Grade 10 SS Textbook (G+H)

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pkESifh ppfawmif;jrpfpOfpkwdkYonf jrefrmEdkifiH
tv,fydkif;csKdifh0Srf;twGif; pD;qif;aeMuonf/
w½kwEf ikd if rH S pD;qif;vmaom oHviG jf rppf
onf jrefrmEdkifiHta&SUbufukef;jrifha'oudk
jzwfoef;NyD; rkwårauGUtwGif;odkY pDp;0if ;0ifonf/
&cdkifurf;½dk;wef;ajrmufbufydkif;&Sd jrpfrsm;o sm;onf
ajrmufrSawmifodkYpD;qif;NyD; awmifbufydkif;&Sd
acsmif;rsm;onf ta&SUrStaemuf ufodkY pD;q qif;í
BE
b*F v m;yif v ,f atmf a tmf t wG i f ; pD ; 0if o nf /
weoFm&Durf;½dk;wef;&Sd jrpf? acsmif;rsm;onf
trsm;tm;jzif ;jzififh urf;½dk;wef;awmifwef;rsm;ES rsm;E
rsm; ifh yHk (1.3) jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jrpfrsm;
tNyKd ifipDpf ;D qif;aeNy;D uyÜvyD ifv,ftwGif; pD;0if
Muonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHESifh tdrfeD;csif;EEdkifiHrsm;tMum; e,fedrdwfjrpftjzpf pD;qif;aeaomjrpfrsm;
rSm ewfjrpf? rJacgifjrpf? oHvGifjrpf? aomif&if;jrpfESifh ygcsefjrpfwdkYjzpfonf/
D
1.2.3
.3 &moDOwk
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tdE´d,ork'´&mESifh xdpyfaeonfh tm&Swdkufta&SUawmifydkif;wGif
wnf&Sdonf onf/ x xdkYaMumifh &moDtvdkufwdkufcwfonfh rkwfokHavrsm;\ jyKjyifrIudk cH&onf/
jrefrmEdik if o H nf a,bk,stm;jzifh tylyikd ;f rkwof &Hk moDOwk &&So
d nf/ awmifajrmuf&n
S v
f sm;aom
Edik if jH zpfí &moDOwktrsK;d tpm;pHvk ifNy;D ajrrsuEf mS jyiftaetxm;t&vnf; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom
&moDOwkrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/
6
&moDOwkqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;rSm
(1) Owktvkduf ajymif;vJjzpfay:aom avzdtm;ESifh wdkufav
(2) tylcsdeftajctae
(3) rdk;&GmoGef;rItajctaewdkY jzpfonf/
&moDOwktrsKd;tpm;rsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH\&moDOwkrsm;udka,bk,s
x
tm;jzif h tyl y d k i f ; rk w f o k H & moD O wk r sm;[k
owfrw S of nf/ odaYk omf awmifajrmuf&n S vf sm;
Bo
aomyH k o P² m ef & S d j cif ; ? ajrrsuf E S m oG i f j yif
tedrt hf jrifrh sm;jcif;? awmifwef;rsm;oG,w f ef;yHk
taetxm;? yifv,fESifhteD;ta0;? &moD moD
oD
tvdu k af vaMumif;rsm; ajymif;vJwu kd cwf
cf wfjcif;?
avzdtm;&yf0ef;ESifh rkefwkdif;rsm;aMumif Mumifh &moD
OwktrsKd;tpm;rsm;pGmudk atmuf tmufygtw gtwdkif;
awGU&Sd&onf/
(1) tylydkif;rkwfoHk&moDOwk
BE
(2) tylydkif;qAm;em;&moD
m;em;&moDOwk
(3) tylydkif;pwuf
;pwufjrufcif;&moDOw wk
(4) tylylavsmhydkif; rkwfoHk&moDOwk
(5)) tylavsmhydkif; ukef;jrifh&moDOw wk
(6) ukef;jrifh&moDOwk wdkYjzpfon nf/
(1) tylydydkif;rwf
rkwfoHk&mmo moDOwk
D
tylydkif;rkwfoHk&moDOwkudk jrefrmEdkifiH
\ yififv,fESifhxdpyfaeaom &cdkif? {&m0wDESifh
weoF
oF mm&D&D u rf ; ½d k ; wef ; rsm;wG i f a wG U &onf / yHk (1.4) jrefrmEdkifiH\&moDOwk&yf0ef;rsm;
wpfESpf ywfvHk; tylcsdefrsm;NyD; ESpfpOfrdk;a&csdef
2000 rS 3000 rDvDrDwmausmf &&Sdonf/
7
(2) tylydkif;qAm;em;&moDOwk
tylyikd ;f qAm;em;&moDOwkonf wpfEpS yf wfv;kH tylcsed jf rifrh m;í ESppf Ofr;kd a&csed f 1000
rS 2000 rDvDrDwmMum; &GmoGef;NyD; tylydkif;pwufjrufcif;ESifh tylavsmhydkif;rkwfokH &moDOwk
tMum; {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;vGifjyif tedrfhydkif;a'orsm;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ aqmif;wGiiff ydkat;í
tylcsdefuGmjcm;csufrsm;onf/
(3) tylydkif;pwufjrufcif;&moDOwk
x
tylydkif;pwufjrufcif;&moDOwkonf wpfESpfywfvHk; tylylcsdefjrifhNyD; ESpfpOfrdk;a&csdef
1000 rDvDrDwmatmuf&&Sdonfh {&m0wDjrpfESifh csif;wGif;jrpfqHk&m jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fykdif;
ajredrfhvGifjyifa'owGif awGU&onf/ ajcmufaoGUcsdef ydkrsm;onf
n/
(4) tylavsmhydkif;rkwfokH&moDOwk
tylavsmyh ikd ;f rkwo
Bo
f &Hk moDOwkukd uke;f jrifah 'oESihf jrefrmEdik if aH jrmuf
wGifawGUEkdifNyD; tylcsdefavsmhenf;í ESpfpOfrdk;a&csdef 2000 rDvDrDwmcefY&&Sdonf/
(5) tylavsmhydkif;ukef;jrifh&moDOwk
tylavsmhydkif;ukef;jrifh&&moD
&NyD; tylcsdefavsmhenf;onf
Ow
Owk
muyikd ;f aa'o trsm;pk
moDOwkudk tvGefjrifhaom awmifwef;rsm;&Sd&mtydkif;wGif awGU

nf/ ESpfpOfrdk;a&csdef 2000 rSr 3000
300 rDvDrDwmMum; &&Sdonf/
BE
(6) ukef;jrifh&moD
oDOw
Owk
ukef;jrifh&moDOwkudk jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufzsmsm; ucsifjynfe,f&Sd tjrifhrDwm 3000 ausmf
&Sdonfh awmif
wmififxdyfrsm;&Sd&mtydkif;wGifawGU&NyD; wpfESpfywfvHk; a&cJqD;ESif;rsm; zkH;vTrf;aeonfh
tydkif; jzpon/
jzpfonf/
1.2.4 obm0aygu
obm0aygufyif
D
jrefrmEdkifiH\ o obm0aygufyifonf opfawmtrsKd;rsKd;jzpfNyD; us,fjyefYaom jrufcif;

obm
r&Sday/ opfawmrsm; wmrsm;onf ajrrsufESmjyif tedrfhtjrifh? tylcsdef? rdk;a&csdefESifh ajrqDvTm
wmrsm;o
tajctaeud
jctaeud
aeudkvdkufí uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh rDwm 1000 uGefwkdrsOf;jzifh
tylykdif;opfpfaw wmrsm;ESifh orykdif;awmifay:opfawmrsm;ukd ydkif;jcm;Ekdifonf/
rk;d a&csed Ef iS hf ajrqDvmT tajctaetay:rlwnfí opfawmtrsKd ;tpm;uGjJ ym;rI &So d nf/
jrefrmEkid if w H iG f a'otvku d af ygufa&mufaom obm0aygufyif trsK;d tpm;rsm;ukd atmufyg
twkdif; cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/
8
(1) 'Da&awmrsm;
{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:? &ckdif? weoFm&D
urf;½k;d wef;wpfavQmufwiG f awGUEkid o f nf/ 'Da&
awmrsm;ukd 3 rsK;d cGEJ idk o
f nf/ tedryhf ikd ;f 'Da&awm
rsm;udk yifv,fa&ief0ifaom jrpfacsmif;rsm;
'Da&uscsdefwiG af y:vmaom &TUH ap;ajrEkrsm;ay:ü
awGU&Ny;D vrk? vrJ?h AsL;ajcaxmuf? "edEiS chf &myifwYdk
x
t"du aygufa&mufonf/
yifjrif'h aD &awmrsm;udk 'Da&0if jrpfacsmif;
Bo
rsm;\ jrpfurf;ESiyhf ifv,fbufoYkd rsuEf mS rlaeaom
urf;ezl;rsm;wGiaf wGU&Ny;D ? uepdak wmrsm;udk a&ief
uepkdawmESifh a&csKduepdkawmrsm;[lí cjcm; cGJjcm;
EdkifNyD; t"duaygufyifrsm;rSm uepdk? bkdifa'gif;?
opfeDESifh oifaygif;wkdY jzpfonf/
(2) yifv,furf;em;aomif
mifjyifEiS hf oJcaHk wm
w
yifv,fbufod okYrd sufESmrlxm;ao
m;aom oJJckH
BE
rsm;ay:wGiaf ygufa&muf
a&mufNy;D t"duaygufyifrmS
yifv,fuAG;D yif jzpfonf/ tjcm;aygufyifrsm;rSm
oif;0if? yke;f nuf? oifyef;? oajyESihf uopfyif
yHk (1.5) jrefrmEdkifiH\
rsm;jjzpfonf/ obm0aygufyiftrsKd;tpm;rsm;
(3) pdrfhawmrsm;
pdrahf wmrs
mrsm;ukd jrpf0uRe;f ay:a&csKd prd ahf wmrsm;? tylyidk ;f jrpf0rS ;f vGijf yif pdrahf wmrsm;ESihf
D
pkdpGwfaom jrpfacsmif;eem;eD; pdrfhawmrsm;[lí cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/ xkdawmrsm;wGif ysOf;r? awmif

o&uf&uf? Budrf? 0g;? ½kH;ESifh teef;yifrsm; aygufa&mufonf/
(4) tNrJ
NrJpdrf;awmrsm;
tNrJpdrf;awmrsm;udk pdkpGwftylykdif; tNrJpdrf;awmESifh tylykdif;tNrJpdrf;qefawmrsm;[k
ESprf sK;d cGEJ ikd o
f nf/ pdpk w
G t
f ylyikd ;f tNrpJ rd ;f awmrsm;udk ESppf Ofysr;f rQr;kd a&csed f 5000 rDvrD w
D mtxuf&
&Sdonfh weoFm&Dwkdif;a'oBuD;awmifykdif;wGif awGU&onf/ rkd;a&csdef 2000 rDvDrDwmausmfNyD;
9
ajcmufaoGUcsdef&Sdonfha'orsm;wGifvnf; tylydkif;tNrJpdrf;awmrsm; aygufonf/

tylydkif;tNrJpdrf;qefawmrsm;udk ESpfpOfrkd;a&csdef 2000 rDvDrDwmcefY&&SdNyD; ajcmufaoGU
csdefydkrsm;onfha'orsm;wGif awGUEdkifonf/ t"duaygufyifrsm;rSm ysOf;uwkd;? ouFef;? awmif
o&uf? a&wrm? unif? jr&mESifh 0g;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzpfonf/
(5) &Gufjywfa&maESmawmrsm;
&Gufjywfa&maESmawmrsm;udk tjrifhrDwm 1000 atmuf ESppOf pfpOfrdk;a&csdcsdef 1000 rS
x
2500 rDvD rDwmMum;&&Sad om a'orsm;wGiaf wGU&Ny;D oH;k rsK;d cGEJ ikd o
f nf/ atmuf&uf u
G jf ywfa&mawmpk
&mawmpd
wm d
wmpd
rsm;udk ajredrfhydkif;jrpfacsmif;rsm;teD;wGif awGU&onf/
txuf&u G jf ywfa&mawmpdk rsm;udk a&qif;aumif;N;Ny;D awmifapmif;rsm;&So d nfh yJc;l ½d;k r?
txuf&u
Bo
&cdkif½dk;r? csif;awmifwef;? oHvGifjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmuf? uom? Aef;armf? jrpfBuD;em;a'o
&Srf;ukef;jyifjrifhtaemufbuftpGef;ydkif;rsm;wGifawG
G jf ywfa&mawmajcmuf rsm;ud
yJcl;½kd;rtv,fykdif;ESifh ywf0ef;usifa'orsm;wG
awGU&o &onf/
udk rk;d a&cs
csed f 1000 rS 1200 rDvrD w
orsm;wGifawGUEdkifonf/ t"duaay
ysOf;uwkd;? axmufBuHU? ,rae? wrvef;? ydawmuf? ik? tif? tifMuif
wdkYjzpfonf/
(6) ajcmufaoGUawmrsm;
sm;
em;a'or
em;a'orsm;ESifh
D m Mum;&&Sad om
aygufyifrsm;rSm uRef;?
u ;? opf&mESifh 0g;rsdK;pkH
BE
ajcmufaoGUawmrsm;udk rk;d a&csed f 1000 rDvrD w D matmuf&&Sad om jrefrmEdik if tH v,fyikd ;f
ajcmufaoGU&yf0ef 0ef;wGif awGU&SdEdkifNyD; rdk;a&csdefay:r
y:rlwnfí ESpfrsKd;cGJEdkifonf/ oef;-'[wfawm
rsm;wGif oefef;ESihf '[wfyifrmS t"duaygufyifjzpfNy;D &Sm;apmif;? oeyfcg;ESihf tcsKUd ae&mrsm;wGif
0g;yifrs
rsm;vnf; aygufonf/
ql;csKHawm rsm;wGif t"duaaygufyifrsm;rSm &Sm;apmif;? xaemif;ESifh qD;yifrsm;jzpfNyD;
yg;vTmaomjrufcif;ESifh tjcm;ql m;q;csKHyifrsm;vnf; aygufonf/
D
(7) tifwkdif;awmrsm;
tifwdkif;aw
awmrsm;udk yifv,fa&rsufESmjyiftxuf tjrifhrDwm 800 atmuf &&Sdaom
a'orsm;wGifif aw
awGUEdik o
f nf/ tifwikd ;f awmjrifrh sm;udk {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f ESihf oHviG jf rpf0rS ;f a'orsm;wGif
awGUEdik o
f nf/ tifwidk ;f qefawmrsm;udk rk;d a&csed f 1200 rDvrD w
D m txuf&&Sad om a'orsm;wGif
awGUEdkifonf/ tifwkdif;csKHawmrsm;udk rkd;a&csdef 600 rS 2000 rDvDrDwmMum;&&Sdaom yJcl;½dk;r
taemufydkif;wGif awGUEkdifonf/ t"duaygufyifrSm tifyifjzpfNyD; tjcm;aygufyifrsm;rSm
10
tifMuif;? opf&m? unif? uRef;? ysOf;uwdk;ESifh 0g;awmrsm;wdkYjzpfonf/
(8) awmifay:orykdif; tNrJpdrf;awmrsm;

awmifay:orykid ;f tNrpJ rd ;f awmrsm;onf tylcsed af vsmeh nf;aom yifv,fa&&rsuEf mS jyif
txuftjrifh rDwm 800 rS 4000 Mum;? ESpfpOf ysrf;rQrdk;a&csdef 3000 rDvDrDwm&&Sdonfh
awmifay:a'orsm;wGif aygufonf/
tylavsmhykdif;awmifay:awmrsm;udk &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifha'owG wGif awGU&NNyD; tylavsmhykdif;
x
pkdpGwfawmifay:awmrsm;udk csif;awmifwef;ESifh &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifha'owd wdkYü awGU&onf/
t"duaygufyifrsm;rSm xif;&SL;ESifh 0ufopfcsjzpfNyD; opfpfaumufn n§§if;? avmuf,m;? bkdif?
opfuyfEG,frsm;? opfcGrsm;ESifh 0g;rsKd;pHkwdkYudkvnf;awGU&onf
U&&onfn/
uGJjym;pGmawGU&Sd&onf/
(1) Ekef;ajr (Fluvisols isol )
visols
isols
Bo
orydkif;opfawmrsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHajrmuf ufzsm;ykdif; tvGefjrifhaomawm
ay:wGifawGU&NyD; t,fvfykdifcsKHawmrsm;ukd tjrifhrDwm 3700 txufwGif aw
1.2.5 ajrqDvTm
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ae&ma'otvd
a'otvdkuf ajrqDvTmtrsKd;tp tpm
omawmifwef;rsm;
awGU&SdEkdifonf/
tpm;rsm;udk atmufygtwkdif;
BE
jrefrmEkdifiH tESHYtjym;&S
jym;&Sd jrpf
jrpf0Srf;vGifjyifrsm;?
sm; jrpf0uRef;ay:a'orsm;ESifh urf;½dk;wef;
a'orsm;wGif trsm;qHk;awGU&onf/ pdkufysKd;a& a&;twGuf ta&;ygaom ajrqDvTm jzpfonf/
pyg;? [ifif;;oD oifhavsmfonf/
oD;[if;&GufESifh yJrsKd;pHkpdkuf&ef o
(2)
2)) v,fajrrsm; (Gleysols)
(Gle ols)
(Gl
(G
jrpfpf0uRef;ay:a'orsm;
ay:a'orsm
ay:a'orsm;? jrpf0Srf;vGifjyifrsm;? urf½dk;wef;vGifjyifESifhcsKdifh0Srf;rsm;wGif
awGU&NyD; pyg;pdkufysKd;&ef t toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfonf/ v,fajrudk trsKd;tpm;xyfrHcGJEdkifonf/
D
xHk;aygufv,fajrrs jrrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif; rdk;enf;&yf0ef;a'owGifawGU&NyD; yJrsKd;pHkESifh

jrrsm;u
[ifi;oD
;oD;[if;&GufpdkufysKd;&ef oifhavsmfonf/
qm;ayguf
qm;a v,fajrrsm;udk 'Da&0ifonfh jrpf0Srf;vGifjyifrsm;wGif awGU&NyD; pyg;? ajryJ?
yJtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh oD;ESHrsKd;pHkudk aqmif;oD;ESHtjzpf pdkufysKd;Edkifonf/
Eke;f a&mv,fajrrsm;udk a&vTr;f vGijf yifrsm;wGif awGUEdik o f nf/ pyg;? qDxu
G o
f ;D ES?H MuEH iS hf
*kefavQmfwdkYudk pdkufysKd;Edkifonf/ v,fajrjymESihf EGaH ygufv,fajrrsm;udk jrefrmEdik if aH tmufyikd ;f
11
a'orsm;wGiaf wGU&Ny;D a&usomG ;csed üf pyg;ESi*hf ek af vQmw f u Ykd kd pduk yf sK;d Edik o
f nf/
EGaH ygufx;kH useaf jrESihf pdrahf jrrsm;udk &Sr;f uke;f jyifjrifEh iS hf jrefrmEdik if t H xufyikd ;f &Sd jrpf0rS ;f
vGifjyifrsm;wGifawGUEdkifNyD; oD;ESHrsKd;pHkpdkufysKd;Edkifonf/ qm;aygufEGHaygufv,fajrrsm;udk
ppfawGvGifjyif? ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;ESifh rGef-weoFm&D urf;½dk;wef;&Sd a'otcsKdUwGifawG awGU&o &onf/
(3) *0HEiS hf *0HqefajrqDvmT (Ferralsols)

*0H E S i f h * 0H q ef ajrqD v T m rsm;ud k
x
yifv,fa&rsufESmjyiftxuf tjrifhrDwm
100 twGif;awGUEdkifNyD; teD&ifhESifh t0g
a&maESmonfh ta&mif&Sdonf/ tylcsdefESifh
rdk;a&csdefrsm;aoma'orsm;wGifawGU&NyD;
a&mfbmyif? qDtkef;ESifh opfoD;O,smOfNcH
pdkufysKd;Edkifonf/
(4) eDndKawmajrESifh0gndKawmajr
(Ferralsols)
Bo
eDndKawmajrrsm;udk tylydkif; tNrJ
BE
pdrf;awmESifh pdkpGwftylydydkifif;rkwfoHkawmrsm;
atmufwGifawGU&NyD NyD; 0gndKawmajrrsm;udk
pdkpGwftylydkif;rkwfoHkawmrsm;atmufwGif
awGUEdkifoonfnf/ xdkajrqDvTmrsm;onf opf o
awmaj ajr? O,smOfNcHajrESifh ESpf&SnfoD;ESHrsm;
pdkufysKd;&efoifhavsmfonf/
D
(5) oJukef;awmajrESifh u
uepdkawmajr
(Arenosol
Arreno l and
Are
Aren an FFluvisols) yHk (1.6) jrefrmEdkifiH\ajrqDvTmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;
oJukef;awmajrrsm;onf
aw yifv,f
a&jyifESiiffhu
urfrf;ajcMum; oJcHkajrrsm;jzpfNyD; urf;ajctyef;ajzae&mtjzpf toHk;jyKEkdifonf/
uepdkawmajrrsm;udk 'Da&twuftus&Sdonfh &cdkifurf;½dk;wef;? {&m0wD jrpf0uRef;ay:?
weoFm&Durf;½dk;wef;wpfavQmuf&Sd NrdwfuRef;pk\ urf;ajca'orsm;wGif awGUEkdifonf/
12
(6) ajr0goJ0ef;ESifh ajreDoJ0ef; (Nitosols and Vertisols)

ajr0goJ0ef;ajrqDvmT ESihf ajreDo0J ef;ajrqDvmT rsm;udk jrefrmEdik if aH jcmufaoGU&yf0ef;wGif
awGUEdkifNyD; ,moD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd;&ef oifhavsmfonf/
(7) pe,fajrap; (Vertisols)

jrefrmEdik if t
H v,fyidk ;f ajcmufaoGU&yf0ef;&Sd ajrjyifrnDnmaoma'ors 'orsm;ESihf Eke;f ajrrsm;
ay:wGif awGUEdik o f nf/ v,fEiS , hf moD;ESrH sm;pdu
k yf sK;d Ekid Nf y;D a&oGi;f Ekid aomae&mrs
af omae&mrs
mrsm;wGif pyg;pyg;ESihf
x
0goD;ESHrsm; ydkrdkatmifjrifjzpfxGef;onf/
(8) awmifjrifhajreD? awmifjrifhajr0g (Acrisols)
Bo
&Srf;ukef;jyifjrifh\ awmifajcESifhawmifwef;qifajcavQmrsm;wGif awmifjrrifhajreDESifh
awmifjrifhajr0grsm;udk awGUEdkifonf/ awmifjrif jrifhajreDrsm;onf opfoD;O,smOfNcHrsm;? [if;oD;
[if;&Guf? yef;ESifhoD;ESHrsKd;pHkpdkufysKd;&ef oifhavsmf
avsmfonf/
(9) awmifjrifhndKa&mifawmajr?
jr? awmifjrifheDndKawmajr (Cam
Ca
Cambisols)
,if;ajrqDvTmrsm;udk &S&rfrf;ukef;jyif
jyifjrif
rifh? ucsif
ucsifjyynf
nfe,fESifh u,m;j
u ynfe,fwdkY&Sd tNrJpdrf;
opfawmrsm;atmufwGif awGU&o &onf/
BE
(10) ajrmufydkif;awmifwef;ajrrsm;? csif;awmifajrrsm; (Cambisols)
csi;f awmif
wmifwef;wpfavQmuf? ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f aajrmufyikd ;f ESihf ucsijf ynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f wdw
Yk iG f
awGU&NyD; ajrom;zGJUpnf;rItm;enf;í rdk;&m &moDwGif ajrwdkufpm;rIjzpfyGm;&efvG,fulonf/
&mo
jrefrmEdifik if aH jrmufbufzsm;ydik ;f ü a&cJz;Hk awmifwef;ajrrsm; (Cambisols) udak wGU&onf/
tjcm;ajrqDvTmrsm;rSm ykyÜm;a'o ;a'owGifawGU&aom ykyÜm;awmifajrqDvTm (Andosols) ESifh
tv,fydkif;ajcmufaoGU&yf0ef;w wGif awGU&aom ausmufjzKef;urÇmajr odkYr[kwf ausmufaMu
ajrEEkajrqDvTm (Lithosols
(Lithosols) rsm;jzpfonf/
D
13
t"dutcsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajrrsufESmoGifjyifudk blrdoufwrf;ESifh ajrjyifvu©Pmrsm;ay:

rlwnfí obm0tydkif;BuD; 4 ydkif; ydkif;jcm;xm;onf/
{&m0wDjrpfonf jrefrmEdkifiH\ ta&;ygqHk;jrpfjzpfonf/
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f &moDOwktrsK;d tpm; pHv
k ifpmG awGU&S&d onf/
&moDOwktrsKd;tpm;pHkvifjcif;aMumifh obm0aygufyif trsKd;;tpm;vnf tpm;vnf n;;
x
rsm;jym;onf/
&moDOwktrsKd;tpm;pHkvifNyD; obm0aygufyif uGmjcm;rIudkvdku uffí ajrqDvTm
trsKd;tpm; rsm;pGm&Sdonf/
(1) jrefrmEdik if aH jryHu
Bo
k akd &;qGNJ y;D awmif
(2) jrefrmEdkifiHwGifawGU&onf
wmifwef;? vGijf yifEiS hf jrpfpOfprk sm;udk yyHak y:wGiaf zmfjyyg/
nfh ajrqDvTmtrsKd;pm;rsm;udk azmfjyyNyD; pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf
toHk;0ifaom ajrqDvTmrsm;udk &Sif;jyyg/
(3) jrefrmEdkifiH\ &Guf ufjywfa&maESmawm trs tpm;rsm;udk cGJjcm;azmfjyyg/
trsKdd;tpm;r
BE
D
14
1.3 jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajrrsufESmoGifjyifobm0tydkif;BuD;rsm;
oifcef;pmrdwfquf
jrefrmEdi
k if \
H ajrrsuEf mS oGijf yifukd ajrjyifvu©Pmrsm;tay:rlwnfívnf;aaumif;?
blrod ufwrf;t&vnf;aumif; tydik ;f Bu;D av;ydik ;f ydik ;f jcm;Edik o
f nf/ xdtk ydiifk ;f Bu;D rsm;ESihf
tjcm; obm0yx0D0iftcsuftvufrsm;udk qufpyfíavh vhvmEdkifo
onf
nf/
x
jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajrrsufESmoGifjyifobm0tydkif;BuD;rsm;
Bo
BE
D
yHk (1.7) jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajrrsufESmoGifjyif yHk (1.8) ta&SUbufukef;jrifha'o

tydkif;BuD;rsm;
15
jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajrrsufESmoGifjyiftykdif;BuD;rsm;rSm
(1) ta&SUbufukef;jrifha'o
(2) tv,fykdif;csdKifh0Srf;a'o
(3) taemufbufawmifwef;a'oESifh
(4) &ckdifurf;ajrmifa'owkdY jzpfonf/
1.3.1 ta&SUbufukef;jrifha'o
x
ta&SUbufukef;jrifha'oudk tydkif; 3 ydkif; ydkif;Edkifonf/
ajrmufbufykdif;
Bo
þtydkif;ü ucsifjynfe,fajrmufzsm;ykdif;ESifh ta&SUykdif;&Sdawmifukef;awmifwef;rsm;
yg0ifonf/ þtykdif;onf EkdifiH\tjrifhqkH;tykdiiff;jzpfNyD; cgumbkd&mZD (5881 rDwm) ESifh
*rfvef&mZD (5835 rDwm) wkdYonf tjrifhqkH;awmif wmifxGwfrsm;jzpfonf/ qD;EESif;rsm; tNrJzkH;vTrf;
aeaomawmifxw G rf sm;vnf; &So d nf/ {&m0wD m0wDjrpfEiS hf oHv
vGiG jf rpfw\
Ykd a&a0aM
a&a0a umawmifwef;rsm;
&SdNyD; awmifwef;rsm;onf ysrf;rQtjrifh rDwm 3300 ausmf&Sdonf/
þtykid ;f wGif ajrjyefv Y ifiG jf yif enf;yg;onf/ þtydik ;f \ ajrmmufzsm;ydik ;f &Sd qD;ESi;f zH;k vTr;f
aeaom awmifwef;rsm;rS arcES rcESihf rvdcjrpfwYkd pwifjrppfzsm;cHNy;D ajrmufraS wmifopYkd ;D qif;onf/
BE
þtykid ;f \awmifbufwG wiG f w½kwEf ikd if rH S pD;qif;vmaom wmyd w ejf rpfonf {&m0wDjrpftwGi;f odYk
ta&SUbufrSpD;0ifonf onf/
xdktydkif;onf ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'owG 'o if qD;ESif;zHk;vTrf;awmifwef;rsm; &Sdonfh
wpfckwnf;aom a'ojzpfjcif;? ob obm0y
obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;rIr&Sdao;aom a'ojzpfjcif;
wdaYk Mumifh obm0tajccHc&D;oGm;vkyif eef;rsm;azmfaqmif&ef tajccHaumif;rsm; ydik q f ikd x
f m;onf/
tv,fykdif;
tv
D
ta&SUbufuek ;f jrifah ''o\ tv,fyidk ;f wGif &Sr;f jynfe,fEiS u hf ,m;jynfe,fwYdk yg0ifonf/

&Sr;f uke;f jyifjrifo
h nf yysr;f rQrw
D m 900 ausmf jrifo
h nf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh awmifwef;rsm;onf
ajrmufufrawmif
aS wmifoYdk o
oG,wf ef;aeaomfvnf; a&TvjD rpfEiS hf tNyKd io
f ,
G w f ef;aeaom vGKd iv
f eG af wmif
wef;onf nf ta ta&SUajrmufrStaemufawmifodkY oG,fwef;aeonf/ xkdif;-jrefrme,fpyf&Sd weif;
awmifwef;onf ta&SUrStaemufodkY oG,fwef;aeonf/ taemufbufykdif;wGif awmifwef;
V - ^ %_` | %+ $% %A}
xif&Sm;aom awmifxGwfrsm;rSm vGdKifarmf? qifawmifESifh jrif;rxdawmifwkdYjzpfMuonf/
16
xif&Sm;aomxHk;ausmuf*lrSm yif;w,*ljzpfonf/
þa'owGif jywfa&GUaMumif;rsm; (Fault Lines)? ajrvTmuRHcsKdifh0Srf; (Rift Valley)
rsm;pGm&Sd onf/ &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd xif&Sm;aomtif;av;tkdifonf ajrvTmuRHcsdKifh0Srf;wpfcktwGif;
wnf&Sdaom a&tdkifjzpfonf/ us,fjyefYaom vGifjyifrsm;ukd oDayg? odEéD? anmif nmifa&T? [J[kd;?
usdKif;wkH? armufr,fESifh rkdif;yef ponfhNrdKUrsm;ywf0ef;usifwGif awGU&onf/
oHvGifjrpfESifh tjcm;jrpfacsmif;rsm;onf þa'otwGif;&Sd ajrvT jrvTmuRHcsKdiiffhaMumif
Mum ;wpf
avQmuf pD;qif;Muonf/ w½kwfEdkifiHrSpD;qif;vmaom oHvGifjrpf jrpftwGif;odkdY ta&SUbufrS
x
erfw h if;? erfch ? erfqh ifEiS hf taemufbufrS erfeh if;? erfyh ef? eefwef w
Y efEiS hf eefefyY eG jf rpfrsm; pD;0ifonf/
w½kwEf ikd if rH pS ;D qif;vmaoma&TvjD rpfEiS hf &Sr;f uke;f jyifjrifaj ah jrmufyikd ;f rS pD;qif;vmaomer®wjl rpf
Bo
('k|m0wDjrpf)wdkYonf a'otaemufydkif;rSwpfqif qifh tv,fydkif;csKdifh0Srf;a'o a'oudkjzwfí
{&m0wDjrpftwGif;odkY pD;0ifonf/ &Srf;jynfe,ta&S ,fta&SUydkif;wGif rJacgifjrpfonf jref jrermEdkifiHESifh
vmtdkEdkifiHtMum; e,fedrdwfjrpftjzpf pD;qifif;aeonf/
þtydik ;f onff w½kwEf ikd if ?H vmtd
tdEk ikd if ?H xdik ;f Edik if w
H EYkd iS hf xdpyfaeN
e y;D e,fpyfuek o f ,
G af &;
NrdKUrsm;jzpfaom rlq,f? wmcsDv vddwfESifh r,fpJhNrdKUrsm;rSwpfqifh uk uefpnfESifhc&D;oGm;rsm;pGm
0ifa&mufoGm;vmEdkifí ta&;ygaoma'ojzpf
&;ygaoma'ojzpfonf/
&;ygaoma'o
awmifbufykdif;
BE
ta&SUbuf ufuek ;f jrifah 'o\ awmifbufyidk ;f wGif u&ifjynfe,f? rGejf ynfe,fEiS hf weoFm&D
wkid ;f a'oBu;D wkYd yg0ifonf/ þtykid ;f wGif a'geaa'geawmifwef;onf tjrifq h ;Hk awmifwef;jzpfonf/
rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f wGif rkwrå awmifwef;ESihf awmifnKd awmifwef;wkYd wnf&o dS nf/ xif&mS ;aom
awmif mifrs
rsm;rSm xkH;ausmufawmifrssm;jzpf m;;jzpfonfh ZGJuyifESifh ausmufwpfvkH;awmifrsm;jzpfonf/
weoFm&Dawmifwef;wGif jrifhrdk&fvufcwfawmifonf tjrifhqkH;awmifxGwfjzpfonf/ xif&Sm;
aomxHk;ausmuf*lrsm;rSm c½Hk*lESifh q'éf*lwdkYjzpfonf/
þtykdif;;wG
wGif ajr ajredrfhvGifjyifi,frsm;udk wpfqufwnf;rawGU&ay/ armfvNrdKifNrdKU
D
ywf0ef;usif? we weoFm&Dwkdif;a'oBuD; xm;0,fjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmufESifh NrdwfNrdKUteD;wkdYwGif

vGifjyyififrsm;udk aawGUEkdifonf/ usdKu©rDteD; pufpJurf;ajcESifh avmif;vkH;NrdKUteD; armif;ruef
urf;ajcwkrYd Sm xif&Sm;onf/ urf;½kd;wef;ESifhtNydKifwnf&Sdaom uRef;rsm;ukdvnf; þtykdif;wGif
awGUEkdifonf/ oHvGifjrpf0&Sd bDvl;uRef;onf ajrMoZm<u,f0onfh ajredrfha'ojzpfNyD;
uRef;ay:wGif awmifukef;i,frsm; wnf&Sdonf/ xif&Sm;aomuRef;rsm;rSm xm;0,fNrdKUtaemuf
bufwiG f armif;ruefuRe;f pkrsm;&SNd y;D Nrw d u
f Re;f pkwiG f rvduRe;f ? uwefuRe;f ? 'k;H uRe;f ? uHarmfuRe;f ?
17
yef;axmifuRef;? vefyduRef;? Zm'ufBuD;uRef;ESifh tjcm;uRef;i,faygif; 800 ausmf yg0ifonf/

weoFm&Durf;½dk;wef;&Sd yifv,furf;ajcESifhuRef;rsm;onf ,cktcg obm0tajccH
c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygvmonf/ a'o\ajrmufydkif;wGif oHvGifjrpfESifh
jrpfvufwufrsm; pD;qif;aeNy;D oHviG jf rpftwGi;f odYk ta&SUbufrS aomif&if;jrpf? taemuf emufbufrS
,Gef;pvif;jrpfESifh 'HkordjrpfwdkY pD;0ifonf/ oHvGifjrpfESifh aomif&if;jrpfwdkYonf xdkif;Edkii ifiHESifh
e,fedrdwfjrpfrsm;tjzpf pD;qif;onf/ oHvGifjrpfwGif jrpf0&Sd armfvNrdKifrS uDvdkrDw wmm 90 cefY
a0;aom a&T*Gef;txd oabFmrsm;oGm;vmEdkifonf/
x
vIdif;bGJUjrpfESifh a[mifoa&mjrpfwdkY aygif;qHk&mrSjzpfay:vmaom :vmaom *sKdif;jrpf? ZrdjrpfESifh
0if;a,mfjrpfwdkY aygif;qHk&mrSjzpfay:vmaom tw¦ &HjrpfpfwdkYonf oHvGifjrpf0teD;wGif
Bo
oHvGifjrpftwGif;pD;0ifum armfvNrdKifvGifjyifudk wnfaqmuf aqmufxm;onf/
a&;jrpfonf awmifnKd awmifwef;wGijf rpfzsm;cHNy;D a&;NrKd UteD;rS uyÜvyD ifv, ,ftwGi;f
pD;0ifonf/ xm;0,fjrpfonf rvTJawmifwGifjrpfzsm;cHNyD; uyÜvDyifv,ftwGif;o odkY jrpf0us,f
tjzpf pD;0ifonf/ weoFm&DjrpfBu;D ESihf weoF eoFm&Djrpfi,fwo Ykd nf weoFm&DNrKd UteD;wGiaf ygif;qHk
NyD; NrdwfNrdKUteD;rS yifv,ftwGif;pD;0ifon nf/
avnmjrpfonf awmifraj raS jrmufopYkd ;D qif;Ny;D bkwjf yif;NrKd Ut
teD;rS yifv,ftwGi;f pD;0if
onf/ ygcsefjrpfonf jrefrmEdkifiHawmifbufqHk;ü&SdNyD; jrpf0wG wif aumhaomif;NrdKU&Sdí xdkif;-
jrefrm e,fedrdwfjrpfjzpfonf onf/
BE
D
18
ajrrsufESmoGifjyif? &moDOwk? obm0aygufyifESifh ajrqDvTmwdkY\ qufET,frI

jynfe,f^wdkif; ajrrsufESmoGifjyif &moDOwk obm0 ajrqDvTm ajr
a'oBuD; aygufyif toHk;csrI
ucsifajrmufESifh tvGefjrifhonfh ukef;jrifh&moD ukef;jrifha'o a&cJzHk; awmif,m
ta&SU? awmifwef;rsm; Owk? aygufyif? awmifwef;ajr?
tylavsmhydkif; awmifay: ajrmufydkif;
ukef;jrifh? orydkif; ukef;jrifh?
tylavsmhydkif; tNrJpdrf;awm? awmifjrifh
x
rkwfokH &Gufjywf ndKa&mifESifh
a&maESmawm eDndKawmajr?
&Srf;? u,m; ukef;jrifh? tylydkif; awmifay: awmifmifjrifhajreD? awmif,m?
Bo
awmifwef;? qAm;em;? oryd
rydkif; awmifmifjrifhajr0g? O,smOf
O, oD;ESH?
csKdifh0Srf;vGifjyif tylavsmhydkif; tNrJpdrf;awm? EGHayguf v,f
v (pyg;)?
rkwfokH tNrJpdrf;awm xHk;usefajr
awmif
wmifjrif
r h
ndKKa&m
a&mifESifh
eDendKawmajr
u&if? rGef? awmifwef;? tyl
tyydydkif; tylydkif; eDndKESifh O,smOfoD;ESH?
weoFm&D ukef;½dk;? rkwfo
okkH tNrJpdrf;awm?m? 0gndKawmajr? v,f (pyg;)?
jrpf0Srf;vGifjyif? tif
t wdkif;awm? *0H? *0Hqefajr? ESpf&SnfoD;ESH
urf;½dk;wef; pdrfhawm? Ekef;ajr? (a&mfbm?
BE
vGifjyi
jyif oJcHkawm? v,fajr? qDtkef;)
'Da&awm oJckHawmajr?
uepdkawmajr
D
19
1.3.2 tv,fykdif;csdKifh0Srf;a'o
ta&SUbufuek ;f jrifah 'oBu;D ESit hf aemuf
bufawmifwef;a'oMum;wGif wnf&Sdonf/
oufEkuyfausmufrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;
onf/ csKid 0hf rS ;f a'o[k ac:aomfvnf; csKd i0hf rS ;f
twGi;f wGif awmifuek ;f ? awmifwef;rsm; yg0if
aeojzifh ajrjyefv Y iG jf yifrsm;udak wmifbufyikd ;f
x
üom us,fjyefYpGmawGU&onf/ ucsifjynfe,f
taemufykdif;? ppfukdif;wkdif;a'oBuD;? rEÅav;
Bo
wkdif;a'oBuD;? rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;? yJcl;wkdif;
a'oBuD;? {&m0wDwkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh &efukef
wkdif;a'oBuD;wkdY yg0ifonf/
a'o\ajrmuf z sm;wG i f {&m0wD wD -
csi;f wGi;f jrpfpOfpk pwif&m ulreG af wmififwef;&Sjd y;D
,if;awmifwef;rS ta&SUbufok okdUcGJxGufaom
awmifwef;rsm;rSm *efaY *gawmif wmifwef;ESihf rif;0H
awmifwef;wkdYjzpfonf/ taemufbufokdY
BE
cGJxGufaom awmififwef;rsm;rSm awmifokH;vkH;
(rD;awmifa[mif;)? Muufarmuf? ZD;yifESifh
ZD;jzLawmif mifwef
wef;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ rSefuif;
awmififwef;onf *efYa*gawmifwef;ESifh ZD;yif
yHk(1.9)tv,fydkif;csKdifh0Srf;a'o
awmifwef;Mum;ü &Sdonf/ rif;0Hawmifwef;
onf awmifbufokdY ppfukdif;aawmifwef;tjzpf qufvufoG,fwef;oGm;onf/
D
csi;f wGi;f jrpf0rS ;f at

atmufyidk ;f ESihf jrpfomjrpfMum;wGif ykaH wmif? ykn
H mawmif? r[lawmifEiS hf
wefefYMunfawmifwef;rsm; &Sdonf/ {&m0wDjrpfESifh csif;wGif;jrpfqkH&m a'o\awmifbufwGif
1518 rDwmjrifah o om ykymÜ ;awmif(rD;awmifa[mif;) &So d nf/ {&m0wDjrpfEiS hf ppfawmif;jrpfMum;wGif
yJc½l ;kd r&SNd y;D tjrifq
h ;Hk awmifxw G o f nf qifEmS armif;awmif jzpfonf/ yJc;l ½d;k ronf awmifbufoYdk
wjznf;jznf; edrfhqif;oGm;&m &efukefNrdKUwGif *0Hukef;½kd;wef;tjzpfwnf&Sdonf/ xkdukef;½kd;onf
oefvsi-f ausmufwef;um;vrf;twkid ;f qufvufo, G wf ef;Ny;D yifv,ftwGi;f odeYk rd qhf if;oGm;onf/
20
tv,fyidk ;f csKid 0hf rS ;f a'owGif nDnmjyefjY yL;aom jrpf0rS ;f vGijf yifEiS hf ajrjyefv Y iG jf yifrsm;pGm
&So
d nf/ {&m0wDjrpfEiS chf si;f wGi;f jrpf0rS ;f wGif ylwmtkv d iG jf yif? [l;aumif;csKd i0hf rS ;f ? rk;d aumif;vGijf yif?
jrpfBuD;em;vGifjyifESifh Aef;armfcsKdifh0Srf;wkdY &Sdonf/ þtykdif;wGif jrefrmEkdifiH\ tBuD;qkH;a&tkdif
jzpfaom tif;awmfBuD;tkdif wnf&Sdonf/
,if;wdkY\awmifbufwGif rl;jrpf0Srf;vGifjyif? csif;wGif;taemufbufurf; ykv vv JvGifjyif?
rEÅav;-ausmufqnfvGifjyif? rif;bl;vGifjyifESifh awmifwGif;BuD;vGifjyif jyifwkdY &Sdo onfnf/
awmifbuftykid ;f wGif e0if;acsmif;vGijf yif? ppfawmif;jrpf0S0rS ;f vGijf yifEiS hf {&m0wDjrpf0
x
uRef;ay:vGifjyifwdkY &Sdonf/ {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:a'oonf onf jrefaatmiftmifNrdKUawmifbufrS
pwifonf/ jrpfcGJrsm;jym;jcif;aMumifh a&ywfvnf0kdif;aomuR omuRef;rsm; tjzpf&Sdaeonf/ {&m0w {&m0
{&m0wD
Bo
jrpfEiS hf jrpfcrJG sm;rS o,faqmifvmaomtenfrsm;udk yifv,fwiG ;f okYd ykcYd sjcif;jzifh jrpf0uRe;f ay:
qufvufwkd;csJUvsuf&Sdonf/
þtydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ t"dujrpf ujrpfBuD;rsm;jzpfaom {&m0w {&m0wDjrpf? csif;wGif;jrpfESifh
ppfawmif;jrpfpOfpkrsm; pD;qif;vsuf&SdMuonf Muonf/
{&m0wDjrpf
{&m0wDjrpfonf ucsifjynfe,f jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU ajrmu ajrmufbuf 46 uDvdkrDwmtuGmwGif
arcESirhf vdcjrpfwaYkd ygifif;qH&k mrS pwifjzpfay:vmNy;D yyifv, ,f0txd 2010 uDvkd rDwm&Sno f nf/
BE
jrpfvufwufrsm;
jrpfzsm;yd
m;ydik ;f wGif ta&SUbufrS wmydejf rpf? a&TvjD rpfEiS hf acsmif;rBu;D acsmif;wdYk pD;0ifonf/
taemufbuf bufrS rdk;aumif;acsmif;ESifh rJZma macsmif;wdkY pD;0ifonf/
jrpftv,fydkif;wGif ta&SUbuf b rS jrpfi,fjrpf? qifwJ0acsmif;? yif;acsmif;? ,if;acsmif;?
bGuBf u;D acsmif;ESihf e0if;acsmif;wkpYd ;D 0ifonf/ taemufbufrS rl;jrpf? csi;f wGi;f jrpf? a,macsmif;?
pvif;acsmif;? rkef;acsmif;? ref;acsmif;ESifh rif;wkef;acsmif;wdkY pD;0ifonf/
jrpfusOf;rsm;
D
yxrjrpfusOf;udkjrpfBuD;em;ESifh Aef;armftMum; qifbdkawmifbufwGif awGU&onf/

'kwd
w,,j
d jrpfusOf;ud uk Aef;armfESifhuomtMum; a&TulNrdKUteD;wGif awGU&onf/ wwd,jrpfusOf;udk
oydwfwfu
ussif;NrdKUteD;wGifawGU&NyD; pwkw¦jrpfusOf;udk jynfNrdKUteD;wGif awGU&onf/
{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:
jrpf0uRe;f ay:onf jrefatmifNrKd UteD;rS pwifjzpfay:vmonf/ [oFmwNrKd Utxufem;wGif
{&m0wDjrpf\ yxrqH;k jrpfcjJG zpfaom ykord jf rpf(i0efjrpf) pwifcx JG u
G o
f nf/ {&m0wDjrpfonf
21
ykord jf rpf? oufu,faomifjrpf? a&G;jrpf? jyefravmhjrpf? jyifpvljrpf? {&m0wDjrpf? bdu k av;jrpf?

zsmyHkjrpf? oH'djrpfESifh wdk;jrpfpaom jrpfcGJ 9 ckjzifh rkwåryifv,fauGUtwGif; pD;0ifonf/
þtydkif;wGif {&m0wDjrpfESifhtNydKif pD;qif;vmaom jrpfrcjrpfonf yef;vIdifjrpfESifh
aygif;qHkNyD; &efukefjrpftjzpf rkwårauGUtwGif;pD;0ifonf/ &efukefjrpftwGif;odkY jrpf0teD;wGif
yJcl;jrpfESifh ykZGefawmifacsmif;wdkY pD;0ifonf/ &efukefjrpfESifh wdk;jrpfudk wGHaw;wl;ajrmif
mi;jzifh
qufo, G x f m;onf/ {&m0wDjrpfonf jrpf0rS Aef;armftxd avSoabFmrsm; m; &moDra&G;oGm;vm
Edkifonf/
x
csif;wGif;jrpf
csif;wGif;jrpfonf [l;aumif;csKdifh0Srf; ta&SUbuf uf&S&Sdawmifwef;rsm;ay:rS jrpfzsm;cHNyD;
xif&mS ;aom jrpfvufwufrsm;rSm [krv

Bo
jrpfzsm;ydkif;udk wEdkif;cjrpf[kac:onf/ {&m0wDjrpfESESifhaygif;qHkonftxd 1154 uDvdkrDwm
&Snfvsm;onf/ csif;wGif;jrpf0Srf;onf {&m0wDjjrpf
® if;NrKd UteD
rpf0Srf;uJhodkY rus,fjyefYay/ csif;wGif;jrpf\
UteD; ta&S
a&SUbufrpS ;D 0ifonfh OO½kjrpf? taemufbuf
rS pD;0ifonfh ,l;jrpfESifh uav;NrdKUteD;rS pD;0ifonfh jrpfomjrpfwdkYjzpfon
jrif;NcHNrdKUESifh yckuúLNrdKUtMum;wGiiff {&m0wDjrpftwGif;odkY taemuf
oabFmrsm; oGm;vmEdkifonf onf/

tae
nf/ csif;wGif;jrpfonf
taem bufrS pD;0ifonf/
csif;wGif;jrpfwGif rdk;&moDü jrpf0rS cEÅD;NrdKUtxd? aEGESifhaqmif;&moDwGif [kr®vif;NrdKUtxd
BE
ppfawmif;jrpf
ppfawmif;jrpfonf aygif;avmif;acsmif;? qifaoacsmif;ESihf ivdu k af csmif;wdaYk ygif;qH&k m
rS jzpfay:vmonf
:vmonf
vmonf/ jrpf0txd 422 uDvdkrDwm&Snfonfh ppfawmif;jrpfonf yJcl;½dk;rESifh
&Srf;ukef;jrifhtMum;rS pD;qif;vmonf/
ppfawmif;jrpftwGif;odkY t ta&SUbufrS NyHK;acsmif;? ausmufBuD;acsmif;? aomufa&cyf
acsmif;ESifh a&Tusifacsmif;wdkYpD;0ifNyD; taemufbufrS qGmacsmif;? caygif;acsmif;? jzL;acsmif;?
D
uGefef;acsmif;ESifh &JEG,facsmif;wdkY pD;0ifonf/

ppfawmif;jrpf0onf jrpf0us,f (acgif;avmif;yHk) jzpfí 'Da&twuftus tvGef
jrefNyD; 'DvIdifif;BuD;rm;í ul;oef;oGm;vma&;twGuf rvG,fulay/ xdkYtjyif Ekef;ydkYcsrIrsm;NyD;
jrpfa&wdrfaomaMumifh jrpf0Srf;atmufydkif;&Sd yJcl;-ppfawmif;vGifjyifü rdk;rsm;aomESpfrsm;wGif
a&BuD;a&vQHrIrsm; jzpfay:aponf/ ppfawmif;jrpfESifh yJcl;jrpfudk yJcl;-ppfawmif;wl;ajrmif;jzifh
qufoG,fxm;onf/
22
ajrrsufESmoGifjyif? &moDOwk? obm0aygufyifESifhajrqDvTm qufET,frI

jynfe,f^ ajrrsufESmoGifjyif &moDOwk obm0 ajrqDvTm ajr
wdkif;a'oBuD; aygufyif toHk;csrI
ppfudkif;ajrmuf? awmifwef;? tylavsmhydkif; awmifay: ajrmufydkif; awmif,m?
ucsif ukef;jrifh rkwfokH tNrJpdrf;awm? awmifwef;ajr? opfoD;O,smOf?
&Gufjywf eDndK v,f
,f(pyg;)
p
a&maESmawm awmajr?
0gndK
x
awmajr
rauG;taemuf? awmifwef;? tylydkif; &Gufjywf ajreDeDoJ0ef;? pyg; (a&oGif;)?
ppfudkif;tv,f? ajredrfhajrjyefY? qAm;em; a&maESmawm? ajr0goJ
0goJ0ef;? ,moD;ESH?
Bo
rEÅav;ta&SUawmif? jrpf0Srf;vGifjyif tififwdkif;awm? pe,f
,fajr? O,smOf
O, NcH
yJcl;taemuf ajcmuf
ajcm aoGU Ekef;ajr?
awm
aw v,fajr
rauG;? rEÅav;? awmifwef;? tylydkif; ajjcmufaoGUawm
a ajreDeDoJ0ef;? ,moD;ESH?
ppfudkif;? ajredrfhajrjyefY? pwuf ajr0goJ
jr0go0ef;? pyg; (a&oGif;)?
{&m0wD-csi;f wGi;f jrpf0Srf;vGifjyif pe,f
pe ajr O,smOfNcH
qH&k m jrefrmEdik if H
tv,fyikd ;f
{&m0wD? awmifu uefkef;? tylydkif; &Gufjywf 0gndKawm v,f (pyg;)?
BE
&efukef? awmifwef;? rkwfoHk a&maES
a&m mawm? ajr? Ekef;ajr? O,smOfNcH
yJcl;ta&SU jrpf0uRef;ay:?
a tNrJpdrf;awm? v,fajr?
jrpf0Srf;;vG
vGifjyif 'Da&awm? uepdkawmajr?
oJcHkawm oJcHkawmajr
D
23
1.3.3 taemufbufawmifwef;a'o
taemufbufawmifwef;a'oonf tv,f
ykdif;csdKifh0Srf;a'oESifh &ckdifurf;ajrmifa'owkdYxuf
blro d ufwrf;yk&d ifo h nft h ykid ;f jzpfonf/ þa'owGif
tdE´d,EkdifiHajrmufykdif;&Sd [dr0EÅmawmifwef;BuD;rS
awmifbufokdY auG;qif;vmaomawmifwef;rsm;
yg0ifonf/ ppfukdif;wkdif;a'oBuD;\ taemuf
x
ajrmufykdif;? csif;jynfe,f? rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;?
&ckid jf ynfe,fawmifyikd ;f ESihf {&m0wDwidk ;f a'oBu;D \
Bo
taemufbufykdif;wkdY yg0ifonf/
ajrmufbufq;kH ykid ;f wGif ywfuKGd iaf wmifweef;
&SdNyD; xdktydkif;wGif pm&marwd(3826 rDwm) onf
tjrifq h ;kH awmifxw G jf zpfonf/ ,if;rS awmif mifbufoYdk
em*awmifwef;? rPdy&l uke;f jrif?h vl&nf n
S af wmifwef;ESihf
csif;awmifwef;rsm;tjzpf qufvuf vufoG,fwef;vm
onf/ csif;awmifwef;wGif tjrifhqkH;awmifxGwfrSm
0dw&dk , d (ac:) acgEkorfrk f (ac:) ewfrawm awmif (3053
BE
rDwm) jzpfonf/
taemuf mufbufawmifwef;a'oonf aw awm
awmif
bufodkY &ckdiiff½dk;rtjzpf qufvufoG,fwef;oGm;
onf/ &ckid ½f ;kd rajrmufyidk ;f &Sd pGeaf wmif (1989 ((1 rDwm) yHk(1.10) taemufbufawmifwef;a'o
onf tjrihq f ;Hk jzpfonf/ &ckid ½f ;kd ronf
ro awmifbuf
pGe;f ykid ;f wGif rDwm 200 cefo Y mmjrifah om awmifwef;edrt hf jzpf qufvufo, G w
f ef;um armfwif
D
pGefef;wGif yifv,fwGif;okdYedrfhqif;oGm;NyD; orD;vSuRef;ESifh ukdukd;uRef;rsm;tjzpf qufvuf

oG,f ,wefw
f ef;oGm;onf/ {{&m0wDwidk ;f a'oBu;D \ taemufbufb*Fvm;yifv,fatmfEiS hf xdpyf&m
tykid ;f wGif acsmif;omESiahf iGaqmifurf;ajcrsm; wnf&o dS nf/ taemufbufawmifwef;a'owGif
,l;jrpf0rS ;f &Sd uabmfcsKid 0hf rS ;f vGijf yifEiS hf uav;vGijf yifwkdY wnf&Sdonf/
þa'owGif uabmfcsKid 0hf rS ;f vGijf yifukd jzwfoef;pD;qif;vmaom ,l;jrpf&NdS y;D tdE, d´ Edik if H
rSp;D qif;vmaom rPdy&l jrpfonf jrpfomjrpfEiS ahf ygif;qHí k csi;f wGi;f jrpftwGi;f odYk pD;0ifonf/
24
taemufbufawmifwef;a'owGif tdE, d´ Ekid if EH iS q

hf ufo,
G Ef ikd af omvrf;aMumif; ESpcf k
&Sdonf/ ywfuGdKifawmifwef;ay:&Sd yefaqmifawmifMum;ukdjzwfí tdE´d,EkdifiH vD'kdjrdKUokdU
oGm;aomvrf;ESihf wrl;rS rkad &;ukjd zwfí rPdy&l jynfe,f&dS tifzmokYd oGm;aomvrf;rsm;&So d nf/
xkdYjyif &ckdif½kd;rukdjzwfausmfNyD; rauG;wkdif;a'oMuD;ESifh &ckdifjynfe,fukdqufoG oG,fxm;onfh
trf;awmifMum;vrf;? yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh qufoG,fay;onfh yef;awmif;-awmifuk ukwfvrf;?
{&m0wdDwkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh qufoG,fay;onfh *G-ig;odkif;acsmif;vrf;wkdY&Sdonf/
x
ajrrsufESmoGifjyif? &moDOwk? obm0aygufyifESifhajrqDvTm qufET,
,rIfrI
jynfe,f^ ajrrsufESmoGifjyif &moDOwk obm0 ajrqD
ajr vTm ajr
Bo
wdkif;a'oBuD; ayguf
ygufyif toHk;csrI
ppfudkif; awmifwef;? tylavsmhydkif; awmif
aw ay: ajrmufydkif; awmif,m?
taemuf ajrmuf? ukef;jrifh? ukef;jrifh&moD tNrJpdrf;awm? awmiffwef;ajr? opfoD;?
csif;jynfe,f csKdifh0Srf;vGifjyif Owk csif;;aw
awmif O,smOf
ajrqD
jrqDvTm?
awmif
aw jrifheDndK
awmajr?
awmifjrifh0gndK
awmajr
BE
rauG;taemuf? awmifwef; tylavsmhydkif; tNrJ
t pdrf;awm? awmifjrifheDndK awmif,m?
yJcl;taemuf rkwfokH &Gufjywf awmajr? ,moD;ESH
a&maESmawm? awmifjrifh0gndK
awmajr
&cdkifawmifydkif;ESifh awmifwef;? tylydkif; tNrJpdrf;awm? awmifjrifheDndK O,smOfNcHoD;ESH

{&m0wD
{&m urf;½dk;wef; rkwfokH oJcHkawm awmajr?
taemufawmif vGGifjyif awmifjrifh0gndK
awmajr?
D
oJcHkawmajr
25
1.3.4 &ckdifurf;ajrmifa'o
taemufbufawmifwef;a'oESihf
b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftMum;wGif wnf&Sd
onf/ tv,fykdif;csKdifh0Srf;a'ouJhokdYyif
oufEkuyfausmufrsm;ESifh wnfaqmuf
xm;onf/ þa'oonf ajrmufbufwiG f
us,fjyefYíawmifbufwGif usOf;ajrmif;
x
oGm;onf/
þa'o\ajrmufyidk ;f wGif taemuf
Bo
ajrmufrS ta&SUawmifoo Ydk ,
G wf ef;aeaom
oufEkwGefYacgufawmifwef;rsm; &Sdonf/
xkdawmifwef;rsm;Mum;wGif usOf;ajrmif;
&Snfvsm;aom jrpf0Srf;vGifjyifrsm;ukd awGU
&onf / þtyk d i f ; &S d r,l a wmif w wefef ; ?
pkid w f ifawmifwef;ESihf rif;Bu;D awmif wmifwef;
rsm;onf ajrmufykdif;wGifjrif jrififhNyD; awmif
buf o k d Y ed r f h q if ; oG m ;onfonf / r,l j rpf ?
BE
ukvm;wefjrpfEiS hf av;NrKd UjrpfwaYdk ygif;qHí k
us,fjyefYonfh jrpf0uRef;ay:vGifjyifudk
yHk (1.11) &cdkifurf;ajrmifa'o
wnfaqmuf mufx xm;N
m;Ny;D ,if;udk ppfawGviG jf yif
[k ac:onf c:onf/
&cdkifurf
urf;ajrmifa'o\ aaw awmifbufykdif;wGif &ckdif½kd;r\ awmifpG,frsm;onf tcsKdU
ae&mrsm;wGif urf;½kd;wef;tx txd edrfhqif;vmojzifh vGifjyifrsm;ukd wpfqufwnf; rawGU&ay/
D
&ckckid ½f ;dk rrSjrpfzsm;cHí pD;qi

qif;vmaom jrpfacsmif;rsm;wpfavQmufwiG f ao;i,fusO;f ajrmif;aom
jrpf0rS ;f vGijf yifi,frsm; awGU&onf/ urf;½k;d wef;txd edrq hf if;vmaom awmifp, G rf sm;tMum;&Sd
yifv,fauGUrsm;;w ;wGif oJaomifurf;ajcrsm;&SdNyD; xif&Sm;aomurf;ajcrSm oHwGJNrdKUteD; iyvD
urf;ajc jzpffonf/
þa'owGif xif&mS ;aom urf;vGeu f Re;f rsm;rSm z½Huk muRe;f ? &rf;NAu
J Re;f ESihf rmefatmif
uRef;wdkY jzpfonf/ uRef;rsm;ay:wGif awmifwef;edrfhrsm; &Sdonf/ rMumcPaygufuGJonfh
26
rD;awmifi,frsm;ukd &rf;NAu J Re;f ESihf rmefatmifuRe;f rsm;wGiaf wGU&S&d Ny;D uRe;f rsm;ESihf urf;½k;d wef;
Mum;wGif Ekef;ajrykdYcsqJ yifv,fwdrfykdif;&Sdonf/
&cdkifjynfe,ftaemufbufqHk;&Sd ewfjrpfudk jrefrm-b*Fvm;a'h&Sfe,fedrdwfjrpftjzpf
toH;k jyKxm;onf/ ewfjrpf\ta&SUbufwiG f r,ljrpf? ukvm;wefjrpf(upäye'D)ESihf av;NrKUd jrpfrsm;
A% !A% ^ Â `

r,ljrpfwGif ppfawGrS bl;oD;awmiftxd ukvm;wefjrpfwGif ppfawGrSausmuf mufaw wmftxd
oabFmrsm;oGm;Edkifonf/
x
&cdik u
f rf;ajrmifa'o\awmifbufyikd ;f wGif &cdik ½f ;dk rrS jrpfzsm;cHpDp;D qif;vmonfh xif&mS ;
aom acsmif;rsm;rSm 'vufacsmif;? trf;acsmif;? rtDacsmif;? wef;vTaJ csmif;? awmifuw k af csmiif;?
Bo
oHwGJacsmif;? usdefwvDacsmif;ESifh *Gacsmif;wdkYjzpfon/ nf/
ajrrsufESmoGifjyif? &moDOwk? obm0ayguf

ufyifESifhajrqDvTm qufET,frI
jynfe,f^ ajrrsufESmoGifjyif &moDOwk obm0 ajrqD
ajr vTm ajr
wdkif;a'oBuD; ayguf
ufyif toHk;csrI
&cdkifjynfe,f awmifwef;? tylydkif; tNrJpdrf;awm?m? awmifjrifheDndK awmif,m?
ajrmufydkif; jrpf0uRef;;ay:?
ay:? rkwfo
okkH&moD
mo 'Da&awm? awmajr? opfoD;?
urf;½dk;wef; Owk Ekef;ajr? O,smOf?
BE
vGifjyif v,fajr? v,f (pyg;)
uepdkawmajr
&cdkifjynfe,f awmifw wefef;? tylylydkif; tNrJpdrf;awm? awmifjrifheDndK awmif,m?
awmifydkif; urf;½dk;wef; rkwfookkH&moD
m 'Da&awm? awmajr? opfoD;?
vGifjyif Owk oJcHkawm Ekef;ajr? O,smOf?
v,fajr? v,f (pyg;)
uepdkawmajr?
oJcHkawmajr
D
27
t"dutcsufrsm;
ta&SUbufuek ;f jrifah 'oonf oufwrf;t&ifq h ;kH tydik ;f jzpfNy;D awmifajrmuf&n S v

f sm;
jcif;aMumifh &moDOwkrsKd;pHk&&Sdonf/
jrefrmEdik if H tv,fyikd ;f csKid 0hf rS ;f a'oonf {&m0wD? csi;f wGi;f ESihf ppfawmif;jrpfpOfprk sm;
pD;qif;&ma'o jzpfonf/
taemufbufawmifwef;a'oudk [dr0EÅmawmifwef;BuD;rS awmifbufodkY
x
auG;qif;vmaom awmifwef;rsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/
&cdik u
f rf;ajrmifa'oonf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfEiS hf xdpyfaeonf nfh urf;½d;k wef;
a'ojzpfonf/
(1) jrefrmEdik if \ Bo
H ajrrsuEf mS oGifijf yif tydik ;f Bu;D 4 ydik ;f udk rnfonft
ydkif;jcm;xm;oenf;/ &Sif;jyyg/
(2) ta&SUbufuek ;f jrifah 'owGiaf wGU&S&d onfh awmif
wGif azmfjyyg/
h csuaf y:rlwnfí
a wef;rsm;\ wnfae&mudk ajryHak y:

BE
(3) ta&SUbufukef;jrifha'owGifyg0ifonfh urf u ;½dk;wef;vGifjyifrsm;ESifh uRef;rsm;\
ta&;ygrI
a&;ygrIudka&;yg/
(4) tv,fydkif;csKdifh0Srf;a'o\ xl;jcm;aom jc ajrjyifvu©Pmrsm;udk azmfjyNyD;
ta&;ygaom vGifjyifrsm;taMumif
;t ;udk a&;yg/
(5) {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:a'owG
ay:a if pD;qif;aeaom jrpfrsm;taMumif;a&;yg/
(
(6) taemuf mufbufawmif
wm wef;a'oudk jzwfausmfEdkifonfh qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;
D
rsm;udk azmfjyyg/
yg
(7)
7) ta&SUbuf buuek ;f jrifah 'o&Sd e,ferd w d jf rpftjzpf toH;k jyKxm;aom jrpftrnfrsm;udk
ae&mES
ae&m ifhwuG azmfjyyg/
(8) &cdkifurf;ajrmifa'owGif ppfawGvGifjyifudk rnfodkY wnfaqmufxm;oenf;/
28
tcef;(2)
vlrIa&;yx0D0if
ed'gef;
vlOD;a&taMumif;avhvmjcif;udk vlOD;a&qdkif&m pm&if;aumuf muf,lpdppfjcif;yn
ynm
(Demography) [kac:NyD; vlOD;a&qdkif&m tjcif;t&mrsm;udk avhvm&mwGif atmufazmfjyyg

x
vlOD;a&yrmP
vlOD;a&wdk;wufrI
Bo
vlrsm;ysHUESHUaexdkifrIESifh odyfonf;rI
touftkyfpkESifh usm;? r vu©Pm&yf &yfrsm; jzpfonf/

vlOD;a&udk wdkif;wmjcif; odkYr[kwf oef;acgifpm&if &if;aumuf,ljcif;
vlOD;a&qdkif&m ynm&Sifrsm;u EdkifiHtwGif;aexdkifaom pkpkayyg ygif;vlOD;a&udk uGif;qif;
aumuf,ljcif;tm; oef;acgifpm&ifpm&if;aumuf,ljcif;[k ac:onf/ xdkodkYaumuf,ljcif;udk EdkifiH
trsm;pkwiG f tcsed u
f mv tydik ;f tjcm;wpfcjk zifh yHrk eS af umuf,Ml uonf/ jrefrmEdik if wH iG f NAwd o d Q
tkyfcsKyfonfhumvrsm;twGm;twG
twGif; 10 ESpfwpfBudrf aumuf aaum ,lcJhNyD; vGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD;aemuf
BE
1973? 1983 ESififh 2014 ckESpfwdkYwGif aumuf,lcJhonf/
oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,&l mwGif t"duaumuf,jl cif;rSm vlO;D a&yrmPjzpfNy;D tjcm;
aom owif wif;tcsuftvufrsm;tjzpf t touf? usm; r? tdrfaxmifa&;tajctae? vlrsKd;?
udk;uG,fonfhbmomESifh tvkyftud ukiftajctaewdkYudkyg pm&if;aumuf,lMuonf/ xdkodkY
aumuf,&l &So d nfh tcsut f vufrsm;udk tpd;k &tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;u tem*wfumvpDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif
toH;k jyKMuonf/ (Oyrm- au ausmif;rsm;wd;k csUJ aqmufvyk &f ef? oufBu;D a*[mrsm; xyfrw H ;kd csUJ &ef?
D
a&G;aumufyGJ rJay;y;Edkifolpm&if; jyKpk&ef)

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vlrIa&;yx0D0if\ t"dyÜm,fESifh vlrsKd;tkyfpkBuD;rsm;taMumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ESihf aexdik yf ?kH vlO;D a&yrmPESihf ysUH ESUH rI? ,Ofaus;rI"avhx;kH pHrsm;ESihf
a'otvdkuftoufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;? aus;vufESifh NrdKUjyvlaexdkifrI
yHkpHrsm;udk tv,fwef;tqifhwGif tawmftoifh od&SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
29
þtcef;udak vhvmoif,Nl yD;ygu ausmif;om;rsm;onf atmufygwdu Yk kd vkyaf qmifEikd rf nf/

urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;\ vlOD;a&wdk;wufrIESifh ysHUESHUrI? vlOD;a&odyfonf;rIrsm;udk od&SdvmEdkif
rnf/
jrefrmEdi k if \
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f nf;rIwt Ykd jyif touftyk pf ?k
usm; r tcsKd;? tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh NrdKUjyaus;vuf vlaexdkifrI tcsKd t
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vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGmrSpí urÇmay:wG :wGif vlom;rsKd;EG,frsm; pwifay:xy:xGef;
vmNyD; urÇmtESYHodkY ysHUESHUa&muf&SdoGm;um vlOD;a&wjznf
&wjznf;jznf; wdk;vmonf/ urÇmhvlOD;a&
yrmPonf ESpfpOfwdk;vsuf&SdNyD; a'owpfckESififhwpf wpfcktMum; vlOD;a&wdk;EIef;uGmjcm;rI &Sdaomf
vnf; urÇmhvlOD;a&wdk;aeaMumif; avhvmod vmod&SdEdkifonf/ xdkYjyif urÇmhvlOD;a&ysHUESHUaexdkifrI?
vlOD;a&odyfonf;rIESifh odyfonf;rIrsm;&jcif
m;&jcif;? enf;&jcif;taMumif;t&
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wufvmyHk
BE
ZZ,m; (2.1)
1) urÇ
u
urmvOD
urmvO;a&
ÇmhvlOD;a& w
wk
wdd;wufvmrI
tcsdefumv pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&
BC 10000 5.1 oef;
c&pf
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AD 1650650 500 oef;
AD 1820
1 1000 oef;
AD 1930
1 2000 oef;
D
AD 196
11960 3000 oef;
AD 1975 4000 oef;
AD 1987
A 5000 oef;
AD 2000 6000 oef;
AD 2018 7620 oef;
Source : www.census.gov>stories>world
30
txufygZ,m;t& urÇmhvlOD;a&onf oef; 1000 odkY a&muf&Sd&ef ESpfaxmifcsDMumcJhNyD;

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a&muf&Sdvmonf/
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x
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EdkifiHrsm;wGif vlOD;a&wdk;EIef; tjrifhqHk;jzpfonf/
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2.1.2 urÇmay:wGifvlOD;a&ysHUESHYaexdkifrIESifh vlOD;a&odyfonf;rI
vlOD;a&ysHUESHYaexdkifrI
urÇmah 'otoD;oD;wGif uGjJ ym;jjcm;em;aom aexd
urÇmah jrmufbufjcrf; 60 'D*&Dvwåus u
exdik rf yI pkH rH sm;jzifh vlrsm;ysUH ESaYH exdik Mf uonf/
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ajrrsufESmoGifjyifMurf;wrf;aomae&mrsm;wGif vlaeusJyg;NyD; awmifbufydkif;&Sd jrpf0Srf;
vGijf yifEiS hf urf;½d;k wef;vGifijf yifrsm;wGif vlaexlxyfonf/ urÇmv
eD;yg;onf urÇmhajrjyif{&d,m\
wkq;kd 0g;onfh ae&mrsm;ESihf
h Ol ;D a&pkpak ygif;\ 80 &mcdik Ef eI ;f

\ 20 &mcdkifEIef;cefYtwGif;ü ysHUESHYaexdkifaMumif; awGU&onf/
BE
Z,m;
Z,m
, ; ((2.2) urÇ
,m urmvOD
rmhvlO;D a&& ysH
rm yssHUESEHHUaexdkifrIESifh odyfonf;rI (2018)
a'o vlOD;a& {&d
{ ,mpwk&ef; ysHUESHU vlOD;a&odyfonf;q
oef;aygif
a ; uDvdkrDwm aexdkifrI % (1 pwk&ef;uDvrkd w
D m)
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ork'´'&´ ma'
ma'o+MopaMw;vs 45 8600000 0.6 3
pkpkaygif
g ; 7620 136278000 100 -
Source : worldatlas
31
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Source : encyclope
encyclopedia.com
a.com
vlOD;a&odyfonf;rI
Bo yHk (2.1) urÇmhvlOD;a&ys

&ysHUESHUrI
ae&ma'otvdkuf odkYr[kwf EdkififiHtvdkuf vlaexdkifrItenf;t

odyfonf;rI (Population Density) uGmjcm;csufjzifh azmfjyEdkifonf/ v
1 pwk&ef;uDvdkrDwmwGif aexdkifaom
vlOD;a&odyfonf;rII =
trsm;udk vlOD;a&
vlOD;a&odyfonf;rIudk
aom vlOD;a&yrmPjzifh azmfjyEdkifonf/
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vlOD;a&odyfyfonf;rIonf ae&ma'otvdkuf? EdkifiHtvdkuf uGmjcm;onf/ vlOD;a&
odyfonf;rIudk ajryHkay:wGif uGJjym;aomta&mi
m;aomta&mif odkYr[kwf tqifyHkpHrsm;ESifh jyoEdkifonf/
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Source : encyclopedia.com
yHk (2.2) EdkifiHtvdkufvlOD;a&odyfonf;rI (2018)
32
urÇmhvlOD;a&odyfonf;rI rsm;&jcif;? enf;&jcif; taMumif;&if;rsm;udk Z,m;(2.3)udk

udk;um;í avhvmEdkifonf/
Z,m; (2.3) urÇmhvlOD;a&odyfonf;rI rsm;&jcif;? enf;&jcif; taMumif;&if;rsm;
33
2.2 jrefrmEkdifiH\ vlOD;a&

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jrefrmEkdifiHonf tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif vlOD;a&enf;aom EdkifiHwpfck
jzpfonf/ 2014 ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 51.5 oef;cefU&Sdonf/ urÇmay:wG y:wGif vlOD;a&

trsm;qk;H jzpfaom w½kwjf ynfoo Yl r®wEkid if EH iS hf tdE,
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Z,m; (2.4) jrefrmEkdifiHESifh tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;\ vlOD;a&od
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EkdifiH {&d,m vlOD;a& (oefef;) odyfo
onf
nf;rI (OD;a&)
Bo
(pwk&ef;uDvkdrDwm) (1 pwk&ef;uDvkdrDwm)
w½kwf 9706961 1427
144 148
tdE´d, 3287590 1352 416
41
b*Fvm;a'h&Sf 147570 161
61 1105
11
110
xkdif; 5131200 69 136
jrefrm 676581
76581 53.7 80
vmtkd 236800
2368 7.1
7 30
Source : worldatlas
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2.2.1 vlOD;a&wkd;wufvmykH
Z,m;
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,
,m refrmEdkifiH\ vlOD;a&wkd;wufrI
oef;acgififpm&if;aumuf,lonfhESpf vlOD;a& (oef;aygif;) wkd;EIef;
1891 7.7 -
19011 10.5 3.6
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1921
192 13.2 0.9
1931 14.7 1.13
1941 16.8 1.42
1973 28.9 2.0
1983 35.3 2.02
2014 51.5 0.89
Source : www.dop.gov.mm
34
1800 jynfhESpfcefYwGif jrefrmEkdifiHvlOD;a& av;oef;ausmf&Sdrnf[k ynm&Sifrsm;u

cefYrSef;cJhMuonf/ wpfekdifiHvkH; oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,lrIukd jAdwdoQvufxuf 1891 ckESpf
wGif yxrqkH;tBudrfaumuf,lcJh&m vlOD;a& 7.7 oef;&SdcJhonf/ NAdwdoQacwfwGif 10 ESpf
wpfBudrf oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,lcJh&m 1941 ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 16.8 oefef;&SdcJhonf/
vGwv f yfa&;&&SNd y;D aemuf wpfEidk if v
H ;Hk twkid ;f twmESihf oef;acgifpm&if
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x
2019 ckESpf cefYrSef;vlOD;a& 54.1 oef;&Sdonf/
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wpfae&m &m rwlay/ &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;? {&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;? rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD;?
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jynfe,f^ wdkif;a'oBuD; ( 1 pwk
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1973 1983 2014
014 1973
973
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83 2014
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14.3 &mcdkifEIef;odkY jrifhwufcJhonf/ {&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;ü 14.1 &mcdkifEIef;rS 12.0 &mcdkif
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37
2.2.3 jrefrmEdkifiH\ vlOD;a&ajymif;a&TUrI

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tvm;wl &efuek w f ikd ;f a'oBu;D odYk yJc;l wdik ;f a'oBu;D ? rauG;wkid ;f a'oBu;D ? rEÅav;wkid ;f
a'oB
oBu;D ESihf &cdik jf ynfe,fwrYkd S vlrsm;a&TUajymif; 0ifa&mufco hJ nf/ &Sr;f jynfe,foYkd rEÅav;wdik ;f
a'oB
oBuD;ESifh rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;rSvnf;aumif;? u&ifjynfe,fodkY yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD;ESifh rGef
jynfe,frvn rSvn
vnf;aumif;? ucsifjynfe,fodkY ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;rSvnf;aumif; ajymif;a&TU
0ifa&mufrIrsm;onf owåKESifhausmufrsufwl; azmfa&;? opfxkwfvkyfa&;ESifh jynfwGif;ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; oGm;a&mufvkyfudkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/
38
x
Bo
BE
www.dop
www
yHHk ((2.5
(2.5)) jjreffrmEddkifiHtwGif; vlOD;a&ajymif;a&TUvrf;aMumif;jyyHk
xdik ;f Edifik if EH iS hf w½kwEf ikd if eH ,fpyfNrKUd rsm;odv

Yk nf; xdu
k mvrsm;twGi;f jrefrmEdik if o
H m;rsm;
D
ajymif;a&TUaexdkifrIrsm; &SdcJhonf/ 2014 ckESpf pm&if;t& jrefrmEdkifiHom;OD;a& 2 oef;ausmf

onf
nf tdrfeD;csif;ESifh tjcm; jynfyEkdifiHrsm;wGif oGm;a&muf tvkyfvkyfudkifvsuf&Sdonf/
39
vlOD;a&rl0g' (Population Policy)

vlOD;a&rl0g'qdkonfrSm vlOD;a& wdk; wufvmonfESifhtrQ EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufap&ef
&nf&G,fí vlOD;a&ajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfrsm; pepfwusjzpfay:apa&;twGuf oufqdkifonfh
Edik if t
H pd;k &rsm;u aqmif&uG af y;Edik rf nfh pDrcH surf sm;tm; BuKd wifppD Ofaqmif&u G x
f m;jjcif;jzpfonf/
vlOD;a&rl0g'a&;qGJ&mwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonfhtcsufrsm;rSm
(1) arG;zGm;EIef;usqif;&onfh taMumif;rsm;
(2) aoqHk;EIef;avsmhusvmonfh taMumif;rsm;
x
(3) rlvae&mrS tjcm;ae&modkY ajymif;a&TU&onfhtaMumif mif;rsm; jzpfonf
n/
jrefrmEdkifiHESifh vlOD;a&rl0g'
Bo
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 1992 ckESpfü trsKd;om;vlOD;a&rl &rl0g' (National Population PPol
Policy)
udka&;qGJcJhNyD; ,if;rl0g'wGif rdcifuav;usef;rma&;? ;rma&;? rsKd;qufyGm;usef;rma&;? usm; r
wef;wlnDrQrI? vli,frsm;ta&;OD;wnfaqmifif&uf Guaf &;? yPmr usef;rma&;
rma&;aqm
rma&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;?
vlOD;a&a&TUajymif;jcif;? NrdKUjyzGHUNzdK;jcif;ESifh zGm;aopepfpfqef;ppfjcif;vkyfief;pOfrsm;yg0ifNyD;
taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufcJhonf onf/
jrefrmEdik if t
H wGuf acwfwfumvESiu hf ukd n
f oD nfh vlO;D a&rl0gg'rsm;udk jyefvnf a&;qG&J ef
vdktyfvsuf&SdNyD; yg0ifoifhonf
onfhtcsufrsm;rSm
BE
(1) arG;zGm;EIef; usqif;aejcif;tay: aqmif&Gufoifhonfhtcsufrsm;
(2) aoqH qHk;EIef; avsmhusap&ef aqmif&Gufoifhonfhtcsufrsm;ESifh
(3) ajymif;a&TUvlOD;a&rsm;twGuf aqmif aqm &Gufoifhonfh tcsufrsm;jzpfonf/
D
40
x
Bo
BE
yHk (2.6)
( 6) jref
jreefrmEdEdkifiH\ vl
jr vODODOD;a&
a&rl0g'
gg'azmfaqmif&mwGif aqmif&Gufoifhonfhtcsufrsm;
D
41
t"dutcsufrsm;
urÇmhvlOD;a&onf 20 &mpktwGif; wpf[kefxdk; wdk;vmNyD; 2018 ckESpfwGif

7620 oef; &Sdonf/
urÇmay:wGif obm0tavsmufvlOD;a&wdk;EIef;rSm EdkifiHtvdkuf uGmjcm;rI m;rI&Sdonf/
vlaeodyfonf;rIonf ae&ma'otvdkufESifh EdkifiHtvdkuf uGmjcm;rI ;rI&Sdonf/
jrefrmEdik if oH nf urÇmvh Ol ;D a& trsm;qH;k ESpEf ikd if EH iS hf urÇmv h Ol ;D a& todyonf o
f nf;qH;k
x
EdkifiHwdkYMum;wGif wnf&Sdonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHvlOD;a&onf 2019 ckESpfarvwGif 54 .11 oef;&Sdonf onf/
ajrjyefYa'orsm;&Sd wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;wGif vlaeysHUES UESHUrIESifh odyfonf;rIrsm;onf/
jrefrmEdik if \
1/ vlO;D a&aygufujJG cif;onf
2/ urÇmhajryHkudkavhvmí
3/ csif;jynfe,fo onf
Bo
H vlO;D a&rl0g'azmfaqmif&mwGif aqmif
nf rnfonfu
qmif&u G o
h mvwGif jzpfymG ;cJo

vmí vlaetodyfonf;qHk;a'ors
nf vlaeysHUYESYHrI enf;&jcif;rSm tb,f
a'orsm
f ifo
h een
h nft h csuf 3 csu&f o
enf;/ taMumif;jyajzqdyk g/
a'orsm;udk azmfjyyg/
tb aMumifhenf;/
dS nf/
BE
4/ jrpf0uRef;ay:a'orsm;ES
;ay:a'orsm;ESifh jrpf0Srf;vGifjyifa'orsm;onf tb,faMumifh vlae
odyfonf
onf;rI rsm;oenf;/
5/ 2014
014 ckEpS pf m&if;t& &efuek w f ikd ;f aa'oBu;D odYk rnfonfjh ynfe,fwikd ;f a'oBu;D rsm;rS
vlrsm;ajymif;a&TU0ifa&mufvmmoenf;/
6/ vlOD;a&rl0g'wGif aoqH aoqk;EIef;usqif;ap&ef aqmif&Gufoifhonfhtcsufrsm;udk
azmfjyyg/
D
42
tcef;(3)
vufawGUyx0D0if
ed'gef;
yx0D0ifbmom&yfwGif EkdifiHrsm; odkYr[kwf a'orsm;\ vlrIpD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI
tajctaersm;udk avhvmqef;ppf&mwGif pm&if;tif;qkdif&m tcsuf uftvufrsm;udm;udktoHok;jyKí
*&yfyHkrsm;jzifh ,SOfwGJíavhvmjcif;jzifh a'orsm;\ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf
ufrI? qkwf,kw
wffrIudk vG,fulpGm
x
pdppfEdkifonf/
þtcef;acgif;pOfESifhywfoufí oifod&SdNyD;aomtaMumif
mtaMumif;t&m

jzpfonf/
þtcef;NyD;vQif oifonf atmuf
íqGJom;wwf
Bo
ajryHrk sm;a&;qGjJ cif;? pau;t"dymÜ ,fEiS hf pau;trsK;d tpm;rsm;udk cGjJ cm;jcif;? pau;rsm;
udk wpfrsK;d rSwpfrsK;d odYk ajymif;vJwuf
u
G cf sujf cif;rsm;udk tv,fwef;tq
tmufygwdkYudk vkyfaqmifEdkifrnf/
&&Sad om pm&if;tifif;tcsut
wfrnf
rnf/
f vufurkd w
l nfí oifah v
tqifw
vsm&f m *&yfenf;wpfcu
h iG f od&cdS NhJ y;D
k akd &G;cs,f
BE
EkdifiH oY
odkYr[kwf a'owpfck\ vlrIpD;yGm;;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufEdkifrI tvm;tvmrsm;udk
cefYref
rSef;azmfxkwfwwfrnf/
3.1 pm&if;tif;tc
tcsuftvufrsm;udk vG,fulaom*&yfyHkrsm;jzifh
a&;qGJazmfjyj
yjc
yjcif;
oifcef;pmrdwfquf
pm&if;tif; ude;f *Pef;rsm;wGif vlO;D a&? {&d,m? ukey f pön;f txGuEf eI ;f (ta&twGu?f
D
tav;csv;csdef? wefzdk;aiG) ponfwdkYudk udef;*Pef;wefzdk;rsm;jzifh azmfjyMu&onf/ þ

udef;**P
*Pef;wefzdk;rsm;udk Z,m;wGifavhvmjcif;xuf *&yfyHkrsm;a&;qGJavhvmvQif
ydkrdkodomxif&Sm;NyD; EdIif;,SOfavhvm&ef vG,fulonf/
*&yftrsKd;tpm;rsm;
*&yfyHka&;qGJazmfjy&mwGif enf;trsKd;rsKd;&Sd&m tMurf;tm;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; cGJjcm;
azmfjyEkdifonf/
43
(1) rsOf;*&yfenf; (Line graph method)

(2) aumfvH*&yfenf; (Column graph method)
(3) bavmufenf; (Block method)
(4) pwk&ef;enf; (Square method)
(5) axmifhrSefpwk*Hpdwfydkif;enf; (Rectangle - divided method)
(6) puf0dkif;pdwfydkif;enf; (Circle with sectors method)
pm&if;tif;rsm;\tajctaeudk rlwnfí azmfjyygenf;rsm;rS oifah vsm&f m enf;wpfcu k kd
x
a&G;cs,fNyD; *&yfyHkqGJom;Edkifonf/
*&yfrsm;a&;qJ&G mwGif tydik ;f 2 ydik ;f yg0ifonf/ wpfyifikd ;f rSm pau;owf
;owfrw
S í
f pau;t&
Bo
wGufcsuf&aom wGufenf;ydkif;jzpfNyD; useftydkif;rSm qom;enf
qGJom;enf;tydkif; jzpfonf/
(1) rsOf;*&yfenf;
tcsed u
f mvtvdu k f oD;ESw
H pfrsK;d odrr[k
Yk [kwf oD;;ESESrH sm;\ pdu
k {f u? txG
txuEf eI ;f ? ukeyf pön;f
wpfrsKd; odkYr[kwf ukefypönf;rsm; xkw wffvkyfrI yrmPwefzdk;? EdkifiH odkYr[kwf a'otvdkuf
vlO;D a&yrmP ajymif;vJrrI sm;udk rsO;f *&yfjzifh a&;qGaJ vhvmpdppfEidk o f nf/ wpfrsK;d xufyakd om
ukefypönf;rsm;? vlOD;a&qkdif&m tcs tcsuf
ufrsm;udkvnf; wifjya&;qGJEkdifonf/
(u) wGufcsufenf;
BE
(1) tcsdefumvtvd vtvdkuf ajymif;vJrIudk azmfjyvd yvkaom ukefypönf;rsm; (ta&twGuf?
tav;csd
v;csdef? wefzdk;) odkYr[kwf vlOD;aa&yrmP ponfwdkYudk wkdif;wmazmfjy&ef
a'gif
'gifvdkufpau;wpfckudk owfrSwf&rnf/ tcsdefumv (ckESpf)udk azmfjy&ef
tvsm;vdu k pf au;,l&rnf/ a'g a'gifvu kd pf au;,l&mwGif *&yfpm&Gu\ f t&G,t f pm;ESihf
udef;*Pef; tajctaew taewdkYudk nd§EdIif;csifhcsdef ,loifhonf/ (qGJom;rnfh *&yfyHkonf
tvs
vsm; 5 vufr _ teH 5 vufr 0ef;usifom &Sdoifhonf/)
(2) pau;ESifithf nD t tcsed u
f mvtvdu k f ukeyf pön;f ude;f *Pef;rsm;udk ajymif;vJwu G cf suf
D
&rnf/ (&(&&Sdvmaom tuGmta0; vufrwefzdk;rsm;udk 'or 2 ae&mtxd

wGufcsufay;NyD; yHkqGJ&eftwGuf teD;qHk; 'orwpfae&mudk ,lay;&rnf/)
(c) qGJom;enf;
(1) *&yfpm&Gufatmufajc odkYr[kwf oifhavsmfaomwpfae&mwGif ab;wdkufrsOf;
wpfaMumif;a&;qJGyg/ xkdrsOf;ay:wGif tuGmta0;wl ydkif;rSwfrsm; ydkif;yg/ (0.5
44
vufr) xdkydkif;rSwfrsm;teuf vuf0Jbuf tpGefqHk;ydkif;rSwfatmufwnfhwnfhrS

pí oufqikd &f mtcsed u f mv (ESp?f v) rsm;udk vuf,mbufoYkd tpOftwdik ;f azmfjy&rnf/
(2) xkrd sO;f \ vuf0pJ eG ;f wGif a'gifvu kd rf sO;f rwfwpfaMumif;a&;qGu J m owfrw S x f m;aom
pau;twdkif; ypönf; odkYr[kwf vlOD;a&yrmP pau;ydkif;rSwfrsm;ud m;udk ydkif;jzwf
rSwfom;azmfjy&rnf/
(3) wefzdk;rsm;udk ydkif;rSwfrsm;ab;wGif a&;om;&mwGif a'gifvd vdkufrsOf;\ atmuf
atm ajcrS
pí ]0} (okn) owfrw S yf g/ tay:bufoYkd wpfvufrwd;k wdik ;f a'gif 'gifvu kd pf au;udk
x
wdk;í owfrSwfay;yg/ (Oyrm- 0? 1500? 3000? ...)
(4) wGufcsufxm;aom ukefypönf;ta&twGuf odkYr[kwf vlOD;a&yrmPESifhqdkifao om
Bo
twkdif;twmrsm;udk oufqkdif&mtcsdeeffumvtrSwf\ tay:wnfhwnfhwGif
Muufajccwf odkYr[kwf tpufrsm;jzif jzifh wduspGmwkdif;wmrSwfom;&rnf/
(5) Muufajccwf odrYk [kwf tpufuav;rs uav;rsm;udk rsO;f ajzmihjf zifh q
qufq&JG rnf/ (aywHjzifh
wduspGmquf&ef) ukefypön nff;onf wpfpfckxufydkygu trS t wfpufuav;rsm;udk
qufqo JG nfrh sO;f rsm;tm;
m; ta&mifcjJG cm;ívnf;aumif;? rsO;f jywfrsm;? tpufrsO;f rsm;
jzifhvnf;aumif; cGJjcm;azmfjy& y&rnf/
(6) ukefypönf;wpfpfrsKd;xuf ydkrdkygu oufqdkif&mrs mrsOf;tqHk; odkYr[kwf oufqdkif&m
rsOf;ay:wG wGif ukefypönf;? vltrnfudk a&;o a&;om;azmf
a& jy&rnf/
BE
(7) oifhavsmfonfhacgif;pOfudk yHk\tay: tay:ESifh toHk;jyKxm;aompau;wdkYudk yHk\
atmuf
tmufwGif azmfjyay;&rnf/
erleemar;cG
mar;cG
ar;cGef; (1)
atmufazmfjyyg tm&SwdkufESifh t
tmz&duwdkufwdkY\ vlOD;a&wdk;wufvmyHkudk rsOf;*&yfenf;jzifh
tm
a&;qGJazmfjyyg/
D
vlOD;a&oef;aygif;
ckESpfrsm; 1945
945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015
tm&Swwddkuf 1389
13 1547 1892 2394 2916 3489 3964 4419
tmz&du
uwd
wdkuf 228 253 320 415 549 717 916 1182
pau; wpfvufrvQif vlOD;a&oef;aygif; 1500 pau;jzifh a&;qGJrnfqdkvQif
45
(u) wGufcsufenf;
tm&Swdkuf vlOD;a&oef;aygif;
1945 1389 œ 1500 = 0.92 vufr = 0.99 vufr
1955 1547 œ 1500 = 1.03 vufr = 1.0 vuf
vur
1965 1892 œ 1500 = 1.26 vuf
ufr = 1.33 vuf
v r
1975 2394 œ 1500 = 1.588 vufr = 1.6 vuf
v r
x
1985 2916 œ 1500 = 1.94 vufr = 1.99 vufr
1995 3489 œ 1500 = 2.32 vufr = 2.3 vufr
2005 5 = 2.64 v
3964 œ 1500 vufr = 2.6 vuf
vur
2015
tmz&duwdkuf
1945
1955
1965
1975
Bo 4419 œ 1500 = 2.95 vufr = 3.0 vufr
228
253
320
415
vlOD;a&oef;aygif
500 = 0.15
œ 1500 15 vuf
œ 15000 = 0.1
a ;
v r = 0.2 vufr
0.17 vufr = 0.2 vufr
œ 1500 = 0.21 vufr = 0.2 vufr
1500 = 0.27 vufr = 0.3 vufr
œ 15
BE
1985 549
49 œ 1500 = 0.37 vufr = 0.4 vufr
1995
995 717
71 œ 1500 = 0.48 vufr = 0.5 vufr
2005 916 œ 1500 = 0.61 vufr = 0.6 vufr
20155 1182 œ 1500 = 0.78 vufr = 0.8 vufr
D
46
(c) qGJom;enf;
x
Bo
BE
yHk (3.1) rsOf;*&yfyHk
(2) aumf
umfmfvH*&yfenf;
tcsed u
f mvtvdu k f ukeyf pönf;wpfrsK;d \ txGuEf eI ;f ? wefz;kd odrYk [kwf vlO;D a&yrmP
paom ta&twGufrsm;ajymif;v vJrIudk rsOf;*&yfenf;rSmuJhodkY aumfvH*&yfjzifh a&;qGJwifjyEdkif
onf/ aumfvH*&yfwGif ukefypönf;wpfrsKd;xufydkí jyo&ef roifhavsmfay/ aumfvH*&yfyHkrSm
D
m;aom aumfvHuGufrsm;jzifh ajymif;vJrIudkazmfjyjcif; jzpfonf/

tedrfhtjrifhuGmjcm;a
(u)
u) wGufcsufenf;
(1) tcsdefumvtvdkuf ukefypönf;ta&twGuf ajymif;vJrIudk wdkif;wmazmfjy&ef
a'gifvdkufpau;wpfckudk owfrSwf&rnf/ tcsdefumv (ckESpf) udk azmfjy&ef
tvsm;vdu k f pau;,l&rnf/ a'gifvu
kd pf au;,l&mwGif *&yfpm&Guf t&G,t
f pm;ESihf
azmfjyrnfh udef;*Pef; tajctaewdkYudk csifhcsdef,l&efjzpfonf/
47
(2) oifhavsmfaom a'gifvdkufpau;owfrSwfNyD;ygu tcsdefumvtvdkuf ukefypönf;

ta&twGufjyaom aumfvHrsm;\ tjrifhtoD;oD;udk wGufcsuf&SmazG&rnf/
(c) qGJom;enf;tqifhqifh
(1) *&yfpm&Guf\ atmufajc odkYr[kwf oifhavsmfaomwpfae&mwG wifif ab;wdkuf
rsOf;wpfaMumif;a&;qGJyg/ xkdrsOf;udk tuGmta0;wl ydkif;rSwfrsm;(0.5vuf m;(0.5vuf ufrjcm;)
j
rSwu f m xdyk ikd ;f rSwrf sm;twdik ;f tay:odaYk umfvrH sO;f rwfrsm;a&;qG
a&;qG&J rnf
nf/ xdak umfvH
x
uGurf sm;\ atmuftv,fwnfw h nfw
h iG f tcsed u
f mvrsrsm;udk tpOfttwd
wdik ;f a&;om;
azmfjy&rnf/
(2) ab;wkdufrsOf;\ vuf0JtpGef;wGif a'gifvd vdkufrsOf;rwfwpfaMumif;a&;qGJum
(3) pau;ESifhtnD wGufcsufx

oufqkdif&mtcsdefumvtrS
Bo
toHk;jyKxm;aom pau;twdkif; pau;yd
(a'gifvdkufrsOf;\ atmufajcrSpí ]0}
wdk;wdkif; a'gifvdkufpau;udk wdk;í
xm;aom
u;ydkif;wefzdk;rsm;udk a&;rSwfayy;&
0} (okn) prSwfNyD; tay:bufodkY wpfvufr
;í owfrrSSwfay;yg/)
y;yg
m;aom ukefypönf;ta&twGuf twdkif;twmudk
vtrSwftom;ay:wGif tjrifhtoD;oD;&Sd aumfvHrsm;
wdkif;wmrSwfom;NNyD; aumfvHydwfrsOf;rsm; a&;qGJ&rn
(4) aumfvHrsm;udk aq;a&mif q;a&mifjc,f
rnf/
c,fvdkygu wpfa&mifwnf; jc,fEkdifonf/
y;&rnf/
BE
(5) oifhavsmfonf
onfh acgif;pOfudk yHk\tay:ESifh toHk;jyKxm;aom pau;wdkYudk yHk\
atmuf mufwGif azmfjyay;&rnf/
erlemar;cGcGef; (2)
( )
atmufazmfjyyg 2011-12 rSr 2016-17 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tom;wifpyg;
taeudk aumfvH*&yfenf;jzifhazmfjyyg/
pdkufysKd;onfh ajr{&d,mtajctae
ckEpf
ESpf pyg; ({uaxmifaygif;)
D
2011-12
11- 18259
2012-13
201
2012 19932
22013-14 19885
2014-15 18761
2015-16 17999
2016-17 17695
48
(u) wGufcsufenf;
pau; wpfvufrvQif pdkuf{uaxmifaygif; 5000 toHk;jyKxm;onf/
2011-12 18259 œ 5000 = 3.65 vufr = 3.7 vufr
2012-13 19932 œ 5000 = 3.98 vufr = 4.00 vuf
v r
2013-14 19885 œ 5000 = 3.97 vufr = 4.0 vufr
2014-15 18761 œ 5000 = 3.75 vufr = 3.8 vuf
vur
2015-16 17999 œ 5000 = 3.59 vufr = 3.6 vuvufr
17695 œ 5000 = 3.53
53 vufr = 3.5 vufr
x
2016-17
(c) qGJom;enf;
Bo
BE
D
yHk (3.2) aumfvH*&yfyHk
49
rsOf;*&yfESifhaumfvH*&yf ESpfrsKd;udkaygif;í a'gifvdkuf0if½dk;rsm;ay:wGif pau;rsm;

owfrSwfívnf; qGJom;Edkifonf/ xdkuJhodkYa&;qGJjcif;udk tylcsdefESifh rdk;a&csdefrsm;
,SOfwGJjyoEdkifonfh &moDOwktajctaejy*&yfyHk (Climograph) rsm;wGif toHk;jyK
a&;qGJEdkifonf/
erlemar;cGef;(3)
atmufazmfjyygxm;0,fNrdKU\ tylcsdefESifh rdk;a&csdefjyZ,m;udk toHk;jyKí
í &moDOwk
x
tajctaejy*&yfyHk a&;qGJyg/
vrsm; Z z r { r Z Z Mo p t e '
tylcsdef(pifwD*&dwf) 25 26 28 29 29 28 27 27
2 277 28 27 25
2
rdk;a&csdef(rDvDrDwm) 0.4 1
Bo1 2 23 44 58 50 38 10 4 0.3
0
BE
D
yHk (3.3) tylcsdefESifhrdk;a&csdefjy*&yfyHk (Climograph)
50
(3) bavmufenf;
wlnDaom tcsdefumvwpfcktwGuf EkdifiH? a'otoD;oD;\ wlnDaom ukefypönf;
ta&twGufrsm;? vlOD;a&yrmPrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? wlnDaomtcsdefumvtwGuf EdkifiH
wpfEkdifiH? a'owpfck\ ukefypönf;trsKd;rsKd;ta&twGuf? vlrsKd;toD;oD;\ vlOODD;a&yrmPud a&yr k
vnf;aumif; bavmufenf;jzifh qGJom;azmfjyEdkifonf/
bavmufenf;rSm azmfjyvdak omtaMumif;t&mrsm;\ ta&twG twGuu f mG jcm;rI odrYk [kwf
vlrsK;d toD;oD;\ vlO;D a&yrmPuGmjcm;rIwu Ykd kd bavmufw;kH rsm;jzifh EIid ;f ,SOaf zmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/
x
(u) wGufcsufenf;
(1) udk,fpm;jyKazmfjyvdkaom bavmufwHk;rsm;ud udka&;qGJ&ef oifhavsmfaom a'gifvdkuf
(2) rdrad &G;cs,x

wGufcsuf&rnf/
(1) *&yfpm&Gu\
aMumif;ay:wG
Bo
pau;wpfck owfrSwf&rnf/
f m;aom a'gifvu
kd pf au;ud
f oifahavs
u;udo
k ;kH í a&;qG&J rnfb
vsmaf omae&mwGif ab;wdu

wGif tus,fwlaom b
jcm;NyD; ydkiiff;jzwfa&;qGJ&efjzpfonf/ bav
h avmufrsm;\ tjrifu h kd
k rf sO;f wpfaMumif;a&;qGNJ y;D xkrd sO;f

bavmufrssm;udk wlnDaomtuGmta0;jzifh
bavmuftus,fudk 0.4 vufr odkYr[kwf
bavm
BE
0.5 vufr xm;&SdEdkifonf/ bavmuf bavmuwpfckESifhwpfckMum; tuGmta0;udk 0.2
vufr xm;Edkifonf/
(2)
2) ab;wku d rf sO;f \ vuf0t J pGe;f u
udk rsO;f *&yfrmS uJo
h Ykd a'gifvudk pf au;rsO;f wpfaMumif;
a&;qJG&rnf/ ,if;rsOf;aay: ay:wGif toHk;jyKxm;aom pau;twdkif; pau;ydkif;wefzdk;
rsm;udk azmfjyay;&rn
ay;&rnf/ (a'gifvu kd rf sO;f \ atmufajcrSpí ]0} (okn) owfrw S yf g/
tay:buf
ay:bufodkY w wpfvufrwdk;wdkif; a'gifvdkufpau;udk wdk;í owfrSwfay;yg/
D
Oyrm-m- 0? 550? 100? ...)

(3) pau;ES
au;Eit hf nD wGucf su&f &Sx d m;aom tjrift h oD;oD;&Sd bavmufrsm; a&;qG&J rnf/
bavmufrsm;a&;qG&J mwGif vuf0b
ba J ufrS vuf,mbufoYdk Bu;D pOfi,fvu kd f (wefz;kd
trsm;rS tenf;odkY) tjrifhtedrfh pDpOfa&;qGJ&rnf/
(4) bavmufwpfckpDudk ta&mifwpfa&mifpD jc,fEdkifonf/
(5) bavmuftoD;oD;wGif EkdifiHtrnf? a'otrnf? ukefypönf;trnf odkYr[kwf
vlrsKd;trnfrsm; azmfjyay;&rnf/
51
(6) oifah vsmaf omacgif;pOfukd yH\

k tay:ESihf toH;k jyKxm;aompau;wdu
Yk kd yH\
k atmuf
wGif azmfjy&rnf/
erlemar;cGef; (4)
atmufazmfjyyg 2018 ckEpS f urÇmEh ikd if t
H csKUd \ vlO;D a&pm&if;rsm;udk bavmuf
vmufenf;oH;k í
*&yfyHkwpfyHk qGJjyyg/
EdkifiH vlOD;a& (oefef;aygif;)
x
*syef 126
tpöa&; 8
(u) wGufcsufenf;
eDayg
awmifudk&D;,m;
MopaMw;vs
jrefrm Bo
pau; wpfvufrvQQif vlOD;a&oef;aygif; 50 toHk;jyKxm;onf/
29
51
25
54
BE
EdkiiifiH vlOD;a& (oef;aygif;)
*syef 126
12 œ 50 = 2.52 vufr = 2.5 vufr
tpöa&;
a&; 8 œ 50 = 0.16 vufr = 0.2 vufr
eDayg 29 œ 50 = 0.58 vufr = 0.6 vufr
awmif
wmifudk&D;,m; 51 œ 50 = 1.02 vufr = 1.0 vufr
œ 50 = 0.5 vufr = 0.5 vufr
D
MopaMaMw;vs 25
jrefrm 54 œ 50 = 1.08 vufr = 1.1 vufr
52
(c) qGJom;enf;
2018 ckESpf urÇmhEdkifiHtcsKdU\ vlOD;a&jyyHk
x
Bo
BE
ykyHHk (3.4)
(3.4)) bav
bavmuf
bavm
av *&yfyHk
(4) pwk&&efef;enf
en;
pwk
wk&ef;enf;udk toH;k jyKa&;qGEJ ikd af om pm&if;tif;tajctaerSm bavmufenf;rSmuJh
odkYyyijzpon
yififjzpfonf/
pwk&ef;enf;rSm EdkifiH? a'otoD
a' ;oD;\ ukefypönf;wpfrsKd;ta&twGuf odkYr[kwf EkdifiH
wpfEikd if ?H a'owpfc\ k ukeyf pön;f trsK;d rsK;d ta&twGuu f kd t&G,yf rmP ({&d,m) rwlnaD om
D
pwk&ef;rsm;a&;qGJí b bavmufenf;uJhodkY EdIif;,SOfazmfjyaomenf; jzpfonf/
(u)
u) wGufcsu
sufenf;
(1) EdkifiH? a'otoD;oD;\ ukefypönf;wpfrsKd;ta&twGuf odkYr[kwf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH?
a'owpfc\ k ukeyf pön;f trsK;d rsK;d ta&twGuu
f kd ud,
k pf m;jyKazmfjyvko
d nfh pwk&ef;
rsm;a&;qGJEdkif&ef oifhavsmfaom pau;wpfck owfrSwf&rnf/ pau;,l&mwGif
wpfpwk&ef;pifwDrDwmvQif rnfrQponfjzifh pwk&ef;pau;owfrSwf&ef jzpfonf/
53
(2) a&G;cs,xf m;aom pau;udk tajccHí pwk&ef;toD;oD;\ {&d,mrsm;udk wGucf suf

&SmazG&rnf/ pwk&ef;\{&d,m&SmazGNy;D ESpx
f yfued ;f &if;&Smjcif;jzifh qG&J rnfph wk&ef;\
tem;wpfzufwefzdk; &&Sdrnf/
(1) *&yfpm&Gu\ f oifah vsmaf omae&mwGif tvsm;vku d rf sO;f wpfaMumif; a&;qG
qG&J rrnf/
(2) xdrk sO;f wpfavQmufwiG f pau;ESit
hf nD wGucf su&f &Sxd m;onfh tem;toD oD;oD;&So
d nfh
pwk&ef;rsm;udk a&;qGJ&rnf/
x
(3) pwk&ef;rsm;udk vuf0JbufrS vuf,mbufodkY BuD;pOfi,fv vddkuf a&;qGJ&rnf/
(4) pwk&ef;wpfcEk iS w
hf pfct
k Mum; tuGmta0; wlnD n&rnf
&D rnf/(0.5 pifwrD w D mjcm; qGyJ gg/g/)
Bo
(5) pwk&ef;wpfckpDudk ta&mifwpfrsKd;pD jc,fEkEkdifonf/
(6) pwk&ef;toD;oD;wGif EdkifiH? a'o odkYr[k
r[kwf ukefypönf;trnfrsm;udk az azmfjy&rnf/
(7) oifhavsmfonfhacgif;pOfudk yHk\tay:ES
ay:ESifh toHk;jyKxm;aom pa pau;wdkYudk yHk\
atmufwGif azmfjy&rnf/
erlemar;cGef; (5)
atmufazmfjyyg 2015ck
5ckEpS f urÇmq
h eftrsm;qH;k xkwv f yk o
f nfEh ikd if rH sm;\ qefxw
k v
f yk rf I
(wefcsdefaxmifaygif;)udk pwk
wk&ef;enf;jzifh aazmfjyyg/
BE
EdkifiH xk
xwf wfvkyfrI (wefcsdefaxmifaygif;)
w½kwf 208100
tif'dkeD;&Sm; 70600
b*Fvm;a'h&Sf 52400
tdE´d, 155500
AD,
,ufuferf 44900
D
(u)
u)) wGufcsufenf;
1 pwk&ef;pifwDrDwmvQif wefcsdefaxmifaygif; 50000 pau;oHk;vQif
w½k½kwf 208100 œ 50000 = 4.16 pwk&ef;pifwDrDwm
pwk&ef;tem;wpfzuf = 4.16 = 2.03 pifwDrDwm
= 2.0 pifwDrDwm
tiff'dkeD;&Sm; 70600 œ 50000 = 1.41 pwk&ef;pifwDrDwm
54
pwk&ef;tem;wpfzuf = 1.41 = 1.18 pifwDrDwm

= 1.2 pifwDrDwm
b*Fvm;a'h&Sf 52400 œ 50000 = 1.04 pwk&ef;pifwDrDwm
pwk&ef;tem;wpfzuf = 1.04 = 1.01 pifwDrDwmwm
= 1.0 pifwDrrDDwm
tdE´d, 155500 œ 50000 = 3.111 pwk&ef;pifwDrDwm
pwk&ef;tem;wpfzuf = 3.11 = 1.76
.76 pifwwDDrDwm
= 1.8 pifiwr
wDrDwm
AD,uferf 44900 œ 500000 = 0.89
89 pwk&ef;pifwDrDwm
pwk&ef;tem;wpfzuf = 0.89 = 0.94
94 pifwDrDwm
= 0.9 pifwDrDwm
(c) qGJom;enf;
BE
yyHHk (3.5)
3.5)
5) ppwk&ef;*&yfyHk
(5) axmifhrSefpwk*Hpdwfydkif;enf;
EkdifiH odkYr[kwf a'owpfck\ xkwfvkyfrIpkpkaygif; ta&twGufESifh xdkpkpkaygif;wGif
a'owpfckcsif; odkYr[kwf u ukefypönf;wpfrsKd;csif; yg0ifrItrsKd;tpm;udk azmfjyvdkaomtcg
axmifhrSefpwk*Hpdwfydkif;eenf;udk toHk;jyKEkdifonf/
axmifrh eS pf w
wk*pH w
d yf ikd ;f enf;rSm taMumif;t&m\ pkpak ygif;ta&twGuu f kd ud,
k pf m;jyK
aom
om axmifhrSefpwk*H\tvsm;ay:wGif oufqdkif&mEdkifiH odkYr[kwf taMumif;t&mwpfckcsif;
twGuf
uf t tpdwftydkif;rsm; pdwfydkif;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/
(u) wGufcsufenf;
(1) ukefypönf;ta&twGufwdkYudk wkdif;wmpdwfydkif;Edkif&ef oifhavsmfaompau;wpfck
a&G;cs,f&rnf/
55
(2) xdkpau;ESifhtnD axmifhrSefpwk*H\ tvsm;ESifh ykdif;jzwfrnfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;\

tvsm; (tuGmta0;)wdu Yk kd wGucf su&f rnf/ tvsm;tuGmta0;vufr wefz;kd rsm;
udk 'orESpfae&mtxd wGufcsufay;yg/
(1) *&yfpm&Guf\ oifhavsmfaomae&mwGif pkpkaygif;wefzdk;ESifh tcsK;d nDonfh tvsm;&Sd
aom axmifhrSefpwk*Hwpfckudk a&;qGJ&rnf/ xdkrsOf;aMumif;\ vuf0JEESSifh vuf,m
x
pGef;rS tay:odkY 1 vufrpD rsOf;rwfrsm;qGJyg/ xdkrsOf;\tay:buf ;\tay:buf uf xdyfESpfckudk
qufygu axmifhrSefpwk*Hwpfckudk &&Sdrnf/ axmif mifhrSefpwk*H*H\ teH (tus,f)udk
omref*&yfpuúLay:wGif wpfvufrom xm;&S&Sdapoifhonf/
vuf0b
Bo
(2) pau;jzifhwGufcsuf&&SdNyD;aom EkdifiH oY
J ufrS vuf,mbufoYkd Bu;D pOfii,f
odkYr[kwf ukefypönf; tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk
,fvu
(3) ]tjcm;} Edik if ?H a'o odrYk [kwf ]tjjcm;} ukeypö
kd f tpDtpOftwdik ;f ydik ;f jzwfazmfjy&rnf/
yf pön;f yg&Scd v
ap? enf;onfjzpfap axmififhrSefpwk*H\ vuf,mtpGefqHk;(ae
azmfjy&rnf/
(4) pm&if;yg trsKd;tpm;wd
wdkY\ uGmjcm;cs csu
hJ Qif ta&
ta&twGurf sm;onfjzpf
(aem
(aemufqHk;)üom xm;&Sd
pm;wdkY\ ta&twGuf aygif;&udef;EESifh azmfjyxm;aom pkpkaygif;

uffonf ]tjcm;}twGufyifjzpfonf/
BE
(5) tpdwftydkif;wpfckpDtwGuf ta&mifwpfrsKd;pDjc,f&rnf/ odkYaomf ]tjcm;} yg&SdvQif
xdk ]tj
tjcm;} udk ta&mifjc,f&ef rvdkayy/
(6) tpdwftydkif;toD;oD;wGif EkdifiH? a'o odkYr[kwf ukefypönf;trsKd;trnfwdkYudk
azmfjy&rnf/
(7) oifah vsmaf omacgif;pOfuykd \ kH tay:ESihf toH;k jyKxm;aompau;wdu Yk kd yH\
k atmufwiG f
azmfjy&rnf/
D
erleemar;cG
mar;cGef; (6)
atmufazmfjyyg 2018 ckEpS f *syefEikd if \
H Edik if jH cm;ydu
Yk ek w
f efz;kd rsm;udk axmifrh eS pf wk*pH w
d f
ydkif;enf;jzifh az
azmfjyyg/
trsKd;tpm; tar&duefa':vmoef;axmifaygif;
pkpkaygif; 564
uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf; 148
56
vQyfppfypönf; 109
armfawmf,mOf 154
oH? oHrPd 30
enf;ynmoHk; aq;bufqdkif&mud&d,mrsm; 41
tjcm; 82
(u) wGufcsufenf;
1 vufrvQif tar&duefa':vmoef;axmifaygif; 120 toHk;jyKxm;onf
xm;onf/
x
pkpkaygif; 564 œ 120 = 4.70 .70 = 4.7 v
vufr
uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf; 148 œ 120 = 1.23 = 1.22 vufr
109 œ 120 20 = 0.90
0. = 0.9 vufr
Bo
vQyfppfypönf;
armfawmf,mOf 12 = 1.28 = 1.3 vufr
154 œ 120
oH? oHrPd 300 œ 120 = 0.25 = 0.3 v vufr
enf;ynmoHk;aq;bufqdkif&m
ud&d,mrsm; 41 œ 120 = 0.34 = 0.3 vufr
tjcm; 82 œ 120 = 0.6 0.68 = 0.7 vufr
(c) qGJom;enf;
BE
D
yHk (3.6) axmifhrSefpwk*Hpdwfydkif;yHk

(6)
6) puf0dkif;pdwfydkif;enf;
axmifrh eS pf wk*pH w
d yf ikd ;f enf;jzifh a&;qGEJ idk af om pm&if;udk puf0ikd ;f pdwyf ikd ;f enf;jzihv
f nf;
a&;qG
qazmf
JazmfjyEkdifonf/
puf0dkif;pdwfydkif;enf;rSm pkpkaygif;ta&twGufudk udk,fpm;jyKaom puf0dkif;wpfcka&;qGJ
&rnf/ xdkpuf0dkif;xJwGif EdkifiH? a'o odkYr[kwf ukefypönf;wpfckcsif;pD\ ta&twGufESifh
tcsKd;nDaom puf0ef;ydkif;rsm;jzifh xyfrHpdwfydkif;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/
57
(u) wGufcsufenf;
(1) a&;qGrJ nfph uf0ikd ;f onf pkpak ygif;ta&twGuu
f kd ud,
k pf m;jyKonf/ wpfenf;qdak omf
pkpkaygif;ta&twGufonf 360 'D*&DESifh tcsKd;nDonf/
(2) 360 'D*&Day:tajccHí ydkif;&rnfh EdkifiH? a'o odkYr[kwf ukefypönf;wpfpfck\ ta&
twGufESifh tcsKd;nDaom 'D*&Drsm;udk wGufcsuf&SmazG&rnf/ 'D*&Dwefzdk;rsm;onf
m;o
udef;jynfhwefzdk;rsm; jzpfoifhonf/
x
(1) oifhavsmfaomtcsif;0ufjzifh puf0dkif;wpfcka&;qJ qJGrnf/ (1.5
1.5 vufrESifhqGJvQif
oifhavsmfonf/)
Bo
(2) puf0dkif;\ A[dkcsufrS ajrmuft&yfwnfhw
(3) xdkrsOf;rSpí em&DvufwHvnfonfht twd
wnf
udk trsm;rStenf;odkY BuD;pOfOfi,fvdkuf tpDt

(4) ]tjcm;}wefz;kd yg&Scd v
hJ Qif ]tj
nfhodkY rsOf;rwfwpfaMumif; a&;qGJ&rnf/
wdkif; EkdifiH? a'o odkYr[kwf ukefypönf;wpfck
csif;twGuf wGufcsufxm;aom 'D**&D&D(udef;jynfh)wefzdk;tvdkuf tpd
tpOf
t wftydkif;rsm;
pOftwdkif; pdwfydkif;a&;qGJ&rnf/
tjcm;} twGuf 'D*&Donf rsm;onfjzpfap? enf;onfjzpfap
aemufqHk;wGif xm;&S&Sdazmfjy&rnf/
(5) tpdwftydkif;wpfpfckpDudk ta&mifwpfrsKd;pD jjc,f&rn rnf/ ]tjcm;} udk ta&mifjc,f&ef
BE
rvdkyg/
(6) tpdwftydtydkif;rsm;wGif EdkifiH? a'o odkYr[kwf ukefypönf; trsKd;trnfwdkYudk azmfjy&
rnf
nf/ puf0dkif;\atmufwGif pkpkaygif;ta&twGufudk azmfjy&rnf/
(7)) oifah vsmaf omacgif;pOfukd yH\ tay:wGif azmfjy&rnf/
k t
ta
erleemar;cG
mar;cGef; (7)
atmufazmfazmfjyyg 2017 cckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif toHk;jyKaom "mwfajrMoZmtrsKd;tpm;
rsm;udk puf0dkif;pdwfydkif;enf;jzifhazmfjyyg/
D
trsKd
rsKd;tpm;
t
tp toHk;jyKrI (rufx&pfwefaxmifaygif;)
,l&D;,m;
, 1321
wDplyg 201
uGefaygif; 1493
pkpkaygif; 3165
58
(u) wGufcsufenf;
pkpak ygif; "mwfajrMoZmrufx&pfwefaxmifaygif; 3165 onf 360 'D*&DEiS hf tcsK;d nDojzifh
1321 q 360
,l&D;,m; 1321 onf = 150.2 = 150
50 'D*&D
3165
201 q 360
wDplyg 201 onf = 22.86 = 23 'D*&D
3165
x
uGefaygif; 1493 onf 1493 q 360 = 169.81 = 170 'D*&D
3165
tjcm;
(c) qGJom;enf; Bo
150 onf 150 q 360
60
3165
165
65
= 17.06
7.06 = 17 'D*&D
BE
D
yHk (3.7) puf0dkif;pdwfydkif;yHk
59
t"dutcsufrsm;
pm&if;tif;qkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk *&yfyHkrsm; a&;qGJavhvmvQif ydkrkdodom
xif&Sm;NyD; EdIif;,SOfavhvm&ef vG,fulonf/
rsOf;*&yf? aumfvH*&yfrsm; qGJom;&mwGif pau;,lyHkjcif; rwlnDaomfvnf vnf; *&yfwGif
rSwo f m;yH?k a&;qGyJ rkH sm; qifwyl gonf/ odaYk omf pau;ude;f *Pef;rsm; m; a&;om;&mwG
&mwif
wpfrsKd;ESifhwpfrsKd; ae&mtaetxm; tenf;i,fuGJjym;onf/
x
rsOf;*&yfESifh aumfvH*&yfwdkYrSm Z,m;ygudef;rsm;udk ckESptvd pftvdkufa&;qGJoGm;&onf/
bavmufenf;ESiphf wk&ef;enf;rSm wpfcEk iS w hf pfcMk um;wl
wlnaD omtuG tuGmta0;ydik ;f jcm;í
BuD;pOfi,fvdkufqGJ&jcif; jzpfonf/

Bo
pau;,l&mwGif tBuD;qHk;udef;rSm *&yfyHkwGifif taeawmfjzpfaeouJhodkY ta
udef;onfvnf; yHkwGifaysmufroGm;&ef oifhavsmfaompau;udk a&G;cs,f&rnf/
axmifrh eS pf wk*pH w
d yf ikd ;f enf;ESihf puf0d0ikd ;f pdwyf ikd ;f enf;wdu
a&;qGJ&NyD; ]tjcm;} wefzdk;yg0ififygu aemufqHk;wGifxm;íqGJ&rn
yHkrsm;qGJNyD;ygu acgif;pOf? pau; ponfwdkYudk a&;om;&on
tao
tao;qHk;
Yk kd a&;qG&J mwGif Bu;D pOfi,fvu
a&;om;&onf/
rnf/
kd f
BE
avhusifh&&efef ar;cGef;rsm;
rs
(1) atmuf
tmufazmfjyyg 2008 rS 2017 ckESpftwGif; urÇmhausmufrD;aoG;xkwfvkyfrIESifh
w½kwjf ynfoUl or®wEdik if \
H ausmufr;D aoG;xkwv
f yk rf t
I ajctaeudk rsO;f *&yfenf;
jzifh a&;qGJjyyg/
ckESpf 2008 2009

200 2010
20
201 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
D
urÇm 6395 6859

685 7395 7783 7832 8075 8164 7861 7460 7726
w½kwf
wf 2537
25 2937
29
293 3220 3576 3549 3974 3874 3747 3411 3520
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(2) atmufazmfjyyg tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if \

H aumfzx
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k v
f yk rf u
I kd aumfv*H &yfjzifh a&;qGjJ yyg/
ckESpf xkwfvkyfrI
(rufx&pfwefaxmifaygif;)
2011 634
2012 748
48
2013 740
2014 712
x
2015 550
2016 664
Bo
2017 669
2018 674
(3) atmufazmfjyyg MopaMw;vsEd

vsEdkifiH\ tylcsdefESifh rdk;a&csdefjyZ,m;ud
yZ k toHk;jyKí
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*&yfyHk a&;qGJyg/
vrsm; Z z r { r Z Z Mo
M p t e '
tylcsdef 22 222 24 255 26 27
2 28 28 27 26 24 23
(pifwD*&dwf)
BE
rdk;a&csdef 38 29 40 66 188 195
1 180 209 207 138 45 13
(rDvDrDwm)
(4) atmuf
tmufazmfjyyg 2017 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH\ yJtrsKd;rsKd; pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfrIudk
bavmufenf;oHk;í **&
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yJtrsKd;tpm; txGuf (rufx&pfwefaxmifaygif;)
yJwDpdrf; 1069
D
yJpif;iHk 628
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(5) atmufazmfjyyg 2016-17 ckEpS f jrefrmEdik if \

H oD;ESt
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udk pwk&ef;enf;jzifh *&yfyHk a&;qGJwifjyyg/
trsKd;tpm; pdkuf{u (axmifaygif;)
ESHpm;oD;ESH 19708
qDxGufoD;ESH 6305
a&mfbm 1616
16
[if;oD;[if;&GufESifhopfoD; 3225
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81
(6) atmufazmfjyyg 2016 ckESpf urÇmhausmufrrDD;aoG;xkwfvkyfrIudk axmifhrSefpwk

w*H
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tif'dkeD;&S
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pdwfydkif;enf;jzifh a&;qGJjyyg/
tar&duefjynfaxmif
mifpk
mipk
urÇmhausmufrD;aoG
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660
6
66
3411
692
434
BE
MopaMw;vs 492
pkpkaygif; 7460
(7) atmufazmfjyyg 2017 ckEpS f jrefrmEkid if w

H ikd ;f a'oBu;D ESijhf ynfe,ftcsKUd \ aq;&GuBf u;D
tom;wifpdkuf{uudk ppuf0dkif;pdwfydkif;enf;jzifh a&;qGJjyyg/
wdkif;a'oBuD;^^jynfe,f {u
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v;wdkif;a'oBuD;
rEÅEÅav 13592
rau;wdkif; a'oBuD;
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u&ifjynfe,f 2459
pkpkaygif; 24539
62
ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf vlrIa&;odyHÜ (ordkif;) 'orwef;
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yk*H,Ofaus;rItarGtESpf
ed'gef;
à þtcef;wGif yk*aH cwf\aemufco
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k mvuf&mrs
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à yk*HacwftaMumif;udk q|rwef;oifcef;pm tcef;(3) a&S;a[mif;jrefrmEkdifiH
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à yk*,
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vuf&mrsm;taMumif;wdkYudk od&SdcJhNyD
vmyHkudk qef;pp ppfwwfvmrnf/

tarGtESprf sm;jzpfaom apwDEiS *hf b
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k m
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tqifhtwef;udk tuJjzwfvmEkdifrnf/
à q|rwef
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'orwef; vlrIa&;odyHÜ (ordkif;) ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf
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&mZ0ififusrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;rsm;t& xm yk*Hacwfudk at'D 1044 rS 1312 txd[k
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trnf ay ;udk wdkufcdkufESdrfeif;odrf;oGif;NyD; wnfaxmifaom wdkif;jynf[k

rnfjzpfí &eftaygif
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[laomtrnf rnfudk ysL? rGef? ygVd? jrefrm bmomav;rsdK;jzifh rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ at'D 1198
trnf
wGif wnfxm;aom "r®&mZdubk&m;ausmufpmwGif t&dr'éyl&rnfaom yk*Hjynf[k a&;xdk;
rSww f rf;wifcahJ omaMumifh aemiftcgyk*[ H k ac:a0:a&;om;rI wGiu f s,v
f monf/ ausmufpm
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64
at'D 9 &mpkwGif jrefrmwdkYonf ajrMoZmaumif;aom ausmufqnfa'oodkY

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yk * H u k d tky fc sKyfa &;A[kdX metjzpf jyKvk y f NyD ; Ek d i f i H a wmf t jzpf wnfaqmufa qmufE kd i f c J h on
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waumif;? yk*H? rdw¬Dvm? rif;bl;? jynf ponfwdkYüawG üawGU&NyD; awmifbufwGif wGHaw w;ESifh
weoFm&Da'o Nrw
Bo
d Nf rKd UwGiv
f nf; awGU&onf/ atmuf
ESifh tquftoG,fydkrdkrsm;jym;vmNyD; rGefwdkYxH
yifv,fxGufayguf&í tdEd´,? oD[dkVfVf paom a'owd
tmufjrefrmEkid if u H dk odr;f oGi;f Ny;D ae
xHrS ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk &&SdcJhonf/ xkdYjyif yxrqHk;
owdkYESifh qufqHcGifh&chJonf/
aemuf rGew f Ykd
BE
D
yHk(2) o&ygwHcg;
65
usefppfom;rif;vufxufwGif qnfajrmif;uefacsmif;rsm; wl;azmfay;jcif;? yd#uwf

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axmufyHhjcif;wdkYudk vkyfaqmifchJonf/ þrfawmf&Sif ac: e&olvufxufü oD[dkVfESifh
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emuf ukeonf
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aMumif;vrf;udk pdk;rdk;EdkifcJhonf/ uspGmrif;vufxufwGif EdkifiHwpf0ef; pepfusaom
om tkyfcsKyf
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à ausmufpmtaxmuf
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yk*HNrdKUudk pwifwnfaxmifol orkrk'¨&mZfrif;onf oa&acwå&mrif;qufrS qif;ouf
vmol[k rSefeef;&mZ0ifwGif azmfjyxm
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uftxm;t&
wnfaxmifjcif;/
t& yk*Hjynfudk xD;eef;pkd;pHcJhaom rif; 14 yg; &Sdjcif;/
BE
à jrefrmwdkYonf at'D 9 &mpkwGif ausmufqnf na'oodkY OD;pGm0ifa&muffaexdkifchJNyD;
xdkrSwpfqif qifh rif;bl;a'oudk 0ifa&mufchJjci cif;/
à ykk*HEkdififiHawmf
awmf\trnfudk t&dr'éyl&jy jynf[k ac:qdkcJhjcif;/
à 11 &mpkwiG f jrefrmwdo Yk nf c½ked (f cc½dik )f ESihf wku
d rf aS usmí
f Ekid if t
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D
à atmufjrefrmEkdifiHukd odrf;oGif;NyD;aemuf rGefwdkYESifh tquftoG,f ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmNyD;

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wdkYxHrS ,O ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk vufcH&&Sdjcif;/
à yxrqH rqH qH;k yifv,fxGufayguf&í tdEd́,? oD[dkVf paom a'owdkYESifh qufqHcGifh&chJjcif;/
à ovifaMu ac: qvJeftiludk odrf;ydkufEkdifNyD; yk*HEkdifiHawmfonf ta&SUtaemuf
ukefonfa&aMumif;vrf;udk pdk;rdk;EdkifcJhjcif;/
66
avhusifh&efar;cGef;
1/ yk*Hrif;EdkifiHawmf tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHtjzpf ay:xGef;vmyHkudk aqG;aEG;yg/
1.2/ yk*HacwfomoedutaqmufttHkrsm;
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m;? yd#uwf
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m;[lí ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/
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Bo
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yk**acwf
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BE
ESpfpfxyfoifhovkd um&Havh&Sdonf/ yljyif;aom
t&yfjzpfaomaMumifh rD;ab;tEÅ&m,fudk wm;qD;
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ig;rsufESm*lwkdYvnf;&Sdonf/ yk*Ha'owGif av;rsufESm*ludk trsm;qHk;awGU&onf/
67
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onf/
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Bo
ae&m[k qdkEdkifonf/ usefppfom;Orif?
w½kwfajy;Orif? eE´rnmOrif? ausmuf*l
Orif? iSuyf pfawmifOrifrsm;onf yk*aH 'o
wGif xif&Sm;aomOrifrsm;jzpfonf/
BE
D
yHk(5) OriftwGif;bufjyyHk
yk*Hacwf
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jzpfMuonf/ &Sifr[muóyawmausmif;? tkdqDawmausmif;wkdYrSm yk*Ha'owGifta&;yg
aomawmausmif;rsm;jzpfonf/
68
yk*HacwfwGif 'g,umwpfOD;wnf;u
ausmif ; wk d u f 0 if ; BuD ; wpf c k v H k ; ud k wnf
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teEÅolausmif; ac: av;rsufEESSmausmif ausm
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w&m;a[m"r®om? yd#uwfwu
t"dutcsufrsm;
à
à
Bo
dk ?f r[max&f oDwif
cJhonf/ wHwkdif;ESpfxyfMum;wGif &[ef;rsm;oD
tkwfZ&yfESpfaqmif aqmufvkyfcJhon/
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nf/
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;vm vnf; apwDrSm tjyifrSom
f LS 'gef;
BE
vSnfhywf zl;aj
;ajrmfEdkifjcif;/
à apwD? *lb&k m;wkw Yd iG f xD;wifonf"h avh yyk*aH cwfwiG f rxGe;f um;ao;bJ txGwjf zifo
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à *lbk&m;? apwD wkdYukdwnfaqm qmufvQif tkwfwHwkdif;wpfxyf okdYr[kwf ESpfxyf oifhovkd
qmu
um&Haavh vh &Sdjcifi;/
à *lbk&m;rsm;\tv,fwGif av;axmifhr@dKiftkwfwdkifBuD;&Sdjcif;/
D
à yk*Ha'owGif aav av;rsufESm*lbk&m;udk trsm;qHk;awGU&jcif;/

à ig;rsufESm*lbk&m;wGif aemifyGifhrnfh t&darwå,sbk&m;udkyg xnfhoGif;ylaZmfjcif;/
à Orif
rififrsm;onf 0dyóemw&m;usifhBuHtm;xkwf&efae&m[k qdkEdkifjcif;/
à teEÅolausmif;ac: av;rsufESmausmif;wkdufBuD;onf &[ef;rsm;w&m;tm;xkwfaom
ur®|mef;&dyfomBuD;jzpfjcif;/
69
1/ yk*Hacwf omoedutaqmufttHktrsdK;tpm;rsm;udk azmfjy&Sif;vif;yg/
2/ yk*Hacwf *lbk&m;rsm;taMumif; rSwfpkwdka&;yg/
1.3/ Ak'¨½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;
yk*aH cwfwiG f Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;qif;wkrsm;udk *lb&k m;rsm;
x
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Ydk &yfEiS w
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qif;wkawmfrsm; jyKvyk &f mwGif &yfawmfr?l wifysOaf cGEiS hf
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a&S;a[mif;
d tBurd ?f &&efuek ?f Quaility Publishing House,

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2002/
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Hudson,
uds Bob, The Origins of Bagan, Australia, University of Sydney, 2004.
73
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à xdyfawmfudk obm0xuf tenf;i,frdkYarmufum xkvkyfjcif;/
à ezl;pD;ay:atmif xkvkyfvmMuNyD; rsufvTmcsxm;aomyH
xm;aomyHkudk trsm;qHk;xkvkyfMujcif
uj ;/
à rif;0wfwefqmrsm; qif,ifay;aom rifif;0wfbk&m;rsm; xkvkyfMujcujcif;/
avhusifh&efar;cGef;
1/ rEÅav;acwf Ak'¨qif;wkawmfrsm;\ vuf&m[
m[efyefudk qef;ppfyg/
BE
2.3.1/ r[mousrm&Zd
usrm&Zdef (ausmufawmfMuD;bk&m;)
D
yHk(4) r[mousrm&Zdef (ausmufawmfMuD;bk&m;)
80
ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;udk rEÅav;awmifajcok"r®mZ&yfteD;ü pusifausmufjzifh

xkvyk w f nfxm;ud;k uG,cf o hJ nf/ 1864 ckEpS w
f iG f pusiaf wmifrS pusiaf usmufukd ½kyyf mG ;awmf
xkvkyf&ef uRrf;usifwwfajrmufaom ausmufqpform;wdkYudk ac:,lMuyfrwfxkvkyfapcJh
onf/ ,if;odkY xkvkyfNyD;aemuf jreef;pMumrD;oabFmjzifh rEÅav;awmifajc ok"r®mZ& Z&yfteD;
½kyfyGm;awmfxm;&Sdrnfht&yfodkY crf;em;pGm o,faqmifcJhonf/ 16 arr 1865 ckESpfwGif
qGJNyD; rsuESfEmS awmf tacsm
rif;wkef;rif; udk,fwdkifBuD;rSL;í rsufa&;awmf? rsufckH;awmfwdkYudka&;qG
x
zGiu
hf m r[mousrm&Zde[ hJ nf/ ,if;odYk urÜn;wyf
f k urÜn;f wyfco ;f wyfcahJ omfvnf
vnf; ausmufom;
awmfrSm tvGefBuD;rm;onfhtwGuf ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;[k ac:wG wGifonf/
ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;\ r[m&HwHwdkif;ab;ywf ywfvnfwGif pusifausmufjzifh x xkvkyf
aAm"dyifrsm;&Sdonf/
t"dutcsufrsm;
à rif;wkef;rif;onf
Bo
xm;onfh {w'*f&toDwdom0u&SpfusdyfwdkY\ ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk vdkPfrkcfjymom'f
xm;&Sdonf/ r[m&HwHwdkif; axmifhav;axmif
nf pusifaawmif
ymo rsm;jzifh
xmifhwdkYwGif rif;wkef;rif;udk,fwdkif pdkufysdK;cJhonfh
wmifrS pusifausmufudk ½kyfyGm;awmfxkvkyf&ef ausmufqpf

BE
orm;wdkYudk ac:,lxkvkyfapcJhjcif;/
à xkvkyfNyD;aemuf ½kyfyGm;awmfBuD;udk rEÅav
v;awmifajc ok"r®mZ&yfteD; xm;&Sdrnfhae&m
odkY o,faqmifvmjcif;/
à r[mousrm&Zdefbk&m;[k u urÜnf;wyfcJhjcif;/
à ausmufom;awmfrSm tvG tvefBuD;rm;onfhtwGuf ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m;[k trnfwGif
jcif;/
D
avhusifh&efar;cGef;
1/ &wemyH
&w kacwf rif;0wfbk&m;rsm;xkvkyfudk;uG,fcJhyHkudk om"ujyí aqG;aEG;yg/
&w
81
2.4/ ausmufxuftu©&m yd#uwfawmfrsm;
yHk(5)) ausmufxuftu©&myd#uwfawmfrsm;pdkufxl&m tkwfjymom'frsm;
rif;wkef;rif;onf 14 atmufwdkbm 1860 jynfhESpfwGif eef;awmftwGif; wefaqmif;

aqmuf
qmufvkyfí yd#uwfawmfudk ppw pwifa&;ul;apcJhonf/ ausmufxuftu©&mwif&mwGif
tu©&mtcRwt f ,Gi;f r&Sad p&ef bGUJ wHqyd af wmf&q&mawmfBu;D rsm;u OD;pGmjyifqifay;&onf/
q&mawmf
q&m awmfBuD;rsm; jyifqiifNyD;onfh yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ausmufqpfynm&SifwdkYu pusif
&mawmf
aus ;ay:wif xGif;xkMuonf/ ausmufxuftu©&m xGif;xk&mwGifvnf; bGJYwHqdyf
usmufcsyfrsm;ay:wG
awmf&q&mawmf
maw BuD;rsm;ESifh rSL;rwfrsm;tm; BuD;Muyfaponf/
yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk aumif;rGefacsmarGUaom tus,f 3 ay tjrifh 5 ay&Sd
pusifausmufcsyfrsm;ay:wGif a&;om;xkvkyfcJh&m pkpkaygif; 729 csyfudk 4 ar 1868 ckESpf
wGif ausmufxuftu©&mwif NyD;pD;cJhonf/ yd#uwfausmufpmcsyfrsm;udk ausmufpmwpfcsyf
82
vQif tkwfjymom'fwpfckpDjzifh r[mavmurm&ZdefapwD\ r[m&HwHwdkif;oHk;xyftwGif;

pdu
k x
f x l m;onf/ yxrr[m&Hww H ikd ;f twGi;f wGif armfueG ;f a&;xd;k xm;aom ausmufpmwpfcsyf
udk pdkufxlxm;jcif;jzifh ausmufpmwdkifaygif; 730 ½Sdonf/
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h Bu;D qk;H pmtkyBf u;D } [líwifpm;ac:a0:M
yd#uwfawmfudk ausmufxuftu©&mwifjcif;jzifh t&SnftMumwnfwHhí omoemig;axm mig;
omoemig;axmif
Mumonftxd cdkifNrJrnf[karQmfvifhcsufjzifh rif;wkef;rif;u vSL'gef;cJ ;cJhjcif;jzpfjyD
jyD; 201
2013 ckESpf
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t"dutcsufrsm;
à
à
à
jyifqifay;&jcif;/
jyifqifNyD;onfh yd#uwf
ay:wGif xGif;xkcJhjcif;/
Bo
rif;wkef;rif;onf 1860 jynfhESpfwGif yd#uwf
ausmufxuftu©&mwif&mwGif q&mawmfBuD;;rsm;u
#uwfausmufpmudk pwifa&;ul;apcJhjcif;/
rsm;u tu©&mtcRwf
mtcR
mt t,Gif;r&Sdap&ef
wfawmfrsm;udk ausmufqpfynm&SifwdkYu pusifausmufcsyfrsm;

BE
à pusifausmufccssyfrsm;onf tus,f 3 ay tjrif tjr h 5 ay &Sdjcif;/
à armfuGef;ausmufpmtygt0if ausmufpmc mcsyfpkpkaygif; 730 csyf &Sdjcif;/
à ]urÇrÇmhmhtBuD;qkH;pmtkyfBuD;} [líyif w
wifpm;ac:a0:Mujcif;/
D
1/ yd#uwfaus
ausmufpmrsm;udk ]urÇmhtBuD;qkH;pmtkyfBuD;} [k ac:wGif&jcif;taMumif;udk
wijyyg/
w
aqG;aEG;wif
83
2/ tcef; (2) rEÅav;,Ofaus;rItarGtESpf oifcef;pmwGif oif,cl o

hJ nfh taMumif;t&m
rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfyg/
x
Bo
BE
D
84
yHk(1) rif;wkef;rif; (rEÅav;tESpf 150jynfh r*¾Zif;? rEÅav;toif;(&efukef)? 2009)
yHk(2) oDaygrif; (rEÅav;tESpf 150jynfh r*¾Zif;? rEÅav;toif;(&efukef)? 2009)
yHk(3) &wemyHek ef;jrdKUawmf (a'gufwmrdrk o
kd ef?Y ygarmu©? XmerSL;? orkid ;f Xme? &efefuek w
f uúov kd )f
yHk(4) r[mousrm&Zdef (ausmufawmfMuD;bk&m;) (https://www.evivatour.com/wp- evivatour.com/w
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content-uploads/2015) (22-10-2019)
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yHk(5) ausmufxuftu©&myd#uwfawmfrsm;pdkufxl&mtkwfjymom'frsm; (https://upload. s://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common/f/f8/Mandalay_Kuthodawdalay_Kuthodaw
thodaw w)
(22-10-2019)
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1959/ Bo
1/ pnfolarmifarmifausmf? rEÅav;N;NrdKUwnfeef;wnfpmw mwrf;? rEÅEÅav
v;? &wem'DyHyHkESdyfwdkuf?
2/ ewfarmufxGef;&Sdef? 0ifif;awGESifhwnfcJhonfhrif;aejynf? rrEÅÅav;? vif;oefYpmay? 2018/

3/ ewfarmufxGef;&Sde? ef? jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI jrefrmha&S;a[ a[mif; bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;BuD;rsm;?
BE
&efukef? Zif&wempmay?
&wempmay? 2009/
4/ rEÅav;tES tESpf 150jynfh r*¾Zif;? rEÅav;t
v;toif;(&efukef)? 2009/
emyHkbdk;rSwfpk? rEÅav;?? &efukef? ppdwful;csdKcsdKpmtkyfwdkuf? 2009/
wemyH
5/ &wemyH
6/ a&Tuikd ;f om;? tESp1f 00jynfrh EÅav
v;? wwd,tBurd ?f rEÅav;? vlxBk u;D yGm;a&;pmtkyw f ukd ?f
2018/
18/
7 0if;armifif? ]rEÅav;ac
7/ v;acwfAk'ömoem0if}? r[m0dZÆmbGJU,lusrf;? rEÅav; 0dZÆmESifhodyÜH
D
wuúodkvf? o ordkif;Xme? 1978/
85
tcef;(3)
tdE´d,,Ofaus;rI
ed'gef;
à þtcef;wGif tdE´d,ü xGef;um;cJhaom Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI\ AdokumtEkynmvuf
ynmvuf&m
rsm;udk avhvmoif,ledkifrnfjzpfonf/
x
þtcef;acgif;pOfESifhywfoufí oifod&SdNyD;aomtaMumif;t&m
à jrefrmhordkif; yk*H,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfacgif;pOfatmuf
atmufwGifif yk*Hacwf apwDESifh
*lbk&m;rsm;\ Adokumvuf&mESifh Ak'¨½kyfyGm;qif
qif;wkawmfrsm;\ vuf&m[efyefrsm;
à tdE, d´ Edik if w Bo
taMumif;udk avhvmoif,lcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
þtcef;NyD;vQif oifonf atmufygwd

wdkYudkvkyfaqmif
mifEkdifrnf
H iG f xGe;f um;cJaom
yHkESifh Adokumvuf&mrs
n/
ah om Ak',
¨ Ofaus;rI\ *l? apwD? ykx;kd awmfrsm;wnfaqmuf
rsm;udk avhvmamaqG;aEG;Ekdifrnf/
BE
3.1/ Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIaaemuf
emufcHordkif;
tdE´d,wGif bDpD 6 &mpkü Ak'¨bmomxGef;um;cJhonf/ bDpD 566 wGif zGm;jrifaom
od'w ¨ r¦ if;om;onf
m;onf oufawmf 29 ESpt f &G,w f iG f awmxGuí
f 6 ESpMf umw&m;usiBhf uNH y;D aemuf
oAÁnK nKwÓPfawmf&um Ak'¨tjzpfodkY aa&muf&SdcJhonf/
Ak'¨bmomwGif a*gwrAk'¨\ oifMum;qHk;rrIrsm;jzpfonfh opömw&m;av;yg;udk
tajccHonf/ r*¾if&Spfyg;udk oHo&mqif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufEkdifaom enf;vrf;tjzpf
D
,HkMMunf
unfusifhoHk;Muonf Muon/ tdE´d,wGif Ak'¨bmomonf **Fgjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmufESifh tdE´d,
ajrmuf um zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ taomurif;BuD;vufxufwGif tdE´d,
rmufyyddkif;wGifysHUESHUu
awmifyif ydki;f ESifh o
oD&dvuFmwdkifatmif ysHUESHUcJhonf/
86
3.2/ Ak'ömoedutaqmufttHkrsm;
tdE´d,Ak'ömoeduAdokumvuf&mrsm;teuf txif&Sm;qHk;taqmufttHkrsm;rSm
*lb&k m;rsm;ESihf apwD? ykx;kd rsm;jzpfMuonf/ *kyw Ü acwfrwdik rf u D apwDtjyif tjcm;aombmom
a&; taqmufttHkrsm;rSm vdkPf*lwkrsm;yifjzpfonf/ *g,mNrdKUteD;&Sd A&mAmawmif &mAmawm wGif
taomu rif;vufxufu wnfaqmufcJhaom *lESpfckonf awmif xm;aom
mifudkxGif;;xm
xm;ao
av;axmifch ef;raqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;vdP k *f w
l rk sm;onf w&m;a[mr@yf a[mr@yfyfrsm;udk yHpk , H í l
x
aqmufvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ acwfOD;vdkPf*lwkrsm;wGif tvSt yrGrf;rHjcif;r&Sday/
tyrG
acwfOD;vdkPf*lrsufESmpmwGif jrif;rdk&fozG,f Bwd*HyHkxkvkyyffcJh&mrSwpfqifh pBuørsm; sm
tvif;a&mif0if&ef jywif;aygufrsm;udkyg xGif;cJhMuonf onf/ *lteD;wGif oHCmawmfrsm; o oDwif;
oH;k &ef aqmufvyk x
onf/ tZEÅvP
Bo
f m;aom ausmif;ocFr;f rsm;vnf
k *f rl sm;wGif xGi;f xxm;onf

kd *f tl jyif vPf
ESifh vdkPf*laygif; 17 cyg0if
vdP
vnf;&So
xkxm;onfh vSyaom½kyw
ckyg0ifaom bHkabNrdKUteD; t
d nf/ ,if;vdP
bwfe,f\ taemufajrmufbuf&Sd tZEå*l*l (Ajanta Caves)rsm;onf txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfonf/
tZEÅ*ltkyfpkwGif vdkPf*laygif; 27 ck&Sdí? tcsKdUvdkP
eufonf/ vdP
Pff*lrsm;onf twG
;teuf [du
k *f rl sm;teu
twif;odkY aywpf&mtxd
k 'f &m
f rk sm;? eH&aH q;a&; yef;csrD sm;udak wGU&

k *f al ygif; 34 ck yg0ifaom tJv&kd m (Ellora Caves)vdP
t,fvDzifwmuRef; (Elephanta)&Sd vdkPf*l
k *f b
l &k m;
BE
bk&m;rsm;yif jzpfon/ onf
onf/
Ak'ömoed
omoeduapwDrsm;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;\ "mwfawmf? arGawmfrsm; Xmyemí
wnfxm;cJcJhonf/ taomurif;vufxu ufwGif tdE´d,jynftESHYtjym;ü Ak'üdk &nfrSef;NyD;
apwD wDrsm; wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ aapwDrsm;udk aevSef;tkwfrsm;? t*Fawrsm;jzifh rGrf;rH
wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ apwD\x xdyfwGif ausmufom; odkYr[kwf opfom;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom
xD;awmfwyfqifxm;onf/
D
87
x
Bo yHk(1) qefcsDapwD
arm&d,acwfESifh *kyÜyÜwacwfMum;wGif xif&Sm;;aoma;aomapwDrsm;rSm Am;&wfNrdKU? qefcsDNrdKU

BE
ESifh tr&0wDNrdKU&Sd apwD pwDrsm;jzpfonf/ qefcsDapwDudk bDpD 1 &mpkukefcgeD;wGif rkcfav;ck
wyfqifcJhMuonf nf/ rkcf0rsm;udk wHwdkif;rsm;jzifh um&Hxm;onf/ xdkwHwdkif;rsm;wGif
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ;\ Ak'¨0ifjzpfpOfrsm;udk o½kyfazmf
z xm;onfh yef;yk½kyfrsm;ESifh rGrf;rHxm;onf/
tdE´d,ajrmuf
,ajrmufydkif;a'owGif wnfaqm qmuf
q cJhaomapwDrsm;onf ,aeY jrefrmEdkifiHESifh
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiHwdkYwGif awGU&aom xdyfcRefapwDrsdK;jzpfonff/
D
3.3/
.3/ Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;
a&S;tusqHk; AAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk tdE´d,EdkifiH taemufajrmufbuf *E¨m&a'owGif
awGU&onf
onf/ *E¨m&a'orS jynfolrsm;onf taomurif;vufxufrSpwifí Ak'¨bmomodkU
ul;ajymif;cJhMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ taemufOa&myrsm;ESifhvnf; ul;vl;qufqHrI&SdcJhonf/
xdkacwfwGif ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;xkvkyf&eftwGuf ausmufqpfynm&Sif *&dvlrsdK;rsm;udk ac:,l
iSm;&rf;í xkvyk o
f jzifh *E¨m&vuf&m Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfrsm;\ toGiof P²mefonf *&dqefonf/
88
½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;\ rsufESmawmfonf tdE´d,om;rsm;ESifhrwlbJ *&dvlrsdK;wdkU\ ezl;? ESmacgif;?

EIwfcrf;wdkUESifh qifwlonf/ qHawmfrSm txufodkUwGefUvdrfaeonf/ ouFef;awmfudk xlxl
0wfxm;ouJhodkY xkvkyfxm;onf/ xkvkyfonfh ausmuftrsdK;tpm;rSm ausmufndK? ausmuf
tjyma&mifwdkYjzpfonf/ *E¨m&vuf&myHkonf tdE´d,wpfjynfvHk;wGifomru w½kwfjynfxd
wdkifatmif jyefYyGm;cJhonf/
x
Bo
BE
yHk(2) *E¨m&v
&vuf&mAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmf
Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm; xkvkyf&mwGif rxk&mvuf&myHkrsm;onf bDpD 1 &mpk tukefu

pwifxGef;um;cJhonf/ *E¨m&ESifh pifNydKifjzpfaom tdE´d,EdkifiHawmifbuf rxk&ma'orS yef;yk
D
q&mwdo Yk nf oJau usmu

ufrsm;jzifh ½kyw
f rk sm;udk xkvyk cf MhJ uonf/ *kyw
Ü acwfrwdik rf D xkvyk af om
rxk&mvuf
&mvuf&m Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;\qHawmfonf c½kywfacGyHkoP²mefjzpfNyD; ouFef;awmfrSm
a&pGwf
wfí u udk,fwGifuyfaebdouJhodkY yg;yg;vSyfvSyfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ yHkoP²mefonf
&iftHkrSm rdkYarmufNyD; us,fjyefYaom ycHk;awmf&Sdum vlwumxufjrwfaom r[myk&do
vu©PmyHktjzpf o½kyfay:atmif xkvkyfEdkifcJhonf/
89
x
Bo
yHk(3) rxk
xk&mvuf&mAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmf (*kyÜwacwf
a )
BE
*kyÜwacwfwG wGif rxk&ma'orSvufrIynm&Sifrsm;onf tvGefvuf&majrmufaom
½kyw
f rk sm;udk xkv
vkyk v
f mMuonf/ txif&mS ;qH;k qif;wk
wawmfrmS yÍö0*¾iD g;OD;udk "r®pMumw&m;awmf
a[mMum;aeaomyH aomyHkjzpfonf/ qif;wkawmf\taetxm;rSm vufudk "r®pMumrkj'myHk jyKvkyf
aeaomyH
xm;í í rsufvTmcsum wifysOfacGxkdifaeawmf
e rlaomyHkjzpfonf/ cE¨mudk,fyHkyef;rSm ao;oG,f
ajyjypfonf/ OD;acgif;awmfaemufwGif a&mifjcnfawmfajcmufo, G f uGejYf rL;ae[ef? ½kyyf mG ;awmf
\eHab;wGif ewfa'0grsm;NcH&Hae[ef xkvkyfxm;onf/
D
90
t"dutcsufrsm;
à tdE´d,wGif Ak'¨bmomxGef;um;cJhjcif;/
à Ak'¨bmomwGif opömw&m;av;yg;udk tajccHjcif;/
à r*¾if&Spfyg;udk oHo&mqif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufEkdifaom enf;vrf;tjzpf ,HkMunf
usifhoHk;jcif;/
x
à taomurif;vufxuf tdE´d,EkdifiHwpf0ef; apwDrsm; wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhjcif;/
à xif&Sm;aom apwDrsm;rSm Am;&wfNrdKU? qefcsDNrdKU ESifh tr&0wDNNrdrdKU&Sd apwDrsm;jzpfjcif;/
Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;xkvkyf&mwGif rxk&mvuf&monf xl;jcm;ajymifajrmufjcif;/
Bo
à
à *E¨m&Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfyHkonf tdE´d,wGifomru w½kwfjynftxda&muf&Sdjcif;/
à *kyÜwacwf "r®pMumw&m;a[maeaomyH omyH
myHkAk'¨qif;wkrSm vuf&mamajymifajjrmufjcif;/
avhusifh&&efefar;cGef;rsm;
1/ acwfv,ftdE´d,wG ,wGif wnfxm;cJhaom Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI
u tarGtESpf *lbk&m;rsm;? apwD
BE
ykxdk;awmfrs rsm;\ Adokumvuf&mrsm;udk yk*HaccwfAk'¨,Ofaus;rIvuf&mrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOf
wifjyyg/
2/ tdEEdd´,EdkifiH&Sd rxk&mvuf&m? *E¨m&vuf
& &mESifh *kyÜwacwfvuf&m Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;
taMumif;tm; a0zefqef;ppf p yg/
D
91
3/ tcef; (3) tdE,

´d ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpf oifcef;pmwGif oif,cl o
hJ nfh taMumif;t&mrsm;
udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfyg/
x
Bo
BE
tcef;(3)ygyHkrsm;\&if
m;\&if;jrpfrsm;
al., The Heritage of World Civilization, Second
yHk(1) qefefccsDsDapwD (Albert M. Craig, Et al.
Edition, New York, Macmi
Macmilla
Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990)
;awmf (https://ancientarthistory.tumblr.com/post/buddha_
ykyHk(2) *E¨m&vuf&mAk'¨½kyfyGm;awm
(1-10-2019)
D
yHk(3) rxk&mvuf&mmAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmf (*kyÜwacwf) (https://em.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/

buddharupa) (1-10-2019)
buddharup
92
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1/ wifarmif&if?OD;? a&S;acwfa[mif;urÇmordkif;?'kwd,wGJ? &efukef? wuúodkvfrsm;
yHkESdyfwdkuf? 1970/
2/ wdkufpdk;? Ak'¨bmomtEkynmed'gef;? &efukef? a&mifpOfatmhzfquf? 2000/
0/
3/ Mehta, J.L., Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Vol-1, 1000-15
1000-1526
000
AD, First Edition, New Delhi, Sterling Publishers Private
te Limited,
d, 1979.
1979
x
4/ Mehta, J.L., Advanced Study in the History of Medieval
dieval Indiaa, Vol-II: Mughal
Empire (1526-1707), First Edition, New Delhi,
hi, Sterling
ng Publishers Private
Priv
Privat
Limited, 1979.
Publication, 1999.
Bo
5/ Sharma,S.P, History of Medieval India
ndiaa ,First Edition, New Del
Delhi, Mohit
BE
D
93
tcef;(4)
ta&SUawmiftm&S,Ofaus;rI
ed'gef;
à þtcef;wGif acwfOD;ESSihfacwfv,f ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oü xGef;um;cJm;cJhaom rrif;
EkdifiHrsm;\ aemufcHordkif;? bmomt,l0g'ESifh ,Ofaus;rItEkynmAdokumqdkif&m
xif&Sm;onhf omoedutaqmufttkHBuD;rsm;taMumif;udk &Sif;vif;oifMum;rnf
jzpfonf/
MMumif;t&m
à tdEd́,,Ofaus;rIacgif;pOfatmufwGif Ak',Of
¨,Ofaus;rIaemufcHorkdif;ESifh Ak'ömmoedu
taqmufttHkrsm;jzpfaom apwD? *lbk&m;rsm;\ AdokumtEkynmvuf nmv &mrsm;
nm
taMumif;udk od&SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/

tmufygwdkYudkvkyfaqmifEkdifrnf/
à ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o&Sd urÇm, Y Ofaus;rItarGtESppf mm&if;0if taqmufttHrk sm;\
xif&Sm;aom tEkynmAdynmAdokumvuf&m tq tqifhtwef;udk od&Sdí jrefrmEkdifiH\
tEkynmAdAok
okumtarGtESpfrsm;udkvnf; twk tw,ljrwfEkd;xdef;odrf;wwfaom tavh
t
tusiiffhaumif;rsm; &&SdapEkdifrnf/
4.1/ aAma&mAka"m (Borobudur)

urÇmay:&Sd Ak'b ¨ momqdik &f mtaqmuf
m ttHrk sm;teuf pdik v
f ifj'mrif;tqufqufEiS hf
jynfolwdkYwnfxm;cJhaom *smAAm;uRef;&Sd aAma&mAka"mapwDawmfrSm tBuD;rm;qkH;jzpfonf/
apwD f ifj'mmbk&ifyÍöye (Pancapana)vufxufwiG f pwifwnfaqmufco
pwDawmfBu;D udk pdik v hJ nf/
aAma&mAk
&mAka"monf pdkifvifj'mrif;qufwpfavQmuf wnfaqmufcJhorQaom taqmufttkH
ma&mAk
wdtYk euf
uf tcrf;em;qk;H jzpfonf/ apwDawmf\MunfnKd z, G f Adou
k mESifh yef;warmhvuf&mrsm;
aMumihfvnf; *kPfowif;ausmfapmonf/ aAma&mAka"mapwDonf wpfcsdefu rwå&rf
jynfaxmifxGef;um;cJh&ma'ojzpfonhf *smAm;uRef;tv,fydkif;? a*smh*sumwmNrdKU taemuf
ajrmufbufrdkif 20 tuGmwGif wnf&Sdonf/
94
x
Bo
yHk(1) aAma&mAka"mapwDaawmf
wmfBuD;tm; ,aeYacwfwGif awG
awUjrif&ykH
aAma&mAka"monf obm0awmifukef;BuD;wpfckudk aausmufwkH;ausmufcJBuD;rsm;ESifh

ikHíwnfaqmufxm;NyD NyD; ypö,mtqifhqifh&Sdaom apwD
apwawmfBuD;jzpfonf/ apwDawmf\
BE
AdokumESihfyef;warmh armhvuf&mrsm;t& 7 &mpktu ukef8&mpkqef;pwGif wnfaqmufcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ aAma&m\t"d
Ama&m\t"dyÜm,frSm ausmif;awmfBuD;jzpfNyD;? Aka"mrSmapwDawmfBuD;\ awmif
buf&Sd &Gmuav;\trnf
muav;\trnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMu Mumihf aAma&mAka"mrSm Aka"m&Gmausmif;awmfBuD;[k
t"d"dyÜyÜm,f&onf/
aAma&mAk
aAAma&mAka"mapwDawmfudk rD;awmifausmufrsm;jzihf aqmufvkyfxm;onf/ apwD
awmf\ykHpHrSm tdE´d,EkdifiH&SdapwDawmfrsm;udk twk,lwnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfNyD; *smAm;
D
tEkynmvuf&mrsm;jziihf rGrf;rHxm;onf/ apwDawmfudk av;axmihfykHyEéufay:ü wnfxm;

NyD; zdeyfawmfrStxufodkY ypö,mig;qihfwufoGm;onf/ ypö,mtqihfrsm;rSm xyfwGefY
pwk&ef
&ef;ykHrsm;;jzpfMuNyD; ypö,mtqihfwdkif;wGif apwDi,frsm;wnfaqmufxm;onf/ txuf
qkH;aomypö,may:wGif wpfqihfay:wpfqihf acgif;avmif;ykHjrihfwufoGm;aom Munff0ef;
(puf0dkif;ykHypö,m) okH;qihf&Sdonf/ Munf0ef;wdkYywfvnfwGifvnf; apwDi,frsm; wnfxm;
onf/ pkpkaygif; apwD 72 ql &Sdonf/ apwDawmfrsm;twGif;ü Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm; xnhfoGif;
95
xm;onf/ ypö,mtqihq f ihwf iG f apwDi,frsm; pDumpOfumwnfxm;onf/ txufq;Hk ypö,m\

tv,fA[dkwGif ÓPfawmf ay 150 &Sdaom BuD;rm;onfh apwDwpfqlwnfxm;onf/
apwDawmfü oydwaf rSmuf? iSuaf ysmzl;? xD;wdyYk g&So d nf/ tmvdeif g;qih&f o dS nhf apwDawmfBu;D \
vkH;awmfywfvnfwGif pkpkaygif; 3 rdkifcefY&Snfonfh pBuøvrf;rsm;&Sdonf/ pBuøvrf vrf;wpfzuf
wpfcsuf&Sd ausmufom;wdkYay:wGif yef;warmhvuf&mrsm;jzihf xkvkyfxm;aom pOfhuGif;
ausmufcsyfrsm;jzihf r[m,met,l0g'qdkif&mZmwfuGufwdkYudk o½kyfazmf azmfxm;onf
onf/ rlvu
x
pOfhuGif;ausmufcsyfaygif; 2000 ceYf &SdcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg ausmuf usmufcsyfa& 1300 cefYom
usef&Sdawmhonf/ apwDawmfBuD;\ tmvdefig;qihfwGif rkcfuyfrsm;&SdNyD; ,if;rkcfuyfrsm;xJwGif
vlwpfudk,feD;yg;t&G,f&Sdaom Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm; &Sdon/ nf/
Bo
apwDawmfBuD;\tay:qkH;ypö,meH&HwGif pOfhuGif;ESpfwef;&Sdonf/ tay:w
bk&m;avmif;ewfom;b0rSpí bk&m;jzpfNyD; "r®pMumw&m;awmfudk aa[majy
½kyfvkH;azmfxm;aompOfhuGif;rsm;&Sdonf/ atmufbufw
atmif azmfjyaom½ky<f ursm;? i&Jcef;tzkzH u
wefef;wGif uH? uH\t
Hk kd ay:vGiaf tmifxv k yk x
,if;o½kyfazmf½kyf<ursm;onf pmrwwfolwdkYtwGuf Ak'¨\tqkH;trudk vsifjrefpGmem,lEdkif
atmif o½kyfazmfxm;onf n//
f m;
m;a
tay:wef;wGif
a[majymonftxd
tusKd;udk ay:vGif
m;aom ½ky<f ursm;&So
d nf/
BE
ypö,mig;qihwnf f nfaqmufxm;jcif;aMumihf apwDawmfBu;D onf aumif;uifojYkd rihw
w f uf
oGm;ra,mif xifif&onf/ odkYaomf MMunf unf0ef;okH;qih qiffwnfaqmufxm;ykHrSm apwDawmfBuD;tm;
atmufajcwGifjyeYfum;NyD; tv,fodkY wjznf;jz jznf;pkpnf;onhfykHpH jzpfaponf/ ypö,mig;qihf
wGif pkvvpfpfrGrf;cRef? ½kyfvkH;rsm;jzihf wefqmqif m xm;onf/ Munf0ef;okH;qihfwGifrl wefqmqifrI
vk;H 0r&Sad y/ oHo&mudk &nfneT ;f vdí k t0dik ;f ykaH pwDrsm;wnfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ wefqmtrsK;d rsK;d
qifxm;aom ypö,mig;qihfonf avmuDpnf;pdrfwdkYudk &nfñTef;wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpf
D
onf/f apwDawmfwpfqv l ;Hk udk NcKH iaHk vhvmvQif *smAm;ü r[m,meAk'b ¨ momxGe;f um;vmyku H kd
wGUjrifedkifrnfjzpfon
awG nf/
apwD
wDaw wmfBuD;&Sd ½kyf<u½kyfvkH;wdkY\ xkvkyf[efwdkYrSm tdEd´,EdkifiHwGif xGef;um;cJhonhf
*kyÜwacwfvuf&mqefonf[k ynm&SifwdkYu ,lqMuonf/ pdkifvifj'macwf*smAm;uRef;
tEkynmESihf Adokumynm&SifwdkYonf tdEd´,tEkvuf&mwdkYudk twk,lí aqmufvkyfcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
96
x
odkYaomf tdE´d,tEk
Bo
yHk(2) aAma&mAk
ma&mAka"m&Sd pOfhuGif;ausmufcsyfwpfpck
,tEkynmudk wdkuf½kdufykHwlul;jc jcif;r[kwfbJ Xmae,Ofaus;rIESihf

BE
qDavsmaf tmif ajjymif;vJvufccH jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ ,if;u
udMk unhíf ta&SUawmiftm&SEidk if rH sm;onf
tdEd´,\ ,OfOfaus;rItEkAdokumvuf&mwdkYudk wdkif;&if;ykH aygufatmif rnfodkYarG;pm;,lcJh
aMumif; odjrifem;vnfEikd rf nf/ aAma&mAka"mapwDawmfBu;D udk urÇmu h v
k or*¾\ ,leufpudk
tzGzGJUu
Uu 1991 ckESpfwGif urÇmh,Ofau us;rItarGtESpftjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhonf/
t"dutcsufrsm;
D
à a*smh*sumw
sumwmNrdKUteD;&Sd aAma&mAka"mapwDawmfBuD;rSm tcrf;em;qkH;ESihf tHhMozG,f
sumwm
taumif
aum ;qkH; Ak'¨bmomqdkif&mapwDawmfBuD;jzpfjcif;/
à tdE,
d´ ykpH u
H kd twk,u
l m wdik ;f &if;ykaH ygufatmif rGr;f rHxm;aom ypö,mtqihq
f ih&f adS om
apwDawmfBuD;jzpfjcif;/
97
à apwDawmf&Sd o½kyfazmfpOfhuGif;rsm;onf pmrwwfolwdkYtwGuf Ak'¨\tqkH;trudk

vsifjrefpGmem,lEdkifatmif o½kyfazmfxm;jcif;/
à apwDawmfwpfqv l ;Hk udk NcKiH aHk vhvmvQif *smAm;ü r[m,meAk'b
¨ momxGe;f um;vmyk
;v u H kd
awGUjrifEdkifjcif;/
à 1991 ckESpfwGif aAma&mAka"mapwDawmfBuD;udk urÇmhukvor*¾,leuf eufpudktzGJUBuD;u
urÇmh,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpftjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhjcif;/
x
avhusifh&efar;cGef;
Bo
1/ aAma&mAka"mapwDawmf\ BuD;us,fcrf;em;aom
om Adokumvuf&mrsm;udk aqG
a ;aEG;
wifjyyg/
4.2/ tefaum0wf (Angkor Wat)

acwfaESmif; crmxD;eef;udk qufcHaomrif;rsm;teuf 'kwd,ol&d,0g&refrif;
(1113-1150 ceY)f rSm wefc;kd tBBu;D qk;H ESiS fh txif&mS ;qk;H rif;jzpfon nf/ xdrk if;onf crmxD;eef;
udk vk,ltkyfpdk;cJhNyD; tiftm;qk
tm;qkwf,kwfaeaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;udk odrf;ydkufum e,fajr
BE
!# $ %+
'kwd,ol&d,0g&ref &refrif;onf at'D 12 &mpktw wGif;wGif tefaum0wfausmif;awmfBuD;udk
wnfxm;cJhonf onf/ ESpfaygif; 50 cefYMumrSNyD;pD;onf[k tqdk&Sdonf/ rlvu AdóEkd;ewfrif;
tm; &nf nfppl;l íwnfxm;cJjh cif;jzpfaomfvnf; owårZ,0g&refrif;vufxufoaYkd &mufaomtcg
Ak'¨'ömoedutaqmufttHktjzpf aajymif;vJowfrSwfcJhonf/
tefaum0wf 0wfausmif;aw awmfBuD;onf a&S;crmvlrsdK;rsm;\ AdokumESihf tEkynmvuf&m
D
rssm; BuD;us,fcrf;em;rIudkazzmfjyaeaom a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHkBuD;jzpfonf/ crmwdkYonf

taqmufqmufttHkaqm qmufvkyf&mwGif ausmufwkH;ausmufcJrsm;udk Ekdifeif;pGm tokH;jyKvmEdkifMu
qmu
ojzihf xdak cwfwiG f crmwd\ Yk Adou k mynmonf txGwt f xdyo f Ykd a&mufco hJ nf/ ausmif;awmf
BuD;wpfckvkH;udk tkwf? t*FawwdkYjzihf wnfaqmufjcif;rjyKbJ oJausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;jzifhom
aqmufvkyfxm;onf/ rlvu tcsKdUtpdwftydkif;wdkYudk opfjzihfaqmufvkyfcJhonf[k ,lq&
aomfvnf; ,cktcgrawGU&awmhay/
98
x
Bo
yHk(3) tefaum0wf
wf ausmif;awmfmfBuD;udk ,aeYawGU&yk
tefaum0wfausmif;awmfBuD;onf wnfaqmufol 'g,

aoemywdwdkY\*locsKØif;vnf ;vnf;jzpfonf[k ,lqMu
& H
'g,umbk&ifrif;jrwfESihf rSL;rwf
Muonf/ tefaum0wfausmif;awmfBuD;\
BE
y&d0kPfonf pwk&&efef; 1 rdkifausmfceYf&Sdonf/ udkuf 250 cefYus,faom usKH;jzihf av;zuf
av;wef 0ef;&H ;&Hxm;onf/ usKH;udkjzwfausmf&ef e*g;½kyfrsm;jzihf wefqmqifxm;aom
ausmufw wHHwm;&Sdonf/ ausmif;awmfudk r[m&Hr[ wHwdkif;jzihfum&Hxm;onf/ r[m&HwHwdkif;\
av;rsuf
rsufESmvkH;ü rkcfaygufwpfckpD&Sdonf/ taemufrkcfudk jymó'faqmifrsm;jzihf crf;crf;
em;em; rGrf;rHxm;onf/
ausmufufwdki fvkH; rsm;jzih
rsm; f axmuf y ih f x m;aom jymom'f o k H ; aqmif & S d NyD ; tv,f
D
taqmifrESihf ab; ab;ESpfzuf&Sd taqmifi,fESpfckudk apmif;wef;rsm;jzihf qufoG,fxm;onf/

aus
usmif;awmfBuD;\ \yEéufykHonf t&yfav;rsufESmESihftnD av;axmihfpyfpyfjzpfonf/ ypö,m
\y
okH;qihf&Sdí wwwd,ypö,mrS txufodkY½SL;íwufoGm;NyD; xdyfaxmihfav;axmihfwGif
jymom'faqmifwpfaqmifpD&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkY\tv,fA[dkwGif jymom'faqmifrBuD;&Sdonf/
aqmifrBu;D ESifh axmihaf v;axmihrf S taqmifrsm;udk ewfvrf;? wefaqmif;? ewfavSum;wdjYk zihf
qufoG,fxm;onf/
99
ausmif;awmfBu;D udw k nfxm;ykrH mS a&S;crmwd\ Yk t,ltqt& pMu0Vmwnfaeykt H wdik ;f

jzpfonf/ ausmif;awmfBuD;udk usKH;ESihf r[m&HwHwdkif; ywfvnf0dkif;vsuf&Sdjcif;onf pMu0Vm
Bu;D udk awmifpOfawmifwef;rsm;? ork'&´ mrsm;u 0dik ;f &Haeonfukd o½kyaf zmfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
jrif;rd&k af wmif\txGwrf sm;udk o½kyaf zmfaom jymom'faqmifrsm;tjyif ae? v? eu©ww f mm&m
rsm;udk o½kyfazmfxm;onhf prkcfaqmifrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/
wefaqmif;twGi;f pBuv ø rf;\eH&rH sm;ü jA[®m? oD0? AdóEd;k ewf wfrif;Bu;D wdEYk iS fh pyfvsO;f
x
aom Zmwf? edygwfrsm;? &mrm,e? r[mbm&wuAsmrsm;rS xkwfEEkkwfcsufrsm;? i&Jcef;? bkHcef;
rsm;wdu Yk kd ½ky<f ursm;jzihf o½kyaf zmfxm;onf/ oJausmufay:ü ykaH zmfxi;xk iG ;f xkxm;onhf ½ky<f uwdYk
jzihf wefqmqifxm;aom pBuøvrf;rSm rdkif0ufceYf&Snvsm;NyD nfvsm;NyD
vsm;NyD; vlt&G,frQ&Sdaom vl½kyfESihf
ynm&SifwdkYu ,lqMuonf/
Bo
ewf½kyfaygif; 1750 ceYfrQ &Sdonf/ ½kyf<uwdkYrSm xkvkyfykHapmufreufaomfvnf; aa&S;tD*spf?
tqD;&D;,m;ESifh *&dacwfww Ykd iG f xkvyk cf ahJ om½k½kyfy<f ursm;xuf tEkynmvu
nmvuf&majrmufonf[k
BE
D
yHk(4) &mrm,eZmwfuGuf o½kyfazmfxm;onhf½kyf<u
tefaum0wfausmif;awmfBu;D \'g,um 'kw, d ol&,

d 0g&refrif;\ ykw
H ½l yk <f uESpu
f u
G f
udkvnf;awGU&NyD; AdóEdk;ewfrif;tjzpf o½kyfazmfxm;onf/ tcsKdU½kyf<ursm;wGif 'kwd,
ol&d,0g&refrif;vufxufu crmjynfolwdkY\aeYpOfoGm;vmaexdkifykHwdkYudk o½kyfazmfxm;
100
onf/ ½ky<f uwdw Yk iG f 0wfqifxm;aom tqifwefqmwdu Yk kd avhvmí xdak cwfcrmjynfowl \

Ykd
qif,ifxkH;zGJUrIudk cefYrSef;od&SdEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumihf tefaum0wfausmif;awmfBuD;udk a&S;acwf
crmjynfolwdkY\vlaerIb0ordkif;udk azmfxkwfjyoaeonhfjywdkufBuD;[kyif wifpm;Ekdifonf/
tefaum0wfausmif;awmfBuD;tygt0if tefaumNrdKUa[mif;udk ,leufpudktzG tzGJUBuD;u urÇmh
,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpftjzpf 19 azazmf0g&D 1995 ckESpfwGif owfrSwfcJcJhonf/
x
t"dutcsufrsm;
tefaum0wfausmif;awmfBuD;onf a&S;crmvlrsKd rsKd;rsm;\ AdokumESifh tEkynmvnmvu

nmvuf&m
Bo
à
rsm; BuD;us,fcrf;em;rIudk azmfjyaeaom a&S;a[mif;taqmufttHkjzpfjcif;/
à rlvu AdóEkd;ewfrif;tm;&nfpl;í wnfxm;cJhjcif;jzpfaomfvn nf; ow
owårZ,0g&ref
rif;vufxufoYkd a&mufaomtcg Ak'o ¨ moedutaqmufttHt k jzpf ajymif;vJowfrw S f
cJhjcif;/
à ausmif;awmfBuD;udk wnfxm;ykHrSm a&S;crmwdkY\t,ltqt& pMu0VmwnfaeykH
twdkif; jzpfjcif;/
BE
à jrif;rdk&fawmifi\txG
if\txGwfrsm;udk o½kyfazmfaomjymom'faqmifrsm;tjyif ae? v? eu©wf?
wm&mrsmm;ud;udk o½kyfazmfxm;onhf prkcfaqmif
q rsm;vnf;&Sdjcif;/
à ,leuf
eufpudt k zGUJ Bu;D u urÇm,
h Ofaus;rItarGtESpS t
f jzpf 19 azazmf0g&D 1995 ckEpS w
f iG f
owfrSwfcJhjcif;/
D
aavhusifh&efar;cGef;
1/ tefaum0wf
um0 ausmif;awmfBuD;\ AdokumtEkynmvuf&mrsm; crf;em;ykHudk aqG;aEG;
wifjyyg/
101
4.3/ t,k'¨, (Ayuthia)

. = $>@C> % W] >
,kHMunfrIESifh tEkynmbufwGif aomuúwJü xGef;um;aeaom Ak'¨0g'ESihf tEkynmvuf&m
wdkYudk twk,lcJhMuonf/ Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfudk xkvkyf&mwGif aomuúwJ[eftwdkifif; xkvkyfMu
onf/ aomuúwJ[efrSm oD[dkVfrSqufcH&&Sdjcif;jzpfNyD; aysmhaysmif;oG,fvsrIr&Sr&SdbJ awmif
mifhwif;
cdkifrmrIESihf vkH;0ef;rIudk ay:vGifatmifxkvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkacwf wfqif;wkawmfrsmsm;\
x
xl;jcm;csurf mS qHx;Hk ay:wGif a&mifvQyH g&Sad ejcif;jzpfonf/ t,k',tEk
,
¨ tEkynmvuf
vuf&mrsm;onf
13 &mpkcefUrS pwifxGef;um;cJhonf/
Bo
BE
yHk(5) t,k'¨,&Sd Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfwpfql
t,k'¨,wGifay:xGef;cJhaom Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfxkvkyfonhf ynmonfwdkYonf acwfOD;

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102
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r[mowf[ [llaom a0g[m&rSm ]jrihfjrwfaom o "mwfawmf? arGawmf}[k t"dyÜm,f&NyD;
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103
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yHk(6) 0wfavmu,qkom&Sd avsmif;awmf
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104
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BE
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106
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ta
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107
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bk&m;tjzpfvnf;xif&Sm;NyD; a[G;NrdKUawmf\ qGJaqmifrIt&SdqkH;ESihihf a&S;tusqk usqkH;bk&m;
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(King Thieu Tri)u 1844 ckESpfwGif wnfcJhonf/ AD,uferf\ tjrifhqHk;aomarQmfpifjzpfNyD;
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,ifzl;csL (King Nguy
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à
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11 'DZifbm 19933 ckESpfwGif ,leufpudkrS a[G;NrdKUudk urÇmh,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfa'o
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109
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110
yHk(1) aAma&mAka"mapwDawmfBuD;tm;,aeYacwfwGifawGUjrif&yHk (https://en.wikipedia.org)
(6-2-2019)
yHk(2) aAma&mAka"m&SdpOfhuGif;ausmufcsyfwpfck (https://what-buddha-said.net/Borobudur)
et/Boro
(9-2-2019)
yHk(3) tefaum0wfausmif;awmfMuD;udk,aeYawGU&ykH (https://ak3.picdn.net/shutterstock/
picdn.net/shutterstock/
/shutter
videos) (13-2-2019)
yHk(4) &mrm,eZmwf u G u f o ½k y f a zmf x m;onh f ½ k y f < u (https://i.pinimg.com/originals)
https://i.pinimg.com/originals
pinimg.com/origina
(13-2-2019)
yHk(5) t,k'¨,&SdAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmfwpfql (http://pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/ayuthya)
cdn.co/wp-content/uploads/ayu
(15-2-2019)
yHk(6) 0wfavmu,qkom&Sd avsmif;awmfrlAk'¨½kyfyGmm;awmf u; (https:/
;awmfBuD (https://www.wat-lokaya-
ttps
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(17-2
yHk(7) {u&mZfeef;awmf (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/
tps://upload.wikimedia.org/wik
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ity_Vietnam_%2838834
Hue_Emperor_city_Vietnam_%2838834320914%29.jpg) (30-8-2019)
yHk(8) wm;jrpf x m;aom c&rf ; a&mif e ef ; awmf (h
((https://previews.agefotostock.com/
ewimage/medibigoff/bbc192
ewimage/medibigoff/bbc192a
previewimage/medibigoff/bbc192ad66fa2aee0ed1d0466730567f/ssb-442-
305.jpg) (30-8-2019)
6305.jpg)
yHk(9)) cdkif'ifbk&ifh*l (https://upload
(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/
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(30-8-2019)
-201
yHk(10) oD,efrlb m
bkk&m; ! "#
(30-8-2019)
(30-8-20
yHk(11) k ifiarQmfpif&dS aMu;acgif;avmif; ! $ & '*'+ ',;<=>;=,*?
1) zk''k,
c12807f8dc_b.jpg) (30-8-2019)
111
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1/ odef;vdIif?OD;? ta&SUawmiftm&S? &efukef? *VKef-e*g;yHkESdyfwdkuf? 1980/
2/ Chapman,William, A Heritage of Ruins: The Ancient Sites of Southeast Asia and
Their Conservation, Hawaii, University of Hawaii, 2013.
3/ Tarling, Nicholas, Ed., The Cambridge History of Southeast
st Asia, from
rom Early
Earl
time to C. 1800, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
x
4/ Pearn, B.R., An Introduction to the History of Southeast
theast Asia, Kuala
uala Lumpur,
Longmans of Malaya Ltd., 1963.
Bo
BE
D
112

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