï § ±ka ±ka jvd;a jeo.;a fõ'
- ksoyiaj ia:dk.; úh yels (Foot-loose industries) l¾udka; j¾Okh ùu'
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï(

• ksIamdok l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl ixl,am is;shula weiqßka bÈßm;a
lsÍu'
95
9'2 Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólhg l¾udka;j, odhl;ajh
• Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólhg l¾udka; wxYfhka ,efnk odhl;ajh úúO fCIa;% Tiafia
fmkajdÈh yels h' o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg fiajd kshqla;sh" úfoaY úksuh bmhSu"
foaYSh iïm;a Wmfhdackh" há;, myiqlï j¾Okh" m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh tu
fCIa;% h'
• Y%S ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka 32'3]la l¾udka; wxYfhka iemfha ^Y%S ,xld uy
nexl= jd¾;dj 2014&
• iuia; fiajd kshqla;sfhka 26'5]la l¾udka; wxYh ysñ lr .kS' ^Y%S ,xld uy nexl=
jd¾;dj 2014&
• úfoaY úksuh bmhSïj,ska 74'2]la ,nd fokafka o ld¾ñl wxYh hs' ^Y%S ,xld uy
nexl= jd¾;dj 2014&
ksoiqka
- lDIsld¾ñl yd i;a;ajmd,k wuqøjH
t<jq¿" m,;=re
- Lksc
ms`.ka ueá" ùÿre je,s" ueá j¾." yqkq.,a
• l¾udka;Yd,d yd ld¾ñl mqrjr" ld¾ñl ckmo" ksoyia fjf<| l,dm wdÈh
flakaø lrf.k ÿïßh" uyd ud¾." úÿ,sh" ¥rl:k" m%jdyK wdÈ há;, myiqlï
ÈhqKq ùu'
• l¾udka; úuOH.;lrKh u`.ska m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg odhl;ajhla ,nd §u'
• by; i|yka ish¨ wxY Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólhg l¾udka; wxYh u`.ska iqúYd,
fufyjrla bgq lrhs'
isfuka;s l¾udka;h
• isfuka;s l¾udka;h Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg fnfyúka jeo.;a fõ'
• lkalika;=f¾ mq;a;,u hk ia:dkj, foaYSh wuqøjH mokï lrf.k l¾udka;h
ia:dk.; ù we;s w;r" .d,a, yd ;%sl=Kdu,h wdkhksl la,ska;¾ yd ðmaiï Ndú;hg
.kS'
• m%foaYfha Rcq /lshd yd jl% /lshd /ila fuu`.ska ìys ù we;'
• úfYaIfhka f.dvke`.s,s bÈ lsÍï l¾udka;h i|yd isfuka;sj,g foaYSh fjf<|
fmdf,a úYd, b,aüla mj;shs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ bÈ lsÍï fCIa;%fha úYd, jHdmD;s jk wêfõ.S ud¾." md,ï" .=jka md,ï"
jrdh" ÿïßh ud¾." ksjdi jHdmD;s" uy,a ksjdi fhdackd l%u wdÈ úúO bÈ lsÍï
i|yd isfuka;s w;HjYH u wuq øjHhls'
• úis;=re NdKav ksIamdok" N+ñ w,xlrK ksIamdok yd .Dy NdKav wdÈh ;ekSu i|yd
isfuka;s fhdod .kakd fyhska ta wdY%s; /lshd rdYshla o úfYaIs; fjf<|fmd<la o
ìys ù ;sfí'
• ±j Ndú;hg wdfoaYlhla f,i isfuka;s Ndú;h ksid hï muKlska fyda ±j iïm;a
i|yd we;s b,aü wvq ù ;sfí'
96
• isfuka;s wdY%s; úúO l¾udka; .%dóh m%foaYj, o nyq, f,i jHdma; j we;s neúka
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg th jeo.;a ù we;'
iSks l¾udka;h
• foaYSh l¾udka;hla f,i Wla iSks l¾udka;h Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg jeo.;a fõ'
• 2014 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldfõ iSks mßfNdackfhka 9'2]la imqrd,kq ,enqfha foaYSh iSks
l¾udka;fhks'
• me,aj;a;" fijK.," .,aTh" lka;f,a l¾udka; Yd,d wdY%s; Rcq /lshd iemhSug odhl
úh'
• Wla j.d lrk f.dùka úYd, msßilg wdodhï ud¾. ,nd §u odhl ùu u`.ska jl% /lshd
iemhsKs'
• foaYSh jYfhka j.d lrk Wla muKla iSks l¾udka;hg fhdod .ekSu úfYaIs;
,CIKhls'
• iSks l¾udka;fha w;=re ksIamdok jYfhka u;ameka yd iqj| ú,jqka jeo.;a fõ'
• iSks l¾udka; Yd,d yd Wla j.d ìï fudkrd.," wïmdr" ;%sl=Kdu,h jeks Èia;%slalj,
jHdma; ùu u`.ska há;, myiqlï we;s lsÍug yd m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg odhl fõ'
we`.¨ï l¾udka;h
• Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg il%sh odhl;ajhla imhk fCIa;%hls'
• wmkhkh b,lal lr.;a l¾udka;hls'
• hqfrdamd ix.uhg yd weußld tlai;a ckmohg ;r.ldÍ ñ,lg we`.¨ï imhk m%uqL
iemhqïlrefjda fj;s'
• we`.¨ï l¾udka;h 2014 j¾Ifha § 19'7] j¾Okhla jd¾;d lr we;'
• we`.¨ï l¾udka;h rg ;=< m%dfoaYSh j jHdma; j we;s ksid th m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okhg
odhl fõ'
• Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY úksuh Wmhk m%Odk wmkhkhls' uq¿ wmkhk wdodhfuka jeä
m%udKhla we`.¨ï l¾udka;fhka ,nd foa'
• 2014 j¾Ifha § frÈ ms<s yd we`.¨ï wmkhk wdodhu 10'5]lska j¾Okh ù we;'
• we`.¨ï l¾udka;h úYd, Y%u ixLHdjlg /lshd imhd we;'
• ksoyia fjf<| l,dm" l¾udka; mqr" l¾udka; WoHdk jeks jevigyka u`.ska we`.¨ï
l¾udka;hg úYd, wkq.%yhla ,eî ;sfí' tu`.ska /lshd W;amdokhg fuka u m%dfoaYSh
ixj¾Okhg o odhl;ajhla ,eî we;'
rn¾ yd ma,diaála wdY%s; l¾udka;

• Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólhg rn¾ yd ma,diaála l¾udka; b;d jeo.;a fõ'
• 2014 j¾Ifha § 13'6]lska rn¾ yd ma,diaála l¾udka;h j¾Okh úh'
• uq¿ ld¾ñl ksIamdokj,ska 12] rn¾ yd ma,diaála l¾udka;h ksfhdackh lrhs'
• fuu l¾udka;h wdY%s; j Rcq yd jl% /lshd /ila ìys ù ;sfí' ^NdKav ksIamdokh"
fnod yeÍu" yd fjf<\u wdY%s; j&
97
• foaYSh rn¾ lsß yd wuqøjH mokï lrf.k o" wdkhksl rn¾ yd ma,diaála weiqre
lrf.k o l¾udka;h j¾Okh ù ;sfí'
idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;

• Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh ;=< w;S;fha isg u úfYaI jeo.;a lula idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;hg
ysñ ù ;sfí'
• .%dóh m%foaYj, fuka u úfYaIs; .ïudkj, o fuu l¾udka; jHdma; ù ;sfí'
• mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg mej; tk Ys,am {dkh Ndú;h fuu l¾udka;j, úfYaI
,CIKhls'
• 2014 j¾Ifha § 2'5] j¾Okhla fuu wxYh ;=< olajd we;'
• fuu ksIamdok úfoaY úksuh o Wmhhs'
• rch" úúO wud;HdxY yd fomd¾;fïka;= u`.ska fuu l¾udka;j, ÈhqKqjg lghq;= fhdod
we;' ^Wod( yia; l¾udka; yd .Dy l¾udka;&
• Rcq yd jl% /lshd /ila o fï wdY%s; j ìys ù ;sfí'
• fuu l¾udka;j, ksIamdok ixpdrlhkaf.a wdl¾IKh weo .ekSug iu;a jk neúka"
tu`.ska ixpdrl jHdmdrh o ÈhqKq ùug rel=,la fõ'
• fuu l¾udka; foaYSh iïm;a nyq, f,i Wmfhdackhg .kS'
• iqúfYaI fjf<|fmd< ìys ùu yd /lshd W;amdokh ksid fuu l¾udka; m%dfoaYSh
ixj¾Okhg odhl ù we;'
98
9'3 Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mE idOl
l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl /ils'

wuq øjH" n,Yla;sh" m%d.aOkh" Y%uh" m%jdyKh" ;dCIKh" fjf<|m," jHjidhl;ajh" rdcH
m%;sm;a;s
• fuu idOl ish,a, ieu l¾udka;hlg u tl fia n,mEï we;s fkdlrhs' idOl lSmhla
tla rgl m%n, úh yels w;r ;j;a iuyr rgl tlaa idOlhla muKla m%n, úh yels h'
iSks l¾udka;h
• lka;f,a" ys`.=rdk" me,aj;a; yd fijK., hk m%foaYj, iSks l¾udka;Yd,d ia:dk.; ù
;sfí'
• fuu l¾udka;h idudkHfhka ia:dk.; jkafka wuq øjH mokï lrf.k h' wuq
øjHj," mßudj" ksñ øjHj, mßudjg jvd wêl ùu óg fya;=jhs'
• j.dìï wdY%s; j .ïudkj,ska wjYH Y%ñlhka imhd.; yels ùu o fuu l¾udka;h
ia:dk.; ùu flfrys n,mdhs'
• l¾udka;Yd,dfõ isg fjf<|fmd< lrd ksñ øjH f.khdug m%jdyK myiqj ie,iSu o
ia:dk.; ùu flfrys n,mdhs'
isfuka;s l¾udka;h
Y%S ,xldfõ ia:dms; uyd mßudK l¾udka;hla f,i isfuka;s l¾udka;h ye¢kaúh yels h'
NdKav ksIamdok l¾udka;hl jeo.;a u idOlhla jk wuqøjH u; ia:dk.; jQ l¾udka;hla
f,i fuh ye¢kaúh yels h' l¾udka;h i|yd fhdod .kakd wuq øjHj,ska jeä m%udKhla
bj; hk fyda blaukska kYH jk fyda tajd jQ úg wuq øjH wdY%s; j l¾udka;hla ia:dk.;
ùula olakg ,efí' tfy;a wuq øjHj, jákdlu jeä" tfuka u mßjykhg wvq úhoula
±Íug isÿ jk l¾udka; wuq øjH wdY%s; j msysgqùu wjYH fkdfõ' fï wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ
isfuka;s l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùug n,md we;s idOl lSmhls'
• mq;a;,u isg hdmkh f;la mj;sk yqkq.,a ;Srfhka wuq øjH fhdod f.k lkalika;=f¾
iy mq;a;,u isfuka;s lïy,a wdrïN lr we;' ta wkqj wuq øjH tys § m%Odk idOlh
fõ'
• m%jdyKh yd fjf<|fmd< hk idOl wkqj .d,a, isfuka;s l¾udka;Yd,dj ia:dk.; ù
we;' j¾;udkfha § ;%sl=Kdu,h yd ;j;a l¾udka;Yd,d fuu idOl wkqj l%shd;aul fõ'
we`.¨ï l¾udka;h
• we`.¨ï l¾udka;h ia:dk.; úu i|yd Y%uh" m%d.aOkh" yd fjf<|fmd< idOl jeo.;a
fõ'
• we`.¨ï l¾udka;h ia:dk.; ùu flfrys rdcH m%;sm;a;ska o n,md ;sfí'
• ksñ øjH fjf<|fmd< lrd f.k hdug m%jdyK myiqlï ;sîu o ia:dk.; ùu flfrys
n,mdhs'
99
• wdfhdaclhkag myiqfjka l¾udka;h mj;ajd f.k hd yels f,i úÿ,sh yd c,h jeks
há;, myiqlï ;sîu o ia:dk.; ùu flfrys n,md we;'
rn¾ yd ma,diaála l¾udka;h
• j¾;udkfha b;d mq¿,a jHdma; ùula olakg ,efí'

• wuq øjH f,i rn¾ fhdod .kakd l¾udka;" rn¾ j.dj mj;sk m%foaYj, ia:dk.; j
we;'
• rn¾ ksñ øjH ksmojk l¾udka; Yd,d fld<U k.rh wjg ia:dms; ùu'
• ma,diaála l¾udka;h i|yd wuqøjH f,i f;,a msßmyÿfjka ,nd .kakd w;=rem, fhdod
.kshs' fuu øjH myiqfjka ,nd .; yels imq.ialkao wjg m%foaYj, fuu l¾udka;h
nyq, j jHdma; j we;' lgqkdhl" ìh.u wdfhdack l,dm yd fld<U wjg ld¾ñl
l,dmj, jHdma; j we;'
• úfYaIfhka foaYSh fjf<|fmd<" m%jdyKh" Y%uh fï i|yd n,md we;s wksl=;a idOl fõ'
• ma,diaála NdKav ksIamdokfha § m%;spl%SlrKfhka ,nd .kakd wuq øjH o Ndú; lrk
neúka tajd ,nd .ekSfï myiqj wkqj fjf<|fmd< wdikakfha l¾udka; ia:dk.; fõ'
idïm%odhsl yia; l¾udka;h
• wuq øjH yd Y%uh fuu l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùfï § n,mdk m%Odk idOlfhda h'
• idïm%odhsl .ïudkj, mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg l¾udka;h ia:dms; ùu
Wod( ms<su;,dfõ ms;a;, l¾udka;h
wïn,kaf.dv fjiauqyqKq l¾udka;h
• l=Kavidf,a" l,dmqr" fõje,afoKsh" lsßjjq," weïnelal jeks m%foaYj, úfYaIs; l¾udka;
ia:dms; ùu
• Y%uodhl;ajh
• fjf<|fmd< idOlh" ixpdrl l¾udka;h uq,a lr .ksñka ia:dk.; j ;sfí'
l%shdldrlï(
• Y%S ,xldfõ l¾udka; ia:dk.; ùug n,mdk idOl ms<sn| j f;dard.;a l¾udka;
lsysmhla weiqßka w;a m;%sldjla ks¾udKh lrkak'
100
ksmqK;dj ( 10'0 Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾;udk ;;a;ajh mÍlaId
lrñka ixialD;sh yd mßirh .ek ksis wjOdkfhka hq;= j tys
ixj¾Okhg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'
k smq
K ; d u Üg u ( 10'1 Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha .;s ,CIK úu¾Ykh lrhs'
10'2 Y%S ,xldfõ wkkH;dj /l .ksñka ixpdrl l¾udka;fha
j¾Okhg .; yels l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 14 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha .;s ,CIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh flfrys ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEu o;a; weiqßka
úia;r lrhs'
• ixpdrl l¾udka;h Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;shg" iudchg yd mßirhg
isÿ lrk n,mEu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .; yels l%shdud¾.
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
yeòskaùu ( ixpdrl l¾udka;h Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól j¾Okhg fuka u iudÔh yd

ixialD;sl jYfhka o" mßir jYfhka o" jeä n,mEï t,a, lrk wxYhla
njg m;a j ;sfí' ¥rd;S;fha mgka Y%S ,xldjg Wreu jQ fN!;sl yd udkjckH
moku ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg bjy,a j we;' tfuka u úúO j¾.fha
ixpdrl wjia:djka iemfhk rgla jYfhkq;a" ksjdvq wjia:djka imhk
ixpdrl .ukdka;hla jYfhkq;a Y%S ,xldj jeo.;a fõ' uE; hq.fha rdcH
wkq.%yh ksid ixpdrl l¾udka;h j¾Okh ù we;' ixpdrl l¾udka;fha
hym;a n,mEï fuka u whym;a n,mEï o ;sfí'
fuu tAllfhka Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha .;s ,laIK tys wd¾Ól"
ixialD;sl" iudÔh yd mdßiß l n, mEï yd wkkH;dj
/l.ksñka tys j¾Okhg .; yels l%shdud¾. ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd §u
wfmaCIs; hs'

ixpdrl l¾udka;fha moku
fN!;sl moku udkjckH moku
• foaY.=Kh • mqrd úoHd ia:dk

• Ydl • ixialD;sl uOHia:dk
• i;a;aj • l,d Ys,am
• o¾YkSh ia:dk • foaYSh ffjoH fiajd
• wd.ka;=l i;aldr
• ckY%e;s
101
- Y%S ,xld ixpdrl uKav,h úiska Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk ixpdrl l,dm y;la kï lr we;'
1' fld<U k.rh

2' uy fld<U
3' ol=Kq fjr<
4' kef`.kysr fjr<
5' Wiaìï m%foaY
6' mqrd;k k.r
7' W;=re m%foaYh
uQ,dY%hh( Y%S ,xld cd;sl is;shï ix.%yh mdi,a uqøKh fojk ixialrKh 2015
102
• ixpdrlhka ixLHdj yd m%Njh
- cd;Hka;r ks¾jpk wkqj Y%S ,xldjg meñfKk ixpdrlhka f,i ye¢kaafjkqfha

hg;a msßfihska tla rd;%shla fyda Èjhsfka .llrk wd.ka;=lfhda h'
- jir 2011 isg 2014 f;la wm Èjhskg meñKs ixpdrlhkaf.a ixLHdj fufia h'
jir ixLHdj
2011 855"975
2012 1"006"605
2013 1"274"593
2014 1"527"153
uQ,dY%hh( Y%S ,xld ixpdrl ixj¾Ok wêldßh ixLHd jd¾;dj 2014
- m%ia;drh wkqj 2001 isg 2014 f;la ixpdrlhkaf.a meñŒu iuia;hla f,i jeä jQ
nj;a" 2008" 2009 j¾Ij, th YS>% f,i wvq ù 2010 isg 2014 f;la YS>%fhka jeä ù .sh
nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ'
- 2014 § ñ,shk 1'5 blaujQ ixpdrlhka ixLHdjla wm rgg meñK we;' 2016 § ixpdrl
b,lalh ñ,shk 2'5 ls'
- jir 2013 yd 2014 § Y%S ,xldjg meñ‚ ixpdrlhkaf.a ixLHdj wkqj m%uqL;dj .kakd
rgj,a 10 my; m%ia;drfhka ±lafõ'
- 2013 § jeä u ixpdrlhka ixLHdjla meñ‚ rgj,a ;=k jQfha wkqms<sfj<ska bkaÈhdj"
tlai;a rdcOdksh yd c¾uksh hs' 2014 § th bkaÈhdj" tlai;a rdcOdksh yd Ökh f,i
fjkia úh'
103
• Y%S ,xldjg ixpdrlhka meñfKk úúO wruqKq(
2014 ixLHd f,aLk wkqj ixpdrlhka meñŒfï wruqKq my; m%ia;drfhka ±lafõ' tA
wkqj 2014 jif¾
úfõlh yd úfkdaoh i|yd 67'95]
kEoE ys;j;=ka ne,Su i|yd 27'45]
jHdmdr lghq;= i|yd 1'33]
jYfhka ixpdrlhka wm rgg meñK we;' wfkl=;a ld¾hhka i|yd tla tla wxYhkays
meñŒu 1]g jvd wvq fõ' tAjd w;r" fi!LH" l%Svd" rdcH;dka;%sl" wOHdmk" /iaùï
iïuka;%K wkq.%dyl" m%o¾Yk" wd.ñl" ixialD;sl fCIa;% jeo.;a fõ'
104
• ixpdrlhka úúO fya;= ksid wm rgg meñfKa'

- Y%S ,xldj l=vd Èjhskla jqj o tys fN!;sl mokfï we;s wdl¾IKSh úúO;ajh
- iSñ; m%foaYhla ;=< mj;akd úúO;ajh yd flá ld,hla ;=< tAjdg <Õd úh yels ùu
- uE; ld,h ;=< ixpdrl fCIa;%h kj m%jK;d j¾Okh ùu' WÞ( ffcj ixpdrl
lghq;=" l÷ ke`.Su" ;%dickl l%Svd" foaYSh ffjoH fiajd" foaYSh wdydr" újdy pdß;%
wdÈh
- ixpdrlhkaf.a meñŒu fuka u Tjqka Èjhsfka /£ isák ld,h o jeo.;a h'
105
fï wkqj 2013 yd 2014 jir fofla u Y%S ,xldjg meñ‚ ixpdrlhkaf.ka jeä u m%;sY;hla
rd;%s 8-14 w;r ld,hla wm rfÜ kjd;eka f.k we;'
Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;fha m%Odk fldgia folls' cd;Hka;r ixprKh yd foaYSh
ixprKh jYfhks'
cd;Hka;r ixprKh hkq úfoaYhkaf.ka furgg meñfKk ixpdrlhka wdY%s; l¾udka;h
hs' foaYSh ixprKh hkq rfgys jeishka úúO wruqKq uq,a fldg f.k ixpdrl wdl¾IK
lrd fhduq ùu hs'
Y%S ,xldfõ ixprKfha m%fNao lsysmhls'

1' mdßißl ixprKh
mßirfha ixrpl w.h lrñka tajd keröu yd wOHhkh i|yd ixprKh
îsxyrdc" lkafk,sh" jeks jkdka;r" l=uk jeks l=re¨ wNh N+ñ" cd;sl
jfkdaoHdk&
2' ixialD;sl ixprKh
fuh Y%S ,xldfõ b;d m%n, ixpdrl wdl¾IKhls' mer‚ ixialD;shla we;s Y%S
,xldfõ tys wkkH;dj olajk wdl¾IK rdYshls' ^jeõ wuqKq" fjfyr úydr"
fldaú,a" úfYaIs; wd.ñl ia:dk" kgnqka&
3' m%;sfudaol ixprKh
úfõlh yd úfkdaoh wruqKq lrf.k ixprKfha fh§u ñka woyia fõ' ^fjr<"
l÷rg" Èh u; ,siaidhdu jeks l%Svd&
4' fi!kao¾h ixprKh
mßirfha mj;akd fi!kao¾h jákdlu w.h lrñka th úkaokh i|yd
ixprKfha fh§u ^fjr<" Èhwe<s" l÷lr mßirh" jkdka;r jeks mdßißl
wdl¾IK&
5' úl%uhka wdY%s; ixprKh
;%dickl w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSu i|yd ixprKh ñka woyia fõ' ^fõ.fhka .,d
hk Èh l÷re Tiafia myqre yeisrùu" o< l÷ nEjqï ;rKh&
• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha kj fCIa;%(

- ixpdrl l¾udka;h úúOdx.SlrKh ùu" kj wxY tl;= ùu ksid ixpdrlhkaf.a
úúO wjYH;d imqrd ,Su'
uqyqÿ l%Svd" ixialD;sl ixprKh" ;%dickl ixprKh
- id¾j ixpdrl l¾udka;h mq¿,a ùu' ysre t<sh (sun), uqyqo (sea) fjr< (sand) yd
fiajd (service) flakaø lr.;a ixpdrl lghq;=
- m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok lghq;= u`.ska ixpdrl wdl¾IK j¾Okh fjñka mj;S'
^mskakj," oUq,a," hdmkh" mdisl=vd" l;r.u&
- idïm%Þhsl fkdjk fjf<|fmd<j,ska ixpdrlhka wdl¾IKh lr .ekSu
- mßir ys;ldó ixpdrl fjf<|fmd<la we;s lsÍu
• f,dal ixpdrl ixúOdk yd mj;akd iïnkaO;dj
106
- Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;h úúO f,dal ixúOdk yd iïnkaO j mj;S'
- tlai;a cd;Skf a .a f,dal ixprK ixúOdkh (UNWTO) iamd[a[fha ueâßâ (Madrid)
k.rfha ia:dms; lrk ,§' fuu ixúOdkh Y%S ,xldj we;=¿ wfkl=;a ixj¾Okh
jk rgj, ixpdrl l¾udka;fha m%j¾Okhg úúO whqßka iydh fõ'
- meis*sla-wdishd ixpdrl i.xuh (PATA) 1951 msysgqjd we;s fuys uQ,ia:dkh fydk¨¨
(Honolulu) k.rfha msysgd we;' fuu ixúOdkh meis*sla l,dmh yd wdishdfõ
ixpdrl l¾udka;fha ixj¾Okh iòyd msysgqjd we;s wdh;khls' jd¾Isl j
meje;afjk iïfï,kj,g iyNd.s ùfuka Y%S ,xldj o ta iïnkaOj f;dr;=re
yqjudre lr .kS'
- wmg wdikak;u ixúOdkh jk id¾la ixúOdkh ish idudðl rgj, ixpdrl
l¾udka;h k`.d isgqùu i|yd úúO mshjr f.k we;'
^jßka jr fï ms<sn| /iaùï mj;ajd ;SrK .ekSu" 2006 jir ol=Kq wdishdkq
ixpdrl j¾Ih f,i kï lsÍu" id¾la l,dmh fmdÿ .ukdka;hla f,i
ixj¾Okh lsÍu&
ixpdrl l¾udka;fha n,mEï(

wd¾Ól n,mEu(
- Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha úfoaY úksuh Wmhk m%Odk ud¾.j,ska tlls'
- 2013 ixpdrl l¾udka;h u`.ska bmehQ úfoaY úksuh m%udKh we'fvd' ñ,shk 1715 ls'
th 2014 § we'fvd' ñ,shk 2431 úh' th 41'7] jd¾;d.; jeä ùuls'
ûynexl= jd¾;dj 2014&
- tla ixpdrlfhl=f.a ffoksl úhofï idudkHh we'fvd' 160'8ls'
- /lshd wjia:d WÞ lsÍu i|yd o wm rgg ixpdrl l¾udka;h jeo.;a fjhs'

- 2014 ixpdrl l¾udka;fha Rcq /lshd ixLHdj 129"790la úh' tu /lshd fn§ .sh
107
wdldrh fufia h'
l<ukdlrK" úoHd;aul yd jdia;úl - 19"445
;dCI‚l" ,smslre yd mÍCIl - 67"508
Y%ñl yd hdka;%sl - 42"837
129"790
- jd¾Isl j /lshd wjia:d l%ufhka j¾Okh fõ'
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h u`.ska jl% /lshd úYd, m%udKhla o ìys lr we;' Wmldrl fiajd
imhkakka" úis;=re NdKav yd we÷ï imhkafkda" isysjgk ue‚la" iaj¾KdNrK
ksIamdolfhda fjf<kfodaa ksoiqka h'
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h ksid Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh we;s ùu o hym;a m%jK;djls'
m%dfoaYSh jYfhka ixpdrl fydag,a bÈ ùu" kd.ÍlrKh" há;, myiqlï ÈhqKq ùu
jeo.;a h'
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h wdY%s; j rfÜ wdfhdackh jeä ùu o wd¾Ólhg jdisÞhl j n,mdhs'
- 2014 jif¾ § we'fvd' ñ,shk 423'4 la jákd fydag,a jHdmD;s 40la i|yd wdfhdack
wkqu; lr we;' bka nyq;rhla cd;Hka;r fydag,a Þuh yd iïnkaO h'
- ixpdrlhkaf.a meñŒu ksid úúO l%u u`.ska rcfha wdÞhu jeä fõ' nÿ" m%fõYm;%"
.=jka .; ùfï .dia;= wdÈh óg wh;a fõ'
- ixpdrl m%foaYj, Ôj;a jk ckhdf.a wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh Wiia ùug o fuh n,mdhs' úúO
fiajd iemhSï u`.ska tu m%foaYj, ckhdg wdÞhula Wmhd .; yels h'
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h wdY%s; j whym;a wd¾Ól n,mEï o olakg we;' ixpdrlhkaf.a
meñŒu fndfyda ÿrg tla ld,hlg muKla iSud ùu" foaYSh NdKav ñ, by< hdu ksid
mdßfNda.slhkag .eg¨ we;s ùu" nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, wksis n,mEï jeks foa WÞyrK
fõ'
iudÔh yd ixialD;sl n,mEï

- úúO cd;Ska yd ixialD;Ska y÷kd .ekSug yels ùu
- iudÔh yd ixialD;sl w.hhka yqjudrej
- Y%S ,dxlslhka úfoaYSh NdId bf.kSug fm,öu
- f,dal Wreu yd mqrdjia;= ixrlaIKh i|yd ,efnk Þhl;ajh
ixpdrl l¾udka;h ksid iudÔh yd ixialD;sl jYfhka we;s jk whym;a n,mEï o we;'
- úfoaYSh whym;a .;s isß;a wkq.ukh lsÍug fm,öu
- iÞpdr mßydksh
- <ud wmpdr nyq, ùu
- iudc frda. me;sr hdu
- u;aøjH Ndú;h jeä ùu
- wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl jákdlula we;s NdKav msgrgg we§ hdu
- we;eï ixpdrlhka foaYSh yd wd.ñl j;a ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh fkdlsÍu
108
mdßißl n,mEï(
- ixpdrl jHdmdrh mßirh u; fndfyda ÿrg r|d mj;S' tA ksid mßirh iq/lSfï wdl,am
yd l%shdud¾. ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq ùu yd l%shd lsÍu'
- N+ñh" c,h" Ydl yd i;=ka wdrCId lsÍu i|yd úfoaYdOdr ,eîu
- fjr< ixrCIKh
whym;a mdßißl n,mEï o we;'
- o¾YkSh ia:dkj, yd jkdka;r wdY%s; j fydag,a bÈlsÍu ksid fi!kao¾hhg ydks ùu
- fjr< Ldokh yd fldr,amr úkdY ùu
- wmøjH mßirhg uqÞ yeÍu yd iïnkaO .eg¨ we;s ùu
- we;eï ia:dkj,g ±ßh fkdyels ;rfï ixpdrl ixLHdjla meñŒu ksid ffcj
moaO;sj,g ydks meñŒu
- i;a;aj yd Ydl fldgia msgrgj,g f.k hdu
• ixpdrl l¾udka;fha j¾Okhg .; yels l%shd ud¾.

- ixpdrl l¾udka;h ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu
- ixpdrlhdf.a wdrCIdj ;yjqre jk mßirhla f.dvke`.Su
- foaYSh ixpdrl l¾udka;h m%j¾Okh lsÍu
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h ;=< kj fCIa;% m%j¾Okh lsÍu
- ixpdrl l¾udka;fha wys;lr n,mEï wju lsÍu i|yd l%shdud¾. .ekSu
ixpdrl l¾udka;h ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu

- úúO rgj, ixpdrl m%j¾Ok jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu
- rcfha ixj¾Ok ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍfï § ixpdrl l,dm ms<snò j jeä wjOdkhla
fhduq lsÍu
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h m%j¾Okh i|yd m<d;a iNd yd m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,
iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSu
- ixpdrl ùid ksl=;a lsÍfï § jvd;a kuHYS,s m%;sm;a;sj,g keUqre ùu
ixpdrlhdf.a wkkH;dj yd wdrCIdj ;yjqre jk mßirhla f.dvke`.Su

- ixpdrlhkaf.a wdrCIdj i|yd ±ä kS;sÍ;s l%shd;aul lsÍu
- ixpdrl uÕ fmkajkakka fydag,a fiajlhka m%jdylhka mqyqKq lsÍu yd Bg wÞ<
wdh;k msysgqùu
- ixpdrlhka fuys .; lrk ld,h m%ikak j .; lsÍug wjia:d ie,iSu
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h ms<sn| m%cdj ;=< ±kqu yd hym;a wdl,am j¾Okh lsÍu
foaYSh ixpdrl l¾udka;h m%j¾Okh lsÍu

- cd;Hka;r m%ñ;Ska wkqj ixpdrl kjd;eka myiqlï iemhSu yd jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
- mdßißl ixpdrl myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu" há;, myiqlï" ,e.=ïy,a uxfm;a"
kerUqï ue`Èß jeks tAjd ixj¾Okh lsÍu
- ixpdrlhka i|yd .ukd.uk myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu ^.=jka" uydud¾." ÿïßh yd
fjk;a&
109
- Y%S ,xldfõ fN!;sl yd udkjckH moku ixpdrl wdl¾IK f.dv ke`.Su i|yd
fhdÞ.; yels h'
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h úúO m%foaY lrd úia;S¾K j fhduq lsÍu' uq¿ Èjhsk u yiq jk
mßÈ ixpdrl l,dm we;slr ixj¾Okh lsÍu
- ±kg we;s ixpdrl wdl¾IK jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu - mskakj," ol=Kq fjr<" isxyrdc"
kl,aia" ßá., iy f,dal Wreu ia:dk wdÈh
- ixpdrl l¾udka;h m%j¾Okh i|yd È.=ld,Sk ie,iqï u`.ska iaÓridr úi÷ï i|yd
th m%;sjHQy.; l< hq;= h'
ixpdrl l¾udka;h ;=< kj fCIa;% m%j¾Okh lsÍu

- ±kg jeä jYfhka flfrk rdYs ixprKh fjkqjg" úúO fCIa;% lrd fhduq
lsÍug mshjr .ekSu
- foaYSh wdydr" foaYSh ffjoH l%u" foaYSh ixialD;sh jeks úl,am flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍu
- mer‚ Ôjk rgd ms<sìUq jk úfYaIs; ixpdrl l,dm m%j¾Okh lsÍu
ixpdrl l¾udka;fha wys;lr n,mEï wju lsÍu i|yd l%shdud¾. .ekSu

- kS;sÍ;s l%shd;aul lsÍu
- ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍu
- ys;lr wdl,am j¾Okh i|yd mshjr .ekSu
- kj ;dCIK l%u y÷kajd §u u`.ska isÿ úh yels jxpd yd ¥IK je<elaùug mshjr
.ekSu ^cdk" fl!;=l jia;= uxfld,a,h&
110
ksmqK;dj ( 11'0 f.da,ShlrKfha iajNdjh ;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 11'1 f.da,ShlrKh hkq l=ula ±hs úu¾Ykh lrhs'

11'2 f.da,ShlrKfha m%Odk jdyl úuid n,hs'
11'3 f.da,ShlrKh ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g n,mdk
wdldrh mÍCId lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 20 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • f.da,ShlrKh hkq l=ula ±hs meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• f.da,ShlrKfha jdis wjdis ú.%y lrhs'
• f.da,ShlrKfha m%Odk jdyl y÷kajhs'
• f;dr;=re yd ikaaksfõok ;dCIKh" nyqcd;sl iud.ï
f.da,ShlrKh i|yd olajk odhl;ajh úia;r lrhs'
• f.da,ShlrKh i|yd udkj ixp,kh fõ.j;a ùu n,mdk
wdldrh úia;r lrhs'
• ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g f.da,ShlrKfhka we;s lrk
hym;a yd whym;a n,mEï úia;r lrhs'
• Y%S ,xldjg f.da,ShlrKh u`.ska jk n,mEï ksoiqka iys; j bÈßm;a
lrhs'
yeòskaùu ( j¾;udkfha úoHdj yd ;dCIKh" m%jdyKh" ikaksfõokh jeks fCIa;%j,

we;s fjñka ;sfnk b;d fõ.j;a ÈhqKqj iu`. tAldnoaO ù mj;sk wd¾Ól"
iudÔh" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k l%shdj,sh ksid f,dj lsis u rglg
yqfol,d ù ;u lghq;= mj;ajd.; fkdyels h' tneúka f,dalfha rgj,a
w;r fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha iïnkaO;d mj;S' fufia uq¿ f,dalh u úúO
wxY Tiafia iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ekSfï l%shdj,sh —f.da,ShlrKh˜ f,i
ir, j ye¢kaúh yels h' th f,dal m%cdj tl u iudchla njg tAldnoaO
ùfï iy tlg jev lsÍfï l%shdÞuhla f,i o ye|skaúh yels h'

- wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl n,mEï f,dalfha ish¨ m%foaYj, l%ufhka tl yd
iudk ;;a;ajhg m;a ùfï l%shdj,sh f,i - flaïì%Ê YíofldaIh (Cambridge Dictionary)
f.da,ShlrKh w¾: olajd we;'
f.da,ShlrKfha .;s ,laIK(

• f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok fCIa;%fha (Information and Communication) we;s jQ YS>% ÈhqKqj
há;, myiqlïj, (Infrastructure) ÈhqKqj f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,sh jvd;a fõ.j;a ùug
fya;= ù we;'
• w;S;fha § rgj,a w;r úúO iïnkaO;d ;snqK o j¾;udk f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,sh Bg
yd;amiska fjkia ixlS¾K jQjls'
111
• úfYaIfhka foaY.fõIKh yd hg;a úð;lrKh jeks l%shdj,s ksid f,dalfha rgj,a

tlsfkl ióm úh'
• kQ;k hq.fha § f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,sh jvd;a fõ.fhka isÿ fjñka mj;S'
• cd;Hka;r uq,H wruqo, - (IMF - International Monetary Fund) f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,sh
uQ,sl wxY y;rla Tiafia isÿ jk nj fmkajd § we;'
1' fjf<|du yd .kqfokq lsÍï - Trade and Transaction
2' m%d.aOkh yd wdfhdack - Capital and Investments
3' ixl%uKh - Migration
4' ±kqu fnÞyeÍu - Dissemination of Knowledge
• tfuka u f.da,Sh WKqiqï ùu jeks mdßißl wNsfhda.hka o" c, ¥IKh yd jdhq ¥IKh jeks
ixisoaê we;=<;a foaY iSud blaujd hk fyda foaY iSud rys; fyda mdßißl .eg¨ o id.rfha
uiqka ueÍu jeks wd¾Ól l%shdj,Ska o" ;%ia;jdoh yd irKd.; meñŒï jeks iudÔh
wNsfhda. o j¾;udkfha f.da,ShlrKhg iïnkaO lr we;'
• f.da,ShlrKh" wd¾Ólh" iudch yd ixialD;sh iy iajdNdúl mßirh flfrys
n,mdk l%shdj,shla jk w;r u tu wxYj, n,mEug o f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,sh yiq fõ'
• f.da,ShlrKfha m%Odk wx. lSmhls'
- wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh - economic globalization
- ixialD;sl f.da,ShlrKh - cultural globalization
- foaYmd,k f.da,ShlrKh - political globalization
- ;dCI‚l f.da,ShlrKh - technological globalization
• f.da,ShlrKh hk fhÿu j¾;udkfha § nyq, j Ndú; jkafka fjf<|du" úfoaYSh Rcq
wdfhdackh" uqo,a .,kh" ixl%uKh iy ;dCIK jHdma;sh wdÈh u`.ska cd;sl wd¾Ólhka
f.da,Sh wd¾Ólhla njg m;a ùu ye¢kaùu i|yd h'
f.da,ShlrKfha jdis(
• jHdjidhlhka fkdue;s rgj,g kj woyia" yd jHjidhl;ajh ,nd .ekSug bv m%ia;dj
ie,fia'
• ld¾ñl jYfhka wvq ÈhqKq rgj,g f,dalfha úYd, fjf<|fmd< lrd m%fõY ùug wjia:dj
,nd foa'
• m%d.aOkh .,dhdu" ;dCIKh" udkj m%d.aOkh ,nd .ekSug bv i,ik w;r wdkhk fuka
u wmkhk fjf<|fmd< m%idrKh lr.; yels fõ'
• ld¾ñl jYfhka fkdÈhqKq rgj, jHdmdßlhkag cd;Hka;r ksIamdok cd,fha fldgialrejka
njg m;a ùug wjia:dj ie,fia'
• wOHdmk wjia:d yd ;dCI‚l ±kqu yqjudre lr.ekSug wjia:d j ,efí'
112
f.da,ShlrKfha wjdis(
• ld¾ñl jYfhka ÈhqKq rgj,a iy ld¾ñl wvq ÈhqKq rgj,a w;r fuka u tu rgj,a ;=< o
wdodhï úIu;dj jeä ùu'
• ld¾ñl rgj, wdrCIK m%;sm;a;s ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g wmkhk fjf<|fmd<
lrd m%fõY ùug we;s bvlv md,kh lsÍu'
• úfoaYSh Ok wdfhdack wdl¾IKh lr.ekSfï wruq‚ka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a

;r.ldÍ f,i wkq.ukh lrk l%shdud¾. tu rgj, mdßißl .eg¨ we;s lsÍug fya;= fõ'
• f.da,ShlrKh m%dfhda.sl j l%shd;aul jkafka ixj¾ê; rgj, isg ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
rgj,a lrd mu‚'
• fndfyda rgj, ixialD;sl wkkH;dj fyda ixialD;sl iqúfYaI;ajh fyda l%ufhka ke;sù
hdu yd weußldj m%uqL ngysrlrKh mokï lr.;a úYaj ixialD;shla me;sÍ hdu'
• f.da,Sh jdKscHh l%shd;aul jkqfha nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, ,dNh Wmßu jk whqßka ñi ;ks
rgj, fyda tu rgj, ckhdf.a fyda ixj¾Ok wruqKq wkqj fkdfõ' tneúka th ixj¾Okh
fjñka mj;sk rgj,g jdisodhl fkdjkq we;'
113
11'2 f.da,ShlrKfha m%Odk jdyl
• f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dCIKh
- o;a; tla/ia lsÍu" f;dr;=re ieliSu" .nvd lsÍu yd fnÞ yeÍfï l%shdj,sh
f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dCIKh f,i ye¢kafõ' úoHq;a udOHfhka f;dr;=re
ieliSu fuys § m%Odk fõ'
- .=jka úÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh" mß.Kl" mß.Kl cd," ¥rl:k" pkaøsld iy fjk;a
ikaksfõok úoHq;a WmlrK fuys § jeo.;a fõ'
- j¾;udkfha f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dCIKh ,nd we;s YS>% yd ±jeka;
ÈhqKqj f.da,ShlrKh i|yd fnfyúka n,md we;s idOlhls'
- fN!;sl iïm;a muKla fkdj udkj iïm;a mjd yqjudre ùu f.da,ShlrKfha
m%Odk ,CIKhls' fujeks wka;¾ iïnkaO;d ksid ;dCI‚l wxYfhka muKla
fkdj ixialD;sl" iudÔh wdÈ wxYj,ska o tlsfkldf.a woyia yd olaI;d"
wdl,am yqjudrelr .ekSug;a tA u`.ska ;ukaf.a ;;a;ajhka ÈhqKq lr.ekSug;a
yels ù we;'
- úfYaIfhka u ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj fuu iïnkaO;d jvd;a <x ùug
fya;= ù we;' mqj;am;ska werUqK ikaksfõok ÈhqKqj .=jka úÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh"
¥rl:kh" mß.Klh yd wka;¾cd,h jeks wxY u`.ska j¾;udkfha by< u
;eklg m;a j we;'
- pkaøsld ;dCIKh ìys ùu" m%ldY;ka;= /yeka (fiber optic cable) Ndú;h" /yeka
rys; cd, (wireless network) yd cx.u ¥rl:k Ndú;h iu`. f,dj mqrd isÿ jk
ieu isÿ ùula u ieu m%jD;a;shla u b;d iq¿ fudfyd;lska f,daljdiSkaf.ka
nyq;rhlg ±k.ekSug yelshdj we;'
- uhsfl%dÑma (microchip) Ndú;h ÈhqKq ùu ksid f;dr;=re fõ.j;a j ieliSfï
yelshdj;a b;d l=vd m%udKhl úYd, f;dr;=re iïNdrhla ;ekam;a lsÍfï
yelshdj;a ,eî ;sfí'
- fuu lreKq wdY%hfhka j¾;udkfha f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj
f.da,ShlrKh flfrys n,mEu fldf;la ±hs jgyd.; yels h'
- f.da,ShlrKfha fõ.j;a njg f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dCIKh bjy,a jkakd fia
u bka we;s jk whym;a m%;sM, o fõ'
 wka;¾cd,h yd rEmjdysksh jeks udOH yryd wjYH foa fuka u wkjYH
foa o iSud rys; j rg ;=<g tAu tla .eg¨jls' fuh j¾;udk <ud mrmqr
yd ;reK mrmqr fkdu`. hdug fya;= fõ'
• nyqcd;sl iud.ï(
- ;u ujq rg ;=<;a bka neyer j wju jYfhka tla rglj;a ;u jHdmdr lghq;=
fufyhjk úYd, iud.ï nyqcd;sl iud.ï f,i ye¢kafõ' idudkHfhka
fujeks iud.ïj, ld¾hd,h fyda l¾udka;Yd,d fyda úúO rgj, msysgqjd we;s
w;r ujq rfgys msysá m%Odk ld¾hd,hfhka tAjd iïnkaëlrKh flf¾'
- ±kg f,dalfha nyqcd;sl iud.ï 600la muK l%shd;aul jk w;r bka 30la
muK weußld tlai;a ckmoh flakaø lrf.k msysgqjd we;' ;j;a 160la muK
114
cmdkfha iud.ï jk w;r 60la muK tlai;a rdcOdksfha jHdmdßlhkg wh;a fõ'
- f,dalfha m%Odk nyqcd;sl iud.ï lsysmhla kï"
Monsanto - USA Mitsui - Japan
Unilever - UK KFC - USA
Merck - UK Coca Cola - USA
- fuu iud.ï ish jHdmdr lghq;= jHdma; lsÍug fjk;a rgj, jHdmdr i|yd uqo,a
wdfhdackh lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,nhs' th Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack f,i ye¢kafjhs'
(FDI - Foreign Direct Investments)
- f,dalfha ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, ksIamdok úhou wvq ùu;a" úfoaY
wdfhdack mq¿,a lr.ekSu i|yd tu rgj,a wd¾Ólh újD; lsÍu" nÿ m%;sm;a;s ,sys,a
lsÍu" lïlre kS;s Í;s ,sys,a lsÍu" wdfhdaclhkag wjYH há;, myiqlï mq¿,a lsÍu
jeks l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lsÍu;a úfoaYSh iud.ï tu rgj, wdfhdackh lsÍu
jeä ùug fya;= fõ' tksid nyqcd;sl iud.ï l%shdldß;ajh f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,shg
mq¿,a n,mEula we;s lrk idOlhls'
- f,dalfha m%uqL fmf<a m%isoaO iud.ï ish wdh;k f,dj mqrd rgj, jHdma; lsÍu fyda
tu rgj, o ;u jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k hdu fyda u`.ska tu ish¨ rgj,a tAldnoaO j
f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,shg Þhl fõ'
• YS>% udkj ixp,kh

- udkj ixp,kh f,i ye¢kafjkafka m%dfoaYSh yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka isÿ jk
ixl%uKh hs'
- /lshd" wOHdmkh" úfkdaoh" jHdmdßl lghq;=" wd.ñl lghq;= wdÈ úúO wjYH;d
uq,a lr.ksñka ñksid ixp,kfha fhfoa'
- j¾;udk f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,sfhys ;=< f,dalh fndfyda ÿrg újD; j mj;S'
úfYaIfhka f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqj ksid f,dalh ms<sn| ±kqu
yd wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu b;d myiq ù we;'
- tA u`.ska ñksidg wOHdmk" /lshd úfkdao lghq;=" jHdmdr wdÈh i|yd ixp,kh ùug
wjldYh újD; lr foa' úfYaIfhka wka;¾cd,h yryd .=jka álÜm;a" kjd;eka
myiqlï b;d myiqfjka fjka lrjd .ekSug o yelshdj ,eî we;'
- udkj ixp,k l%shdj,sh ksid iudÔh yd wjldYSh jYfhka f,dalfha rgj,a w;r
mr;rh wvq fõ' wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a fõ' jHjidhl;ajhka yqjudrejg bv
ie,fia' ;dCIKh yqjudre ùug bv ie,fia' fuh f.da,ShlrKh i|yd fya;= fõ'
- wfkla w;g f.da,ShlrKh udkj ixp,kh fõ.j;a ùug o fya;= fõ'
- tneúka udkj ixp,kh yd f.da,ShlrKh wfkHdkH iïnkaO;djla iys;
l%shdj,s folls'
115
11'3 f.da,ShlrKh ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g isÿ lrk hym;a yd whym;a n,mEï
• wd¾Ól n,mEu
- w;S;fha § ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,g f.da,Sh wd¾Ólhkag m%fõY ùfï
wmyiq;d ;sì‚' f.da,ShlrKh ksid tu iSudjka fndfyda ÿrg bj;a j we;'
- f,dal nexl=j" wka;¾cd;sl uq,H wruqo, jeks uQ,H wdh;k úiska uyd mßudK Kh
myiqlï ie,eiSu u`.ska ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, fjf<|fmd< yd ixj¾Ok
wjYH;d i|yd m%fõYhka ,nd§u o jeo.;a h'
- j¾;udkfha ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk fndfyda rgj,a újD; wd¾Ólhg fhduq ùu
tu rgj, úfoaY wdfhdack yd /lshd bv m%ia;dj mq¿,a ùug wjldY i,ihs'
- úfYaIfhka ikaksfõok fCIa;%fha ÈhqKq ùu iu`. úfoaYSh iud.ïj,g ksoyia
fjf<|du i|yd wjia:dj ,eî we;'
- f,dalh mqrd iuQy jHdmdr yd ñ;% iïuq;s .súiqï we;s lr .ekSug bv m%ia;dj ,eîu
o jdishls'
- iSudjka bj;a lsÍu u`.ska jHdmdrj,g ,dN Y%uh yd wuqøjH yd ;dCIK myiqlï
,nd.; yels h' WÞ( fndfyda weußldkq uDÿldx. iud.ï tAjdfha ksIamdok lghq;=
bkaÈhdfõ ia:dk.; lr we;' th tu rgj,a folg u jdisÞhl h'
we;eï úg wys;lr wd¾Ól n,mEï o we;s úh yels h'

- rg ;=< ÿmam;a fmdfydi;a mr;rh jeä ùu
- ixj¾Okfha m%;sM, rg ;=< jqj o tl yd iudk j fn§ fkdhdu
- l¾udka; Yd,d jHdma; ùu ksid mdßißl .eg¨ we;s ùu
- foaYSh l¾udka; yd wdfhdack mßydkshg ,la ùu
- f.da,Sh m%d.aOk wjYH;d j wkqj udkj ysñlï iy ñksidf.a hymeje;au hgm;a
ùu'
- kQ;k ;dCI‚l l%u Ndú;h ksid ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, we;eï
jD;a;Skag wjYH jk Y%ñl ixLHdj wvq ùu'
±kqu yd ;dlaIKh(
- wOHdmkh iïnkaO f;dr;=re m%p,s; ùu" f.da,Sh jYfhka wOHdmk wjia:d újD;
ùu yd tAjdg fhduq ùu myiq ùu ksid j¾;udkfha ;ukaf.a l=i,;d j¾Okh lr
.ekSug ck;dj Wkkaÿ ùu jdisÞhl ;;a;ajhls'
- f.da,ShlrKh ksid j¾;udkfha Wiia wOHdmkhg fhduq ùu by< hdu o jdisÞhl
;;a;ajhls'
- úfoaY wdfhdack wjia:d mq¿,a ùu u`.ska ±kqu yd ;dCIKh yqjudre lr .ekSug we;s
wjia:d jeä ùu o jdisÞhl ;;a;ajhls'
iudc yd ixialD;sl n,mEu(

- ixialD;sh udkj YsIagdpdrh iu`. noaO jQjla jk w;r th iudchlska iudchlg
rglska rglg l,dmfhka l,dmhg fjkia fõ'
116
- ixialD;sl f.da,ShlrKh hkqfjka woyia jkafka m%n, ixialD;shl we;s ,CIK
úúO udOHhka fyda l%u u`.ska ;j;a ixialD;shlg fma%rKh ùu hs'
- fï i|yd fjf<| NdKav" wka;¾cd,h yd fjk;a ikaksfõok udOH uQ,sl fõ'
WÞ( ngysr ix.S;h
- idïm%Þhsl ixialD;Ska l%ufhka ngysr ixialD;Skag wkqj¾;kh ùu o
f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEuls'
- úfYaIfhka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, ;reK mrmqr flfrys ixialD;sl
f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEu jeä h' we÷ï me,e÷ï" ú,dis;d" ix.S;h" wdydr mqreÿ
flfrys fujeks n,mEï olakg we;' McDonalds, KFC, Dominos, Pizza Hut jeks
cd;Hka;r fNdackd.dr cd,hkaf.a jHdma;sh ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'
- iïm%Þhsl ixialD;sl wx. wNdjhg hdu" NdIdj fjkia ùu' mjq,a ixia:djkays
fjkia ùï we;s ùu ixialD;sl f.da,ShlrKfha wys;lr n,mEï fõ'
l%shdldrlu
1' f.da,ShlrKh Y%S ,xldjg n,md we;s wdldrh ±lafjk WÞyrK yels ;dla tl;= lrkak'
2' tAjd - wd¾Ól

- ±kqu yd ;dlaIK
- iudc yd ixialD;sl
f,i j¾. lr hym;a yd whym;a n,mEï f,i fjka fjka j bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd
j.=jla ilia lrkak'
117
ksmqK;dj ( 12'0 l,dmSh ixúOdkhkays N+ñldj mÍCId lrñka l,dmSh
iyfhda.s;djg fhduq fjhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 12'1 f;dard.;a l,dmSh ixúOdkhkays ld¾hNdrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ( 08 hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • l,dmSh ixúOdk hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• id¾la ixúOdkfha ld¾hNdrh úia;r lrhs'
• w.aksÈ. wdishdkq ix.ufha ld¾hNdrh úia;r lrhs'
• hqfrdamd ix.ufha ld¾hNdrh úia;r lrhs'
• l,dmSh ixúOdkj,g wh;a rgj,a is;shï u`.ska olajhs'
ye`Èkaùu ( j¾;udk f,dalfha ieu rgla u fjk;a rgj,a iu. inò;d mj;ajd
f.k hñka cd;Hka;r inò;d j¾Okh lr.ekSug lghq;= lrhs' ;u rfÜ
iaffjÍNdjh" wdrCIdj" wd¾Ól lghq;= iudÔh lghq;= id¾:l j mj;ajd
f.khdug fuu in|;d j¾Okh lr.kshs' fufia ;ks rgla f,i in|;d
j¾Okh lr.kakd w;r u l,dmSh jYfhka f.da,Sh wNsfhda. ch.ekSu
iòyd cd;Hka;r ixúOdkj, idudðl;ajh o orhs' fuu ixúOdk f.da,Sh
uÜgñka l,dmSh uÜgñka fuka u N+f.da,Sh l,dm wdY%s; j msysgqjdf.k
we;'
l,dmSh ixúOdk fndfyda ÿrg N+f.da,Sh l,dm uq,alrf.k ìys ù we;'

j¾;udk f,dalfha iEu N+f.da,Sh l,dmhla u ksfhdackh jk mßÈ l,dmSh
ixúOdk msysgqjdf.k we;'
j¾;udk l,dmSh ixúOdk jk id¾la ixúOdkh" w.aksÈ. wdishdkq ixúOdkh

yd hqfrdamd ix.uh ms<sn| j o tajdfha ld¾hNdrh wOHhkh lsÍu o fuu
tAllh uÕska wfmaCId flf¾'

• l,dmSh ixúOdk
- f,dalfha úúO m%foaYj,g wh;a N+f.da,Sh jYfhka fndfyda ÿrg iudk ,CIK we;s
m%foaY l,dm f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
- ngysr hqfrdamh" wdishdj" ol=Kq wdishdj" w.aksÈ. wdishdj" ueofmrÈ." ol=Kq weußldj
wdÈh tlS iqúfYaI l,dmj,g ksoiqka fõ'
- tu iqúfYaI l,dmj, we;s wd¾Ól" iudÔh" foaYmd,ksl" ;dCI‚l" wdrCIl wdÈ
úúO wxYj,g iïnkaO .eg¨ ndOl" wNsfhda. i|yd Yla;su;a j uqyqK §u i|yd
fuu l,dmSh ixúOdk ìys ù we;' tu l,dmj,g wh;a fndfyda rgj,a tAjdfha
idudðl;ajh orhs'
- id¾la ixúOdkh" w.aksÈ. wdishdkq ix.uh" hqfrdamd ix.uh ksoiqka fõ'
118
• id¾la ixúOdkh
- ol = K qwdi sh d; sl l , dmS
h i y f h da j h s' South Asian Association
. s; d i xú Odk h f , i y ÷k a
for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).
- 1985 § ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj,a y;la tlaj msysgqjd.;a ixúOdkhls'
- nx.a,dfoaY ysgmq ckdêm;s ishdW¾ ryuka f.a woyila wkqj msysgqjk ,È'
- 1983 § l,dmSh rgj, úfoaY weu;sjrekaf.a uQ,sl idlÉPdjl § iyfhda.s;dj m< lsÍug
tlÕ jQ fCIa;% —kjÈ,a,s m%ldYh˜ kñka y÷kajhs'
tu tlÕ jQ fCIa;%
) lDIsl¾udka;h ) m%jdyKh
) .%dóh ixj¾Okh ) ;eme,a fiajd
) ikaksfõokh ) úoHdj yd ;dCIKh
) ld,.=K úoHd ) l%Svd" l,d iy ixialD;sl lghq;=
) fi!LH yd ck.yk lghq;=
- ks, jYfhka wdrïNh 1985 foieïn¾ 8 Èk nx.a,dfoaYfha vld (Dhaka) ys § h'
- wdrïNl idudðlfhda
) nx.a,dfoaYh ) ud,Èjhsk
) N+;dkh ) fkamd,h
) bkaÈhdj ) mlsia;dkh
) Y%S ,xldj
miq j we*a.ksia;dkh tla úh ^2007&
id¾la ixúOdkfha wruqKq yd ld¾hNdrh(

- l,dmSh ck;djf.a iqNisoaêh yd Ôjk ;;a;ajh by< kexùu u`.ska È<s÷lu ;=rka lsÍu
- l,dmh ;=< wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj i|yd lDIsld¾ñl uOHia:dkhla yd wdrCIs; wdydr
ixÑ;hla nx.a,dfoaYfha msysgq ùu
- ;%ia;jdoh je<elaùu i|yd rdcH uÜgfï kdhlska ;SrKj,g t<öu yd ;%ia;jdoh
je<elaùfï .súiqï l%shd;aul lsÍu
- wd¾:sl m%j¾Okh yd fi!LH .eg¨ úi£u i|yd cmdk id¾la úfoaY wruqo, yd ol=Kq
wdishdkq ixj¾Ok wruqo, u`.ska uQ,Huh yd øjHuh wdOdr ,nd§u yd iyfhda.s;dj we;s
lsÍu'
- fjf<| .eg¨ wju lsÍu yd l,dmSh rgj,a w;r fjf<|du iïnkaO lghq;=j,
m%j¾Okhla we;s lsÍu i|yd
) ol=Kq wdishdkq jrŒh fjf<| .súiqu (SAPTA) l%shd;aul lsÍu
) ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| m%foaYh (SAFTA) we;s lsÍu
.eg¨ yd wNsfhda.(
- j¾;udkfha § id¾la ixúOdkh wfmaCId l< iyfhda.s;dj .s,syS hdug mgka f.k
;sîu' WÞ( bkaÈhdj yd mlsia:dkh w;r mj;sk w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajh
- l,dmSh jYfhka iyfhda.S j lghq;= lsÍug fm<UqK o rg rgj,a iajdëk j lghq;=
lsÍug we;eï wjia:dj, § fm<öu
119
• w.aksÈ. wdishdkq ix.uh (ASEAN)

The Association of South East Asian Nations
- 1967 wf.daia;= 8 ;dhs,ka;fha nexfldla k.rfha § idudðl rgj,a 5 l iyNd.s;ajfhka

msysgqúh'
- wdrïNl idudðlfhda
) bkaÿkSishdj ) uef,aishdj
) ms,smSkh ) isx.mamQrej
) ;dhs,ka;h
- wfkl=;a idudðl rgj,a
) nDDkdhs ) ñhkaudrh
) úhÜkduh ) ldïfndach
) ,díh
• w.aksÈ. wdishdkq ix.ufha wruqKq yd ld¾hNdrh

- l,dmfha iduh yd ia:djr Ndjh ;yjqre lsÍu
- iyfhda.s;dj wkqj tAldnoaO wd¾Ól l%uhla idudðl rgj, l%shd;aul lsÍu
- wfkHdakH iyNd.s;ajh wkqj iyfhda.fhka m¾fhaIKd;aul wxY ÈhqKq lsÍu
- idudðl rgj, fjf<| lghq;= lr.kakd w;r cd;Hka;r jdKsc lghq;=j, § mek
k`.sk m%Yakj,g uqyqK §u i|yd Wmdhud¾. ÈhqKq lsÍu
- wdydr iqrCIs;;dj we;s lsÍu i|yd mY= iïm;a ixj¾Okhg yd jk jHdmD;s i|yd
kjiS,ka;fhka wdOdr ,nd .ekSu
- ëjr lghq;= ixj¾Okh i|yd lekvdfjka wdOdr ,nd .ekSu
- iajdNdúl wdmÞj,g uqyqK §fï § wdmÞ ikaksfõok uOHia:dkhla msysgqùu
- wdishdfõ úoHd ;dCI‚l lñgq msysgqùu
- fjf<`Þu iïnkaO wNsfhda. ch.ekSu i|yd iykÞhS ;Srenÿ m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍu
• .eg¨ yd wNsfhda.
- l,dmSh rgj, ck;djf.a È<s÷lu ;jÿrg;a W.% .eg¨jla f,i mej;Su
- ;%ia;jdÈ b,lal njg idudðl rgj,a m;a ùu' WÞ( nd,s fndaïn msmsÍu
- u;aøjH fjf<|du yd wkjir wdhqO fjf<`Þu j¾;udkfha mj;sk wNsfhda.hla ùu
• hqfrdamd ix.uh (European Union)

- 1993 fkdjeïn¾ 1 jk Èk udiaá%ÉÜ iïuq;sh (Treaty of Maastricht) kñka ye¢kafjk
.súiqu u`.ska hqfrdamd ix.uh ia:dms; lsÍu
- wdrïNfha § idudðl rgj,a 26lska iukaú; jQ fuh wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k ixúOdkhla
ùu'
- wdrïNl idudðl rgj,a
) fn,aðhu ) m%xYh ) ngysr c¾uksh
) b;d,sh ) ,lafiïn¾.a ) fko¾,ka;h
120
- j¾;udk idudðl rgj,a 26 ls'

) Tiaá%hdj ) *ska,ka;h ) ,eÜúhdj
) fn,aðhu ) m%xYh ) ,s;=fõkshdj
) n,af.aßhdj ) c¾uksh ) ,lafiïn¾.a
) ihsm%ih ) .%Sish ) fuda,agd
) fpla ckrch ) yxf.aßhdj ) fko¾,ka;h
) fvkaud¾lh ) wh¾,ka;h ) fmda,ka;h
) tiaf;dakshdj ) b;d,sh ) mD;=.d,h
) refïkshdj ) iaf,dajelshdj ) iaf,daùkshdj
) iamd[a[h ) iaùvkh
hqfrdamd ix.ufha wruqKq yd ld¾hNdrh

- ishü idudðl rgj, ck;dj NdKav yd fiajd m%d.aOk tAlSh fjf<|fmd,la hgf;a
ksoyia ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu
- ish¨ idudðl rgj, fjf<|du" lDIsl¾uh" ëjr" m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh wdÈ ish¨ lghq;=
fmdÿ m%;sm;a;s hgf;a l%shd;aul lsÍu
- idudðl rgj,a w;r ;ks uq,H tAllhla f,i hqfrda (Euro) y÷kajd §u
.eg¨ yd wNsfhda.(
- tla tla rgj, foaYmd,k jYfhka mj;sk .eg¨" wd¾Ól j¾Okh wvq ùu" ú/lshdj"
jeks .eg¨ ksid mSvkldÍ ;;a;ajhka u;= ùu' ksoiqka f,i .%Sisfha wd¾Ólh wêl Kh
nr ksid lvd jeàu'
- iuia; hqfrdamh mqrd u ú/lshd .eg¨ u;= ùu
- we;eï m%n, idudðlhka ix.ufhka bj;a ùu' Wod( uyd ì%;dkHh
l%shdldrlï(
• id¾la ixúOdkh" wdishdkq ixúOdkh yd hqfrdamd ix.uh hk ixúOdkhkag wh;a rgj,a
f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq fldg kï lrkak'
• id¾la ixúOdkfha meje;aug n,mdk idOl yd tys meje;aug n,mdk wNsfhda. úoyd
±lafjk m;%sldjla ilia lrkak'
121
ksmqK;dj ( 5'0 o;a; yd f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍu" w¾: ksrEmKh yd bÈßm;a

lsÍu i|yd ixLHdk úoHd;aul l%u yd m%ia;dßl l%u Ndú; lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1 o;a; uQ,dY% úu¾Ykh lrhs'

5'2 o;a; tla /ia lsÍfï l%u mÍCId lrhs'
5'3 ixLHdk úoHd;aul l%u u`.ska o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'
5'4 o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh i|yd m%ia;dßl l%ufõo fhdod
.kshs'
5'5 o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd is;shï úoHd;aul l%u-Ys,am fhdod .kshs'
ld,Éfþo ( 76hs'
bf.kqï m, ( • o;a; hkq fudkjd ±hs ks¾jpkh lrhs'

• o;a; j¾. wkqj tajdfha iajNdjh úia;r lrhs'
• o;a; yd f;dr;=re w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%u ksoiqka iys; j úia;r lrhs'
• o;a; fhdod.ksñka o;a; ixúOdkh yd j.= .; lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
• o;a; weiqßka ixLHd jHdma;shla f.dv k`.hss'
• ixLHdk úoHd;aul l%u weiqßka o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'
• m%ia;dßl l%u weiqßka o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'
• is;shï úoHd;aul l%u weiqßka o;a; úYaf,aIKh yd újrKh lrhs'
yeòskaùu(
ixLHdkh yd N+f.da, úoHdj w;r mj;skqfha lsÜgq iïnkaO;djhls' N+f.da, úoHdfjys
wdrïNfha isg u is;shï Ndú;hg wu;r j úúO f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd ixLHd o;a;
Wmfhda.S lr.;a w;r kQ;k ;dCIKsl ÈhqKqj;a iu`. o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï yd .nvd lsÍfï
kj l%u y÷kdf.k we;' mß.Kl Ndú;h;a iu`. o;a; .nvd lsÍu" j.=.; lsÍu" j¾.SlrKh
hk ld¾hhkays YS>% j¾Okhla we;s ù ;sfí' tA wkqj j¾;udkfha N+f.da, úoHd;aul meyeÈ,s
lsÍïj, § ixLHdkuh ñkqï iy f;dr;=re mokï lrf.k ñksid yd mßirh w;r mj;akd
iïnkaO;d iy rgd y÷kd .ekSu;a tajd újrKh lsÍu;a isÿ flf¾'
N+f.da, úoHdfõ § Ndú; lrk o;a; wjldYSh yd ld,sl jHdma;shla olajk tAjd ùu
úfYaI;ajhls' N+f.da, úoHdfõ § Ndú; ixLHd uQ,O¾u ms<sn| wjfndaOh;a" Ndú; jk úúO
o;a; y÷kd .ekSu;a" tu o;a; /ia lrk úúO l%u y÷kd .ekSu;a" tAjd tÈfkÞ úYaf,aIKh
lrk wdldrh;a ms<sn| uQ,sl ±kqula ,nd§u fuu tAllfha uQ,sl wruqK h' tfuka u o;a;
w¾: l:kh lrk ixLHdk úoHd;aul l%u y÷kd .ekSu iy tAjd bÈßm;a lsÍu yd tÈfkod
lghq;=j, § tajd m%fhdackhg .kakd wdldrh;a ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd §u o fuu
tallfhka wfmaCIs; h'
122

5'1 o;a; (Data)
o;a; w¾: ±laùu(

• úu¾Ykh fyda úYaf,aIKh fyda i|yd /ial< lreKq yd ixLHd" o;a; f,i ye¢kafõ'
-Oxford Dictionary -
o;a; uQ,dY% (Data Sources)

• m¾fhaIlhl= ;u wOHhkhg wjYH o;a; ,nd.kakd uQ,dY% o;a; uQ,dY%h fõ'
• wOHhkfha wruqKq wkqj o;a; uQ,dY%h;a o;a; tla/ia lr .kakd l%uh;a ;SrKh fõ'
• m%d:ñl o;a; uQ,dY%h yd oaú;Shl o;a; uQ,dY%h jYfhka o;a; ,nd.; yels uQ,dY%h j¾.
folls'
• m%ia;dr" rEmigyka yd is;shï we£fï § tAjdg mokï jQ o;a; ,nd.;a uQ,dY%h i|yka lsÍu
jeo.;a h'
o;a; j¾.(
• o;a; úúO f,i j¾. l< yels h'
1' m%udKd;aul o;a; yd .=Kd;aul o;a; (Quantitative and Qualitative Data)
- ixLHd;aul j ksrEmKh l< yels o;a; m%udKd;aul o;a; fõ'
- ixLHd;aul j bÈßm;a fkdlrk o;a; .=Kd;aul o;a; fõ'
2' m%d:ñl o;a; yd oaú;Shl o;a; (Primary and Secondary Data)

- lsishï wruqKla i|yd uQ,sl j /ia flfrk o;a; m%d:ñl o;a; fõ'
- mÍlaIlhd u lafIa;%hg f.dia f;dr;=re ,nd.kakd ksid tu o;a;j, w.h by< h'
úYajdiNdjh o jeä h'
- tfy;a m%d:ñl o;a; /ia lsÍu i|yd jeh jk ld,h" Y%uh" iïm;a yd msßjeh wêl
h'
- ;j;a flfkl= fyda wdh;khla fyda /ia lr we;s o;a; fojkq j Wmfhda.S lr.kakd
úg tAjd oaú;Shl o;a; f,i y÷kajhs'
- fïjd ,nd .ekSug hk ld,h iy msßjeh wvq h'
- tfy;a oaú;Shl o;a; m¾fhaIlhdf.a wruqKq wkqj /ial< o;a; fkdfõ' msgm;a
lsÍfï § o jerÈ isÿ úh yels h' úYajdiNdjfhka o wvq úh yels h'
3' ika;;sl o;a; yd úúla; o;a; (Continuous and Discrete Data)

- o;a; ;=< .eí j ;sfnk jákdlïj, iajrEmh wkqj fïjd j¾. l< yels h'
- o;a;hlska lshefjk jákdlï wLKav j úysÈh yels kï tAjd ika;;sl o;a; fõ'
WÞ( Wi" nr" ld,h" WIaK;ajh wdosh
- wLKav úys§ula ke;s ixLHd o;a; úúla; o;a; fõ'
WÞ( mjq,l orejka ixLHdj" wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalfha we;s jeõ ixLHdj
123
4' wiuqys; o;a; yd iuqys; o;a; (Ungrouped Data and Grouped Data)
- wm /ialr .kakd o;a; tajdfha uQ,sl iajrEmfhka ke;fyd;a lsisÿ wdldrhlska
ixúOdkh fkdl< tajd wiuqys; o;a; f,i ye¢kafõ' tfy;a ta ieu o;a;hlg u
wod< jákdlula we;'
- úNd.hl § hï úIhhlg <uhska ,nd.;a ,l=Kq fjka fjka j ±laùu ksoiqkls'
- fï wkqj wiuqys; o;a; f,i y÷kajkqfha lsis u wdldrhlg ldKav fkdlrk ,o
ixLHd iuQyhls'
- tu o;a; tajdfha jHdma;sh ms<sn| j lsishï w.hla ,nd §u i|yd ldKav.; l< úg
tajd iuqys; o;a; fõ'
- úYd, o;a; ixLHdjla mka;s m%dka;r wkqj ilia lsÍu ksoiqkls'
o;a; yd f;dr;=re w;r fjki(

f;dr;=re ks¾udKh jkafka o;a; j,sks'
o;a; iy f;dr;=re
o;a; o;a; o;a;
ilia lsÍu
f;dr;=re
o;a; hkq ixúOdkh yd ilia fldg fkdue;s o< lreKq h' tajd ixúOdkh fldg ilia
lsÍfuka miqj w¾:dkaú; j m%fhdackj;a f,i bÈßm;a lsÍfuka f;dr;=re njg m;a fõ'
124
5'2 o;a; /ia lsÍu(
m%d:ñl o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%u

- hïlsis wruqKla wrNhd uq,a jYfhka flfrk mÍCIKhla jeks l%uhlska tu wruqKg
wÞ< j /ia lrk o;a; m%d:ñl o;a; fõ'
- m%d:ñl o;a; ckkh lsÍu úúOdldrfhka isÿ fõ'
- ióCIK" ksÍCIK" ñkqï jeks l%u u`.ska tajd /ia l< yels h'
ióCIK (Surveys)(
- wOHhkhg wjYH o;a; m¾fhaIlhd úiska u /ia lrk wjia:djl § tA i|yd
ióCIK lsÍug isÿ fõ'
WÞ( Y%S ,xldfõ w'fmd'i' ^W'fm'& mka;sj, N+f.da, úoHdj b.ekaùu ms<sn| j
ióCIK lsÍu
- ióCIK u`.ska ,nd.kakd m%d:ñl o;a;j,ska wruqKg wÞ< lreKq ms<sn| j ukd
wjfndaOhla ,efí' úYajdi Ndjfhka o hq;= h'
- tfy;a ld,h" Y%uh yd úhoï iys; l%shdj,shls'
- ióCIK u`.ska o;a; /ia l< hq;= jkafka lsishï ix.ykhla fyda ksheÈhla fyda
u`.sk's
- ix.ykh hkq f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug wÞ< jQ úIh iuQyh hs' tkï wfmaCIs;
wOHhkhg wh;a iuia;h hs'
WÞ( Y%S ,xldfõ w'fmd'i' ^W'fm'& mka;j
s , N+f.da, úoHdj b.ekaùu ms<sn| j lrkq
,nk wOHhkhl § ix.ykh jkafka Y%S ,xldfõ Wiia fm< N+f.da, úoHdj
W.kajk ish¨ u mdi,a fõ'
- flfia jqj o iuia; ix.ykh u ióCIKhg ,la lr f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu myiq
lghq;a;la fkdjk neúka bka ix.ykh ksfhdackh jk mßÈ fldgila muKla
f;dardf.k kshÈ ióCIK l< yels h'
- Y%S ,xldfõ N+f.da, úoHdj W.kajk ish¨ u mdi,a ksfhdackh jk mßÈ mdi,a 50la
muKla f;dard .ekSu ksheÈh fõ'
• ióCIKh isÿ lrk l%u lsysmhls'

1' m%Yakdj,S (Questionnaires)
- m%Yakdj,shla u`.ska m%;spdrlhkaf.ka f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
- wOHhkhg wjYH lreKq ish,a, u wvx.= jk fia m%Yak ud,djla ilia lr
f;dard.;a mqoa.,hkag imhd fyda m%Yakdj,sh /f.k f.dia Tjqka uqK .eiS fyda
iïuqL j o;a; /ia lsÍu m%Yakdj,S l%uh hs'
- m%Yakdj,sh ilia lsÍug yd o;a; /ia lsÍug ióCIlhdg ukd mqyqKqjla ;sìh
hq;= h'
- m%Yak flá úh hq;= hs' ir, úh hq;= hs' tA Tjqkag f;areï .ekSug myiq ùu
i|yd h'
- fuu`.ska úYd, ixLHdjlf.ka m%;spdr ,nd.; yels h' ld,h yd Y%uh b;sß
125
jk w;r úhou o wvq h'

- ióCIKhg wÞ< mqoa.,hka fj; ;eme,a u`.ska o m%Yakdj,S hjd f;dr;=re
/ia l< yels h'
- ¥rl:kfhka f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSu o l< yels h'
2' iïuqL idlÉPd (Interviews)

- mÍCIKh i|yd f;dard.kakd ,o ix.ykfha fyda ksheÈfha fyda idudðlhka
uqK .eiS idlÉPd u`.ska wjYH o;a; ,nd.ekSu fuu`.ska flf¾'
- mqoa.,hkaf.a wdl,am" woyia Woyia ±k.ekSug fuh jvd;a WÑ; l%uh hs'
- fuu`.ska wjYH f;dr;=re ksjerÈ j ,nd.ekSu fuka u m%;spdrlhdg wmeyeÈ,s
lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ksñka idlÉPdj bÈßhg f.k hEu l< yels h'
- iïuqL idlÉPdjl § m%;spdrlhdg woyia m%ldY lsÍug jeä wjia:djla ,efnk
ksid m¾fhaIK wruqKj q ,g wÞ< f;dr;=re /ila ,nd.ekSug wjia:dj o ie,fia'
- tfy;a ld,h" Y%uh yd úhou jeä ùu .eg¨jls'
- úpdrlhdg wjYH mßÈ m%;spdrlhd fufyh ùug wjldY ;sîu o wvqmdvqjls'
ñkqï (Measurements)
- iuyr o;a; ,nd .ekSu i|yd ñkqï lsÍu wjYH h'
- úfYa I fhka u N+ f .da , úoHdfõ § jeo.;a j k ld,.= K " foa Y .= K o;a ;
/ia lrkafka WmlrK weiqßka ñkqï ,nd .ekSu u`.sks'
- idudkHfhka uekSfuka ,nd.kakd o;a; jYfhka Wkak;dxYh" j¾Idm;kh yd
WIaK;ajh ms<sn| o;a; ±laúh yels h'
ksÍCIK (Observation)
- wOHhkhg wÞ< f;dr;=re ksÍCIKh lsÍfuka o;a; /ialsÍu ñka woyia fõ'
fuys fldgia folls'
1' Rcq ksÍCIKh
2' iyNd.s;aj ksÍCIKh
- Rcq ksÍCIKh hkq wjYH f;dr;=re iqmÍlaIdldÍ j n,d ys¢ñka ksÍCIKh lr
tla /ia lsÍu hs'
WÞ( .x.djl fyda <skaj, c, uÜgu ffoksl j fjkia jk wdldrh ksÍCIKh
lsÍu
- iyNd.s;aj ksÍCIKh hkq wOHhkh lrkq ,nk fCIa;%hg ióCIKh lrkakd
o m%fõY ù tA ms<sn| j f;dr;=re ksÍCIKh lsÍu hs'
fuys § jeä ld,hla yd Y%uhla jeh jk w;r f;dr;=re mqoa., wNsk;sfhka
o hq;= úh yels h'
oaú;Shl o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%u(

- ´kEu wOHhkhl § ;u woyia ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd hïlsis ixúOdkhlska fyda wfkla
mqoa.,hl= úiska fyda /ia l< o;a; ,nd .;a úg tAjd oaú;Shl o;a; kñka ye¢kafõ'
126
- mqia;ld,h" wka;¾cd,h" is;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd

PdhdrEm wdÈh oaú;Shl o;a; /ia l< yels uQ,dY% fõ'
mqia;ld,h
- m%ldYhg m;a l< fyda fkdl< fyda f,aLk wdY%s; o;a; tla/ia lsÍu i|yd mqia;ld,h
Ndú; l< yels h'
- mqj;am;a" iÕrd" fmd;am;a iy jd¾;d fuys § jeo.;a fõ'
- tAjd ,nd.;a uQ,dY%h igyka lsÍu o jeo.;a h'
wka;¾cd,h
- fuh j¾;udkfha jvd;a m%p,s; kùk;u jQ oaú;Shl o;a; /ia lsÍfï l%uhls'
- fuu`.ska jvd;a blaukska kj;u o;a; ,nd.ekSfï yelshdj we;'
- tfuka u iudc fjí wvú u`.ska f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu o fuys § fhod .; yels h'
is;shï" .=jka PdhdrEm" pkaøsld m%;sìïn" mska;+r yd PdhdrEm

- by; uQ,dY%j,ska N+ñ mßfNdackh" jk.ykh" ld,.=‚l f;dr;=re" foaY.=‚l
f;dr;=re" N+ úIu;d f;dr;=re ms<sn| o;a; ,nd.; yels h'
- fuu uQ,dY%h N+f.da, úoHd{hdg b;d u jeo.;a fõ'
127
5'3 ixLHdk úoHd;aul l%u (Statistical Methods)
o;a; ixúOdkh yd j.=.; lsÍu(

- ixLHdk úoHdfõ § ixLHd;aul o;a; mßyrKh lrhs'
- tAjd ;ks ;ks j .;a l, w¾:j;a woyila m%ldY l< fkdyels h'
- tfyhska tAjd hï ixLHdk úoHd;aul l%u Ndú; lrñka ksjerÈ j yd ;¾ldkql+, j
ixúOdkh l<fyd;a hïlsis w¾:hla f.k fokjd muKla fkdj tu o;a; úYaf,aIK
wkqidrfhka ksjerÈ ks.ukj,g o t,ôh yels h'
- o;a; ixúOdkh lsÍfï ir, u l%uh jkqfha th o;a; je,la njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu hs'
- o;a; je,la hkq wdfrdayK fyda wjfrdayK fyda l%uhg ilia lrk ,o o;a; iuQyhls'
- o;a; ksjerÈ j ixúOdkh lsÍug úúO jQ o;a; j.= ms<sfh< lrhs'
- j.=.; lsÍu hkq ixLHdkuh o;a; l%udkql+, j fma<sj,g yd ;Srej,g ieliSu hs'
- j.= úiska o;a; újrKhg yd úYaf,aIKhg wjYH miqìu ilihs'
WÞ( 5'3'1 j.=fõ ±lafjkafka jdr úNd.hl § mx;shl YsIHhka 28 fofkl= ,nd.;a ,l=Kq h'
- tu`.ska meyeÈ,s woyila tl jr u ,nd.; fkdyels h'
5'3'1 j.=j
- tu o;a; 5'3'2 j.=j u`.ska wdfrdayK l%uhg olajd we;s w;r tu`.ska hï meyeÈ,s woyila
,nd.; yels h'
- fuys wvq u ,l=K 9 jk w;r jeä u ,l=K 82 fõ'
- 9 ,l=K ,nd.;a isiqjl= o ,l=Kq 82 ,nd.;a isiqka fofofkl= o myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels
h'
5'3'2 j.=j o;a; je,
9 17 25 25 36 40 42 42 42 42 46 48 48 50
52 55 58 58 58 60 65 65 70 75 78 78 82 82
- by; o;a;j, jHdma;sh jvd myiqfjka yd blaukska jgyd .ekSu i|yd bÈßm;a l< yels
fjk;a l%uhla 5'3'3 j.=fjka ±lafõ' fuys § YsIHhka ,nd.;a ,l=Kq mka;s m%dka;r f,i
olajd we;'
128
5'3'3 j.=j - iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh
X t f
,l=Kqj, m%.Kkh ixLHd;h
mka;s m%dka;rh
0-9 / 01
10-19 / 01
20-29 // 02
30-39 / 01
40-49 //// /// 08
50-59 //// / 06
60-69 /// 03
70-79 //// 04
80-89 // 02
iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;h

s (Cumulative Frequency Distribution))
- úp,Hhl jHdma; rgdj muKla fkdj tA úp,Hfha lsishï w.hlska by< fyda my< fyda
ixLHd;h l=ula ±hs we;eï úfgl ±k .ekSug wjYH fõ'
- tA i|yd iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h m%fhdackj;a fõ'
- iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl tlsfkl mka;sj, ixLHd;h Bg by< mka;sfha ixLHd;hg

tl;= lsÍfuka iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h ,nd .; yelsh'
- lsishï mka;s m%dka;rhl iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h uq¿ ixLHd;fha m%;sY;hla jYfhka o

±laúh yelsh'
] mka;s m%dka;rh 0-9 §

WÞ(
mka;s m%dka;rh 40-49 §
- th iuqÉÑ; m%;sY; ixLHd;h kñka ye¢kafõ'
- mka;s m%dka;r iys; o;a; jHdma;shl iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h 5'3'4 j.=fjka ±lafõ'
- tys wjidk ;Srefjka iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;h ±lafõ'
129
5'3'4 j.=j( jdr úNd.hl § mka;shl isiqka ,nd.;a ,l=Kq

X f cf cf%
mka;s m%dka;rh ixLHd;h iuqÉÑ; iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;
ixLHd;h m%;sY;h
0-9 1 1 3'57
10-19 1 2 7'14
20-29 2 4 14'28
30-39 1 5 17'85
40-49 8 13 46'42
50-59 6 19 67'85
60-69 3 22 78'57
70-79 4 26 92'85
80-89 2 28 100'00
o;a; úYaf,aIKh i|yd ir, ixLHdk úoHd;aul Ys,aml%u fhdÞ .ekSu

- ir, ixLHdk Ys,am l%u f,i flakaøsl m%jK;d ñkqï" wmlsrK ñkqï ±laúh yels h'
- tu o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd igyka yd m%ia;dr fhdÞ .; yels h'
flakaøsl m%jK;dj (Central Tendency)

- fuh o;a; jHdma;shla idrdxY lr olajk l%uhla f,i ye`Èkaúh yels h'
- flakaøsl m%jK;dj ms<sn| ñkqï ;=kls'
1' ud;h
2' uOHia:h
3' uOHkHh
ud;h (Mode)
- o;a; iuQyhl jeä u jdr .Kkla olakg ,efnk w.h ud;h fõ'
- iuqys; o;a; jHdma;shl ud;h ±lafjkafka mka;s m%dka;rhla f,i hs'
- th ud; mka;sh hs'
- iuyr wjia:dj, § tllg jeä .Kkla ;sìh yels h'
- ud; tlla we;s úg tAl ud;h hkqfjka o ud; folla we;s úg oaúud;h f,i o
ud; follg jeä .Kkla we;s úg nyqud;h hkqfjka o y÷kajhs'
- jvd;a fmdÿ w.h wjYH jk úg ud;h fhdÞ .ekSu iqÿiq h'
WÞ( wf,úie,a ysñhl=g jeäfhka u wjYH NdKav ms<sn| j ±k .ekSug
ud;h jeo.;a fõ'
130
uOHia:h (Mediam)
- uOHia:h hkq o;a; iuQyhla wkqms<sfj<ska ilia l< úg tys uOHfha msysá w.h fõ'
- o;a; je,l by< w¾Oh yd my< w¾Oh fjka lrk ia:dkh f,i uOHia:h ye¢kaúh
yels h'
- o;a; ixLHdj T;af;a .Kkla jQ úg ueo w.h uOHia:h jk w;r brÜfÜ .Kkla jk
úg tys uOHfha msysá w.hka fol w;r msysá w.h uOHia:h fõ'
- wiuqys; o;a; jHdma;shl uOHia:h fiùug my; i|yka iQ;%h Ndú; flf¾'
uOHia:h
N = o;a; ixLHdj
- fuu ir, iQ;%h óg by; i|yka jQ 5'3'2 j.=fõ o;a; i|yd jHjydr l< yels h' tA
wkqj"
= 14.5 h'
uOHia:h msysgd we;af;a 14'5 ia:dkfha fyj;a 14;a 15;a w;r h'
- wdfrdayK jYfhka fm<.iajd we;s 5'3'2 j.=fjys o;a; ixLHdfõ 14 iy 15 jeks w.hka
jkafka 50 yd 52 fõ' tu ksid uOHia:h
,l=Kq 51 hs'
- ñka woyia jkafka ,l=Kqj, uOHia:h 51 nj;a <uhs 28 fokdf.ka 50]la ,l=Kq
51 g wvqfjka ,nd.;a nj;a wfkla 50] ,l=Kq 51g by< ,l=Kq ,nd we;s nj;a h'
- o;a; ixLHdj jeä jk úg by; i|yka l%uhg uOHia:h fiùu ÿIalr ld¾hhla neúka
mka;s m%dka;r iys; j bÈßm;a lr we;s iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shlska uOHia:h .Kkh
l< yels h'
- ta i|yd my; iQ;%h Ndú; l< yels h'
Mdn = l +
- l = uOHia:h we;ehs is;k mka;s m%dka;rfha my< iSudj

N = o;a; ixLHdj
fb = uOHia:h we;ehs ie,flk mka;s m%dka;rhg my<ska we;s iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h
C = mka;s m%dka;rfha ;ru
fw = uOHia:h we;ehs ie,flk mx;s m%%dka;rfha ixLHd;h
131
- 5'3'5 j.=fjka ±lafjkafka jdr úNd.hl § mx;shl isiqka 28 fofkl= ,nd.;a ,l=Kq
±lafjk iuqys; ixLHd; jHdma;shls'
- by; iQ;%h wkqj fuys uOHia:h fiúh yels h'
5'3'5' j.=j( jdr úNd.hl § mx;shl isiqka 28 fokl= ,nd.;a ,l=Kq
f cf
- ck ixLHd o;a; jHdma;shla jeks w.hka úia;r lsÍfï § uOHia:h b;d

m%fhdackj;a h'
- o;a; jHdma;shl idudkHh fkdfmkaùu uOHia:fha we;s ÿ¾j,;djls'
uOHkHh
- uOHkHh hkq o;a; iuQyhl idudkH w.h hs'
- o;a; jHdma;shl w.hkaf.a uq¿ tl;=j o;a; ixLHdfjka fn¥ úg ,efnk
idudkH w.h uOHkHh fõ'
- th .‚;uh f,i fufia ±laúh yels h'
= uOHkHh
= o;a;j,
tl;=j
= o;a; ixLHdj
- fuu ir, iQ;%h óg by;ska i|yka jQ 5'3'1 j.=fõ o;a; i|yd jHjydr l< yels h'
- iuqys; o;a; jHdma;shl uOHkHh fiùu by; iQ;%fhka wmyiq h'

- tjeks o;a; jHdma;shlska uOHkHh .Kkh i|yd my; iQ;%h Ndú; l< yels h'
132
= uOHkHh
= ixLHd;h
= mka;s m%dka;rj, ueo
w.h
= o;a; ixLHdj
5'3'6 j.=j ( jdr úNd.hl § mka;shl isiqka 28 la ,nd.;a ,l=Kq
= 28 = 1446
- by; iólrKhg wkqj uOHkHh fiùu ;rul wmyiq ld¾hhls'

- .Kkh myiq lsÍu i|yd jvd ir, iQ;%hla we;'
- th Wml,ams; uOHkHh .Kkh lsÍfï l%uh f,i ye¢kafõ'
- th .‚;uh f,i m%ldY lrkafka my; i|yka wkaoñks'
= uOHkHh
x0 = Wml,ams; uOHkHh we;s
mka;sfha uOH w.h
= mka;s m%dka;rfha ;ru
= ixLHd;h
d = Wml,ams; uOHkHhg we;s

mx;sfha isg wm.ukh
= o;a; ixLHdj
133
5'3'7 j.=j - jdr úNd.hl § mka;shl isiqka ,nd.;a ,l=Kq
uOH
m k a; s wm.uk h
,CIH i xL H d; h fd
m %d k a; r h d
x0
0 - 9 1 -4 -4
10 - 19 1 -3 -3
20 - 29 2 -2 -4
30 - 39 1 -1 -1
40 - 49 44.5 8 0 0
50 - 59 6 1 6
60 - 69 3 2 6
70 - 79 4 3 12
80 - 89 2 4 8
= 28 d = 20
- w.hka rdYshla flakaøsl ,laIHhla jgd iuñ;sl j jHdma; ù we;s úg fuka u iïu;
wm.ukh" iy iïnkaO;d ix.=Klh jeks jHdma;Ska .Kkh lsÍu wjYH jQ úg
uOHkHh jeo.;a fõ'
- uOHkHh u`.ska ieu tAllhla u ksfhdackh fõ'
- ixikaokd;aul yelshdj o we;'
wmlsrKh (Dispersion)
- o;a; jHdma;shl flakaøsl w.fha isg úisÍ we;s wdldrh wmlsrK ñkqïj,ska isÿ lrhs'
- ixLHd rdYshl me;sÍu" úys§u" úisÍu ms<sn| ñkqï wmlsrK ms<sn| ñkqï hkqfjka
y÷kajkq ,efí'
- wmlsrKh uekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk ñkqï rdYshls'
mrdih (Range)
- § we;s ixLHd rdYsfhys by< u w.h;a my< u w.h;a w;r fjki mrdih fõ'
mrdih = ^by< u w.h - my< u w.h& +1
- fuh o;a; iuQyhl úisÍu fmkaùu i|yd fhdÞ.; yels ir, u ñkquls'
- mrdih fl<jr w.hka u; muKla r`Þ mj;sk fyhska tys wksl=;a w.hka úisÍ we;s
wkaou ms<sn| lsis ÿ úia;rhla fkdfmkaùu fuys m%Odk;u ÿ¾j,;djls'
134
pd;=¾:l (Quartiles)
- o;a; iuQyh wdÈ jYfhka fjka flfrk ia:dkj, msysá o;a; pd;=¾:l
f,i y÷kajhs'
- fuu pd;=¾:l Q1, Q2, Q3, wdÈ jYfhka y÷kajhs'
- my< u ixLHdfõ isg 1$4 oelafjk ia:dkh my< p;=¾:lh Q1 f,i o 3$4 oelafjk
ia:dkh by< p;=¾:lh Q3 f,i o y÷kajkq ,efí'
- o;a; iuQyfhka 25]la Q1 olajd;a 50] la Q2 fojk p;=¾:lh fyj;a uOHia:h
olajd;a 75]la Q3 olajd;a msysgd we;'
100
75] - Q3 = by< pd;=¾:lh
50] - Q2 = uOHia:h
25] - Q1 = my< pd;=¾:lh
- o; a
; i uQ ; i xL Hdj 'n' hehs Wml,amkh l< miq iólrK u`.ska
y h g wh ; aj k o; a
p;=¾:l .Kkh l< yels h'
jeks ixLHdj fõ'
jeks ixLHdj o
jeks ixLHdj o wdÈ jYfhka p;=¾:lj, msysàu fiúh yels h'
135
5'3'8 j.=j - mx;shl isiqka 23 fofkl= N+f.da, úoHd úIhh i|yd ,nd.;a ,l=Kq
82 Q3 = (n +1)
80
= (23+1)
78
75 =
70
Q3 by< = 18 jeks ixLHdj
66
pd;=¾Ólh = 66
65
60
Q2 =
58
56 =
55
=
52 Q2 uOHia:h
50 = 12 jeks ixLHdj
49 = 52
48
46 Q1 = ( N + 1)
44
Q 1 my< = (23 + 1)
42
pd;=¾Ólh
40 =
36
= 6 jeks ixLHdj
26
25 = 42
17
uQ,dY%hh( ld,.=K úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j
úirK igyka
- pd;=¾:l m%dia;dßl j bÈßm;a lsÍfuka úirK igyk ,efí'
- N+f.da, úoHd wOHhkj, § fujeks úirK igyka nyq, j fhdÞ .efka'
- fuh isria ;Srejla f,i ilihs'
- tu ;Srefõ jïmi isria f¾Ldfõ mßudKh o" ;Srej ueo ;s;aj,ska § we;s ixLHd o
ksrEmKh lrhs'
- tu ,CIHhka fma<sfha ueo ;sfnk ,CIHfhys w.h uOHia:h jk w;r wju w.h olajk
,CIHh;a uOHia:h olajk ,CIHh;a w;r ;s;a fma<sfhys ueo ;sfnk ,CIHfhys w.h my<
p;=¾:lh o Wmßu w.h olajk ,CIHh;a uOHia:h olajk ,CIHh;a w;r ,CIHhka
fma<sfha ueo ;sfnk ,CIHfhys w.h by< p;=¾:lh o fõ'
136
5'3'1 m%ia;drh
5'3'8 j.=j wkqj úirK igyk
100
90
•
80 •
•
•
70 • Q3 ^by< pd;=¾:lh&
••
60 ••
•
• Q2 ûOHia:h&
50 •••
•••
•• Q1 ^my< pd;=¾:lh&
40
•
30
••
20
•
10
0
wka;¾ p;=¾:l mrdih - Inter Quartile Range (IQR)
- wka;¾ p;=¾:l mrdih hkq o;a; iuQyhl 75 jk m%;sY;l w.h iy 25 jk m%;sY;l

w.h w;r we;s mrdih hs'
- tkï by< p;=¾:lh yd my< p;=¾:lh w;r mrdih hs'
- uq¿ o;a; m%udKfhka 50]la wka;¾ p;=¾:l mrdifhka ksfhdackh fõ'
- by;5'3'8 j.=fõ o;a; wkqj Q3 - Q1 iQ;%h Ndú; lr wka;¾ p;=¾:l mrdih .Kkh
l< yels h'
137
Wod( wka;¾ p;=¾:l mrdih = Q3 - Q1

Q3 = 66
Q1 = 42
wka;¾ p;=¾:l mrdih (IQR) = 66-42
= 24
uOHkH wm.ukh(
- wm.ukj, ksrfmaCI w.hka weiqßka úp,kh i|yd ñkqula ,nd .ekSug wm.uk
w.hka ish,a, Ok w.hka f,i i,ld wm.ukh ,nd .kS'
- tA wkqj uOHkHfha isg ieu w.hl u we;s wm.ukh tl;= fldg o;a; ixLHdfjka
fn§fuka uOHk wm.ukh m%udKd;aul j ±laúh yels h'
- uOHkH wm.ukh fiùug my; iQ;%h Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
MD = uOHkH wm.ukh
x = úp,H
= uOHkHh
n = o;a; ixLHdj
5'3'9 j.=j - j¾I 2006 isg 2015 f;la Y%S ,xldfõ ù ksIamdokh -
uy lkakh ^fu'fgd' oyia&
j¾Ih ksIamdokh xX x-
2006 2136 2136 -256
2007 1973 1973 -419
2008 2125
2125 -267
2009 2384
2384 -8
2010 2630
2630 2392 238
2011 1996
1996 -396
2012 2717
2717 325
2013 2846
2846 454
2014 2236
2236 -156
2015 2877
2877 485
138
uQ,dY%hh( ckf,aLk yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j
uOHkH wm.ukh
uOHkH wm.ukh
uOHkH wm.ukh 300.4
- o;a;j, wm.ukh m%dia;dßl j bÈßm;a l< yels h'

- th wm.uk m%ia;drh kñka ye¢kafõ'
- o;a; iuQyhl uOHkHfha isg tlsfkl w.hka úp,kh jk wdldrh wm.uk
m%ia;drfhka ±lafõ'
5'3'2' m%ia;drh
wm.ukh
uQ,dY%hh( ckf,aLk yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j
iïu; wm.ukh (Standard Deviation)

- iïu; wm.ukh hkq o;a; jHdma;shl uOHkHfha isg we;s wm.ukhka ys j¾.j,
tl;=j o;a; ixLHdfjka fn§fuka ,efnk w.fha j¾. uQ,h fõ'
- wmlsrK ñkqï w;ßka jeäfhka u Ndú; lrk ñkqu o iïu; wm.ukh fõ'
- iïu; wm.ukfha w.h b;d u l=vd kï thska fmkakqï lrkafka o;a;fhys w.hka
uOHkHhg wdikak j msysgd we;s nj hs'
139
- iïu; wm.uk w.h úYd, kï thska fmkakqï lrkafka o;a; w.hhka uOHkHfha isg
wE;g úys§ we;s njhs'
- iïu; wm.ukh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd my; iQ;%h Ndú; l< yels h'
Q = iïu; wm.ukh
x = úp,H
= uOHkHh
n = o;a; ixLHdj
- by; 5'3'9 j.=fjys Y%S ,xldfõ ù ksIamdokfhys iïu; wm.ukh my; 5'3'10 j.=fjys
.Kkh lr we;'
5'3'10 j.=j
2136 -256 65536
1973 -419 175561
2125 -267 71289
2384 -8 64
2630 2392 238 56644
1996 -396 156816
2717 325 105625
2846 454 206116
2236 -156 24336
2877 485 235225
= 1097212
o;a; ksrEmKh
- cd, f¾Lh hkq ixLHd jHdma;shl m%ia;drh fõ'
- tys ia;ïN w;frys ysia fmfoia fkd;sfnk fia tlsfklg hd ù msysghs'
- cd, f¾Lhla ks¾udKfha § isria wCIfhka ixLHd;h;a ;sria wCIfhka mka;s
m%dka;rj,g wÞ< úp,Hh;a olajhs'
- wk;=re j tlsfkl mka;shg wÞ< ixLHd;hg iß,k fia ;Sre isria w;g w¢kq ,efí'
WÞ( 5'3'11 j.=j wÞ< lrf.k cd, f¾Lhla f.dvke`.sh yels h'
140
5'3'11 j.=j - Y%S ,xldfõ Èia;%slal wkqj ck >k;ajh - 2015
ck ck
Èia;%slalh osia;%slalh
>k;aj h >k;aj h
fld<U 3513 yïnkaf;dg 252
.ïmy 1755 hdmkh 643

ukakdru 55
l¿;r 793
jõkshdj 96
uykqj r 739
uq,;sõ 39
ud;f,a 251
ls,sfkdÉÑ 100
kqj r t<sh 434
uvl,mqj 207
.d,a, 675
wïmdr 160
ud;r 659
uQ,dY%hh( frðiag%d¾ ckrd,a fomd¾;fïka;=j
5'3'3 m%ia;drh
Y%S ,xldfõ Èia;%slal wkqj ck >k;ajh - 2015
mka;s
ixLHd;h
m%dka;r
0-199 9
200-399 7
400-599 2
600-799 5
800 jeä 2
141
ixLHd; nyq wi%h (Frequency Polygon)
- ixLHd; jHdma;shl mka;s m%dka;rj, ixLHd;h m%ia;dr.; l< úg ,efnk

ia;ïNfha uOH ,CIHh ir, f¾Ldjlska hd l< úg ixLHd; nyq wi%h
,efí' ^5'3'4 m%ia;drh&
- ixLHd; nyq wi%h we£fï § tys wdrïNh fuka u wjidkh o ;sria wCIhg hd
l< hq;= hs'
- tA i|yd § we;s mka;s m%dka;rj,g wu;r j ;j;a mka;shl wvla wdrïNl

mka;shg fmr o b;sß wv wjidk mka;shg miq j o ;sria wCIfha igyka l< hq;=
hs'
5'3'4 m%ia;drh
Y%S ,xldfõ Èia;%slal wkqj ck>k;ajh - 2015
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 0-199 200-399 400-599 600-799 800< 0
iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jl%h
- iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h m%ia;dßl j olajk úg th iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jl%h kñka y÷kajhs'
- fuys § ;sria wCIfha mka;s m%dka;rfha by< iSudj igyka lrk w;r isria wCIfha
igyka lrkafka iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h hs'
- bka miq j tA tA mka;s m%dka;rj, by< iSudjkag wkqj isria j iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;fha
i,l=Kq lrkq ,efí'
- 2000 - 2015 f;la jjqkshdfõ j¾Idm;kfha iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jl%h 5'3'5 m%ia;drfhka
142
5'3'12 j.=j
jõkshdfõ jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh - 2000 - 2015 ^ñ'ó'&
j¾Ih j¾Idm;kh j¾Ih j¾Idm;kh

2000 276'9 2008 104'7
2001 94'9 2009 104'7
2002 58'9 2010 163'9
2003 133'4 2011 123'2
2004 115'5 2012 225'7
2005 77'3 2013 81'8
2006 81'3 2014 205'2
2007 156'5 2015 136'5
5'3'13 j.=j ( jjqkshdfõ jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh - 2000-2015
iuqÉÉ; iuqpÑ;
mka;s ixLHd;h
ixLHd;h ixLHd;
m%dka;rh ^x) (f)
(cf) m%;sY;h (cf %)
51-100 5 5 31'25
101-150 6 11 68'75
151-200 2 13 81'25
201-250 2 15 93'75
251-300 1 16 100'00
143
5'3'5 m%ia;drh
jjqkshdfõ jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh - 2000-2015

iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h
j¾Idm;kh ^ñ'ó'&
iuqÉÑ; m%;sY; jl%h ^T.súh& (Cumulative Percentage Frequency Curve)

- iuqÉÑ; m%;sY; ixLHd;h m%ia;dßlj bÈßm;a l< úg th iuqÉÑ; m%;sY; ixLHd;
jl%h kñka y`ÿkajhs'
- 5'3'13 j.=fõ y;r jk ;Srefõ th .Kkh lr we;'
- fuys § isria wCIfha i|yka jkafka iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; m%;sY;h hs'
- o;a; úYaf,aIKfha § iSudjkag by< yd my< we;s ixLHd; w.hhka ms<snò j ks.uk
l< yels h'
5'3'6 m%ia;drh - jjqkshdfõ jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh - 2000-2015
50
144
- T.súfha úfYaI ,CIKhla jkafka o;a; mrdifha ´kEu w.hla olajd we;s ixLHd;h
m%dia;dßl j ,nd .ekSfï we;s yelshdj hs'
- f u u m%
i a
; dr h k a
g wk q j k X wCIfha isg w¢kq ,nk isria f¾Ldj
j j ¾I dm; k h ol a
T.súh iam¾Y jk ;ekaj,ska w¢kq ,nk ;sria f¾Ldj,ska Y wCIhg hd lsÍfuka úúO
m%;sY; w.h yd wÞ< j¾Idm;k fudkjdo hkak fyd¢ka f;areï .; yels h'
- j¾Idm;khka ixikaokh i|yd o fuu m%ia;dr jeo.;a fjhs'
5'4 m%dia;dßl l%ufõo

- m%udKd;aul j ,nd.kakd f;dr;=re oDYHuh wdldrfhka bÈßm;a lrk l%uhla f,i
m%ia;dr y÷kajd Èh yels h'
- m%d:ñl o;a; fuka u oaú;Shl o;a; o m%ia;dßl l%u u`.ska bÈßm;a l< yels h'
- blaukska wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd;a jvd wdl¾IŒh f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd;a
m%ia;dr ks¾udKh flf¾'
- ixLHd;aul o;a; jHdma;shlg oDYH Ñ;%hla ,nd§u u`.ska úIh lreKq ms<sn| wjfndaOh
jvd;a myiq fõ'
- o;a; oDYH udOHfhka ksrEmKh lsÍfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq lSmhls'
1' m%ia;drfha ksrjoH;dj
2' wx. iïmQ¾K nj
3' is;a weo.kakd iq¨ nj
4' meyeÈ,s nj
hk .=Kdx. ta w;r jeo.;a h'
- tu .=Kdx. iq/lSu i|yd ud;Dldj" mßudKh" iQplh" j¾K Ndú;h" uQ,dY%hh yd
rduqj hk uQ,sldx. m%ia;drfha we;=<;a úh hq;= hs'
- N+f.da, úoHdj yd iïnkaO o;a; ksrEmKfha § f¾Ld m%ia;dr" ;Sre m%ia;dr yd ila
igyka jeks úúO m%dia;dßl l%ufõo Ndú; lrhs'
• f¾Ld m%ia;dr
- ks¾udKh lsÍfï ir, nj yd wjfndaO lr.ekSfï myiqj ksid fuu m%ia;dr
j¾.h nyq, f,i Ndú; fõ'
- úfYaIfhka u fuh WIaK;ajh" jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh" ckixLHdfõ ld,Sk m%jK;d yd
ksIamdokh jeks úp,Hhkays ld,sl fjkia ùï ±laùu i|yd ks;r Ndú; jk m%ia;dr
l%uhls'
- f¾Ld m%ia;dr j¾. lSmhls'
ir, f¾Ld m%ia;drh

- RcqfldaŒ j fþokh jk isria wCIhlska yd ;sria wCIhlska ir, f¾Ld
m%ia;drhla ilia fõ'
- fuh ks¾udKfha § ;sria wCIfha ld,h o isria wCIh ixLHdj, jákdlï i|yd
o fhdÞ .kq ,efí'
- úYd, jákdlï we;s ixLHd we;akï wdikak ôyia" ñ,shk wdÈ& ixLHdj,g
jeghSu l< yels h'
145
- isria wCIfha mßudKh ieu úgl u Y=kHfhka ^0& werôh hq;= h' we;ï úg ixLHd
úYd, kï wÞ< ixLHd ±lafjk mßudKhla f;dardf.k 0 isg LKavhla we;s nj
isria wCIfha uq,ska ±laúh hq;= h'
- my; 5'4'1 j.=fjys we;s o;a; Wmfhda.S lrf.k ir, ;Sre m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh l<
yels h'
5'4'1 j.=j( Y%S ,xldj fndrf;,a wdkhkh l< m%udKh 2006-2015 ^fu'fgd' z000&
uQ,dY%hh( ,xld Lkscf;,a kS;s.; ixia:dj iy n,Yla;s ixLHd;
5'4'1 m%ia;drh
Y%S ,xldj fndrf;,a wdkhkh l< m%udKh 2006-2015 ^fu'fgd'z000&

fu'fgd' Z000
nyq f¾Ld m%ia;dr

- iuQy" iei÷ï" f¾Ld m%ia;dr kñka o fïjd y÷kajhs'
- lsishï úp,H lSmhla f¾Ld lSmhla u`.ska ksrEmKh lrkq ,nk m%ia;drhls
nyqf¾Ld m%ia;drh'
- 146fyda úp,H ixikaokd;aul j f¾Ld lSmhla u`.ska

j¾I lsysmhl fyda m%foaY lsysmhl
tljr ksrEmKh lsÍug we;s yelshdj fuys m%Odk jdishls'
- tfy;a f¾Ld wêl jqjfyd;a fyda f¾Ld tlsfkl <x jQ úg fyda tlsfkl fþokh jk
úg tAjd f;areï .ekSug ÿIalr fjhs'
5'4'2 j.=j ( Y%S ,xldj( Wm;a" urK yd<ore urK YS>%;dj, m%jK;d 2006-2015 ôyilg&
uQ,dY%hh( uqo,a yd l%u iïmdok wud;HdxYh - jd¾Isl jd¾;d
5'4'2 m%ia;drh
Y%S ,xldj( ck.yk wdY%s; m%jK;d 2006-2015

o< Wm;a wkqmd;h
oyilg wkqmd;
<ore urK wkqmd;h
o< urK wkqmd;h
uQ,dY%hh( uqo,a yd l%u iïmdok wud;HdxYh - jd¾Isl jd¾;d
147
;Sre m%ia;dr
- lsishï o;a; iuQyhla ;Sre wkqidrfhka ksrEmKh lrkq ,nk m%ia;dßl Wml%uh ;Sre
m%ia;dr kñka y÷kajhs'
- ;Sre m%ia;dr jQ l,s b;d u ir, jQ o meyeÈ,s f,i lreKq bÈßm;a l< yels jQ o m%ia;dr
j¾.hls'
- fïjd geï m%ia;dr" ia;ïN m%ia;dr kñka o ye¢kafõ'
- tA tA ixLHdj,g úIh jk lreKq wkqj fhdÞ .; yels ;Sre m%ia;dr j¾. .Kkdjls'
ir, ;Sre m%ia;dr

- o;a; ikaikaokd;aul j ;Sre u`.ska ksrEmKh lsÍu ir, ;Sre m%ia;drh hs'
- ;Sre isria fyda ;sria jYfhka bÈßm;a l< yels h'
- ;Sre tl iudk m<,lska yd wka;rhlska we¢h hq;= h'
- ;Sre m%ia;drhl ;Srej, È. jeo.;a wxYhls'
- f,dalfha ck.ykh ñ,shk 20 blaujQ ±jeka;u k.r 11 my; j.=fjys ±lafõ'
th Wmfhda.s lrf.k ir, ;Sre m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh l< yels h'
5'4'3 j.=j( f,dalfha ck.ykh ñ,shk 20 blaujQ ±jeka; k.r - 2015
uQ,dY%hh( www.allianz.com/en/about us
5'4'3 m%ia;drh
148
f,dalfha ñ,shk 20 blau jQ ±jeka; k.r - 2015
ckixLHdj ñ,shk
ueks,d
îcsx
.=wekaIq
cld¾;d
lrÉÑ
fgdalsfhda
isfhd,a
a s
Iexyhs
id´fmdaf,da
ksõfhda¾la
os,,
uQ,dY%h( www.allianz.com/en/
- by; m%ia;drh u`.ska b;d meyeÈ,s f,i tA tA ;Srefjka ±lafjk uq¿ ixLHdj,
fjkialï y÷kd.; yels h'
- j¾I .Kkdjl ck.yk ixLHd fyda fnda.hl wiajekak ixpdrlhkaf.a meñŒu"

ld¾ñl NdKav ksIamdokh" wdkhkh lrk ,o NdKav wdÈ lreKq ksrEmKhg fuu
m%ia;drh b;d fhda.H h' tfiau tlaj¾Ihla ;=< úp,Hhl wjldYSh jHdma;sh ±laùug o
fuu m%ia;drh fhda.H h'
oaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;drh(

- úp,H folla tlg ne¢ ;Sre folla u`.ska ksrEmKh lrkq ,nk m%dia;dßl Wml%uh
oaú;aj ;Sre m%ia;drh hs'
- rgl tA tA j¾Ifha wdkhk-wmkhk" wd.uk-ú.uk" h,-uy ù ksIamdokh ia;%S- mqreI

ck ixhq;sh wdÈ hq., mokulska hq;a o;a; fuu`.ska w¾:dkaú; j ksrEmKh l< yels h'
- ;Sre folla hq.,hla jYfhka tlg isák fia o tla hq.,hla wksflka fjka jk mßÈ o
msysgqúh yels h'
149
5'4'4 j.=j( Y%S ,xldfõ ù ksIamdokh uy yd h, 2010-2015 ^fu'fgd'ñ,shk&
uQ,dY%hh( ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j
5'4'4 m%ia;drh
Y%S ,xldfõ ù ksIamdokh uy yd h, 2010-2015 ^fu'fgd' ñ,shk&

fu'fgd' ñ,shk
- f;dard.;a úp,H foflys fjkia ùï ±l n,d .ekSug fuka u ixikaokh i|yd o

fuh b;du;a fhda.H m%ia;drhls'
nyq ;Sre m%ia;dr

- iuQy yd iei÷ï" ;Sre m%ia;dr jYfhka o fïjd y÷kajhs'
- tla ;Srejla fjkqjg tlg ne¢ ;Sre follg jeä .Kkla u`.ska o;a; ksrEmKh lrk
m%ia;dßl Wml%uh ixlS¾K ;Sre m%ia;dr kñka y÷kajhs'
- fuu m%ia;drh ks¾udKfha § jeä u jákdlï wkqms<sfj< wkqj ;Sre ks¾udKh lr

iqÑhla u`.ska ±laùu jeo.;a h'
150
5'4'5 j.= j - fuda g¾ r: wdkhkh 2013-2015 ôyia &
uQ,dY%hh( YS% ,xld f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=j
5'4'5 m%ia;drh
fudag¾ r: wdkhkh 2013-2015 ôyia&
oyia
- f;dard.;a úp,H lsysmhl fjkialï ±laùug fuka u ld,h wkqj tAjdfha isÿ jk
fjkia ùï ksrEmKhg o fuh Ndú; l< yels h'
- o;a; lsishï wjldYSh tallhla ksrEmKh lrhs kï tajdfha wjldYSh fjkialï ld,sl
j ±laùug o fhda.Hh'
- úp,H .Kkdjl ld,Sk fjkialï tla m%ia;drhlska ±k.; yels ùu fuys úfYaI
jdishla fjhs'
151
Wo( Y%S ,xldfõ f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ yd ù ksIamdokh fyda N+ñ m%udKh fyda jeks úp,Hj,
jir lSmhl ixLHd o;a; u`.ska ld,Sk fjkialï fuka u wjldYSh fjkialï
uekúka ±k.; yels ùu'
msróvdldr m%ia;drh
- rgl ckixLHdfõ mqñ;sß wkqmd;h yd jhia jHQyh ksrEmKhg msróvdldr m%ia;drh
fhdÞ .kS'
- m;=f,a § ;Sre úYd, j by<g l%ufhka l=vdjg msysgk neúka fuh msróvhl yevhla
.kS'
5'4'6 j.=j
Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj - 2013
- fuys ;Sre ;sria w;g we| olajk w;r tA tA ;Srefõ È.ska lshjkqfha jhia ldKavhg
wh;a ckixLHdj hs'
- my< u jhia ldKavfha ;Srej my<ska o by< u jhia ldKav olajk ;Sre by<ska o isák
fia ;Sre wòskq ,efí'
152
Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdfõ jhia jHQyh 2013
- rgl ckixLHdfõ jHqyh ms<sn| ukd Ñ;%hla tl jr bÈßm;a lsÍug yels ùu fuys
m%Odk jdishls'
- ck ixLHdj ia:djr;ajhl fyda m%idrK ;;a;ajhl fyda ydhkh jk ;;a;ajhl fyda
mj;akd nj fuu`.ska y`ÿkd.; yels h'
- ckixLHdfõ jhia jHQyfha yd ia;%S-mqreI m%;sY;fha j¾;udkh fuka u wkd.;fha
isÿ jk fjkialï o y÷kd.; yels h'
- Y%u yuqÞjg idfmaCI j hefmkakkaf.a m%;sY;h o ±k.; yels h'
- fï ksid rgl wkd.; ixj¾Okh i|yd n,mdk .eg¨ wjfndaO lrf.k wkd.;
wd¾Ól iudÔh ie,iqï ilia lr .ekSug mdol lr.; yels h'
WÞ( <ud ckixLHdfõ wvq ùu
wkd.;fha úhm;a ckixLHdj by< m%;sY;hla .ekSu
153
ila igyka ^fn¥ jD;a;&

- fþÈ; jD;a; iy fn¥ jD;a; hk kï j,ska o ila igyka y÷kajkq ,efí'
- rgl jd¾.sl yd wd.ñl ck ixhq;sh" wdkhk-wmkhk ixhq;sh jeks ish¨ úp,Hj,
ixhq;sh uekúka ±laùug ila igyka fhdÞ .efka'
- fuu m%ia;drh we£fï § fok ,o úp,Hhkaf.a uq¿ tl;=j fidhd miq j jD;a;hl
360ola we;s neúka tA tA úp,Hhkaf.a jákdlï fjk fjk u uq¿ ixLHdfjka fnÞ 360o
ka .=K l< hq;= h'
- fufia tA tA fldgiaj,g ,efnk wxYl .Kk wkqj jD;a;h ldKavj,g fnÞ .; hq;= hs'
5'4'7 j.=j( Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl wmkhk ixhq;sh - 2015 ^fvd,¾ ñ,shk&
jD;a;fha 360o
fnda.h fvd,¾ uq¿ tl;=fjka wkqmd;sl j
ñ,shk m%;sY;h o;a; ±laùu
f;a 1340'5 54 194o
rn¾ 26'1 1 4o
fmd,a 351'7 14 50o
l=¿nvq 377'4 15 54o
wksl=;a lDIsld¾ñl fnda. 385'8 16 58o
tl;=j 12481'5 100 360o
5'4'7 m%ia;drh
Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl wmkhk ixhq;sh - 2015 ^fvd,¾ ñ,shk&
154
- jD;a;h LKavj,g fn§fï § tys uqÿfka isg ol=Kq w;g l< hq;= hs'
- fuys § m<uqfjka u jeä u jákdlu oelaúh hq;= w;r l%ufhka wkqms<sfj<g l=vd jk
mßÈ wksl=;a ixLHd wkqj fldgia l< hq;= hs'
- fjk;a" wksl=;a" j¾. fkdl< wdÈ jYfhka hï úp,Hhla we;akï tys úYd,;ajh
fld;rï jqj o th wjidkfha ±laúh hq;= hs'
- fufia jD;a;h fldgia lr.;a miq tA tA ldKavfha jákdlï wÞ< ldKav ;=< u ±laùu
b;d u m%fhdackj;a h'
- fuu jD;a;j, úYd,;ajfhka mßudKh ms<sn| j woyila m< fkdflf¾'
- ir, fn¥ jD;a; lsishï úp,Hhl ixhq;sh ±laùu i|yd muKla m%fhdackj;a fõ'
- j¾I lsysmhl o;a; ±laùug kï tA tA j¾I m%udKhg jD;a; we¢h hq;= hs'
- j¾I ;=kl ixhq;s olajkafka kï jD;a; ;=k u iudk úYd,;ajfhka w¢kq ,nk neúka
uq¿ ckixLHdfõ isÿ ù we;s j¾Okh jD;a; u`.`ska ksrEmKh fkdflf¾'
155
5'5 is;shï úoHd;aul l%u-Ys,am

- wjldYSh jHdma;sh mokï lr.;a ljr fyda úp,Hhla iïnkaO ixLHd;aul o;a; we;s
úfgl oDYH udOHfhka bÈßm;a lsÍfï § is;shï úoHd;aul l%u Ys,am úmq, m%fhdack
f.k foa'
- is;shï úoHd;aul l%u-Ys,am .Kkdjla we;;a fuys § u;= ±lafjk is;shï j¾. fol
muKla i,ld n,kq ,efí'
1' iu ixLHd is;shï
2' f¾Ldxls; is;shï
iu ixLHd is;shï
- iuixLHd is;shï hkq iudk w.hka iys; ,laIHhka hd fldg w¢k ,o f¾Ld iys;
is;shuls'
- uQ,sl jYfhka u wjldYSh jHdma;sh uq,a fldg .;a ixLHd weiqßka fïjd f.dv k`.kq
,efí'
- fuu is;shïj,g moku jkqfha lsishï úp,Hhl ia:dkSh jákdlï ksid tu ia:dkSh
jákdlïj, wjldYSh ksrEmKh flf¾' Wod( WÉp;ajh" WIaK;ajh" j¾Idm;kh" mSvkh
WÞ( Y%S ,xldfõ j¾Idm;k jHdma;sh ±laùug iu ixLHd f¾Ld is;shï nyq, j
Ndú; lrhs'
- iudk j¾Idjka mj;sk ia:dk úuid n,d tu ia:dk hd lr is;shï .; lsÍfuka iu

j¾Id f¾Ld is;shu ilia lrkq ,efí'
- th wOHhkh lsÍfuka YS% ,xldfõ j¾Idm;kfha m%dfoaYSh jHdma;s rgdjwjfndaO lr

.ekSu b;d myiq h'
- udkqI lghq;= ±lafjk jHdma;Ska ±laùug o fuu is;shï Ndú;d l< yels h' Wod(
m%jdyK úhoï
- iu ixLHd f¾Ld is;shul ieu f¾Ldjlg u ksYaÑ; jákdlula we;' tu jákdlu

f¾Ldj lv lr tA ;=< f¾Ldfõ meyefhka u igyka l< hq;= h'
- fuu is;shï l%ufha § kshu jákdlï fmkajkafka f¾Ldjka Èf.a muKla ksid f¾Ldjka
w;r msysá m%foaYh ;=< we;s w.hka .ek lsis ÿ f;dr;=rla wkdjrKh fkdùu
ÿ¾j,;djls'
156
5'5'1 rEmh
uOHkH wka;¾ fudaiï j¾Idm;kh olajk iu ixLHd is;shu
uQ,dY%hh( Y%S ,xld cd;sl is;shï ix.%yh m<uqjk fj¿u
157
f¾Ldxls; is;shï
- wjldYh ^N+ñh& yd ixLHdj w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj udOH >k;aj jákdlï weiqßka
ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd f¾Ldxls; is;shï fhdÞ .efka'
- fuu is;shï j¾.h fnfyúka u fhdÞ .kq ,nkafka j¾. lsf,daógrhl fjfik
ckixLHdj fyda i;a;aj >k;ajh fyda fylaghdrhlska ,efnk wiajekak fyda wdÈ
jHdma;s rgdjka ksrEmKh lsÍug h'
- fuys § fok ,o ixLHd ldKavj,g j¾. l< hq;= h'
- ldKav .; l< o;a; tajdg wod< N+f.da,Sh fyda mßmd,k tall ±lafjk is;shul ,l=Kq a
fldg tajd fiahd l< hq;= h' iQplhla o ±laúh hq;= h'
- 5'5'1 j.=fjka ±lafjkqfha 2015 j¾Ifha Y%S ,xldfõ Èia;%slal wkqj ck >k;ajh hs' th
f¾Ldxls; is;shula u`.ska 5'5'2 rEmfha ksrEmKh lr we;'
5'5'1 j.=j - Y%S ,xldfõ Èia;%slal wkqj ck >k;ajh - 2015
ck ck
osia;%sll
a h Èia;%sll
a h
>k;ajh >k;ajh
fld<U 3513 ls,sfkdÉÑ 100
.ïmy 1755 uvl,mqj 207
l¿;r 793 wïmdr 160
uykqjr 739 ;%slK
= du,h 157
ud;f,a 251 l=reKE., 359
kqjr t<sh 434 mq;a;,u 274
.d,a, 675 wkqrdOmqrh 134
ud;r 659 fmdf<dkakrej 136
yïnkaf;dg 252 nÿ,a, 299
hdmkh 643 fudkrd., 86
ukakdru 55 r;akmqr 348
jjqkh
s dj 96 lE.,a, 511
uq,;sõ 39
158
5'5'2 rEmh
Y%S ,xldfõ Èia;%slal wkqj ck >k;ajh - 2015
159
- fuu is;shï úoHd;aul l%uh u`.ska hï úp,Hhl me;sÍu biau;= lr fmkajhs'

- by; 5'5'2 rEmfhka ckixLHdfõ >K;ajfha wjldYSh jHdma;sh fyd¢ka
ksrEmKh ùu Bg ksoiqkls'
- ldKavj,g j¾. lr we;s neúka ixikaokd;aul wjfndaOhla o myiqfjka ,efí'
- tu lreKqj, ia:dkSh fjkialï fkdfmkaùu fuys ÿ¾j,;djls'
WÞ( by; rEmigykg wkqj ckixLHdj Èia;%slalh ;=< fn§ f.dia we;s wdldrh
fkdfmkajhs'
- tl j¾. lsf,daógrhla ;=< iEu ;ekl u tl u >k;ajhlska hqla; hehs fmkSu tys
wjdishls'
- ckixLHdj .;a l, j.=re m%foaY" ldka;dr" jkdka;r" l÷lr m%foaY wdÈfhys ckhd
mÈxÑ ùu wvq jqj;a fuu is;shï úoHd;aul l%uhg wkqj wfkla m%foaYj, fuka
tAldldr jHdma;shla ±lafjhs' túg jerÈ wjfndaOhla ,efí'
- úfYaIfhka u Èia;%sla udhsï wdikak j mej;sh yels fjkialï we;;a th fuu is;shï
úoHd;aul l%uh u`.ska fkd±lafjhs'
- ldKavhl jákdlu ñi ia:dkSh jákdlï ms<sn| wjfndaOhla o fkd,efí'
160
wdY% s ; .%k a :
) wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1996& mdßißl N+f.da, úoHdj"

rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j fld<U
) uOHu mßir wêldßh ^j¾Ih fkdue;& ñksid iy mßirh" f,ai¾ uqøK ^mqoa&
iud.u
) c, iïmdok yd c,dmjdyk uKav,h ^2014& c, mdßfNda.sl w;afmd;"
uykqjr yd ;odikak kd.ßl c, iïmdok jHdmD;sh lgq.iaf;dg
) Okmd, ta' tÉ' ^2012& mßir wOHhk
) nKavdrkdhl mS'tï' ^1992& foaY.=Kh" c,h yd mßirh
) Y%S ,xld ñkskafodare fomd¾;fïka;=j ^2015& Y%S ,xld cd;sl is;shï ix.%yh"
mdi,a uqøKh" Y%S ,xld ñkskafodare fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U
) National Resource Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka (1991)
National Resource of Sri Lanka Condition and Trend NARESA
) l=f¾ Ô' rEmisxy uyskao ^2006& wm wjg ñys;,h" weia'f.dvf.a iy
ifydaorfhda" fld<U
) cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2008& wdmod wdrCIK wOHdmkh cd;sl wOHdmk
wdh;kh" uyr.u
) cd;sl úoHd moku ^j¾Ih fkdue;& Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl jHik" cd'ú'm'
fld<U
) foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi ms<snò f,alï ld¾hd,h ^2009& foaY.=Ksl mshu.
161

SGr13TG Geography

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SGr13TG Geography

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

13 fY%aKsh N+f.

w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<&

iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

m%:u uqøKh 2018

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iudc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk

;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsÍfï § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,af.a mKsúvh

wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

f,aLl uKav,h ^ndysr&

ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,aysñf.a mKsúvh i

úIhud,d lñgqj iii

úIh ks¾foaYh wka;¾.;h v-xxviii

fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj

8'0 foaY.=K fjkiaùï 1-14

9'0 c, iïm;a yd c, iïm;a ixrCIKh 15-19

10'0 Y%S ,xldfõ c, iïm;a 20-27

11'0 ìfhdau iy mßir moaO;s 28-47

12'0 iajNdúl Wmøj yd wdmod 48-56

13'0 wdmod l<ukdlrKh 57-62

udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj

7'0 wdlr l¾udka;h 71-78

8'0 Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc iïm;a 79-90

9'0 ksIamdok l¾udka; 91-100

10'0 Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;h 101-110

11'0 f.da,ShlrKh 111-117

12'0 l,dmSh ixúOdk 118-121

m%dfhda.sl N+f.da, úoHdj

5'0 N+f.da, úoHd;aul o;a; 122-160

wdY%s; .%ka: 161

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

(I) ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

(II) fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;d

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

(IV) jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

(V) wd.u iy iodpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

(VI) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

(VII) "bf.kSug bf.kqu" ms<sn| ksmqK;d

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

N+f.da, úoHd úIhfha wruqKq

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

úIh ks¾foaYh mdi,a jdr jYfhka fnod .ekSug fhdað; ie,eiau

fY%AKsh jdrh I II III

13'1" 14'1" 14'2 11'2" 11'3" 12'1 5'4" 5'5

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,ÉfPAo

8'2 foaY.=K fjkiaùïj,g • foaY.=K fjkialïj,g - foaY.=K fjkiaùïj,g

lrhs' iy tajdfha n,mEï úia;r lrhs'

• foaY.+K fjkiaùï udkj

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

• c, iïm;aa wê Ndú;d jk wdldrh

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

S mdßißl • tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj

13 fY%aKsh N+f.da, úoHdj