G10text Socialscience

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uyÜvyD ifv,ftwGi;f odYk jrpfcrJG sm;pGm pD;0if onf/
csif;wGif;jrpfonf {&m0wDjrpf\ tBuD;qHk;jrpf
vufwufwpfcjk zpfNy;D {&m0wD-csi;f wGi;f jrpfpOfpk
ESifh ppfawmif;jrpfpOfpkwdkYonfjrefrmEdkifiHtv,f
ydkif; csKdifh0Srf;twGif; pD;qif;aeMuonf/
w½kwfEdkifiHrS pD;qif;vmaom oHvGifjrpf
onf jrefrmEdkifiHta&SUbufukef;jrifha'oudk
jzwfoef;NyD; rkwårauGUtwGif;odkY pD;0ifonf/
r
&cdkifurf;½dk;wef;ajrmufbufydkif;&Sd jrpfrsm;onf onf n

py
ajrmufrSawmifodkYpD;qif;NyD; awmifbufydkif;&Sd
Co
acsmif;rsm;onf ta&SUrStaemufodkY pDp;q p;;qiff;í

b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGi;f pD;0ifonf/ weoFm
X
BO
&Durf;½d;k wef;&Sd jrpf? acsmif;rsm;onf m;onf t trsm;tm;jzifh

urf;½d;k wef;awmifwef;rs ;rsm;ESiifhf t
tNyKd ipf ;D qif;aeNy;D yHk (1.3) jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jrpfrsm;
BE
uyÜvyD ifv,ftwGi;f pD;0ifMuonf/ jrefrmEdik if H

D
ESihf tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rs

rH sm;t
;tMum; e,ferd w d jf rpftjzpf pD;qif;aeaom jrpfrsm;rSm ewfjrpf? rJacgifjrpf?
oHvGifjrpf? aomif&if;jrpfESifh ygcsefjrpfwdkYjzpfonf/
1.2.3 &moDOwk
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tdE´d,ork'´&mESifh xdpyfaeonfh tm&Swdkufta&SUawmifydkif;wGif
wnf&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh &moDtvdkufwdkufcwfonfh rkwfokHavrsm;\ jyKjyifrIudk cH&onf/
jrefrmEdik if o H nf a,bk,stm;jzifh tylyikd ;f rkwof &Hk moDOwk &&So
d nf/ awmifajrmuf&n
S v
f sm;aom
Edik if jH zpfí &moDOwktrsK;d tpm;pHvk ifNy;D ajrrsuEf mS jyiftaetxm;t&vnf; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom
&moDOwkrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/
6
&moDOwkqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;rSm
(1) Owktvkduf ajymif;vJjzpfay:aom avzdtm;ESifh wdkufav
(2) tylcsdeftajctae
(3) rdk;&GmoGef;rItajctaewdkY jzpfonf/
&moDOwktrsKd;tpm;rsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH\&moDOwkrsm;udka,bk,s
tm;jzif h tyl y d k i f ; rk w f o k H & moD O wk r sm;[k
owfrw S of nf/ odaYk omf awmifajrmuf&n S vf sm;
aomyH k o P² m ef & S d j cif ; ? ajrrsuf E S m oG i f j yif
tedrthf jrifrh sm;jcif;? awmifwef;rsm;oG,w f ef;yHk
taetxm;? yifv,fESifhteD;ta0;? &moD
tvduk af vaMumif;rsm; ajymif;vJwu kd cf wfjcif;?
avzdtm;&yf0ef;ESifh rkefwkdif;rsm;aMumifh &moD
i
yr
OwktrsKd;tpm;rsm;pGmudk atmufygtwd wdkiiff;

op
awGU&Sd&onf/
-C
(1) tylydkif;rkwfoHk&moDOwk
(2) tylydkif;qAm;em;&moDOwk Owk
X
BO
(3) tylydkif;pwufjrufcif cif;&moDOwk

(4) tylavsmhydkif; rkwfoHk&mo &moDOwk
BE
(5) tylavsmhydydkif; ukef;jrifh&moDOwk

D
(6) ukef;jrifh&moD oDOw wk wdkYjzpfonf/

(1) tylydkif;rkwfoHk&moDOwk
tylydkif;rkwfoHk&moDOwkudk jrefrmEdkifiH
\ yifv,fESifhxdpyfaeaom &cdkif? {&m0wDESifh
weoF m &D u rf ; ½d k ; wef ; rsm;wG i f a wG U &onf / yHk (1.4) jrefrmEdkifiH\&moDOwk&yf0ef;rsm;
wpfESpf ywfvHk; tylcsdefrsm;NyD; ESpfpOfrdk;a&csdef
2000 rS 3000 rDvDrDwmausmf &&Sdonf/
7
(2) tylydkif;qAm;em;&moDOwk
tylyikd ;f qAm;em;&moDOwkonf wpfEpS yf wfv;kH tylcsed jf rifrh m;í ESppf Ofr;kd a&csed f 1000
rS 2000 rDvDrDwmMum; &GmoGef;NyD; tylydkif;pwufjrufcif;ESifh tylavsmhydkif;rkwfokH &moDOwk
tMum; {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;vGifjyif tedrfhydkif;a'orsm;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ aqmif;wGif ydkat;í
tylcsdefuGmjcm;csufrsm;onf/
(3) tylydkif;pwufjrufcif;&moDOwk
tylydkif;pwufjrufcif;&moDOwkonf wpfESpfywfvHk; tylcsdefjrifhNyD; ESpfpOfrdk;a&csdef
1000 rDvDrDwmatmuf&&Sdonfh {&m0wDjrpfESifh csif;wGif;jrpfqHk&m jrefermEk
rmE
rmEkdifiHtv,fykdif;
d
ajredrfhvGifjyifa'owGif awGU&onf/ ajcmufaoGUcsdef ydkrsm;onf/
te
ec
(4) tylavsmhydkif;rkwfokH&moDOwk
ot
tylavsmyh ikd ;f rkwof &Hk moDOwkukd uke;f jrifah 'oESihf jrrefefrmEdik if aH jrmufyikd ;f a'o trsm;pk
Pr
wGifawGUEkdifNyD; tylcsdefavsmhenf;í ESpfpOfrdk;a&csdef 2000
000 rDvDrDwmcefY&&Sdonf/
ht
ig
(5) tylavsmhydkif;ukef;jrifh&moDOwk
yr
tylavsmhydkif;ukef;jrifh&moDOwkudk tvGefjrifhao
om awmifwef;rsm;&Sd&mtydkif;wGif awGU
op
&NyD; tylcsdefavsmhenf;onf/ ESpfpOfrdk;a&csd

&csdef 20
2000 rS 3000 rDvDrDwmMum; &&Sdonf/
-C
(6) ukef;jrifh&moDOwk
X
ukef;jrifh&moDOwkud udk jrefrmEdkifiHajrmufzsm; ucsifjynfe,f&Sd tjrifhrDwm 3000 ausmf

BO
&Sdonfh awmifxdyfrsm;&S&d&Sd&mt
mtyd
tydydkif;wGifawGU&NyD; wpfESpfywfvHk; a&cJqD;ESif;rsm; zkH;vTrf;aeonfh
BE
tydkif; jzpfonf/
D
1.2.4 obm0aygufyif
jrefrmEdkifiH\ obm0aygufyifonf opfawmtrsKd;rsKd;jzpfNyD; us,fjyefYaom jrufcif;
r&Sday/ opfawmrsm;onf ajrrsufESmjyif tedrfhtjrifh? tylcsdef? rdk;a&csdefESifh ajrqDvTm
tajctaeudkvdkufí uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh rDwm 1000 uGefwkdrsOf;jzifh
tylykdif;opfawmrsm;ESifh orykdif;awmifay:opfawmrsm;ukd ydkif;jcm;Ekdifonf/
rk;d a&csed Ef iS hf ajrqDvmT tajctaetay:rlwnfí opfawmtrsKd ;tpm;uGjJ ym;rI &So
d nf/
jrefrmEkid if w H iG f a'otvku d af ygufa&mufaom obm0aygufyif trsK;d tpm;rsm;ukd atmufyg
twkdif; cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/
8
(1) 'Da&awmrsm;
{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:? &ckdif? weoFm&D
urf;½k;d wef;wpfavQmufwiG f awGUEkid o f nf/ 'Da&
awmrsm;ukd 3 rsK;d cGEJ idk o
f nf/ tedryhf ikd ;f 'Da&awm
rsm;udk yifv,fa&ief0ifaom jrpfacsmif;rsm;
'Da&uscsdefwiG af y:vmaom &TUH ap;ajrEkrsm;ay:ü
awGU&Ny;D vrk? vrJ?h AsL;ajcaxmuf? "edEiS chf &myifwYdk
t"du aygufa&mufonf/
yifjrif'h aD &awmrsm;udk 'Da&0if jrpfacsmif;
rsm;\ jrpfurf;ESiyhf ifv,fbufoYkd rsuEf mS rlaeaom
urf;ezl;rsm;wGiaf wGU&Ny;D ? uepdak wmrsm;udk a&ief
uepkdawmESifh a&csKduepdkawmrsm;[lí cGJjcm;
EdkifNyD; t"duaygufyifrsm;rSm uepdk? bkdifa'gif;?
opfeDESifh oifaygif;wkdY jzpfonf/
ig
yr
(2) yifv,furf;em;aomifjyifEiS hf oJcaHk wm

op
yifv,fbufodkYrsufESmrlxm;aom aoom oJckH

-C
rsm;ay:wGiaf ygufa&mufNy;D t"duay ayguf

ygug yifrmS
X
yifv,fuAG;D yif jzpfonf/ tjcm;ayguf

m;ayg yifrsm;rSm
BO
oif;0if? yke;f nuf? oifiye

iyyef;? o
oa
oajyESihf uopfyif
yHk (1.5) jrefrmEdkifiH\
BE
rsm;jzpfonf/ obm0aygufyiftrsKd;tpm;rsm;
D
(3) pdrfhawmrsm;
sm;
m;
pdrahf wmrsm;ukd jrpf0uRe;f ay:a&csKd prd ahf wmrsm;? tylyidk ;f jrpf0rS ;f vGijf yif pdrahf wmrsm;ESihf
pkdpGwfaom jrpfacsmif;em;eD; pdrfhawmrsm;[lí cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/ xkdawmrsm;wGif ysOf;r? awmif
o&uf? Budrf? 0g;? ½kH;ESifh teef;yifrsm; aygufa&mufonf/
(4) tNrJpdrf;awmrsm;
tNrJpdrf;awmrsm;udk pdkpGwftylykdif; tNrJpdrf;awmESifh tylykdif;tNrJpdrf;qefawmrsm;[k
ESprf sK;d cGEJ ikd o
f nf/ pdpk w
G t
f ylyikd ;f tNrpJ rd ;f awmrsm;udk ESppf Ofysr;f rQr;kd a&csed f 5000 rDvrD w
D mtxuf&
&Sdonfh weoFm&Dwkdif;a'oBuD;awmifykdif;wGif awGU&onf/ rkd;a&csdef 2000 rDvDrDwmausmfNyD;
9
ajcmufaoGUcsdef&Sdonfha'orsm;wGifvnf; tylydkif;tNrJpdrf;awmrsm; aygufonf/

tylydkif;tNrJpdrf;qefawmrsm;udk ESpfpOfrkd;a&csdef 2000 rDvDrDwmcefY&&SdNyD; ajcmufaoGU
csdefydkrsm;onfha'orsm;wGif awGUEdkifonf/ t"duaygufyifrsm;rSm ysOf;uwkd;? ouFef;? awmif
o&uf? a&wrm? unif? jr&mESifh 0g;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzpfonf/
(5) &Gufjywfa&maESmawmrsm;
&Gufjywfa&maESmawmrsm;udk tjrifhrDwm 1000 atmuf ESpfpOfrdk;a&csdef 1000 rS
2500 rDvD rDwmMum;&&Sad om a'orsm;wGiaf wGU&Ny;D oH;k rsK;d cGEJ ikd o
f nf/ atmuf&u G jf ywfa&mawmpkd
rsm;udk ajredrfhydkif;jrpfacsmif;rsm;teD;wGif awGU&onf/
d
txuf&u G jf ywfa&mawmpdk rsm;udk a&qif;aumif;Ny;D awmifapmif apmifmif;rsm;&Sdonfh yJc;l ½d;k r?
te
&cdkif½dk;r? csif;awmifwef;? oHvGifjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmuf? uom? Aef;armf ;armf
rmf? jrpfBuD;em;a'orsm;ESifh
ec
ot
&Srf;ukef;jyifjrifhtaemufbuftpGef;ydkif;rsm;wGifawGU&onf/
Pr
txuf&u G jf ywfa&mawmajcmuf rsm;udk rk;d a&csed f 1000
000
000 rS 11200 rDvrD w D m Mum;&&Sad om
yJcl;½kd;rtv,fykdif;ESifh ywf0ef;usifa'orsm;wGifawGUEdkifon
ht nf/ t"duaygufyifrsm;rSm uRef;?
ig
ysOf;uwkd;? axmufBuHU? ,rae? wrvef;? ydaawmuf wmuf? ik? tif? tifMuif;? opf&mESifh 0g;rsdK;pkH
yr
wdkYjzpfonf/
op
-C
(6) ajcmufaoGUawmrsm;
ajcmufaoGUawmrsm;udk rk;d a&csed f 1000 rDvrD w D matmuf&&Sad om jrefrmEdik if tH v,fyikd ;f
X
ajcmufaoGU&yf0ef;wGif awGU&S U&SdEdkifNyD; rdk;a&csdefay:rlwnfí ESpfrsKd;cGJEdkifonf/ oef;-'[wfawm

BO
rsm;wGif oef;ESihf '[wf

wfyyififrmS tt"duaygufyifjzpfNy;D &Sm;apmif;? oeyfcg;ESihf tcsKUd ae&mrsm;wGif
BE
0g;yifrsm;vnf; aygufygufonf/
D
ql;csKHawm rsm;;wGif t"duaygufyifrsm;rSm &Sm;apmif;? xaemif;ESifh qD;yifrsm;jzpfNyD;

yg;vTmaomjrufcif;ESifh tjcm;ql;csKHyifrsm;vnf; aygufonf/
(7) tifwkdif;awmrsm;
tifwdkif;awmrsm;udk yifv,fa&rsufESmjyiftxuf tjrifhrDwm 800 atmuf &&Sdaom
a'orsm;wGif awGUEdik of nf/ tifwikd ;f awmjrifrh sm;udk {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f ESihf oHviG jf rpf0rS ;f a'orsm;wGif
awGUEdik o
f nf/ tifwidk ;f qefawmrsm;udk rk;d a&csed f 1200 rDvrD w
D m txuf&&Sad om a'orsm;wGif
awGUEdkifonf/ tifwkdif;csKHawmrsm;udk rkd;a&csdef 600 rS 2000 rDvDrDwmMum;&&Sdaom yJcl;½dk;r
taemufydkif;wGif awGUEkdifonf/ t"duaygufyifrSm tifyifjzpfNyD; tjcm;aygufyifrsm;rSm
10
tifMuif;? opf&m? unif? uRef;? ysOf;uwdk;ESifh 0g;awmrsm;wdkYjzpfonf/
(8) awmifay:orykdif; tNrJpdrf;awmrsm;

awmifay:orykid ;f tNrpJ rd ;f awmrsm;onf tylcsed af vsmeh nf;aom yifv,fa&rsuEf mS jyif
txuftjrifh rDwm 800 rS 4000 Mum;? ESpfpOf ysrf;rQrdk;a&csdef 3000 rDvDrDwm&&Sdonfh
awmifay:a'orsm;wGif aygufonf/
tylavsmhykdif;awmifay:awmrsm;udk &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifha'owGif awGU&NyD; tylavsmhykdif;
pkdpGwfawmifay:awmrsm;udk csif;awmifwef;ESifh &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifha'owdkYü awGU&onf/
t"duaygufyifrsm;rSm xif;&SL;ESifh 0ufopfcsjzpfNyD; opfaumufn§iiff;? avmuf a ,m;? bkdif?
d
opfuyfEG,frsm;? opfcGrsm;ESifh 0g;rsKd;pHkwdkYudkvnf;awGU&onf/
te
orydkif;opfawmrsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufzsm;ykdif; tvGefjrrifhaomawmifwef;rsm;
ec
ot
ay:wGifawGU&NyD; t,fvfykdifcsKHawmrsm;ukd tjrifhrDwm 3700 txuf tx wGif awGU&SdEkdifonf/
Pr
1.2.5 ajrqDvTm
ht
ig
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ae&ma'otvdkuf uf ajrqDvTmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;udk atmufygtwkdif;
yr
uGJjym;pGmawGU&Sd&onf/
op
(1) Ekef;ajr (Fluvisols)

-C
jrefrmEkdifiH tESHYtjym;&S ;&S&Sd jrpf0Srfrf;vGifjyifrsm;? jrpf0uRef;ay:a'orsm;ESifh urf;½dk;wef;

X
a'orsm;wGif trsm;qHk;awGU&onf &on/ pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf ta&;ygaom ajrqDvTm jzpfonf/

BO
pyg;? [if;oD;[if;&GuESufESififh yJrsKd;pHkpdkuf&ef oifhavsmfonf/

BE
(2) v,faajrrsm;
jrrsm; (G
((Gleysols)
D
jrpf0uRefef;aay:a'orsm;? jrpf0Srf;vGifjyifrsm;? urf½dk;wef;vGifjyifESifhcsKdifh0Srf;rsm;wGif

awGU&NyD; pyg;pdkufysKd;&ef toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfonf/ v,fajrudk trsKd;tpm;xyfrHcGJEdkifonf/
xHk;aygufv,fajrrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif; rdk;enf;&yf0ef;a'owGifawGU&NyD; yJrsKd;pHkESifh
[if;oD;[if;&GufpdkufysKd;&ef oifhavsmfonf/
qm;aygufv,fajrrsm;udk 'Da&0ifonfh jrpf0Srf;vGifjyifrsm;wGif awGU&NyD; pyg;? ajryJ?
yJtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh oD;ESHrsKd;pHkudk aqmif;oD;ESHtjzpf pdkufysKd;Edkifonf/
Eke;f a&mv,fajrrsm;udk a&vTr;f vGijf yifrsm;wGif awGUEdik o f nf/ pyg;? qDxu
G o
f ;D ES?H MuEH iS hf
*kefavQmfwdkYudk pdkufysKd;Edkifonf/ v,fajrjymESihf EGaH ygufv,fajrrsm;udk jrefrmEdik if aH tmufyikd ;f
11
a'orsm;wGiaf wGU&Ny;D a&usomG ;csed üf pyg;ESi*hf ek af vQmw f u Ykd kd pduk yf sK;d Edik o
f nf/
EGaH ygufx;kH useaf jrESihf pdrahf jrrsm;udk &Sr;f uke;f jyifjrifEh iS hf jrefrmEdik if t H xufyikd ;f &Sd jrpf0rS ;f
vGifjyifrsm;wGifawGUEdkifNyD; oD;ESHrsKd;pHkpdkufysKd;Edkifonf/ qm;aygufEGHaygufv,fajrrsm;udk
ppfawGvGifjyif? ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;ESifh rGef-weoFm&D urf;½dk;wef;&Sd a'otcsKdUwGifawGU&onf/
(3) *0HEiS hf *0HqefajrqDvmT (Ferralsols)

*0H E S i f h * 0H q ef ajrqD v T m rsm;ud k
yifv,fa&rsufESmjyiftxuf tjrifhrDwm
100 twGif;awGUEdkifNyD; teD&ifhESifh t0g
a&maESmonfh ta&mif&Sdonf/ tylcsdefESifh
rdk;a&csdefrsm;aoma'orsm;wGifawGU&NyD;
a&mfbmyif? qDtkef;ESifh opfoD;O,smOfNcH
pdkufysKd;Edkifonf/
(4) eDndKawmajrESifh0gndKawmajr
(Ferralsols)
p
eDndKawmajrrsm;udk tylydkif; tNrJNrJ

Co
pdrf;awmESifh pdkpGwftylydkif;rkwfoHkawm
wmrsm;
w rsm
rsm;
atmufwGifawGU&NyD; 0gndKawmajrrsm;ud
wmajrrsm; k
X
BO
pdkpGwftylydkif;rkwfoHkawmrsm;atmuf
rsm;atm wGif
awGUEdkifonf/ xdkajrqD qDvTmrsm;onf
rrs opf
BE
awmajr? O,smOfNcHajrESifh ESpf&SnfoD;ESHrsm;

D
pdkufysKd;&efoifhavsmmffonf/
(5) oJukef;awmajrESifh uepdkawmajr

(Arenosol and Fluvisols) yHk (1.6) jrefrmEdkifiH\ajrqDvTmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;
oJukef;awmajrrsm;onf yifv,f
a&jyifESifhurf;ajcMum; oJcHkajrrsm;jzpfNyD; urf;ajctyef;ajzae&mtjzpf toHk;jyKEkdifonf/
uepdkawmajrrsm;udk 'Da&twuftus&Sdonfh &cdkifurf;½dk;wef;? {&m0wD jrpf0uRef;ay:?
weoFm&Durf;½dk;wef;wpfavQmuf&Sd NrdwfuRef;pk\ urf;ajca'orsm;wGif awGUEkdifonf/
12
(6) ajr0goJ0ef;ESifh ajreDoJ0ef; (Nitosols and Vertisols)

ajr0goJ0ef;ajrqDvmT ESihf ajreDo0J ef;ajrqDvmT rsm;udk jrefrmEdik if aH jcmufaoGU&yf0ef;wGif
awGUEdkifNyD; ,moD;ESHrsm;pdkufysKd;&ef oifhavsmfonf/
(7) pe,fajrap; (Vertisols)

jrefrmEdik if t
H v,fyidk ;f ajcmufaoGU&yf0ef;&Sd ajrjyifrnDnmaoma'orsm;ESihf Eke;f ajrrsm;
ay:wGif awGUEdik o f nf/ v,fEiS , hf moD;ESrH sm;pdu
k yf sK;d Ekid Nf y;D a&oGi;f Ekid af omae&mrsm;wGif pyg;ESihf
0goD;ESHrsm; ydkrdkatmifjrifjzpfxGef;onf/
(8) awmifjrifhajreD? awmifjrifhajr0g (Acrisols)
d
te
&Srf;ukef;jyifjrifh\ awmifajcESifhawmifwef;qifajcavQmrsm;wG
vQmrsm;wG
rsm;wGif awmifjrifhajreDESifh
ec
awmifjrifhajr0grsm;udk awGUEdkifonf/ awmifjrifhajreDrsm;onf onf
nf opfoD;O,smOfNcHrsm;? [if;oD;
ot
[if;&Guf? yef;ESifhoD;ESHrsKd;pHkpdkufysKd;&ef oifhavsmfonf/
Pr
ht
(9) awmifjrifhndKa&mifawmajr? awmifjjrif
rififheDndKaw
awmajr
awm (Cambisols)
rig
,if;ajrqDvTmrsm;udk &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifh? ucsif

ucsifjynfe,fESifh u,m;jynfe,fwdkY&Sd tNrJpdrf;
py
opfawmrsm;atmufwGif awGU&onf/
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(10) ajrmufydkif;awmifwef;;ajrrs
;ajr
ajrrsm;?
m; csif;awmifajrrsm; (Cambisols)
m;?
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csi;f awmifwef;wpfpfavQ avQmuf? ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f ajrmufyikd ;f ESihf ucsijf ynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f wdw
Yk iG f
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awGU&NyD; ajrom;zGJUpnf ;rItm;e

n;rI
n; m;enf;í rdk;&moDwGif ajrwdkufpm;rIjzpfyGm;&efvG,fulonf/
jrefrmEdik iHif aH jrmufbufzsm;ydik ;f ü a&cJz;Hk awmifwef;ajrrsm; (Cambisols) udak wGU&onf/
tjcm;ajrqDvT vTmrsm;rSm ykyÜm;a'owGifawGU&aom ykyÜm;awmifajrqDvTm (Andosols) ESifh
tv,fydkif;ajcmuffaoGU&yf0ef;wGif awGU&aom ausmufjzKef;urÇmajr odkYr[kwf ausmufaMu
ajrEkajrqDvTm (Lithosols) rsm;jzpfonf/
13
t"dutcsufrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajrrsufESmoGifjyifudk blrdoufwrf;ESifh ajrjyifvu©Pmrsm;ay:

rlwnfí obm0tydkif;BuD; 4 ydkif; ydkif;jcm;xm;onf/
{&m0wDjrpfonf jrefrmEdkifiH\ ta&;ygqHk;jrpfjzpfonf/
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f &moDOwktrsK;d tpm; pHv
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&moDOwktrsKd;tpm;pHkvifjcif;aMumifh obm0aygufyif trsKd;tpm;vnf;
rsm;jym;onf/
&moDOwktrsKd;tpm;pHkvifNyD; obm0aygufyif uGmjcm;rIudkvdku uí
fí ajr
ajrqDvTm
ed
trsKd;tpm; rsm;pGm&Sdonf/
t
ec
ot
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(1) jrefrmEdik if aH jryHu
k akd &;qGNJ y;D awmifwef;? vGifijf yifEiS hf jrpfpOfprk sm;udk yHak y:wGiaf zmfjyyg/
ht
(2) jrefrmEdkifiHwGifawGU&onfh ajrqDvTmtrsKd mtrsKd;pm;r pm;rsm
pm;rsm;udk azmfjyNyD; pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf
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toHk;0ifaom ajrqDvTmrsm;udk &Siiff;jyyg/

op
(3) jrefrmEdkifiH\ &Gufjywfa&maESESmawm t trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk cGJjcm;azmfjyyg/

-C
X
BO
BE
D
14
1.3 jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajrrsufESmoGifjyifobm0tydkif;BuD;rsm;
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f nf/ xdt
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d
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ig
yHk (1.7) jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajrrsufESmoGifjyif yHk (1.8) ta&SUbufukef;jrifha'o

tydkif;BuD;rsm;
15
jrefrmEdkifiH\ ajrrsufESmoGifjyiftykdif;BuD;rsm;rSm
(1) ta&SUbufukef;jrifha'o
(2) tv,fykdif;csdKifh0Srf;a'o
(3) taemufbufawmifwef;a'oESifh
(4) &ckdifurf;ajrmifa'owkdY jzpfonf/
1.3.1 ta&SUbufukef;jrifha'o
ta&SUbufukef;jrifha'oudk tydkif; 3 ydkif; ydkif;Edkifonf/
ajrmufbufykdif;
d
te
þtydkif;ü ucsifjynfe,fajrmufzsm;ykdif;ESifh ta&SUykdif;&Sdawmif awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm;
ec
yg0ifonf/ þtykdif;onf EkdifiH\tjrifhqkH;tykdif;jzpfNyD; cgumbk umbk
mbkd&mZD (5881 rDwm) ESifh
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*rfvef&mZD (5835 rDwm) wkdYonf tjrifhqkH;awmifxGwfrsm;j m;jzpfon nf/ qD;ESif;rsm; tNrJzkH;vTrf;
Pr
aeaomawmifxw G rf sm;vnf; &So d nf/ {&m0wDjrpfEiS hf oHv
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&SdNyD; awmifwef;rsm;onf ysrf;rQtjrifh rDwm 3300 300
00 ausmf&Sdonf/
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þtykid ;f wGif ajrjyefvY iG jf yif enf;yg;onf

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þtykid ;f \awmifbufwiG f w½kwEkEf ikd if rH S p;

ppD;qif
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xdktydkif;onf ta&S a&SUawmif

awm tm&Sa'owGif qD;ESif;zHk;vTrf;awmifwef;rsm; &Sdonfh
wpfckwnf;aom a'ojzpf ojzpfjcciff;? obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;rIr&Sdao;aom a'ojzpfjcif;
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wdaYk Mumifh obm0tajtajccHc&D;oGm;vkyif ef;rsm;azmfaqmif&ef tajccHaumif;rsm; ydik q f ikd x

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16
xif&Sm;aomxHk;ausmuf*lrSm yif;w,*ljzpfonf/
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rsm;pGm&Sd onf/ &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd xif&Sm;aomtif;av;tkdifonf ajrvTmuRHcsdKifh0Srf;wpfcktwGif;
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usdKif;wkH? armufr,fESifh rkdif;yef ponfhNrdKUrsm;ywf0ef;usifwGif awGU&onf/
oHvGifjrpfESifh tjcm;jrpfacsmif;rsm;onf þa'otwGif;&Sd ajrvTmuRHcsKdifhaMumif;wpf
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w½kwEf ikd if rH pS ;D qif;vmaoma&TvjD rpfEiS hf &Sr;f uke;f jyifjrifah jrmufyikd ;f rS pD;qif ;qif;v vmaomer®wjl rpf
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þtydik ;f onff w½kwEf ikd if ?H vmtdEk ikd if ?H xdii;Ed
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ig
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0ifa&mufoGm;vmEdkifí ta&;ygaoma'ojzpf ojzpfjzpfon nf/

op
awmifbufykdif;
-C
ta&SUbufuek ;f jrifah 'o\

o\ aw awmif
wm bufyidk ;f wGif u&ifjynfe,f? rGejf ynfe,fEiS hf weoFm&D
X
wkid ;f a'oBu;D wkYd yg0ifonf/ þtykid ;f wGif a'geawmifwef;onf tjrifq h ;Hk awmifwef;jzpfonf/
BO
rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f wGif rkwrå awmif

aaw wef;ESihf awmifnKd awmifwef;wkYd wnf&o dS nf/ xif&mS ;aom
BE
awmifrsm;rSm xkH;;aus ausmuf

ausmufawmifrsm;jzpfonfh ZGJuyifESifh ausmufwpfvkH;awmifrsm;jzpfonf/
weoFm&Dawmif mifwef;w wGif jrifhrdk&fvufcwfawmifonf tjrifhqkH;awmifxGwfjzpfonf/ xif&Sm;
D
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vGifjyifrsm;udk awGUEkdifonf/ usdKu©rDteD; pufpJurf;ajcESifh avmif;vkH;NrdKUteD; armif;ruef
urf;ajcwkdYrSm xif&Sm;onf/ urf;½kd;wef;ESifhtNydKifwnf&Sdaom uRef;rsm;ukdvnf; þtykdif;wGif
awGUEkdifonf/ oHvGifjrpf0&Sd bDvl;uRef;onf ajrMoZm<u,f0onfh ajredrfha'ojzpfNyD;
uRef;ay:wGif awmifukef;i,frsm; wnf&Sdonf/ xif&Sm;aomuRef;rsm;rSm xm;0,fNrdKUtaemuf
bufwiG f armif;ruefuRe;f pkrsm;&SNd y;D Nrw
d u
f Re;f pkwiG f rvduRe;f ? uwefuRe;f ? 'k;H uRe;f ? uHarmfuRe;f ?
17
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weoFm&Durf;½dk;wef;&Sd yifv,furf;ajcESifhuRef;rsm;onf ,cktcg obm0tajccH
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jrpfvufwufrsm; pD;qif;aeNy;D oHviG jf rpftwGi;f odYk ta&SUbufrS aomif&if;jrpf? taemufbufrS
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e,fedrdwfjrpfrsm;tjzpf pD;qif;onf/ oHvGifjrpfwGif jrpf0&Sd armfvNrdKifrS uDvdkrDwm 90 cefY
a0;aom a&T*Gef;txd oabFmrsm;oGm;vmEdkifonf/
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avnmjrpfonf awmifraS jrmufopYkd ;qif ;D qif;Ny;D bk

bwjf yif;NrKd UteD;rS yifv,ftwGi;f pD;0if
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onf/ ygcsefjrpfonf jrefrmEdkifiHawmififb bufufqHk;ü&S

ü dNyD; jrpf0wGif aumhaomif;NrdKU&Sdí xdkif;-
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jrefrm e,fedrdwfjrpfjzpfonf/
X
BO
BE
D
18
ajrrsufESmoGifjyif? &moDOwk? obm0aygufyifESifh ajrqDvTmwdkY\ qufET,frI

jynfe,f^wdkif; ajrrsufESmoGifjyif &moDOwk obm0 ajrqDvTm ajr
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ucsifajrmufESifh tvGefjrifhonfh ukef;jrifh&moD ukef;jrifha'o a&cJzHk; awmif,m
ta&SU? awmifwef;rsm; Owk? aygufyif? awmifwef;ajr?
tylavsmhydkif; awmifay: ajrmufydkif;
ukef;jrifh? orydkif; ukef;jrifh?
tylavsmhydkif; tNrJpdrf;awm? awmifjrifh
rkwfokH &Gufjywf ndKa&mifESifh
a&maESmawm eDndKawmajr?
majr
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yr
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jrpf0Srf;vGifjyif? tifwdkif;awm? *0H? *0Hqefajr? ESpf&SnfoD;ESH

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urf;½dk;wef; pdrfhawm? Ekef;ajr? (a&mfbm?

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19
1.3.2 tv,fykdif;csdKifh0Srf;a'o
ta&SUbufuek ;f jrifah 'oBu;D ESit hf aemuf
bufawmifwef;a'oMum;wGif wnf&Sdonf/
oufEkuyfausmufrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;
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twGi;f wGif awmifuek ;f ? awmifwef;rsm; yg0if
aeojzifh ajrjyefv Y iG jf yifrsm;udak wmifbufyikd ;f
üom us,fjyefYpGmawGU&onf/ ucsifjynfe,f
taemufykdif;? ppfukdif;wkdif;a'oBuD;? rEÅav;
wkdif;a'oBuD;? rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;? yJcl;wkdif;
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a'o\ajrmuf z sm;wG i f {&m0wD -
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awmifwef;wkdYjzpfonf/ taemuf u buf

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ZD;jzLawmifwef;rsm;jzpf jzpfMu
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BE
awmifwef;onf *efYa*ga *gaw

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yHk(1.9)tv,fydkif;csKdifh0Srf;a'o
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20
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{&m0wDjrpfonf ucsifjynfe,f jrpfBuD;eem em;NrdKU ajrmufbuf 46 uDvdkrDwmtuGmwGif

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jrpfvufwufrsm;
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a&SUbufrS wmydejf rpf? a&TvjD rpfEiS hf acsmif;rBu;D acsmif;wdYk pD;0ifonf/
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taemufbufrS rdk;aumif ummif;ac

umi acsmif;ESifh rJZmacsmif;wdkY pD;0ifonf/
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bGuBf u;D acsmif;ES

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'kwd,jrpfusOf;udk Aef;armfESifhuomtMum; a&TulNrdKUteD;wGif awGU&onf/ wwd,jrpfusOf;udk
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21
ykord jf rpf? oufu,faomifjrpf? a&G;jrpf? jyefravmhjrpf? jyifpvljrpf? {&m0wDjrpf? bdu k av;jrpf?

zsmyHkjrpf? oH'djrpfESifh wdk;jrpfpaom jrpfcGJ 9 ckjzifh rkwåryifv,fauGUtwGif; pD;0ifonf/
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aygif;qHkNyD; &efukefjrpftjzpf rkwårauGUtwGif;pD;0ifonf/ &efukefjrpftwGif;odkY jrpf0teD;wGif
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qufo, G x f m;onf/ {&m0wDjrpfonf jrpf0rS Aef;armftxd avSoabFmrsm; &moDra&G;oGm;vm
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jrpfzsm;ydkif;udk wEdkif;cjrpf[kac:onf/ {&m0wDjrpfESifhaygif;qHkonf onftxd 1154 uDvdkrDwm
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xif&mS ;aom jrpfvufwufrsm;rSm [krv ® if;NrKd UteD; ta&SUbuf
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csif;wGif;jrpfwGif rdk;&moDü jrpf0rS cEÅD;NrdKUtxd? aaEGESifhaqmif;&moDwGif [kr®vif;NrdKUtxd

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ppfawmif;jrpfon nf aygif;avavmif;acsmif;? qifaoacsmif;ESihf ivdu

k af csmif;wdaYk ygif;qH&k m
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acsmif;ESifh a&Tusifacsmif;wdkYpD;0ifNyD; taemufbufrS qGmacsmif;? caygif;acsmif;? jzL;acsmif;?
uGef;acsmif;ESifh &JEG,facsmif;wdkY pD;0ifonf/
ppfawmif;jrpf0onf jrpf0us,f (acgif;avmif;yHk) jzpfí 'Da&twuftus tvGef
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qufoG,fxm;onf/
22
ajrrsufESmoGifjyif? &moDOwk? obm0aygufyifESifhajrqDvTm qufET,frI

jynfe,f^ ajrrsufESmoGifjyif &moDOwk obm0 ajrqDvTm ajr
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ucsif ukef;jrifh rkwfokH tNrJpdrf;awm? awmifwef;ajr? opfoD;O,smOf?
&Gufjywf eDndK v,f(pyg;)
a&maESmawm awmajr?
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yJcl;ta&SU jrpf0uRef;ay:?y:? tNrJpdrf;awm? v,fajr?
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jrpf0Srf;vGifjyif 'Da&awm? uepdkawmajr?

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oJcHkawm oJcHkawmajr
BE
23
1.3.3 taemufbufawmifwef;a'o
taemufbufawmifwef;a'oonf tv,f
ykdif;csdKifh0Srf;a'oESifh &ckdifurf;ajrmifa'owkdYxuf
blro d ufwrf;yk&d ifo h nft h ykid ;f jzpfonf/ þa'owGif
tdE´d,EkdifiHajrmufykdif;&Sd [dr0EÅmawmifwef;BuD;rS
awmifbufokdY auG;qif;vmaomawmifwef;rsm;
yg0ifonf/ ppfukdif;wkdif;a'oBuD;\ taemuf
ajrmufykdif;? csif;jynfe,f? rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;?
&ckid jf ynfe,fawmifyikd ;f ESihf {&m0wDwidk ;f a'oBu;D \
taemufbufykdif;wkdY yg0ifonf/
ajrmufbufq;kH ykid ;f wGif ywfuKGd iaf wmifwef;
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tjrifq h ;kH awmifxw G jf zpfonf/ ,if;rS awmifbufoYdk
em*awmifwef;? rPdy&l uke;f jrif?h vl&n S af wmifwef;ESihf
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csif;awmifwef;rsm;tjzpf qufvufoG,fw wefef;;vm

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0dw&dk , d (ac:) acgEkork f (ac:) ewf wrarawmif

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taemufbufawmififwef;a' a'oonf awmif

bufodkY &ckdif½dk;rtjzpf jzpf quf
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pGe;f ykid ;f wGif rDwm 200 cefo Y mjrifah om awmifwef;edrt hf jzpf qufvufo, G w
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tykid ;f wGif acsmif;omESiahf iGaqmifurf;ajcrsm; wnf&o dS nf/ taemufbufawmifwef;a'owGif
,l;jrpf0rS ;f &Sd uabmfcsKid 0hf rS ;f vGijf yifEiS hf uav;vGijf yifwkdY wnf&Sdonf/
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24
taemufbufawmifwef;a'owGif tdE, d´ Ekid if EH iS q

hf ufo,
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xkdYjyif &ckdif½kd;rukdjzwfausmfNyD; rauG;wkdif;a'oMuD;ESifh &ckdifjynfe,fukdqufoG,fxm;onfh
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{&m0wdDwkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh qufoG,fay;onfh *G-ig;odkif;acsmif;vrf;wkdY&Sdonf/
ajrrsufESmoGifjyif? &moDOwk? obm0aygufyifESifhajrqDvTm qufET,frI

jynfe,f^ ajrrsufESmoGifjyif &moDOwk obm0 ajrqD
jrqDvTm ajr
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wdkif;a'oBuD; aygufyif toHk;csrI
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taemuf ajrmuf? ukef;jrifh? ukef;jrifh&moD tNrJpdrf;awm? awmiffwef;ajr? opfoD;?
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csif;jynfe,f csKdifh0Srf;vGifjyif Owk csif;awmif O,smOf
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awmifjrifheDndK
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awmifjrifh0gndK
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rauG;taemuf? awmifwef; tylavsmhydkif; tNrJpdrf;awm? awmifjrifheDndK awmif,m?

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yJcl;taemuf rkwfokH &Gufjywf awmajr? ,moD;ESH

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a&maESmawm? awmifjrifh0gndK
awmajr
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&cdkifawmifydkif;Eif
ESifh awmif
aw wef;? tylydkif; tNrJpdrf;awm? awmifjrifheDndK O,smOfNcHoD;ESH
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{&m0wD urf;½dk;wef; rkwfokH oJcHkawm awmajr?

taemufawmif vGifjyif awmifjrifh0gndK
awmajr?
oJcHkawmajr
25
1.3.4 &ckdifurf;ajrmifa'o
taemufbufawmifwef;a'oESihf
b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftMum;wGif wnf&Sd
onf/ tv,fykdif;csKdifh0Srf;a'ouJhokdYyif
oufEkuyfausmufrsm;ESifh wnfaqmuf
xm;onf/ þa'oonf ajrmufbufwiG f
us,fjyefYíawmifbufwGif usOf;ajrmif;
oGm;onf/
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ajrmufrS ta&SUawmifoo Ydk ,
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oufEkwGefYacgufawmifwef;rsm; &Sdonf/
xkdawmifwef;rsm;Mum;wGif usOf;ajrmif;
&Snfvsm;aom jrpf0Srf;vGifjyifrsm;ukd awGU
&onf / þtyk d i f ; &S d r,l a wmif w ef ; ?
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buf o k d Y ed r f h q if ; oG m ;onf / r,l ,l j rpf

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us,fjyefYonfh jrpf0uRef;ay:vGifjyif y udk

yHk (1.11) &cdkifurf;ajrmifa'o
wnfaqmufxm;Ny;D ,if;udk ppf p af wGviG jf yif
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&ckid ½f ;dk rrSjrpfzsm;cHí pD;qif;vmaom jrpfacsmif;rsm;wpfavQmufwiG f ao;i,fusO;f ajrmif;aom
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yifv,fauGUrsm;wGif oJaomifurf;ajcrsm;&SdNyD; xif&Sm;aomurf;ajcrSm oHwGJNrdKUteD; iyvD
urf;ajc jzpfonf/
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J Re;f ESihf rmefatmif
uRef;wdkY jzpfonf/ uRef;rsm;ay:wGif awmifwef;edrfhrsm; &Sdonf/ rMumcPaygufuGJonfh
26
rD;awmifi,frsm;ukd &rf;NAu J Re;f ESihf rmefatmifuRe;f rsm;wGiaf wGU&S&d Ny;D uRe;f rsm;ESihf urf;½k;d wef;
Mum;wGif Ekef;ajrykdYcsqJ yifv,fwdrfykdif;&Sdonf/
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toH;k jyKxm;onf/ ewfjrpf\ta&SUbufwiG f r,ljrpf? ukvm;wefjrpf(upäye'D)ESihf av;NrKUd jrpfrsm;
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r,ljrpfwGif ppfawGrS bl;oD;awmiftxd ukvm;wefjrpfwGif ppfawGrSausmufawmftxd
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aom acsmif;rsm;rSm 'vufacsmif;? trf;acsmif;? rtDacsmif;? wef;vTaJ csmmifif;? aw aawmifuw k af csmif;?
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oHwGJacsmif;? usdefwvDacsmif;ESifh *Gacsmif;wdkYjzpfonf/
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ajrrsufESmoGifjyif? &moDOwk? obm0aygufyifESifhajrqD
qDvTm quf
q ET,frI
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jynfe,f^ ajrrsufESmoGifjyif &moDOwk ht obm0
obm ajrqDvTm ajr
wdkif;a'oBuD; ayguf
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&cdkifjynfe,f awmifwef;? tylydkif; tNrJ

t pdrf;awm? awmifjrifheDndK awmif,m?
ajrmufydkif; jrpf0uRef;ay:? rkw
wffokH&moD 'Da&awm? awmajr? opfoD;?
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urf;½dk;wef; Owk
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vGifjyif v,fajr? v,f (pyg;)

uepdkawmajr
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&cdkifjynfe,f awmifw wefef;? tylydkif; tNrJpdrf;awm? awmifjrifheDndK awmif,m?

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awmifydkif; urfr;½
;½dk;;wef
wef; rkwfokH&moD 'Da&awm? awmajr? opfoD;?
vGifjyif Owk oJcHkawm Ekef;ajr? O,smOf?
BE
v,fajr? v,f (pyg;)

uepdkawmajr?
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oJcHkawmajr
27
t"dutcsufrsm;
ta&SUbufuek ;f jrifah 'oonf oufwrf;t&ifq h ;kH tydik ;f jzpfNy;D awmifajrmuf&n

S vf sm;
jcif;aMumifh &moDOwkrsKd;pHk&&Sdonf/
jrefrmEdik if H tv,fyikd ;f csKid 0hf rS ;f a'oonf {&m0wD? csi;f wGi;f ESihf ppfawmif;jrpfpOfprk sm;
pD;qif;&ma'o jzpfonf/
taemufbufawmifwef;a'oudk [dr0EÅmawmifwef;BuD;rS awmifbufodkY
auG;qif;vmaom awmifwef;rsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/
&cdik u
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a'ojzpfonf/
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avhusifh&efar;cGef;rsm; ht
(1) jrefrmEdik if \
H ajrrsuEf mS oGijf yif tydik ;f Bu;D 4 ydik ;f udk rnfonft
h csuaf y:rlwnfí
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(3) ta&SUbufukef;jrifhaa'owG 'owGifyg0ifonfh urf;½dk;wef;vGifjyifrsm;ESifh uRef;rsm;\
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ta&;ygrIudka&;yg/ ;yg/
(4) tv,fydkif;;cs csKdifh0Srrff;;aa'o\
a xl;jcm;aom ajrjyifvu©Pmrsm;udk azmfjyNyD;
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ta&;ygaom
ygaom vG vifjyifrsm;taMumif;udk a&;yg/
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(5) {&m0wD wDjrpf0uRef;ay:a'owGif pD;qif;aeaom jrpfrsm;taMumif;a&;yg/

(6) taemufbufawmifwef;a'oudk jzwfausmfEdkifonfh qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;
rsm;udk azmfjyyg/
(7) ta&SUbufuek ;f jrifah 'o&Sd e,ferd w d jf rpftjzpf toH;k jyKxm;aom jrpftrnfrsm;udk
ae&mESifhwuG azmfjyyg/
(8) &cdkifurf;ajrmifa'owGif ppfawGvGifjyifudk rnfodkY wnfaqmufxm;oenf;/
28
tcef;(2)
vlrIa&;yx0D0if
ed'gef;
vlOD;a&taMumif;avhvmjcif;udk vlOD;a&qdkif&m pm&if;aumuf,lpdppfjcif;ynm
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vlOD;a&yrmP
vlOD;a&wdk;wufrI
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vlrsm;ysHUESHUaexdkifrIESifh odyfonf;rI
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touftkyfpkESifh usm;? r vu©Pm&yfrsm; jzpfo onf
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ot
Pr
vlOD;a&udk wdkif;wmjcif; odkYr[kwf oef;acgifpm&if &ifif;aumuf
ht muf,ljcif;
aum
umuf
vlOD;a&qdkif&m ynm&Sifrsm;u EdkifiHtwGiiff;aexdkifaom pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&udk uGif;qif;
ig
aumuf,ljcif;tm; oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf uf,,lljcif;[k [ ac:onf/ xdkodkYaumuf,ljcif;udk EdkifiH
yr
op
trsm;pkwiG f tcsed u
f mv tydik ;f tjcm;wpf
wpfcjk zifh yHrk eS af umuf,Ml uonf/ jrefrmEdik if wH iG f NAwd o d Q
-C
tkyfcsKyfonfhumvrsm;twGif; 10 Epf ESSpfwpfBudrf aumuf,lcJhNyD; vGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD;aemuf

1973? 1983 ESifh 2014 ckEpfESpfwdkYwGif aumuf,lcJhonf/
X
oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,&l mwGif t"duaumuf,jl cif;rSm vlO;D a&yrmPjzpfNy;D tjcm;

BO
aom owif;tcsu ufftvuf

v rsm;tjzpf touf? usm; r? tdrfaxmifa&;tajctae? vlrsKd;?
BE
udk;uG,fonfhb bmomES
momESifh tvkyftudkiftajctaewdkYudkyg pm&if;aumuf,lMuonf/ xdkodkY
aumuf,&l &Sonf
o
d nfh ttcsutf vufrsm;udk tpd;k &tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;u tem*wfumvpDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif
D
toH;k jyKMuonf/ (Oyrm- ausmif;rsm;wd;k csUJ aqmufvyk &f ef? oufBu;D a*[mrsm; xyfrw H ;kd csUJ &ef?
a&G;aumufyGJ rJay;Edkifolpm&if; jyKpk&ef)
þoifcef;pmESifhywfoufí oifod&SdjyD;aomtaMumif;t&m
vlrIa&;yx0D0if\ t"dyÜm,fESifh vlrsKd;tkyfpkBuD;rsm;taMumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ESihf aexdik yf ?kH vlO;D a&yrmPESihf ysUH ESUH rI? ,Ofaus;rI"avhx;kH pHrsm;ESihf
a'otvdkuftoufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;? aus;vufESifh NrdKUjyvlaexdkifrI
yHkpHrsm;udk tv,fwef;tqifhwGif tawmftoifh od&SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
29
þtcef;udak vhvmoif,Nl yD;ygu ausmif;om;rsm;onf atmufygwdu Yk kd vkyaf qmifEikd rf nf/

urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;\ vlOD;a&wdk;wufrIESifh ysHUESHUrI? vlOD;a&odyfonf;rIrsm;udk od&SdvmEdkif
rnf/
jrefrmEdi k if \
H vlO;D a& wd;k wufrEI iS hf ysUH ESUH rI? vlO;D a&odyo
f nf;rIwt Ykd jyif touftyk pf ?k
usm; r tcsKd;? tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh NrdKUjyaus;vuf vlaexdkifrI tcsKd;
tpm;rsm; ponfjzifv h Ol ;D a&qdik &f m tcsut f vufrsm;udk tao;pdwo f &d v
dS mEdik rf nf/
2.1 urÇmhvlOD;a&
oifcef;pmrdwfquf
d
te
vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGmrSpí urÇmay:wGif vlom;rs ;rssKd;EG,frsm; pwifay:xGef;
ec
vmNyD; urÇmtESYHodkY ysHUESHUa&muf&SdoGm;um vlOD;a&wjznf;jznf
nf; wdk;vm v
vmonf/ urÇmhvlOD;a&
ot
yrmPonf ESpfpOfwdk;vsuf&SdNyD; a'owpfckESifhwpfcktMMum; m; vlOD;aa&wdk;EIef;uGmjcm;rI &Sdaomf
Pr
vnf; urÇmhvlOD;a&wdk;aeaMumif; avhvmod&SdEdkifonf onf/ xdkYjyyif urÇmhvlOD;a&ysHUESHUaexdkifrI?
ht
vlOD;a&odyfonf;rIESifh odyfonf;rIrsm;&jcif;? enf taMumif;t&if;rsm;udk avhvmod&Sd
nf;&jcif;ta
t
ig
yr
Edkifrnf/
op
2.1.1 urÇmhvlOD;a& wdk;wufvmyHk

-C
Z,m;; (2.1)
(2. ) urÇ
u mhvlOD;a& wkd;wufvmrI
X
tcsdefumv pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&
BO
BC 10000
00
000 5.1 oef;
BE
c&pf
&pfawmfayy:xGef;csdef 250 oef;
AD 161650 500 oef;
D
AD 1820 1000 oef;

AD 1930 2000 oef;
AD 1960 3000 oef;
AD 1975 4000 oef;
AD 1987 5000 oef;
AD 2000 6000 oef;
AD 2018 7620 oef;
Source : www.census.gov>stories>world
30
txufygZ,m;t& urÇmhvlOD;a&onf oef; 1000 odkY a&muf&Sd&ef ESpfaxmifcsDMumcJhNyD;

xkdumvrS ESpfaygif; 100 ausmfaomumvtcsdefwGif vlOD;a& ESpfqwkd;um oef; 2000 odkU
a&muf&Sdvmonf/
20 &mpkonf urÇmv h Ol ;D a&t&Sed tf [keEf iS hf wd;k vmaomumvwpfcjk zpfNy;D xdo k v Ykd Ol ;D a&
wd;k vmjcif;udk vlO;D a&aygufujJG cif; (Population Explosion)[k ac:onf/ urÇmv h Ol ;D a&onf
1930 jynfhESpfESifh 2000 jynfhESpftMum;wGif 3q wufoGm;NyD; vlOD;a& oef; 2000 rS oef;
6000 odkY ESpfaygif; 70 twGif; a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ 2018 ckESpf urÇmhvlOD;a&pkpkaygif; 7620
oef;&SNd y;D pufrzI UHG NzKd ;Ny;D Edik if rH sm;wGif vlO;D a&wd;k EIe;f tvGeef nf;aomfvnf; qif;&Jonfh zGUH NzKd ;qJ
EdkifiHrsm;wGif vlOD;a&wdk;EIef; tjrifhqHk;jzpfonf/
d
te
ec
2.1.2 urÇmay:wGifvlOD;a&ysHUESHYaexdkifrIESifh vlOD;a&odyyffo
onf
nf;rI
ot
vlOD;a&ysHUESHYaexdkifrI
Pr
urÇmah 'otoD;oD;wGif uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom aexd exdik rf yI pkH rH sm;jzifh vlrsm;ysUH ESaYH exdik Mf uonf/
ht
urÇmah jrmufbufjcrf; 60 'D*&Dvwåu D sKrsO;f \ ajjrmuf
ufbufyikd ;f &Sd &moDOwkq;kd 0g;onfh ae&mrsm;ESihf
rig
ajrrsufESmoGifjyifMurf;wrf;aomae&mrsm;wG rsm;wG
;wGif vl
vaeusJyg;NyD; awmifbufydkif;&Sd jrpf0Srf;
py
vGijf yifEiS hf urf;½d;k wef;vGijf yifrsm;wGif vlaexlxyfonf/ urÇmv h Ol ;D a&pkpak ygif;\ 80 &mcdik Ef eI ;f
Co
eD;yg;onf urÇmhajrjyif{&d,m\ 220 &&mcddkifEIef;cefYtwGif;ü ysHUESHYaexdkifaMumif; awGU&onf/

Z,m; (2.2)
2.2) u
urÇÇmhvlOD;a& ysHUESHUaexdkifrIESifh odyfonf;rI (2018)
X
BO
a'o vlOD;a& {&d,mpwk&ef; ysHUESHU vlOD;a&odyfonf;q

oef;aygif; uDvdkrDwm aexdkifrI % (1 pwk&ef;uDvrkd w
D m)
BE
tm&S 4534 44579000 59.5 95

D
tmz&du 1280 30370000 16.8 34

Oa&my 747 10180000 9.8 73
awmiftar&du 648 17840000 8.5 22
ajrmuftar&du 366 24709000 4.8 22
ork'´&ma'o+MopaMw;vs 45 8600000 0.6 3
pkpkaygif; 7620 136278000 100 -
Source : worldatlas
31
2.2 jrefrmEkdifiH\ vlOD;a&

oifcef;pmrdwfquf
jrefrmEkdifiHonf tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif vlOD;a&enf;aom EdkifiHwpfck
jzpfonf/ 2014 ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 51.5 oef;cefU&Sdonf/ urÇmay:wGif vlOD;a&

trsm;qk;H jzpfaom w½kwjf ynfoo Yl r®wEkid if EH iS hf tdE,
d´ or®wEkid if w
H o
Ydk nf jrefrmEkid if u
H dk
0ef;&Hwnf&Sdaeonf/
Z,m; (2.4) jrefrmEkdifiHESifh tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;\ vlOD;a&odyfonf;rI (2
(2018)
EkdifiH {&d,m vlOD;a& (oef;) odyfo
onf
nf;rI (OD;a&)
a
ed
(pwk&ef;uDvkdrDwm) (1 pwk
wk&ef;uDvkdrDwm)
ct
te
w½kwf 9706961 1427 148
ro
tdE´d, 3287590 1352 416
P
b*Fvm;a'h&Sf 147570 ht 1611 1105
xkdif; 513120 69 136
ig
jrefrm 676581 53.7
53
53. 80
yr
op
vmtkd 236800 7.1 30

-C
Source : worldatlas
2.2.1 vlOD;a&wkd;wufvmykH
X
BO
Z,m;
,m; (2.
(2.5)
(2 jrefrmEdkifiH\ vlOD;a&wkd;wufrI
oef;acgifpm&if
&if;aum
aumuf,lonfhESpf vlOD;a& (oef;aygif;) wkd;EIef;
BE
1891
18 7.7 -
D
1901 10.5 3.6

1911 12.1 1.52
1921 13.2 0.9
1931 14.7 1.13
1941 16.8 1.42
1973 28.9 2.0
1983 35.3 2.02
2014 51.5 0.89
Source : www.dop.gov.mm
34
1800 jynfhESpfcefYwGif jrefrmEkdifiHvlOD;a& av;oef;ausmf&Sdrnf[k ynm&Sifrsm;u

cefYrSef;cJhMuonf/ wpfekdifiHvkH; oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,lrIukd jAdwdoQvufxuf 1891 ckESpf
wGif yxrqkH;tBudrfaumuf,lcJh&m vlOD;a& 7.7 oef;&SdcJhonf/ NAdwdoQacwfwGif 10 ESpf
wpfBudrf oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,lcJh&m 1941 ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 16.8 oef;&SdcJhonf/
vGwv f yfa&;&&SNd y;D aemuf wpfEidk if v
H ;Hk twkid ;f twmESihf oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,jl cif;ukd
1973 ckESpf? 1983 ckESpfESifh 2014 ckESpfwdkYwGif jyKvkyfcJhonf/ 1973 ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 28.9
oef;? 1983 ckESpfwGif 35.3 oef;ESifh 2014 ckESpfwGif 51.5 oef;okdY wkd;wufvmcJhonf/
2019 ckESpf cefYrSef;vlOD;a& 54.1 oef;&Sdonf/
d
B
yHk (2.3) jrefrmEdkifiH\ vlOD;a&wkd;wufrIjyyHk

D
2.2.2 vlOD;a&ysHUESHUrIESifh odyfonf;rI

vlOD;a&ysHUESHYrI
jrefrmEdkifiHvlOD;a&rSm ESpfpOfwdk;vsuf &Sdonf/ vlOD;a&ysHUESHYaexdkifrIrSm wpfae&mESifh
wpfae&m rwlay/ &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;? {&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;? rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD;?
&Sr;f jynfe,fEiS hf ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f a'oBu;D wdo
Yk nf vlaexdik rf t
I rsm;qH;k jzpfonf/ xdwk ikd ;f a'oBu;D ?
jynfe,f 5 ckw\ Ykd 2014 ckEpS f pkpak ygif;vlO;D a& onf wpfEikd if v
H ;kH vlO;D a&\ 60 &mcdik Ef eI ;f cefY
35
&Sdonf/ xdka'orsm;tjyif ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;vGifjyif? armfvNrdKifvGifjyif? ppfawGvGifjyifESifh

urf;½dk;wef;vGifjyifrsm;wGifvnf; vlaexdkifrIrsm;onf/
vlaexdkifrItenf;qHk;wdkif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;rSm u,m;jynfe,f? csif;jynfe,f?
weoFm&Dwikd ;f a'oBu;D ESihf ucsijf ynfe,fwjYkd zpfNy;D wpfEikd if v
H ;kH vlO;D a&\ 7.2 &mcdik Ef eI ;f cefo
Y m
&So
d nf/ jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f vlaetenf;qH;k a'orsm;rSm ucsijf ynfe,f&NdS rKd Ue,ftcsKUd ? csi;f jynfe,fEiS hf
u,m;jynfe,f&Sd qufoG,foGm;vm&efcufcJaoma'orsm; jzpfonf/
Z,m; (2.6) jrefrmEdkifiH\ ESpftvdkuf vlOD;a&ysHUESHYrIESifh odyfonf;rI
vlOD;a&ysHUESHUrI &mcdkifEIef; vlaeod

odyonf
yfonf
onf;q (OD;a&)
ed
( 1 pwk
wk&ef;uD
uvdkrDwm)
ct
jynfe,f^ wdkif;a'oBuD;
te
1973 1983 2014 1973
733 1983 2014
ro
ucsif 2.6 2.6 3.3 8 10 19
P
u,m; 0.4 0.5 ht 0.66 11 14 24
u&if 3.0 3.0 3.11 28 35 52
ig
yr
csif; 1.1 1.0 0 9

0.
0.9 9 10 13
op
ppfudkif; 10.8 10.9

0.9
.9 110.3 33 41 57
-C
weoFm&D 2.5 22.6

.66 2.7 17 21 32
yJcl; 11.0 10.8
0 9.4 81 96 124
X
rauG; 9.11 9.2 7.6 59 72 87

BO
rEÅav; 12.77 13.0 12.0 99 124 200

rGef 44.5 4.8 4.0 107 137 167
BE
&cdkif 5.9 5.8 6.2 47 56 87

D
&efukef 11.0 11.2 14.3 310 387 716

&Srf; 11.0 10.5 11.3 20 24 37
{&m0wD 14.4 14.1 12.0 118 142 177
aejynfawmf - - 2.3 - - 37
jynfaxmifpk 100 100 100 43 52 76
36
ESpftvdkuf vlOD;a& ysHUESHYrItcsKd;tpm;&mcdkifEIef; ajymif;vJjcif;udkavhvm&mwGif 1983

ckESpfESifh 2014 ckESpftMum; &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;wGif vlaeysHUESHYrIonf 11.2 &mcdkifEIef;rS
14.3 &mcdkifEIef;odkY jrifhwufcJhonf/ {&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;ü 14.1 &mcdkifEIef;rS 12.0 &mcdkif
EIe;f odYk avsmu h somG ;onf/ xdt Yk wl yJc;l wdik ;f ? rauG;wdik ;f ? rEÅav;wdik ;f a'oBu;D ESihf rGejf ynfe,f
wdwYk iG vf nf; vlO;D a&ysUH ESUH rI&mcdik Ef eI ;f rsm; avsmu
h somG ;onf/ xdo k Ykd ysUH ESUH rI&mcdik Ef eI ;f avsmu
h s&jcif;rSm
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fESifh tjcm;a'orsm; (jynfwGif;^jynfy)odkY tvkyfvkyfudkif&ef xGufcGm
oGm;jcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfonf/
vlOD;a&odyfonf;rI
ed
1973 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ vlOD;a&
odyfonf;rIrSm 1 pwk&ef;uDvdkrDwmwGif 43 OD;
&Scd NhJ y;D 1983 ckEpS wf iG f 52 OD;ESihf 2014 ckEpS w f iG f
1 pwk&ef;uDvdkrDwmü 76 OD; aexdkifonf/
&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;onf 1 pwk&ef;uDvdkrDwm
ig
wGif 716 OD;&SNd y;D vlaetodyo f nf;qH;k jzpfonf
on/
nf/
yr
csif;jynfe,fonf 1 pwk&ef;uDvdkrDrDwmwGif
op
vlOD;a& 13 OD;jzifh odyfonf;rItenf nf;qHk;jz

jzpf
-C
onf/ rEÅav;-ausmufqnfv vGGifjyiff? {&m0wD

X
jrpf0uRef;ay:a'o? jrefefrmEdkifiHtv,fykdif;
BO
ppfawmif;jrpf0rS ;f a'owpf owwpfav vQmuf? armfvNrKd i-f

BE
oxHkvGifjyifESifh ppfawGvGifjyifa'orsm;onf
vnf ; vl a eod od y f o nf ; rI r sm;aoma'orsm;
D
jzpfonf/ xdka'orsm;onf pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf

ajrjyefYvGifjyifaygrsm;jcif;? pufrIvkyfief;? ukef
oG , f a &;vk y f i ef ; rsm;vk y f u d k i f & ef vrf ; yef ;
qufo, G af &;aumif;rGejf cif; ponfh tcGit hf vrf;
rsm; ydkifqdkifxm;onf/
yHk (2.4) jynfe,f^wdkif;a'oBuD;tvdkuf
vlaeodyfonf;rI (2014)
37
2.2.3 jrefrmEdkifiH\ vlOD;a&ajymif;a&TUrI

2009 ckESpfrS 2014 ckESpf ig;ESpfwmumv jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vlrsm;ajymif;a&TUrIudk
2014 ckEpS f oef;acgifpm&if;wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ xdu k mvtwGi;f Edik if o
H m;OD;a& 3 oef;ausmf
(pkpak ygif;vlO;D a&\ 7 &mcdik Ef eI ;f )onf ,if;wdaYk exdik &f m jynfe,f^wdik ;f a'oBu;D twGi;f odrYk [kwf
tjcm;jynfe,f^ wdik ;f a'oBu;D wpfco k Ykd ajymif;a&TUaexdik cf MhJ uonf/
Z,m; (2.7) 2009-2014 ckESpftwGif; jynfe,f^wdkif;a'BuD;rsm;twGif; vlOD;a&ajymif;a&TUrI
pOf jynfe,f^wdkif;a'oBuD; vlOODD;aa&
ed
1 ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;rS ucsifjynfe,f 29914
299
ct
2 &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;rS aejynfawmf 30711
te
3 rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;rS rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBBu; BuD; 44604
ro
4 rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD;rS &Srf;jynfe, ,f 52322
P
5 &cdkifjynfe,frS &efukefwdkif;a'oB
ht 'oB
oBuD; 52949
6 rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD;rS &efuk ukefwd a'oBuD;
wdkif;a'o 61029
ig
yr
7 ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;rS rEÅav;wdav;wdkif;aa'oBuD; 63364

op
8 rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;rS ;rSS &&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD; 73736

-C
9 yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD;rrSS &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD; 129621

10 {&m0wDwdki;a'oB
ifif;a'oBBuD;rS &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD; 350463
X
BO
2009 rS 20144 ckESpfpfummvtwGif; {&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;rS &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;odkY

BE
vlO;D a& 350463 OD;jzifh trsm;qH;k ajymif;a&TU0ifa&mufco hJ nf/ xdok Ykd tcsed w
f t
kd wGi;f 0ifa&mufrI
rsm;jym;&jcif;rSm 2008 ckcEpS f arvwGif jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f(em*pfqidk u f vke;f
D
rkefwdkif;)aMumifh jzpfonf/
tvm;wl &efuek w f ikd ;f a'oBu;D odYk yJc;l wdik ;f a'oBu;D ? rauG;wkid ;f a'oBu;D ? rEÅav;wkid ;f
a'oBu;D ESihf &cdik jf ynfe,fwrYkd S vlrsm;a&TUajymif; 0ifa&mufco hJ nf/ &Sr;f jynfe,foYkd rEÅav;wdik ;f
a'oBuD;ESifh rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;rSvnf;aumif;? u&ifjynfe,fodkY yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD;ESifh rGef
jynfe,frSvnf;aumif;? ucsifjynfe,fodkY ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;rSvnf;aumif; ajymif;a&TU
0ifa&mufrIrsm;onf owåKESifhausmufrsufwl; azmfa&;? opfxkwfvkyfa&;ESifh jynfwGif;ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; oGm;a&mufvkyfudkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/
38
d
te
ec
BO
Source
S : www.dop.gov.mm
BE
yHk (2.
((2.5) jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; vlOD;a&ajymif;a&TUvrf;aMumif;jyyHk
D
xdik ;f Edik if EH iS hf w½kwEf ikd if eH ,fpyfNrKUd rsm;odv

Yk nf; xdu
k mvrsm;twGi;f jrefrmEdik if o
H m;rsm;
ajymif;a&TUaexdkifrIrsm; &SdcJhonf/ 2014 ckESpf pm&if;t& jrefrmEdkifiHom;OD;a& 2 oef;ausmf
onf tdrfeD;csif;ESifh tjcm; jynfyEkdifiHrsm;wGif oGm;a&muf tvkyfvkyfudkifvsuf&Sdonf/
39
vlOD;a&rl0g' (Population Policy)

vlOD;a&rl0g'qdkonfrSm vlOD;a& wdk; wufvmonfESifhtrQ EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufap&ef
&nf&G,fí vlOD;a&ajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfrsm; pepfwusjzpfay:apa&;twGuf oufqdkifonfh
Edik if t
H pd;k &rsm;u aqmif&uG af y;Edik rf nfh pDrcH surf sm;tm; BuKd wifppD Ofaqmif&u
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-C
od'w¨ r¦ if;om;onf oufawmfmf 29 ESpfpt f &G,wf iG f awmxGuí

f 6 ESpMf umw&m;usiBhf uNH y;D aemuf
X
oAÁnKwÓPfawmf&umm Ak'¨tjzpfpodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/

BO
Ak'¨bmomwG wGif a*gwrAk

aa*gw '¨\ oifMum;qHk;rrIrsm;jzpfonfh opömw&m;av;yg;udk
BE
tajccHonf/ r*¾if&Spfyg;ud g k oHo&mqif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufEkdifaom enf;vrf;tjzpf

,HkMunfusifho oHHk;Muonf
Muo / tdE´d,wGif Ak'¨bmomonf **Fgjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmufESifh tdE´d,
D
ajrmufydkif;wGifysHUESHUum zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ taomurif;BuD;vufxufwGif tdE´d,

awmifydkif;ESifh oD&dvuFmwdkifatmif ysHUESHUcJhonf/
3.2/ Ak'ömoedutaqmufttHkrsm;
tdE´d,Ak'ömoeduAdokumvuf&mrsm;teuf txif&Sm;qHk;taqmufttHkrsm;rSm
*lb&k m;rsm;ESihf apwD? ykx;kd rsm;jzpfMuonf/ *kyw Ü acwfrwdik rf u
D apwDtjyif tjcm;aombmom
a&; taqmufttHrk sm;rSm vdP k *f w
l rk sm;yifjzpfonf/ acwfO;D vdPk *f w
l rk sm;wGif tvStyrGr;f rH
jcif;r&Sday/ acwfOD;vdkPf*lrsufESmpmwGif jrif;rdk&fozG,f Bwd*HyHkxkvkyfcJh&mrSwpfqifh pBuørsm;
61
tvif;a&mif0if&ef jywif;aygufrsm;udkyg xGif;cJhMuonf/ *lteD;wGif oHCmawmfrsm; oDwif;

oH;k &ef aqmufvyk x
f m;aom ausmif;rsm;&So
d nf/ ,if;vdP
k *f rl sm;teuf [du
k 'f &mbwfe,f\
taemufajrmufbuf&Sd tZEå*l (Ajanta Caves)rsm;onf txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfonf/ tZEÅ*lwGif
xGif;xkxm;onfh vSyaom½kyfwkrsm;? eH&Haq;a&; yef;csDrsm;udkawGU&onf/
Ak'k b
¨ mom0ifrsm;twGuf apwDrsm;udk
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ "mwfawmf? arGawmfrsm;
Xmyemíwnf x m;onf / taomurif ;
vufxufwGif tdEd́,jynftESHYtjym;ü Ak'üdk
&nfrSef;NyD; apwDrsm;wnfaqmufcJhonf/
apwDrsm;udk aevSe;f tkwrf sm;? t*Fawrsm;jzifh
rGrf;rHwnfaqmufonf/ apwD\xdyfwGif
ausmufom; odkYr[kwf opfom;jzifh jyKvkyf
P
xm;aom xD ; awmf w yf q if x m;onf / ht yHk(1) qefcsDapwD
ig
arm&d,acwfESifh *kyÜwacwfMum;wGif xif&Sm;
yr
aomapwDrsm;rSm qefcsDNrdKUESifh tr&0wDNrdKU&Sd apwDrssmsm;jzpfonf/

op
-C
3.3/ Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;
X
a&S;tusqHk; Ak'¨½kyfym;awmf
yGyGm;awmfrssmsm;udk tdE´d,EdkifiH taemufajrmufbuf *E¨m&a'owGif
BO
awGU&onf/ *E¨m&a'orS orS jynfolrsm;onf taomurif;vufxufrSpwifí Ak'¨bmomodkU

BE
ul;ajymif;cJhMuolrsm;jzpf
rsm;jzpfonf/ taemufOa&myrsm;ESifhvnf; ul;vl;qufqHrI&SdcJhonf/
D
xdkacwfwGif ½kyfyGyGm;aw
;awmfrsm;xkvkyf&eftwGuf ausmufqpfynm&Sif *&dvlrsdK;rsm;udk ac:,l
m;aw
iSm;&rf;í xkvyk o f jzifh *E¨m&vuf&m Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfrsm;\ toGio f P²mefonf *&dqefonf/
½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;\ rsufESmawmfonf tdE´d,om;rsm;ESifhrwlbJ *&dvlrsdK;wdkY\ ezl;? ESmacgif;?
EIwfcrf;wdkUESifh qifwlonf/ qHawmfrSm txufodkYwGefYvdrfaeonf/ ouFef;awmfudk xlxl
0wfxm;ouJhodkY xkvkyfxm;onf/ xkvkyfonfh ausmuftrsdK;tpm;rSm ausmufndK? ausmuf
tjyma&mifwdkYjzpfonf/ *E¨m&vuf&myHkonf tdE´d,wpfjynfvHk;wGifomru w½kwfjynfodkY
wdkifatmif jyefYyGm;cJhonf/
62
o
Pr
yHk(2) *E¨m&vuf&mAk''¨¨½½kkyfyGm;awmf
ht ;a
;
ig
yr
Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm; xkvkyf&mwG
wGif rxk&mmvmvuf&myHkrsm;onf bDpD 1 &mpk tukefu
op
pwifxGef;um;cJhonf/ *E¨m&ESifh pifNydKifjzpfao om tdE´d,EdkifiHawmifbuf rxk&ma'orS yef;yk

-C
q&mwdo Yk nf oJausmufrsm;jjzifh ½kyw

f rk sm;udk xkvyk cf MhJ uonf/ *kyw
Ü acwfrwdik rf D xkvyk af om
X
rxk&mvuf&m Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmf
m;awmfrsm;\qHawmfonf c½kywfacGyHkoP²mefjzpfNyD; ouFef;awmfrSm
BO
a&pGwfí udk,fwGififuyfaebd e ouJhodkY yg;yg;vSyfvSyfjzpfonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ yHkoP²mefonf

eb
BE
&iftHkrSm rdkYarmufNyD; u
us,fjyefUaom ycHk;awmf&Sdum vlwumxufjrwfaom r[myk&do
D
vu©PmyHktjzpf o½k o yfay:atmif xkvkyfEdkifcJhonf/
63
ig
yr
yHk(3) rxk&mvuf&mAkAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmf
;a
;aw (*kyÜwacwf)
op
-C
*kyÜwacwfwGif rxk&ma'orS a'orS

'orSvuvufrIynm&Sifrsm;onf tvGefvuf&majrmufaom
X
½kyw
f rk sm;udk xkvyk v
f mMuonf nf/ txif&mS ;qH;k qif;wkawmfrmS yÍö0*¾iD g;OD;udk "r®pMumw&m;awmf
BO
a[mMum;aeaomyHkjzpfonf onf/ qqif;wkawmf\taetxm;rSm vufudk "r®pMumrkj'myHk xkvkyf

BE
xm;í rsufvTmcsu umm wifysOfacGxkdifaeawmfrlaomyHkjzpfonf/ cE¨mudk,fyHkyef;rSm ao;oG,f

D
ajyjypfonf/ OD;acgif
cgifif;aawmfaemufwiG f a&mifjcnfawmfajcmufo, G f uGejYf rL;ae[ef? ½kyyf mG ;awmf
\eHab;wGif ewfa'0grsm;NcH&Hae[ef xkvkyfxm;onf/
64
t"dutcsufrsm;
à tdE´d,wGif Ak'¨bmomxGef;um;cJhjcif;/
à *lbk&m;rsm;ESifh *lausmif;rsm;udk wnfaqmufcJhjcif;/
à taomurif;vufxuf tdE´d,EkdifiHwpf0ef; apwDrsm; wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhjcif;/
à qefcsDapwDawmf\ Adokumvuf&mrSm xif&Sm;ausmfMum;jcif;/
à Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;xkvkyf&mwGif rxk&mvuf&monf xl;jcm;ajymifajrmufjcif;/
à *E¨m&Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfyHkonf tdE´d,wGifomru w½kwfjynftxda&muf&Sdjcif;/
à *kyÜwacwf "r®pMumw&m;a[maeaomyHkAk'¨qif;wkrSm vuf&majymifajymif
jymifajrmufjcif;/
d
te
ec
ot
Pr
1/ acwfv,ftdE´d,wGif wnfxm;cJhaom Ak'¨, ,OfOfaus;rI
,Oauhtus;r
u tarGtESpf *lbk&m;rsm;? apwD
ykxdk;awmfrsm;\ Adokumvuf&mrsm;udk yk**HHacwfAk'¨,Ofaus;rIvuf&mrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOf
ig
wifjyyg/
yr
2/ tcef; (3) tdE,´d ,Ofaus;rItarGrGtESpf oifcef;pmwGif oif,cl o

hJ nfh taMumif;t&mrsm;
op
-C
udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfyg/
X
O
BE
D
65
yHk(1) qefcsDapwD (Albert M. Craig, Et al., The Heritage of World Civilization, Second
Edition, New York, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990)
yHk(2) *E¨m&vuf&mAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmf (https://ancientarthistory.tumblr.com/post/buddha_
SUHDFKLQJKLV¿VWBVHUPRQVRXWKHDVWFPS (1-10-2019)
yHk(3) rxk&mvuf&mAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmf (*kyÜwacwf) (https://em.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/
buddharupa) (1-10-2019)
d
usrf;udk;pm&if;
te
ec
1/ wifarmif&if?OD;? a&S;acwfa[mif;urÇmordkif;?'kwd,wGJ? &efukef? wuúodkvfrsm;
ot
yHkESdyfwdkuf? 1970/
Pr
2/ wdkufpdk;? Ak'¨bmomtEkynmed'gef;? &efukef? a&mififpOfatm
ht tmh
t zfquf? 2000/
3/ Mehta, J.L., Advanced Study in the History
story
tory of Medieval
Medie
Med India, Vol-1, 1000-1526
ig
AD, First Edition, New Delhi, Sterling
rling Publishers Private Limited, 1979.
ing Publis
Publish
yr
op
4/ Mehta, J.L., Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Vol-II: Mughal
-C
Empire (1526-1707), First Edition,

dition, New
Edit
Editi N Delhi, Sterling Publishers Private
Limited, 1979.
X
5/ Sharma,S.P, History
tory of Medieval
Me India ,First Edition, New Delhi, Mohit
BO
Publication, 1999.
999.
BE
D
66
tcef;(4)
ta&SUawmiftm&S,Ofaus;rI
ed'gef;
à þtcef;wGif acwfOD;ESSihfacwfv,f ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oü xGef;um;cJhaom rif;
EkdifiHrsm;\ aemufcHordkif;? bmomt,l0g'ESifh ,Ofaus;rItEkynmAdokumqdkif&m
xif&Sm;onhf omoedutaqmufttkHBuD;rsm;taMumif;udk &Sif;vif;oifMum;rnf
jzpfonf/
&m
d
te
à tdE´d,,Ofaus;rIacgif;pOfatmufwGif Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI
;rIrIaemufcHorkdif;ESifh apwD?
ec
*lbk&m;rsm;\ AdokumtEkynm vuf&mrsm;taMumifmif;udk od
Mumif o&SdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
ot
Pr
þtcef;NyD;vQif oifonf atmufygwdkYudkvkyfaaqmi
aqmif
qmififEEdkdifrnf/
ht
à ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o&Sd urÇm, Y Ofaus;;rIrItarGtEESppf m&if;0if taqmufttHrk sm;\
ig
xif&Sm;aom tEkynmAdokumvuf vufuf&m t tqifhtwef;udk od&Sdí jrefrmEkdifiH\
yr
tEkynmAdokumtarGtESpfrsm;ud rsm;udkvnf; twk,ljrwfEkd;xdef;odrf;wwfaom tavh

op
tusifhaumif;rsm; &&SdapEkdifrnf
rnf/
-C
X
4.1/ aAma&mAka"m (Borobud

Borobudur)
BO
urÇmay:&Sd Ak'bmomqd
b
¨ momqdki&f mtaqmufttHrk sm;teuf pdik v
f ifj'mrif;tqufqufEiS hf
jynfolwdkYwnfxm;cJhaom *smAm;uRef;&Sd aAma&mAka"mapwDawmfrSm tBuD;rm;qkH;jzpfonf/
BE
apwDawmfBu;D udk pdik v

f iifj'mbk&ifyÍöye (Pancapana)vufxufwiG f pwifwnfaqmufcohJ nf/
D
aAma&mAka"mapwDonf *smAm;uRef;tv,fydkif;? a*smh*sumwmNrdKU taemufajrmufbufrdkif

20 tuGmwGif wnf&Sdonf/
aAma&mAka"monf obm0awmifukef;BuD;wpfckudk ausmufwkH;ausmufcJBuD;rsm;ESifh
ikHí ypö,mtqifhqifhjzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom apwDawmfBuD;jzpfonf/ aAma&m\
t"dyÜm,frSm ausmif;awmfBuD;jzpfNyD; Aka"mrSm apwDawmfBuD;\awmifbuf&Sd &Gmuav;trnf
jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf aAma&mAka"mrSm Aka"m&Gmausmif;awmfBuD;[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ aAma&m
Aka"mapwDawmfudk rD;awmifausmufrsm;jzihf aqmufvkyfxm;onf/ apwDawmf\ykHpHrSm
tdE´d,EkdifiH&Sd apwDawmfrsm;udk twk,lwnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfNyD; *smAm;tEkynmvuf&m
67
rsm;jzihf rGr;f rHxm;onf/ apwDawmfukd av;axmihyf yHk Eéuaf y:üwnfxm;Ny;D zdeyfawmfrt S xuf
odkY ypö,mig;qihf wufoGm;onf/ ypö,mtqihfrsm;rSm xyfwGefYpwk&ef;ykHrsm;jzpfMuNyD; ypö,m
tqihfwdkif;wGif apwDi,frsm;wnfaqmufxm;onf/ txufqkH;ypö,m\tv,fA[dkwGif
ÓPfawmf ay 150 &Sdaom BuD;rm;onfhapwDwpfql wnfxm;onf/ apwDawmfBuD;\
vkH;awmfywfvnfwGif pkpkaygif; 3 rdkifcefY&Snfonfh pBuøvrf;rsm;&Sdonf/ pBuøvrf;wpfzuf
wpfcsu&f dS ausmufom;wdaYk y:wGif yef;warmhvuf&mrsm;jzihf xkvyk xf m;aom pOfu h iG ;f ausmuf
csyfrsm;jzihf r[m,met,l0g'qdkif&mZmwfuGufwdkYudk o½kyfazmfxm;onf/ apwDawmfBuD;\
tmvdefig;qihfwGif rkcfuyfrsm;&SdjyD; ,if;rkcfuyfrsm;xJwGif vlwpfudk,feD;yg;t&G,f&Sdaom
Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;&Sdonf/
ed
ct
BO
yHk(1) aAma&mAk
Ama&mAk
ma&mAAa"
a"mapwDawmfBuD;tm; ,aeYacwfwGif awGUjrif&ykH
BE
apwDawmfmfBuD;\
\tay:qkH;ypö,meH&HwGif pOfhuGif;ESpfwef;&Sdonf/ tay:wef;wGif
D
bk&m;avmif;ewfom;b0rSpí bk&m;jzpfNyD; "r®pMumw&m;awmfudk a[majymonftxd

½kyfvkH;azmfxm;aompOfhuGif;rsm;&Sdonf/ atmufbufwef;wGif uH? uH\tusKd;udk ay:vGif
atmif azmfjyaom½ky<f ursm;? i&Jcef;tzkzH u Hk kd ay:vGiaf tmifxv
k yk x
f m;aom ½ky<f ursm;&So
d nf/
,if;o½kyfazmf½kyf<ursm;onf pmrwwfolwdkYtwGuf Ak'¨\tqkH;trudk vsifjrefpGmem,lEdkif
atmif o½kyfazmfxm;onf/
apwDawmfwpfqv l ;Hk udk NcKH iaHk vhvmvQif *smAm;ü r[m,meAk'b ¨ momxGe;f um;vmyku H kd
awGUjrifEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ aAma&mAka"mapwDawmfBuD;udk urÇmhukvor*¾\ ,leufpudktzGJU
u 1991 ckESpfwGif urÇmh,Ofaus;rItarGtESpftjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhonf/
68
d
te
ec
ot
Pr
yHk(2) aAma&mAka"m&Sd pOfhuGif;ausmuf
au
usmufcsyf
sywpfck
ht
rig
t"dutcsufrsm;
py
à a*smh*sumwmNrdKUteD;&Sd aAma&mAk &mAk

mAka"mapwD
"map
"mapwawmfBuD;rSm tcrf;em;qkH;ESihf tHhMozG,f
Co
taumif;qkH; Ak'¨bmomqdkif&mapwD apwDDaw

ap wmfBuD;jzpfjcif;/
à apwDawmf&Sd o½kyfazmfmfpOfhuGif;rsm;onf pmrwwfolwdkYtwGuf Ak'¨\tqkH;trudk
X
BO
vsifjrefpGmem,lEdkifatmif
atmif o o½kyfazmfxm;jcif;/
à apwDawmfwpfqv l ;Hk ud
uk NcKiH aHk vhvmvQif *smAm;ü r[m,meAk'b
¨ momxGe;f um;vmyku H kd
BE
awGUjrifedkififjcif;/
D
à 1991 ckESpfpfwGifif aAma&mAka"mapwDawmfBuD;udk urÇmhukvor*¾,leufpudktzGJUBuD;u

urÇmh,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpftjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhjcif;/
avhusifh&efar;cGef;
1/ aAma&mAka"mapwDawmf\ Adou
k mvuf&mrsm;ESihf pOhu
f iG ;f ausmufcsyrf sm;taMumif;udk
aqG;aEG;wifjyyg/
69
4.2/ tefaum0wf (Angkor Wat)

crmbk&if 'kw, d ol&,d 0g&refrif; (1113 - 1150ceY)f onf at'D 12 &mpktwGi;f wGif
! ## !
acwfNydKiftkyfpdk;cJhaomrif;jzpfonf/ tefaum0wfausmif;awmfBuD;udk rlvuAdóEdk;ewfrif;
tm; &nfp;l í wnfxm;cJjh cif;jzpfaomfvnf; owårZ,0g&refrif;vufxufoaYkd &mufaomtcg
Ak'ömoedutaqmufttHktjzpf ajymif;vJowfrSwfcJhonf/ ausmif;awmfBuD;wpfckvkH;udk
oJausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;jzihfom aqmufvkyfxm;onf/
d
BE
yHk(3) tefaum0wf ausmif;awmfBuD;udk ,aeYawGU&ykH

D
tefaum0wfausmif;awmfBuD;\ y&d0kPfonf pwk&ef; 1 rdkifausmfceYf&Sdonf/ udkuf

250 cefuY s,af om usK;H jzihf av;zufav;wef0ef;&Hxm;onf/ usK;H udjk zwfausm&f ef e*g;½kyrf sm;
jzihf wefqmqifxm;aom ausmufwHwm;&Sdonf/ ausmif;awmfudk r[m&HwHwdkif;jzihf um&H
xm;onf/ r[m&HwHwdkif;\ av;rsufESmvkH;ü rkcfaygufwpfckpD&Sdonf/ ausmif;awmfBuD;\
yEéufykHonf t&yfav;rsufESmESihftnD av;axmihfpyfpyfjzpfonf/
70
ausmif;awmfBu;D udw k nfxm;ykrH mS a&S;crmwd\Yk t,ltqt& pMu0Vmwnfaeykt H wdik ;f

jzpfonf/ ausmif;awmfBuD;udk usKH;ESihf r[m&HwHwdkif; ywfvnf0dkif;vsuf&Sdjcif;onf pMu0Vm
Bu;D udk awmifpOfawmifwef;rsm;? ork'&´ mrsm;u 0dik ;f &Haeonfukd o½kyaf zmfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
jrif;rd&k af wmif\txGwrf sm;udk o½kyaf zmfaom jymom'faqmifrsm;tjyif ae? v? eu©ww f m&m
rsm;udk o½kyfazmfxm;onhf prkcfaqmifrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ wefaqmif;twGif; pBuøvrf;\
eH&Hrsm;ü jA[®m? oD0? AdóEdk;ewfrif;BuD;wdkYESihfpyfvsOf;aom Zmwf? edygwfrsm;? &mrm,e?
r[mbm&wuAsmrsm;rS xkwfEkwfcsufrsm;? i&Jcef;? bkHcef;rsm;wdkYudk ½kyf<ursm;jzihf o½kyfazmf
xm;onf/
tefaum0wfausmif;awmfBuD;\ 'g,um 'kwd,ol&d,0g&ref g&refrefrif;\ ykHwl½kyf<u
d
te
ESpfuGufudkvnf; awGU&NyD; AdóEdk;ewfrif;tjzpf o½kyfazmfxm;onf onf/ tcsdKU½kyf<ursm;wGif
xm;onf
ec
'kw, d ol&, d 0g&refrif;vufxufu crmjynfow l \ Ykd aeYpOfoG
omG ;vm
;vma
;vmaexdik yf w Hk u Ykd kd o½kyaf zmf
ot
xm;onf/ ½ky<f uwdw Yk iG f 0wfqifxm;aom tqifwefqm yH(k 4) &&mrm,eZmwfuu G o f ½kyaf zmf
Pr
xm;onh½f yk <f uwdu Yk akd vhvmí xdak cwfcrmjynfowd w
l \ Ykd q
htqif,
f ifx;Hk zGUJ rIukd cefrY eS ;f od&edS ikd of nf/
tefaum0wfausmif;awmfonf a&S;crmvl rmvl
vlrsdK;rsm;\ AdokumESihf tEkynmvuf&mrsm;
ig
yr
BuD;us,fcrf;em;rIudkazmfjyaeaom a&S;a[mif [mif;ttaqmufttHkBuD;jzpfonf/ tefaum0wf

taq
op
ausmif;awmftygt0if tefaumNrdKUa[mif a[mif;udk ,leufpudktzGJUBuD;u urÇmh,Ofaus;rItarG

-C
tESSpftjzpf 19 azazmf0g&Dv 1995 9 5 ckcESpfwGif owfrSwfcJhonf/

X
O
yHk(4) &mrm,eZmwfuGuf o½kyfazmfxm;onhf½kyf<u
71
t"dutcsufrsm;
à rlvu AdóEk;d ewfrif;tm;&nfp;l í wnfxm;cJjh cif;jzpfaomfvnf; owårZ,0g&refrif;

vufxufodkYa&mufaomtcg Ak'ömoedutaqmufttHktjzpf ajymif;vJowfrSwf
cJhjcif;/
à ausmif;awmfBuD;udkwnfxm;ykHrSm a&S;crmwdkY\t,ltqt& pMu0VmwnfaeykH
twdkif;jzpfjcif;/
à ,leufpudktzGJUBuD;u urÇmh,Ofaus;rItarGtESSpftjzpf 19 azazmf0g&Dv 1995 ckESpf
wGif owfrSwfcJhjcif;/
d
te
ec
ot
avhusifh&efar;cGef;
Pr
1/ tefaum0wfausmif;awmfBuD;\ AdokumtEkEkynmv
nmvuf&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wifjyyg/
ht
rig
4.3/ t,k'¨, (Ayuthia)

py
$ ! %

Co
t,k ' ¨ , rif ; rsm;ES i h f jynf o l w d k Y o nf

aomuúwJü xGef;um;aeaom Ak'¨0g'ESihf
tEkynmvuf&mwdu Yk kd twk,cl MhJ uonf/
Ak ' ¨ ½ k y f y G m ;awmf u d k xk v k y f & mwG i f
aomuúwJ[eftwdkif; xkvkyfMuonf/
xdkacwfqif;wkawmfrsm;\ xl;jcm;csuf
rSm qHxkH;ay:wGif a&mifvQHyg&Sdaejcif;
yHk(5) t,k'¨,&Sd Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfwpfql jzpf o nf / t,k ' ¨ , tEk y nmvuf & m
rsm;onf 13 &mpkcefUrS pwifxeG ;f um;cJo h nf/
t,k ' ¨ , wG i f a y:xG e f ; cJ h a om
Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfxkvkyfonhf ynmonfwdkYonf acwfOD;ydkif;umvwGif Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfwdkYudk
rdrdwdkYpdwfwdkif;usxkvkyfcJhMuonf/ ax&0g'tqHk;trrsm; wGifus,fvmaomtcg ½kyfyGm;
qif;wkrsm;udk r[myk&dovu©Pmawmftwdkif;om xkvkyfMuonf/
72
t,k'¨,acwf apwDykxdk;*lausmif;ponhf omoedutaqmufttHkrsm;udk tkwf?

t*FawwdkYjzihf aqmufvkyfMuonf/ t,k'¨,NrdKUwGif 13 &mpkuwnfaqmufcJhonhf 0wfAk'¨
qGm&d, (Wat Bhuddai Svarya) bk&m;rSm xif&Sm;onf/ xkvkH;&Snf (Cylinder)atmufcH
taqmufttHkay:wGif apwDaygufxm;onhfbk&m;jzpfonf/ 14 ESihf 15 &mpkESpfrsm;twGif;
wnfcJhonhfapwDwdkYteuf 0wfbk&m;&rf (Vat Phra Ram)? 0wfbk&m;r[mowf (Vat Phra
Mahathat)? 0wf&wfbk&m;em; (Vat Rat Burana)? 0wfoD&dpefywf (Vat Sri Sanpet)wdkYrSm
vuf&majrmufaom apwDrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xdkapwDwdkYrSm yk*HacwfjrefrmwdkY wnfaqmufcJhMu
aom a&Tpnf;ckH? a&TqHawmfESihf avmueE´mapwDwdkYuJhodkY twGif;wGif Xmyemwdkufyg&Sdaom
apwDrsm; jzpfMuonf/
d
te
r[mowf[laom a0g[m&rSm ]jrihfjrwfaom "mwfawmf? arGaw wmf}[k t"dyÜm,f&NyD;
ec
xdik ;f Edik if &H dS NrKd Utrsm;pkwiG f ,if;bGUJ trnfjzihf apwDb&k m;rsm;pGm;pGpGm&So nf/ t,k',
d n ¨ &Sd 0wfb&k m;
ot
r[mowf (Vat Phra Mahathat)rSm 14 &mpktwGif;u wnfcJhjcif;jzpfNyD; t,k'¨,acwfu
Pr
0wfpvufausmif;awmftjzpf xif&Sm;cJhonf/ ht
t,k'¨,&Sd apwDykxdk;rsm;teuf 0wfavmu,q avmu,
vmu,qkom (Vat Lokaya Sutha)bk&m;rSm
rig
vnf; avsmif;awmfrlAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmfBuD;&SdaomaM aomaMummihf xif&Sm;onf/ Ak'¨bk&m;y&dedAÁmefjyKykHudk

py
&nfpl;xkvkyfxm;onhf þ½kyfyGm;awmf wmfmfBuD;onf tvsm; 42 rDwm? tjrifh 8 rDwm&Sdonf/

Co
nmvufawmf axmufxm;onhf OOD;acgif awmfukd Mumzl;rsm;atmufcw

cggif;f aw
cgi H iG f ykaH zmfxv
k yk x
f m;Ny;D
vufawmfESihf ajcawmfwdkYrSm OD;acgif;awmfrS ajzmihfwef;pGmoG,fqif;oGm;ykH xkvkyfxm;onf/
X
BO
D
yHk(6) 0wfavmu,qkom&Sd avsmif;awmfrlAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmfBuD;
73
t"dutcsufrsm;
à t,k'¨rif;rsm;ESihf jynfolwdkYonf aomuúwJü xGef;um;aeaom Ak'¨0g'ESihf tEkynm

vuf&mwdkYudk twk,lcJhMujcif;/
à qif;wkawmfrsm;\xl;jcm;csufrSm qHxHk;ay:wGif a&mifvQHyg&Sdjcif;/
à 0wfbk&m;&rf? 0wfbk&m;r[mowf? 0wf&wfbk&m;em;? 0wfoD&dpefywfwdkYrSm vuf&m
ajrmufaom apwDrsm;jzpfjcif;/
d
te
1/ t,k'¨,&Sd xif&Sm;aom apwD? ykxdk;rsm;taMumif;udk wifijyaqG
ifjyaqG;aEG
a ;yg/
ec
ot
Pr
ht
ig
yr
op
-C
X
BO
BE
D
74
2/ tcef; (4) ta&SUawmiftm&S,Ofaus;rItarGtESpf oifcef;pmwGif oif,lcJhonfh

taMumif;t&mrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfyg/
75
yHk(1) aAma&mAka"mapwDawmfBuD;tm;,aeYacwfwGifawGUjrif&yHk (https://en.wikipedia.org)
(6-2-2019)
yHk(2) aAma&mAka"m&SdpOfhuGif;ausmufcsyfwpfck (https://what-buddha-said.net/Borobudur)
(9-2-2019)
yHk(3) tefaum0wfausmif;awmfMuD;udk,aeYawGU&ykH (https://ak3.picdn.net/shutterstock/
videos) (13-2-2019)
yHk(4) &mrm,eZmwfuGufo½kyfazmfxm;onhf½kyf<u (https://i.pinimg.com/originals)
(13-2-2019)
d
te
yHk(5) t,k'¨,&SdAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmfwpfql (http://pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/ayuthya)
content/upl
ntent/upl
ec
(15-2-2019)
ot
yHk(6) 0wfavmu,qkom&Sd avsmif;awmfrlAk'¨½kyfyGm;awmfBBuD uD; (htt
(https://www.wat-lokaya-
Pr
sutha-reclining-buddha) (17-2-2019) ht
ig
yr
usrf;udk;pm&if;
op
1/ odef;vdIif?OD;? ta&SUawmiftm&S? &efefu

ukkef? *VKef
*VKe-e*g;yHkESdyfwdkuf? 1980/
-C
2/ Chapman,William, A Heritage agg of Ruins:

R
Ruin The Ancient Sites of Southeast Asia and
Their Conservation, Hawaii, University
Un of Hawaii, 2013.
X
BO
3/ Tarling, Nicholas,, Ed., The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, from Early
time to C. 1800,
0, Cambridge,
Camb
mbr
mbri Cambridge University Press, 1992.
BE
4/ Pearn, B.R.,
.R., An Introduction
Int
In to the History of Southeast Asia, Kuala Lumpur,
D
Longmanss of Malaya
M Ltd., 1963.
76
ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf
ed
ct
vlrSak &;od
;o
odyHÜ
te
ht
rig
abm*aA'
bm*a
m*a
py
Co
''orwef
'o
'or
or ;
X
BO
BE
D
D
BE
BO
X
-C
op
yr
ig
ht
Pr
ot
ec
te
d
ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf vlrIa&;odyÜH (abm*aA') 'orwef;
tcef;(1)
abm*aA'qdkonfrSm
What Economics is
ed'gef;
abm*aA'\t"dyÜm,fonfus,fjyefY\/ odkYjzpfíbmom&yf\ oabmobm0udk
NcHKiHkrdaponfh t"dyÜm,fudk wdwdususzGifhqdk&efrSmcufcJonf/ abm*aA'ynm&SiftoD;oD;u
½IaxmifhtrsdK;rsdK;rS t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcJhMuonf/ xdkYaMumifhabm*aA'bmom&yf a0g[m&\
t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufudk tajccHoabmw&m;tcsdKUjzifh &Sif;jyrnf/
þtcef;NyD;vQif aqmif&GufEdkifrnfhtaMumif;t&m
d
te
(After studying this chapter, you will be able to do the followings:)
followings
ollowings
ec
Ŷ abm*aA'bmom&yf\ t"dyÜm,fudk em;vnfod&S&SdNyD NyD; aeYpOfb0ESifY qufpyftoHk;cs
ot
wwfrnf/
Pr
Ŷ tajccHusaomvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh tajccHcrus rusaomvd
o
om ktyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;jywwfrnf/
ht
rig
Ŷ vlv
Y yk t
f m;? obm0o,HZmwypön;f rsmm;?;? ½ky0f w¦Kypön;f rsm;ESihf xkwv f yk rf u
I &d ,
d mrsm;
tm;vHk;udk ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm; m; odkYr[kwf xkwfvkyfrIt&if;tjrpfrsm; (productive
py
Co
resources) [k ac:jcif;udk ½Si iff;jywwfrnf/

Ŷ tuefYtowfr&dSaomvl vlom;wd
m;wdkY\ vdktifqE´rsm;ESifh tuefYtowf&dSaomt&if;
m;w
X
tjrpfrsm;Mum; cJGjcrf
crf;pdwfjzmmwwfrnf/
BO
Ŷ acRwma&;oabmw&m;ud
bmw&m k od&Sdem;vnfí aeYpOfb0wGif usifhoHk;wwfrnf/
BE
D
1.1/ ]]tD;udkYpf}}}} (Ecos) + ]]EdkrD}} (Nomy)

abm*aA'udk t*Fvyd b f momjzifh ]]tDuakd emfrpf}f } (Economics)
onf pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHk odkYr[kwf ]]tDudkEdkrD}} (Economy) [laom pum;vHk;ay:wGif
tajcwnf ay:xGe;f cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ ]]tDuEkd rkd }D }[laom pum;vH;k onf *&dbmomrS ]]tD;udUk pf}}
ESihf ]]Edrk }D }[laom pum;ESpvf ;kH udk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ]]tD;udUk pf}}\ t"dymÜ ,frmS rdom;pk
odrYk [kwf tdraf xmifpjk zpfNy;D ]]Edrk }D }\ t"dymÜ ,frmS pDrcH efcY jJG cif;jzpfonf/ xdaYdk Mumifh ]]tD;udpYk Ef rkd }D }
[laompum;vH;k \ wdu k ½f ukd tf "dymÜ ,fziG q
hf ckd surf mS rdom;pk odrYk [kwf tdraf xmifppk rD cH efcY jJG cif;
jzpfonf/
77
'orwef; vlrIa&;odyÜH (abm*aA') ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf
rsufarSmufumvwGif ]]tDudkEdkrD}}\t"dyÜm,frSm rdom;pkpDrHcefYcGJjcif;xufrsm;pGmydkí
us,fjyefYaMumif;awGU&onf/ ]]tDudkEdkrD}} [laoma0g[m&wGif ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;
(Goods and Services)xkwv f yk jf cif;? toH;k jyKjcif;tajctaersm;tm;vH;k tusHK;0ifayonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHk (The Economy of Myanmar)[kqdkvQif
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&dS ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;xkwfvkyfjcif;? toHk;jyKjcif;rsm;tm;vHk;udk
qdkvdkygonf/ xdkenf;wllpGm tjynfjynfqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHk (The International
Economy)[kq& kd mwGiv
f nf; urÇmay:&dES ikd if rH sm;\ ukepf nfEiS 0hf efaqmifrrI sm; xkwv f yk jf cif;?
toHk;jyKjcif;rsm;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
wdik ;f jynfwpfjynf\ pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHu k kd &nfñeT ;f onfjzpap?
pfap? tjynfjynfqikd &f m
d
te
pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkudk &nfñTef;onfjzpfap? ukefpnfESifh0efaqmif mifrIwdkY\ trSefwu,f
ec
xkwfvkyfrIESifhtoHk;jyKrIwdkYudk vlwpfOD;csif;uaomfvnf;aumif mif;?;? tdrfaxmifpkrsm;uaomf
ot
vnf;aumif;? tzGJUtpnf;uaomfvnf;aumif; wm0ef,l ,laqmif&Guf&jcif;jzpfonf/ þodkY
Pr
aqmif&Guf&mwGif rnfonfht&mrsm;udk xkwfvkyf&rnf ht nf? xkwfvkyfrI&v'frsm;udk rnfodkYrnfyHk
toH k ; jyKrnf [ l a om qH k ; jzwf c suf r sm;ud k jyKvk vk yyff M u&rnf
u&r / þqH k ; jzwf c suf r sm;onf
u&rn
ig
yr
tdrfaxmifpk\0ifaiGESifh toHk;p&dwfrsm;udk tdrfaxm xmifOD;pD;wpfa,mufu pDrHcefYcGJonfhtcg

op
jyKvkyf&aomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh tvGefw wllayonf/ xdkYaMumifh]]tDudkEdkrD}} [laompum;vHk;\

-C
acwfopft"dyÜm,fqdkvdkcsufESifh *&d&bmo bmompum;\

bm omp wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,fqdkvdkcsufwdkYonf
tajccHtm;jzifh wlnDaMumif;awG wGU&onf/
X
BO
]]tDuEkd rkd }D }qdak ompum;vH

um;vH;k rS ]]tDuEkd rkd u kd Zf }f }(Economize) acRwma&;[laom pum;vH;k
ay:xGufvmcJhonf/ acRwma ma&;[k
a&; qdk&mü toHk;p&dwfrsm;oHk;pGJ&mwGifvnf;aumif;? oGif;tm;
BE
pkrsm; toHk;jyK&mwG wGifvnf;aumif; tavtvGifhr&dSap&ef *½kwpdkufoHk;pGJjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/

D
]]tDuEkd rkd }D }[laom pum pum;ESihf ]]tDuEkd rkd u

pu kd Zf }f }[laompum; 2 vH;k rS ]]tDuakd emfrpf}f }(Economics)
jrefrmtac:ta0:tm;jzifh abm*aA'[laoma0g[m&udk &&dSonf/ abm*aA'qdkonfrSm
pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkudk avhvmjcif;ESifhacRwmpGmoHk;pGJa&;wdkYudk avhvmjcif;jzpfonf/
(Economics is the study of the economy and of economizing.) xdkYaMumifh abm*aA'
qdkonfrSm vlom;wdkYtaejzifh ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk rnfodkYrnfyHkxkwfvkyfí rnfodkY
rnfyHkcGJa0toHk;jyKonf[laom taMumif;&yfrsm;udk avhvmjcif;jzpfonf[lí t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdk
Edkifygonf/
78
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź ]]tD;udkYpf}} [laompum;vHk;\ t"dyÜm,fonf *&dbmompum;rS rdom;pk odkYr[kwf

tdrfaxmifpkjzpfonf/
Ź ]]EdkrD}} [laompum;vHk;\ t"dyÜm,fonf *&dbmompum;rS pDrHcefYcGJjcif;jzpfonf/
Ź *&dbmompum;rS xkwfazmfxm;aom]]tDudkEdkrD}} (Economy)[laom pum;vHk;
wdu k ½f ukd t
f "dymÜ ,fziG q
hf ckd surf mS rdom;pk odrYk [kwf tdraf xmifppk rD cH efcY jJG cif; jzpfonf/
Ź EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkqdkonfrSm xdkEdkifiHtwGif;&dS ukefpnfESifh
0efaqmifrIrsm;xkwfvkyfjcif;? toHk;jyKjcif;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/
ed
Ź tjynfjynfqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkqdkonfrSrSm urÇmay:&SdEdkifiHrsm;\
ct
te
ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk xkwfvkyfjcif;? toH o;jyKjcif
k;jyKjcif
Kjcif;rsm
rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/
ro
Ź abm*aA'qdkonfrSm vlom;wdkYtaejzifh ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk rnfodkYrnfyHk
P
xkwfvkyfí rnfodkYrnfyHkcGJa0toHk;jyKonf ht nfu uddk avhvmjcif;jzpfonf/
(a,bk,st"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf)
ig
yr
op
-C
1.2/ vlom;wdkY\tuefYttowf
owfr&dSaomvdktifqE´rsm;ESifh tuefYtowf&dSaom
X
BO
t&if;tjrpfrsm;(Unlimi
(Unlimited Human Wants vs. Limited Resources)
vlom;wdkYonf
onf ae aaeYpOfaeYwdkif;pm;aomufrIrsm;twGuf ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk
BE
vdt k yfonf/ xdvk tkd yfcsurf sm;wGif tajccHusaomvdt k yfcsurf sm;(Basic Requirements) ESihf
D
tajccHrusaomvd omv ktyfcsufrsm;(Non-basic Requirements)[lí 2 rsdK;yg0ifaeonf/

tajccHusaomvdt k yfcsufrsm;wGif ukepf nfrsm;jzpfaom pm;aomufz, G &f mrsm;? t0wftxnf
rsm;ESifh tdrf&mtaqmufttHkwdkYtjyif ynma&;? usef;rma&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;paom
0efaqmifrIrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf/ tajccHrusaomvdktyfcsufrsm;wGif aysmfyGJ&TifyGJ? azsmfajzrI?
tem;,ltyef;ajzjcif;ponfwdkYyg0ifonf/ tu,fívlom;wdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm; odkYr[kwf
vdtk ifqE´rsm;onf tueft Y owfjzif&h v Sd Qiaf omfvnf;aumif;? enf;yg;vQiaf omfvnf;aumif;
vlom;wdkY\b0onf tvGefyif½dk;pif;aeayvdrfhrnf/
79
vufawGUü vlom;wdkY\vdktifqE´rsm;onf tuefYtowfr&dS rsm;jym;vSayonf/
vlom;wdkYonf ypönf;wpfpkHwpf&mudk vHkavmufpGm&&dSNyD;jzpfonfhwdkifatmif tjcm;t&mrsm;
udk xyfrHvdkcsifvmwwfMuayonf/ xdkYaMumifh abm*aA'bmom&yfwGif vlom;wdkY\
vdktifqE´tuefYtowfr&dSjcif;onf rjiif;y,fEdkifonfhtrSefw&m;wpf&yftaejzifh vufcH
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
vlom;wdkY\ vdktifqE´rsm;udk jznfhqnf;&eftwGuf ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;
xkwfvkyf&mwGif ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm; (Factors of Production)udk toHk;jyK&ayrnf/
abm*aA'bmom&yfwGif vlYvkyftm;? obm0o,HZmwypönf;rsm;? ½kyf0w¬Kypönf;rsm;ESifh
xkwfvkyfrIud&d,mrsm;tm;vHk;udk ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm; odkYr[kwf ukeeffxkwfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;
d
te
odkYr[kwf xkwfvkyfrIt&if;tjrpfrsm; (Productive Resources)[k ac:on ac:onf/
ec
vlv Y yk t
f m;? obm0o,HZmwypön;f rsm;? ½ky0f w¦Kypön;f rssm;ESESihf ukex f wk u f &d ,
d mrsm;onf
ot
vdkoavmuf r&&dSEdkifay/ xdkYaMumifh xkwfvkyfrIt&if;tjrpf j pfrsm; &&dSEdkifrIonf tuefYtowf
Pr
jzifh wnf&aSd eonf/ tueft Y owfjzif&h aSd eonfh xkwvk htv
f yk rf t I &&if;f tjrpfrsm;udk toH;k jyK&ojzifh
xkwfvkyfrIonfvnf; tuefYtowfjzifhom &&dSEdEdkifonf onf/ o odkY&mwGif vlwdkY\vdktifqE´rsm;rSm
rig
tuefYtowfr&dSonfhtwGuf xkwfvkyfEdkifonf onfxuf ydkrkdrsm;jym;aeonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlwdkY\

py
vdktifqE´rsm;udkjznfhqnf;&ef a&G;cs,frIrIjyKvk jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfonf/

Co
xdkYaMumifh abm*aA'bmom&yfywG wGif rrjiif;y,fEdkifonfhtrSefw&m; 2 &yf&dSonf/

yw
wG
,if;wdkYrSm-
X
BO
(u) xkwfvkyfrIt&if;tjjrpfrsm; &&&SdEdkifrIonf tuefYtowf&dSjcif;?

(c) vlom;wdkY\ vdktifqEr E´rsm;onf tuefYtowfr&Sdjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/
qEr
þtaMumif;t&m 2 &yfukd ,SOw f aJG vhvmjcif;jzifh ydrk w
kd ud saom abm*aA'bmom&yf\
t"dymÜ ,fukd zGiq hf EdEkd ikd o
f nf/ xdaYk Mumifh abm*aA'bmom&yfonf vlom;wdt Yk aejzifh rdrwd \
Ykd
vdktifqE´rsm;udk trsm;qHk;jznfhqnf;Edkif&eftwGuf tuefYtowfjzifhom&&dSEdkifaom
xkwv f yk rf tI &if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnforYdk nfykH pDrcH efcY í JG toH;k jyKonfukd avhvmaombmom&yf
jzpfonf/
txufygt"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufonf ,cift"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufxuf ydkíjynfhpHkaom
t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufjzpfonf/ abm*aA'bmom&yfESifhywfoufí t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf 3 rsdK;
&Sif;jycJhaomfvnf; tajccHoabmw&m;rSmtwlwlyifjzpfonf/
80
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź abm*aA'bmom&yfwiG f xkwv f yk rf t
I &if;tjrpfrsm; &&dES ikd rf o
I nf tueft
Y owfjzifh
&dSaeonf/
Ź abm*aA'bmom&yfwGif vlom;wdkY\ vdktifqE´rsm;onf tuefYtowfr&dSyg/
Ź vlwdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;wGif tajccHusaomvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh tajccHrusaom
vdktyfcsufrsm;[lí ESpfrsdK;yg0ifonf/
Ź ydkíwdusaomabm*aA'bmom&yf\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm ]]abm*aA' bmom
&yfonf vlwdkY\vdktifqE´rsm;udk jznfhqnf;Edkif&eftwGuf uf tuef
tueYtowfjzifhom
d
te
&&dSEdkifaom ukefxkwft&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfodkYrnfyHyHkpDrHrHcefYcGJí toHk;jyKonfudk
ec
avhvmaom bmom&yfjzpfonf/}}
ot
Pr
ed*Hk; ht
þtcef;wGifabm*aA'\ t"dyÜm,fzGzGififhqdkcsuf 3 rsdK;udkazmfjycJhayonf/ abm*aA'
rig
bmom&yfonf vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifhoufqd qdkififNyD; odyÜHenf;uspl;prf;avhvmrIrsm;udk toHk;jyK

py
ojzifh ,if;udk vlrIa&;odyÜHbmomcGJwpf

wpf&yfftaae aejzifh owfrSwfxm;ayonf/
Co
abm*aA'bmom&yf\t" t"dyÜyÜm,ff? vlwdkY\ tuefYtowfr&SdaomvdktifqE´rsm;ESifh

t
tuefYtowf&Sdaomt&if;tjrpfrsmsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfvmNyD; xdktcsufrsm;aMumifhyif vlwdkY
X
BO
taejzifh acRwm&aMumif; od&Sdem;vnfvmum vufawGUtajctaersm;? rdrdwdkY\&aiGESifh

rdrdwdkY\vdktyfcsuf
ufrsm;udk rddrdtwGuf taumif;qHk;&&Sd&efrnfodkY a&G;cs,foHk;pGJ&onfrsm;udk
BE
pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfvmEdkifrn
nf/
D
-------------------
81
avhusifhcef;rsm;
1/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udk rSm; rSef a&G;yg/

(u) tDudkEdkrD [laoma0g[m&wGif ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm; xkwfvkyfjcif;? toHk;jyKjcif;
tajctaersm; tm;vHk;tusHK;0ifonf/
(c) acRwma&;[lonf toH;k p&dwrf sm;oH;k pG&J mwGiv f nf;aumif;? pGr;f tm;pkrsm;toH;k jyK&mwGif
vnf;aumif; tavtvGifhr&Sdap&ef *½kwpdkufoHk;pGJjcif;udkqdkvdkon nf/
(*) vlom;wdkYonfaeYpOfpm;aomufrIrsm;twGuf ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrssmsm; rvdktyfyg/
d
te
(C) abm*aA'qdo k nfrmS pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHu k kd avhvmjjcif;ESihf acRwmoH;k pGaJ &;wdu
Yk kd
ec
avhvmjcif;jzpfonf/
ot
(i) tajccHusaomvdktyfcsufrsm;rSm aysmfyGJ&TifyGJ? aazsmf jzrI? tem;,ltyef;ajzjcif;
zsmfajz
Pr
ponfwdkYyg0ifonf/ ht
ig
(p) ukexf wk v f yk &f eftwGuf vlv Y yk t
f m;? obm0o,H
m0o,HZmwypö
bm0o,H m n;f rsm;? ukex
f w
k u
f &d , d mrsm;
yr
udk vdkoavmuf&&SdEdkifygonf/
op
-C
2/ atmufyguGufvyfrsmm;ud ;ud
udkjznfhygg/
X
BO
(u) tDudkEdkrD[laompum;vH um;vHk;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm rdom;pk odkYr[kwf

tdrfaxmifpk --------
--------------------- jzpfonf/
-------
BE
(c) pD;yGm;a&;taqmuf
taqmuttH[ k qk vkd Qif Edik if t
H wGi;f &dS --------------------- rsm; xkwv
f yk f
D
jcif;? toHk;;jjyKjcif;rsm;udkqdkvdkonf/
(*) tdrfaxmifpk\0ifaiGESifh toHk;p&dwfrsm;pDrHcefYcGJonfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk ------------
-------- u jyKvkyf&onf/
(C) tajccHusaomvdktyfcsufrsm;wGif pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;? t0wftxnfrsm;ESifh
---------------------wdkY yg0ifonf/
(i) vlom;wkdY\ vdktifqE´rsm;onf --------------------- rsm;jym;vSonf/
(p) --------------------- t&if;tjrpfrsm;&&SdEdkifrIonf tuefYtowfjzifh wnf&Sdonf/
82
3/ tajzrSefa&G;yg/
(u) abm*aA'\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf 3 rsdK;teuf yxrt"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm
(u) rd o m;pk p D r H c ef Y c G J j cif ; (c) uk e f p nf E S i f h 0 ef a qmif r I r sm;cG J a 0toH k ; jyKjcif ;
(*) xkwfvkyfrIt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJtoHk;jyKjcif; jzpfonf/
(c) abm*aA'qdkonfrSm (u) ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrI (c) pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHk
(*) ukex f w
k t f iftm;pkrsm;udk avhvmjcif;ESihf acRwmoH;k pGaJ &;wdu Yk kd avhvmjcif;jzpfonf/
(*) tajccHrusaomvdt k yfcsurf sm;wGif (u) pm;aomufz, G &f mrsm;m; (c) tt0wftxnfrsm;
d
(*) aysmfyGJ&TifyGJrsm; yg0ifygonf/
te
ec
(C) abm*aA'bmom&yfonf vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifhoufq qddkiiffNyD; odyÜHenf;uspl;prf;avhvmrI
ot
rsm;udk toH;k jyKojzifh (u) odyb HÜ mom&yf (c) 0dZmÆ bmom&yf
bmom& (*) vlraI &;odyb HÜ mom&yfcJG
Pr
wpf&yftaejzifh owfrSwfxm;onf/ ht
ig
yr
op
4/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkajzyg/
-C
(u) abm*aA'bmom&yfudk rnf nuJ

uJhodkY t
t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkEdkifoenf;/
(c) vlom;wdkU\ tajccHv vddktyfcsufESifh tajccHrusaomvdktyfcsufrsm;udk udk,fydkifOyrm
X
rsm;ay;íajzqdkyg/
yg/
BO
(*) vlom;wdkYonfonf rdrdrdwdkY vdktifqE´&Sdonfht&m[lorQudk &&SdEdkifrI&Sd r&Sdudk usdK;aMumif;

BE
jyí&Sif;j;jyyg/
D
83
tcef;(2)
ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;
Goods and Services
ed'gef;
abm*aA'bmom&yfudk avhvm&mwGif ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk odyÜHenf;us
cGJjcm;azmfjy&ef vdktyfvSonf/ þtcef;wGif ukefpnf? 0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaom
oabmw&m;rsm;? t"dymÜ ,fowfrw S cf surf sm; ukepf nfEiS 0hf efaqmifrrI sm;\ ta&;ygaomcGjJ cm;
owfrSwfrIrsm;udkyg &Sif;vif;azmfjyoGm;rnf/
d
þtcef;eSifhywfoufí oifod&SdNyD;aomtaMumif;t&m
te
ec
(What you have already known to this chapter)
ot
abm*aA'bmom&yfonf ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;ud
rsm;udk vlom;wdkYu rnfodkYrnfyHk
Pr
toHk;jyKMurnfudk avhvmaombmom&yfjzpfaMumif; od
o&S&dSccJJYNNyDyD;jz
ht jzpfonf/
&m
rig
(After studying this chapter, you will be able to do

d the followings:)
py
Ŷ aeYpOftoH;k jyKaeaom t&m0w¦Krrssm;pGmudk aabm*aA'a0g[m&t& ukepf nf[k ac:qdk

Co
aMumif;? ukefpnftjyif 0efeaq aqmif rIvnf;&SdaMumif;udk &Sif;jywwfvmrnf/

miirv
Ŷ xkwfvkyfjcif;ESifY toHk;j;jyKjcif;udkvdkufí ukefpnfrsm;udk trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;Edkifvmrnf/
X
BO
Ŷ xdkYjyifukefpnfodkavSmifrIayy:y:rlwnfí ukefvufusefESifh ukefpD;qif;rIudkvnf; cGJjcm;

vmEdkifrnf/
BE
D
2.1/ ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;\ t"dyÜm,f

'H¿QLWLRQRI*RRGVDQG6HUYLFHV
ukefpnfrsm;(Goods)rSm vlom;wdkYtwGuftoHk;0ifNyD; xdawGUudkifwG,fEdkifonfh j'yf&dS
t&mrsm;(Tangible Things)jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh aetdrftaqmufttHk? y&dabm*?
qef? qD? qm;? t0wftxnf ponfwjYkd zpfonf/ 0efaqmifrrI sm;(Services)rSm vlom;wdt Yk wGuf
toHk;0ifaomfvnf; xdawGUudkifwG,fír&aomj'yfrJht&mrsm;(Intangible Things)jzpfonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh o,f,yl aYkd qmifjcif;? qufo,
G af y;jcif;? ukeo
f ,
G rf jI yKvyk af y;jcif;? bPfvyk if ef;
84
aqmif&Gufay;jcif;? ynmoifMum;ay;jcif;? azsmfajzrIay;jcif;? aq;ukoay;jcif; ponfwdkY jzpf
onf/
þtcef;wGif wdkwdkESifhvdk&if;od&dSap&ef ukefpnf[koHk;xm;aomfvnf; xdkukefpnf
[lonfha0g[m&wGif ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIESpfrsdK;pvHk; tusHK;0ifaMumif; od&dSxm;&efvdktyf
onf/
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź ukefpnfrsm;onf xdawGUudkifwG,fí &aomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/

Ź 0efaqmifrIrsm;onf xdawGUudkifwG,fí r&aomt&mrsm;jzpfpfonf
onf/
d
te
ec
ot
Pr
2.2/ tcrJhukefpnfESifh &Sm;yg;ukefpnfrsm;
(Free Goods and Scarce Goods)
ht
rig
ukepf nfrsm;udk tcrJu h ek pf nfrsm;(Free
reee Goods) EESihf &Sm;yg;ukepf nfrsm;(Scarce Goods)
py
[lí t"dutm;jzifhESpfrsdK; cGJjcm;Edkifon nf/ vlom;wd

mm; kY\ vkyftm;pdkufxkwf jyKvkyfrIrygbJ
Co
&&Sad omt&mrsm;onf tcrJu h ek pf nfrrsm;jzpf

sm;jzpf
m;jzpfonf
n/ okaYd omf t&m0w¦Kwpfco k nf ae&mwdik ;f ESihf
tcsed wf ikd ;f ü tcrJu h ek pf nfjzpfrraeyg
aeyg// Oyrmtm;j
rae O zihf a&onfr;kd wGi;f umvwGif obm0twdik ;f
X
&&SdaomaMumifh tcrJhuk ukefefpnfjzpfaomfvnf; aEG&moDwGifa&&Sd&ef vlwdkY\vkyftm;jzifh

BO
pdkufxkwf&,l&jcif;aMMummifh tc tcrJhukefpnfrjzpfEdkifyg/
t&m&mwd wdik ;f onftcrJu h ek pf nfrsm;r[kwaf y/ uREykf w f oYkd ;kH pGaJ om t&m0w¦Kwikd ;f vdv
k ydk if
BE
vlwdkY\vkyftm;jziftm;jzifh pdkufxkwfjyKvkyfxm;aomt&m0w¦Krsm; jzpfMuonf/ ukefpnfrsm;

D
xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf &&SdEdkifaomtcsdefumvonf tuefYtowfjzihf&Sdonf/ xdkYjyif ukefpnf

xkwv f yk &f ef vdt
k yfonfu h ek x f wk t f iftm;pkrsm;onfvnf; tueft Y owfjziho
f m wnf&adS om
! #$%+. #6 <=<> @ .+ <=%!%
tuefYtowf&dSonf/ tuefYtowfjzifhom&&dSEdkifaom t&m0w¬Krsm;udk &Sm;yg;ukefpnfrsm;
(Scarce Goods) [kac:onf/ &Sm;yg;ukefpnfrsm;udk wpfenf;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnfrsm;
(Economic Goods) [kvnf;ac:onf/
85
abm*aA'bmom&yfonf &Sm;yg;ukefpnf[loa&GUESifh ywfoufaomfvnf; &Sm;yg;

ukefpnf[loa&GUonf abm*aA'bmom&yfESifhrywfoufyg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh c&rf;a&mif
iSuaf rG;awmifonf &Sm;yg;aomt&m0w¦Kwpfck jzpfonf/ odaYk omf vlom;wdu Yk xdt k &m0w¦Kukd
toHk;r0ifojzifh rvdkcsifygu c&rf;a&mifiSufarG;awmifonf &Sm;yg;ukefpnf jzpfaomfvnf;
pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnfrjzpfEdkifay/ tdrfwGiftvSxm;&eftwGuf xdkc&rf;a&mifiSufarG;awmifudk
vdck siyf gu wefz;kd jrifrh m;pGmay;í0,f,&l rnf/ xdt k cg tqdyk gc&rf;a&mif iSuaf rG;awmifonf
pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnfjzpfvmonf/
xdkYaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnfqdkonfrSm vlwdkY\ vkyftm;pdkufxkwfjyKvkyfrIrS&&Sdonfh
toH;k 0ifwefz;kd ESifh zvS,rf w I efz;kd &Sad omt&mrsm;jzpfonf/ Oyrm-aea&mif mifjcnfEiS hf avwdo
Yk nf
d
te
toHk;0ifwefzdk;&Sdaomfvnf; vlYvkyftm;pdkufxkwfrI rygojzifhpD;yGm;a&;uk a&;ukefpnf[k rqdkEdkifyg/
m;a&;uk
ec
tcrJhukefpnf qdkonfrSm toHk;0ifwefzdk;&Sdaomfvnf; vlwkdY\ vkyftm;pd m kufxkwfjyKvkyfrIESihf
ot
zvS,frIwefzdk;ryg&Sdonfh t&mrsm;jzpfonf/
Pr
t"dutcsufrsm; ht
rig
Ź vlom;wd\ Yk vkyt
f m;pdu
k x
f w k jf yKvyk rrIf rI ygbJ &&daS omt&mrsm;onf tcrJu h ek pf nfrsm;
py
jzpfonf/
Co
Ź t&m0w¦Kwpfckonf ae&mwd &mwm kii;ES

i;f;ESEififYtcsdefwdkif;ü tcrJYukefpnfjzpfraeyg/ vlwdkY
oHk;pJGaom t&m0w¦Kwdkif;vdkvdkyif vkyftm;pdkufxkwfjyKvkyf&aom t&m0w¦Krsm;
X
BO
jzpfonf/
Ź ukefpnfrsm;xk xkwfvkyf&efftcsdefumv? vdktyfonfhukefxkwftiftm;pk(t&if;tjrpf)
BE
rsm;onf tuefYtowfjzifhom&&dSonf/
D
Ź tuefYtowfjzifhom&&dSaom t&m0w¦Krsm;udk &Sm;yg;ukefpnfrsm;[kac:onf/

Ź pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnfqdkonfrSm vlwdkY\ vkyftm;pdkufxkwfjyKvkyfrIrS&&dSonfh toHk;0if
wefzdk;ESifh zvS,frIwefzdk;&dSaomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/
Ź tcrJhukefpnfqdkonfrSm toHk;0ifwefzdk;&dSaomfvnf; vlwdkY\vkyftm;pdkufxkwf
jyKvkyfrIESifh zvS,frIwefzdk;rygaomt&mrsm; jzpfonf/
86
2.3/ oGif;tm;pkrsm;ESihf ukefxGufrsm;

(Inputs and Outputs)
ukefpnfESihf0efaqmifrIrsm; xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;udk twlwuG
tcsKd ;us aygif;pyftoH;k jyK&onf/ acwfopfp;D yGm;a&;taqmufttHw k iG f xkwv
f yk rf u
I kd jzpfpOf
(process)wpfct k jzpf tqihrf sm;cJNG y;D avhvmonf/ ajr,m? vkyt f m;? t&if;tES;D wkjYd zihf pwifí
ukefacsmrsm;jzihftqHk;owfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihfy&dabm*rsm;a&mif;csjcif;vkyfief;wGif
opfyifpu kd yf sK;d xkwv f yk jf cif;? opfcjJG cif;? y&dabm*rsm;a&mif;csjcif;ponh nht f qih
q rf sm;yg0ifonf/
opfyifpu kd yf sK;d xkwv f yk jf cif;jzpfpOf\ aemufq;kH &v'frmS opfv;kH rsm;jjzpfonf/ opfv;Hk rsm;onf
d
te
opfxkwfvkyfief;\ ukefacsmjzpfonf/ xdkaemufqHk;&v'f uef csmopfvHk;onf opfxkwf
ukefacsmo
ec
vkyfief;\ ukefxGufjzpfonf/ xkdYenf;wl opfcGJjcif;vkyfiiefef;\ukefxGufonf opfcGJom;rsm;
ot
Pr
jzpfonf/ y&dabm*vkyfief;\ ukefxGufonf y&dabm*rsm;jzpf m**rsm;jz onf/
bm*r
opfvHk;rsm;onfopfxkwfvkyfjcif;\ ukeeffacsmrsm;jzpf
ht csmrsm;jz aomfvnf; opfcGJjcif;vkyfief;\
csmrsm;j
ig
ukefMurf;jzpfonf/ xkdYenf;wlopfcGJom;rsm;onf nf opfcGJjcif;vkyfief;\ ukefacsmjzpfaomfvnf;
onf
yr
y&dabm*vkyfief;\ukefMurf;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihfxkwfvkyfrItqihfwpfqihf\ ukefacsmonf

op
tjcm;tqihf\ ukefMurf;jzpfaMumif;awGU&onf &on/

-C
oGif;tm;pkrsm;(Inputs) ts)rSm xw
xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGif xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKvkdufaom t&m
x
X
rsm;jzpfonf/ xkwv f yk rf jzpf

jI zpfpOf\ aaemufq;kH &v'ftjzpf ay:xGu&f &Sv d maom t&mrsm;onf
BO
ukefxGufrsm;(Outputs) ts)jzpfon
uts) nf/ okdYjzpfí a,bk,stm;jzihf oGif;tm;pkrsm;wGif ukefxkwf
tiftm;pkrsm;ESiifhf ukefMurf u ;rsm;yg0ifaMumif;awGU&onf/ ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;udk rlv
BE
oGif;tm;pkrsm; m;(Prim
(Primary Inputs)[kac:NyD; ukefMurf;rsm;udk Mum;oHk;oGif;tm;pkrsm;
D
(Intermediate Inputs)[kac:onf/
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź oGif;tm;pkrsm;onf ukefpnfxkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGif xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKvkdkufonfh

t&mrsm; jzpfonf/
Ź ukefxGufrsm;onfxkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfrSay:xGuf&&dSvmaomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/
87
2.4/ ukefacsmrsm;ESihf ukefMurf;rsm;

(Finished Goods and Raw Materials)
ukeaf csmrsm;(Finished Goods)qdo k nfrmS xkwv f yk rf jI zpfpOf\ aemufq;kH &v'ftjzpf
&&Svd monfh ukex f u
G rf sm;jzpfonf/ % +. <L + <. = #+. $ # V$#
ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOftwGif; xyfqifhjyKjyif&ef rvdktyfawmhonfh ukefpnf
rsm;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh y&dabm*? t0wftxnf? qef ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
ukeMf urf;rsm;(Raw Materials) rSm ukeaf csmtqifo h rYkd a&mufrcsifi;; x
xkwv
f yk rf jI zpfpOf
wGif tqifhqifhjyKjyifae&aom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ ukefMurf;rsm;\ \ Oyrmtcsd
;\ Oyrm KUrSm pyg;?
d
te
0g*Grf;? csnfcifponfwdkYjzpfonf/ pyg;pdkufysdK;xkwfvkyfonfhvkyfiiefef;wGif pyg;rS p mukefacsmjzpf
ec
aomfvnf; qefpufvkyfief;wGif pyg;onfukefMurf;jzpfonf/ xdkYenf;wl 0g*Grf;ESifh csnfcif
ot
Pr
wdkYonf oufqdkif&mxkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOf\ ukefacsmjzpfpao aaoomfvn nf; txnf&ufvkyf&mwGif
ukefMurf;tjzpfyg0ifNyD; xyfqifhjyKjyifjcif;udkcH&onf nf/ txnf
httxnjzpfvmrSom ukefacsmb0odkY
tx
ig
a&muf&dSonf/ ukefpnfrsm;udk toHk;jyKrItay:rl :rlwwnf nfí uk uefacsm odkYr[kwf ukefMurf;tjzpf
yr
cGJjcm;owfrSwfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rkefYonf onfwpfOD;onf rkefYvkyf&ef qefudktoHk;jyKygu

op
qefonf ukefMurf;jzpfonf/
-C
ukeaf csmtqifo h aYkd &muf&aa&;tw

dS &;twG
&;twu uf tenf;i,fomtacsmudik &f efvakd om ukepf nfrsm;
X
udk wpf0ufwpfysufNyD; ukeeffacsmrsm; 6HPL¿QLVKHG*RRGV [kac:onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh

BO
pkaygif;wyfqifjcif;rjyK&ao;onf
&aao;on
o;o h pufud&d,mtydkif;tprsm;? ta&mifrwif&ao;aom
y&dabm*rsm;? aumfmaZmatm
aZmatmufcHrsm; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
aZmatm
BE
t"dutcsufrsm;;
D
Ź ukefMurf;rsm;rSm ukefacsmtjzpfodkUra&mufrcsif; xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGif tqifhqifh

jyKjyifae&aom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
Ź ukeaf csmtqifah &muf&aSd &;twGuf tenf;i,frQom tacsmudik &f efvakd om ukepf nf
rsm;udk wpf0ufwpfysufNyD;ukefacsm[kac:onf/
Ź ukeaf csmqdo
k nfrmS xkwv f yk rf jI zpfpOf\ aemufq;kH &v'ftjzpf &&Sv
d monfu
h ek x
f u
G rf sm;
jzpfonf/
88
2.5/ aemufqHk;oHk;ukefpnfESifh Mum;oHk;ukefpnfrsm;

(Final Use Goods and Intermediate Use Goods)
aemufqHk;oHk;ukefpnfrsm;rSm oHk;pGJrIjyKvdkufNyD;aemuf xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGifjyefvnf
yg0ifEdkifjcif;r&dSonfhukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;oHk;ukefpnfrsm;(Final Use Goods)
onf pm;oH;k rItwGuaf omfvnf;aumif;? &if;ES;D jr§KyfErHS t I wGuaf omfvnf;aumif;? ydu Yk ek w
f ifyrYkd I
twGufaomfvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKonfhukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;oHk;ukefpnf[k
qd&k jcif;rSm tqdyk gukepf nfonf vwfwavmumvtwGi;f jynfwiG ;f ütj tjcm;ukepf nfwpfc\ k
tpdwftydkif;tjzpf a&muf&dSrvmEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
d
te
pm;oHk;rItwGuf toHk;jyKaomukefpnfonf tjcm;uk ukefpnfwpfck jzpfrvmEdkifyg/
ec
W +. <L+.<=X !#$%% % #$%!X
ot
Pr
toHk;jyKaomfvnf; ,if;ukefpnf\ tpdwftydkif;jzprv pfrvmEd
v kifyg/ EdkifiHjcm;odkY wifydkYvdkufaom
ukefpnfwpfckonfvnf; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpfpOfwGif jjy
ht jyefvnfryg0ifvmEdkifawmhay/
ig
ukefxGufrsm;onf ukefacsmrsm;jzpfpfaaomf omfvnf; ukefacsmwdkif;onf aemufqHk;oHk;
yr
ukefpnfrsm; r[kwfay/ Oyrm- ydkYukefrsm;wG rsm;wG

m;wGif ukefacsmrsm;omru ukefMurf;rsm;vnf;yg0if
op
Edkifonf/ xdkYaMumifhukefacsmrsm;ESifh aemuf emufqHk;o oHk;ukefpnfrsm;udk xyfwlxyfrQxm;í rpOf;pm;

-C
rd&ef ta&;BuD;onf/
X
xkwv f yk rf jI zpfpOfwifiG f tqifqh ifjh yKjyifae&aom ukepf nfrsm;onf ukeMf urf;rsm;jzpfonf/

BO
ukeMf urf;rsm;onf Mum;oH m;o tm;pkrsm;jzpfNyD; ,if;wdUk udk Mum;oH;k ukepf nfrsm;(Intermediate
oH;k oGi;f t
Use Goods)[kac:onf ac:onf/
BE
t"dutcsufrrsm;
sm;
D
Ź aemufq;kH oH;k ukepf nfqo

kd nfrmS ukepf nfwpfcck u
k kd pm;oH;k rItwGuaf omfvnf;aumif;?
+. <L+.<=X!% _ # <=X!%
toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/
Ź Mum;oHk;oGif;tm;pkrsm;udk Mum;oHk;ukefpnf[kac:onf/
89
2.6/ pm;oHk;ukefpnfrsm;ESifh xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfrsm;

(Consumer Goods and Producer Goods )
pm;oHk;ukefpnf(Consumer Goods)qdkonfrSm tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rS pm;oHk;&eftwGuf
toHk;jyKonfhukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ tpm;tpmrsm;? tdrfoHk;ypönf;rsm;? a&cJaowåm? ½kyfjrif
oHMum;puf ponfhukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfrsm;(Producer Goods)
qdkonfrSm ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonfhukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ xkwfvkyfoloHk;
ukefpnfrsm;wGif &if;ESD;ukefpnfrsm;ESifh ukefMurf;rsm;yg0ifonf/ toHk;jyKrItay:rlwnfí
pm;oHk;ukefpnf? xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnf[lí cGJjcm;onf/ Oyrm-armfawmf awmf,mOfrsm;udk tdrfoHk;
d
te
tjzpftoH;k jyKygu pm;oH;k ukepf nfjzpfonf/ ukexf w
k vf yk if ef;rsm;rSrS toH;k jyK&ef0,f,x
l m;aom
ec
armfawmf,mOfrsm;onf xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
ot
Pr
t"dutcsufrsm;
ht
ig
Ź pm;oHk;ukefpnfqdkonfrSm pm;oHk;jcif;twGwGuf &nf&G,faom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
yr
Ź xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfrSm ukefxkwwffvkyfrIwGif toHk;jyKaom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/

op
xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfrsm;wGif &if;ESD;ukefpnfrsm;ESifh ukefMurf;rsm; yg0ifonf/

-C
X
BO
2.7/ Mum&SnfoHk;ukefppn w cgokH;ukefpnfrsm;

nfESifh wpf
(Durable Use Good
Goods and Single Use Goods)
BE
Mum&SnfooHHk;ukefpnf
n(Durable Use Goods)qdkonfrSm wm&SnfcHNyD; xyfumxyfum
D
tBudrfBudrftoHk;jyKEdkifaom ukefpnfjzpfonf/ xdkukefpnfrsm;onf pm;oHk;ukefpnfESifh

xkwfvkyfoloHk;ukefpnfESpfrsdK;pvHk; jzpfEdkifonf/ Mum&SnfoHk; xkwfvkyfoloHk; ukefpnfonf
&if;ESD;ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/ Mum&SnfoHk;pm;oHk;ukefpnfrSm t0wftxnfrsm;? y&dabm*rsm;?
rdom;pkoHk;armfawmfum;rsm; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
wpfcgoHk;ukefpnfrsm;(Single Use Goods)rSm wpfBudrfwpfcgom toHk;jyKEdkifaom
ukepf nfrsm;jzpfonf/ wpfcgoH;k pm;oH;k ukepf nfwrYkd mS tpm;tpmrsm;? xif;? rD;aoG;? avmifpmqD
ponfwYkd jzpfonf/ xdu k ek pf nfrsm;udk ukex
f w
k v
f yk &f mwGif toH;k jyKygu wpfcgoH;k xkwv
f yk o
f l
oHk; ukefpnfjzpfonf/
90
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź Mum&Sno f ;kH ukepf nfrsm;qdo

k nfrmS wm&Sncf aH vh&NSd y;D xyfumxyfum tBurd Bf urd t
f oH;k
jyKEdkifaom ukefpnfjzpfonf/
Ź wpfcgoHk;ukefpnfrsm;rSm wpfBudrfwpfcgom toHk;jyKEdkifaom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
2.8/ ysufpD;vG,faomukefpnfESifh rysufpD;vG,faomukefpnfrsm;

(Perishable Goods and Non-perishable Goods)
d
te
ysufpD;vG,faomukefpnf(Perishable Goods)qdkonfrSrSm Mum&SnfrcHbJ wdkawmif;
ec
aomtcsed tf wGi;f ysupf ;D oGm;Edik af omukepf nfrsm;jzpfonf/ Oyrm-ig;?
yrm-ig; EdpYk rd ;f ? cl;,lxm;aomyef;
ot
rsm; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ rysufpD;vG,faomukefpnf(Non-peri Non-perishable Goods) qdkonfrSm
(Non-per
(No
Pr
wdkawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif; ysufpD;vG,faomukefefpnfESifhpmmvQif txdkuftavsmuf Mum&Snf
ht
odr;f qnf;xm;í &aomukepf nfrsm;[k qd&k ayrnf nf/ Oyrm-
n/ Oyrm ykpeG af jcmuf? pnfow G tf pm;tpmrsm;?
ig
yr
t0wftxnfrsm;? opfrsm;? pufqDponf nfwdwdkYjzpfonnf/

op
t"dutcsufrsm;
-C
ysufpD;vG,faomuk ukeeffpnfqdkonfrSm Mum&SnfrcHbJ wdkawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif;

X
Ź
BO
ysufpD;oGm;Edkifaom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
Ź rysupf ;D vG,
,faf omuk
om epf nfqo kd nfrmS wdak wmif;aomtcsed t
f wGi;f ysupf ;D vG,af om
BE
ukefpnfESifhpmv
mvQif txdkuftavsmuf Mum&Snfodrf;qnf;xm;í&aom ukefpnfrsm;
D
jzpfonf/
2.9/ ukefvufusefESifh ukefpD;qif;rI

(Stocks and Flows)
ukefpnfyrmPudk yHkaooabmt&aomfvnf;aumif;? pD;qif;rIoabmt&aomf
vnf;aumif; avhvmEdik o
f nf/ yHak ooabmt&avhvmvQif owfrw
S x
f m;onfh umvwpfck
91
wGif yHkaojzpfaeonfh tpktyHkyrmPudk avhvm&onf/ pD;qif;rIoabmt& avhvmvQif
ukefpnfyrmPonf yHkaojzpfraebJrnfrQ wdk;yGm;vmonf? rnfrQavsmhoGm;onfudk avhvm
&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhb@ma&;ESpf ukefqHk;onfhpufwifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif&dSonfh
ajr{ursm;? vkyfom;ta&twGuf? pufud&d,mta&twGuf? ukefavSmif½HkwGif odkavSmifxm;
aom pyg;yrmPwdrYk mS ukev f ufuserf sm;jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh ukev f ufusef(Stocks)qdo k nfrmS
owfrw S x
f m;onfh tcsdeu f mvwGi&f aSd eaomukepf nfrsm; odrYk [kwf ukex f wk tf iftm;pkrsm;\
tpktyHkyrmP jzpfonf/
ukefpD;qif;rI (Flows) qdkonfrSm tcsdefumv wpfcktwGif; ukefvufusefwGif
xyfaygif;xnfv h u kd af omyrmP odrYk [kwf xkwEf w k vf ukd af omyrmPjzpfpfo onf nf/ rsm;aomtm;
d
te
jzifh ESpfwpfESpftwGif; ukefpnfta&twGuf rnfrQajymif;vJonfu uddk azmfjyonf/ Oyrm-
ec
ESpt
f pü ukeo f akd vSmif½w kH iG f pyg;wif; 2 oef;&So d nf qdyk gpd/Yk ,if;onf uukev f ufusejf zpfonf/
ot
tu,fí xdkESpftwGif; pyg;wif; 1 oef;udk xkwfvkyfygu u ,if;onf ukefpD;qif;rIjzpfNyD;
Pr
rlvukefvufusefwGif ,if;pyg; 1 oef;udk aygif;&ygrnf htrnfnf/ t tu,fí xdkESpfwGifyif oHk;pGJrIrSm
tu
wif; 1.5 oef;jzpfygu ,if;onfvnf; ukefpD;qifif;rIjzpfNyD; rlvukefvufusefrSEkwf&ygrnf/
ig
yr
xdkYaMumifh
op
ESpfp&Sdukefvufusef + xkwfvk vkyfyfrI - oH

ok;pGJrI = ESpfqHk;ukefvufusef
-C
2 oef; + 1 oef oeeff; - 1.5 oef; = 1.5 oef; jzpfonf/

oe;
þwGif ukefodkavSmif½HkwG wGif&Sdao om ukefpnfonf ukefvufusefjzpfNyD; xkwfvkyfrIonf
X
BO
ukefodkavSmif½HkodkY pD;0ifojzifh ukefpD;qif;rIjzpfonf/ oHk;pGJrIonf ukefodkavSmif½HkrS pD;xGuf

ojzifh ukepf ;D qif;rIjzponfpfonf
onf/ ESEpfpq f ;kH &Sd ukev
f ufuseo f nf aemufEpS t f wGi;f ukex f w
k vf yk rf w
I iG f
BE
toHk;jyKygu t&if &if;tESD;wGifxyfaygif;jcif;jzpfonf/

D
t"dutcsufrsm;
Ź ukefvufusefrsm;qdkonfrSm tcsdefumvwpfckwGif&dSaeaom ukefpnfrsm; odkYr[kwf

ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;\ tpktyHkyrmPjzpfonf/
Ź ukefpD;qif;rIqdkonfrSm tcsdefumvwpfcktwGif; ukefvufusefwGif xyfaygif;xnfh
vdkufaomyrmP odkYr[kwf ukefvufusefrS xkwfEkwf,lvdkufaom yrmPjzpfonf/
92
ed*Hk;
ukepf nfwpfrsKd ;wnf;udyk if trsKd ;tpm;trsKd ;rsKd ;cGjJ cm;Edik o
f nf/ xkwv
f yk jf cif;ESihf toH;k
jyKjcif;udkvdkufí ukefpnftrsdK;tpm;rsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&dSaMumif; awGU&dS&onf/ xdkYaMumifh
þtcef;wGif ukefpnftrsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;yHkudk wifjyaqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYywf0ef;usif&Sd ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk
cGJjcm;vmEdkifonfhtjyif xkwfvkyfrI? toHk;jyKrIESifh odkavSmifrIwdkYay:rlwnfí ukefpnftrsdK;
tpm;rsm;udk uGJjym;pGmtuJjzwf oHk;oyfEdkifvmrnf/
--------------------------------
avhusifhcef;rsm;
d
te
ec
ot
(u) aetdrftaqmuftOD? y&dabm*? qef? qD? qm;?;? t0wftxnfwdkYonf ukefpnfrsm;
Pr
jzpfMuonf/ ht
(c) ukex f uG rf sm;onf ukeaf csmrsm;jzpfNy;D ? ukeefaf csmwkid ;f onfvnf; aemufq;kH oH;k ukepf nfrsm;
ig
yr
jzpfonf/
op
(*) ukex f wk vf yk if ef;rsm;rS 0,f,x

l m;aom armf
xm;aom a awmf,mOfrsm;onf pm;oH;k olo;kH ukepf nfrsm;
ar
-C
jzpfonf/
(C) Mum&SnfoHk;xkwfvkyyffoloHk;uk uefpnfonf &if;ESD;ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf/
X
BO
(i) t&m0w¦Kwpfcko onf nf ae&mwk

ae dif;ESifh tcsdefwdkif;ü tcrJhukefpnf jzpfaeEdkifygonf/
BE
D
2/ atmuf guGufvyfrsm;udkjznfhyg/
ufygu
ygu
(u) pkaygif;wyfqifjcif;rjyK&ao;onfh pufu&d ,
d mtydik ;f tprsm;? ta&mifrwif&ao;aom
y&dabm*rsm;? aumfaZmatmufcrH sm; ponfwu Ykd kd -------------------- [k ac:onf/
(c) ---------------------- qdkonfrSm owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdefumvwGif &Sdaeaom
ukefpnfrsm; odkYr[kwf ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;\ tpktyHkyrmPyifjzpfonf/
(*) xkwfvkyfrItqifhwpfqifh\ ukefacsmonf tjcm;xkwfvkyfrI wpfck\ -------------
--------- jzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/
(C) tuefYtowfjzifhom&&SdEdkifaom &Sm;yg;aomukefpnfrsm;udk -------------------
[kvnf; ac:qdkEdkifygonf/
93
(i) qefonf pm;oHk;rIjyKvdkufojzifh xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGif jyefvnfyg0ifEdkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh
#$%%
3/ tajzrSefa&G;yg/
(u) ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;udk (u) rlvoGif;tm;pkrsm; (c) Mum;oHk;oGif;tm;pkrsm;
(*) Mum;oHk;ukefpnfrsm;[kac:onf/
(c) Mum&Sno f ;kH pm;oH;k ukepf nfrsm;rSm (u) t0wftxnfrsm; (c) rD;aoG oG; ((*) avmifpmqD
wdkU jzpfonf/
d
te
(*) Mum;oHk;oGif;tm;pkrsm;rSm (u) vkyftm; (c) t&if;tEDS; (*) ukefMurf; wdkYjzpfonf/
ec
(C) c&rf;a&mifiSufarG;awmifonf toHk;0ifwefzdk;ESifh zvS,frIwefzdk;r&Sdygu (u) tcrJh
ot
Pr
ukefpnf (c) pD;yGm;a&;ukefpnf (*) &Sm;yg;ukefpno pnnfomjzpf
omjzpfygonf/
(i) 2017 ckESpfwGif v,form;wpfOD;\ pyg;usD
ht pyg;wif; (150)&SdNyD; xdkESpfwGifyif
usDwGif py
pyg
ig
wif; (50)udk a&mif;csvdkufygu ESppffq qHHk;wGif uk
uefvufusefrSm (u) 150 wif;
yr
(c) 100 wif; (*) 50 wif; jzpfonf onf/

op
-C
X
4/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;ud udkajzyg yg/

BO
(u) ukefpnfESifh0efaqm qmif sm;udk rnfodkYcGJjcm;Edkifoenf;/ oifhywf0ef;usifwGif wnf&Sd

mifrIrsmsm;
aeonfrsm;ud udk Oyrmay;íaj
Oyrm zqdkyg/
BE
(c) pD;yGm;a&;ukukefpnfqdkonfrSmtb,fenf;/ Oyrmay;íajzqdkyg/

D
(*) aemufq;kH oH;k ukepf nfwikd ;f onf ukeaf csmjzpfaomfvnf; ukeaf csmwdik ;f onf aemufq;kH
oHk;ukefpnf rjzpfaMumif;udk ay:vGifatmif&Sif;jyyg/
(C) ausmif;om;wpfOD;taejzifh aeYpOftoHk;jyKaeaom ukefpnfrsm;onf wpfcgoHk;
ukefpnf odkYr[kwf Mum&SnfoHk;ukefpnfjzpfEdkifonfudk Oyrmay;íajzqdkyg/
(i) atmufygukefpnfrsm;onf rnfonfhukefpnftrsdK;tpm;jzpfonfudk taMumif;jy
ajzqdyk g/ tcsKd Uukepf nfrsm;onf trsKd ;tpm;wpfrsKd ;rujzpfEikd af Mumif;udv
k nf;&Si;f jyyg/
(1) *Pef;aygif;puf (2) t0wftpm; (3) rkefY[if;cg; (4) vufudkifw,fvDzkef;
(5) ½kyfjrifoHMum;puf
94
tcef;(3)
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkyHkoP²mef?
pD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
Economic Activities, Economic Structure, Economic System
and Economic Organizations
ed'gef;
vlom;wkdY\vdktifqE´rsm;udk jznfhqnf;&eftwGuf ukefpnfESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm;
xkwfvkyfjcif;ESifh toHk;jyKjcif;wGif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; qufET,frIr&Sdygu vkyfaqmifcsufonf
½dk;pif;aeayvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomf yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;onfyifvQif tcsd csdsdefESihftiftm;pkrsm;onf
d
te
tueft Y owfjziho f m&Sad eaomaMumifh aphpyfr&I adS p&ef pDraH qmif
mif&&Gu
G &f rn rnfjzpfonf/ ukepf nf
ec
ESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk xkwfvkyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? toH oHk;jyK&mwGifvnf;aumif; wpfOD;ESihf
ot
wpfOD; eD;uyfpGmqufET,fvsuf&SdNyD; tvkyfNyD;ajrmuf ap&ef wpf
uap w OD;ESihfwpfOD;yl;aygif;aqmif
Pr
&Guf&aom tajctaersm;pGm&Sdonf/ pD;yGm;a&;ud &;ud
ht udpö&yfrsm;twGuf vlom;wkdYyl;aygif;pDrH
rig
cefcY v
JG yk u
f ikd jf cif;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyaf qmifcsuf
urrs
f sm;jzpfonnf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;onf
pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkyHkoP²mefudk azmfmfjyygonf yygo / pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkyHkoP²mefudk
py
avhvmjcif;jzihf pD;yGm;a&;pepftaMumif Mumif; od&SdEdkifonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk

Co
pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS aqmif mi&Gu

qmi&G uffMMua
uaMumif;udk þtcef;wGif &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;rnf/
X
þtcef;ESifYywfoufí oifod&dSNyD;aomtaMumif;t&m
BO
(What you have already

alread
eady
ady kn
known to this chapter)
kno
BE
abm*aA'bmom&yf
A'bmo onf vlwkdY\vdktifqE´rsm;udkjznhfqnf;&eftwGuf tuefY
towfjzihfom &&SdEdkifaomxkwfvkyfrIt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vlom;rsm;taejzihf rnfokdYrnfyHk
D
pDrHcefYcGJtoHk;jyKonfudk avhvmaombmom&yfjzpfonfudkod&dScJhNyD;jzpfonf/
(After studying this chapter, you will be able to do the followings:)
Ŷ aeYpOfaexdkifrIb0onf pD;yGm;a&;ESifhqufpyfvsuf&SdaMumif; &Sif;jywwfvmrnf/
Ŷ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfvmNyD; ,if;wdkY\qufpyfrIrsm;udk aeYpOf
vlaerIb0wGif toHk;cswwfvmrnf/
95
Ŷ pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkyHkoP²mefudk od&Sdem;vnfvmNyD; ,if;tay:rlwnfí pD;yGm;
a&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk tqifhqifhazmfxkwfwwffrnf/
Ŷ urÇmay:wGif pD;yGm;a&;pepf 3 rsKd ;&So
d nfukd od&NdS y;D Edik if rH sm;\pD;yGm;a&; vkyaf qmifcsuf
rsm;ay:tajccHí rnfonfhpD;yGm;a&;pepfusifhoHk;aeonfudk oHk;oyfwwfvmrnf/
Ŷ pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;ay:tajccHí vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHwGif vkyfaqmifaeaom pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk qufpyfoHk;oyfwwfvmrnf/
3.1/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
d
te
(Economic Activities)
ec
pD;yGm;a&;qkdonfrSm pm;0wfaea&;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;ajyvnf a&;ajyv
&;ajyv ap&ef BudK;yrf;
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vkyfaqmif&onfh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsuf sursm;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
Pr
udpö&yfrsm;twGuf vlom;wdkYtcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif mifif&Gufjcif
ht c f;udk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsuf
rsm;(Economic Activities) [kac:onf/ xkdvkyyffaqmifcsuf sursm;udk t"dutm;jzihf atmufyg
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twdkif; trsdK;tpm; 5 ckcGJjcm;azmfjyEdkifonfn/

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tion)
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ibuttion)
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qm
qmif;jcif; (Consumption and Saving)
+. <L+. (Investment)wkdY jzpfonf/
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(u) xkwfvkyfjjcif
cif;
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xkwfvkyfjcif;qkdonfrSm ukefpnf(Goods)ESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm;(Services)udk jyKvkyf

jcif;yif jzpfonf/ ukefpnfESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;
(Productive Forces)udk aygif;pyftoHk;jyK&onf/
ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;udk a,bk,stm;jzihf ajr,m(Land)? vkyftm;(Labour)ESihf
t&if;tESD;(Capital) [lí cGJjcm;azmfjyEdkifonf/ ajr,mwGif ajray:ajratmuf obm0
o,HZmwypön;f rsm; tm;vH;k yg0ifonf/ vkyt f m;wGif vlw\Ydk um,vkytf m;tjyif uRr;f usirf I
ESihf twwfynmrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ t&if;tESD;wGif taqmuftODrsm;? pufrsm;? ud&d,m
wefqmyvmrsm;? ½kyf0w¦Krsm;ponfwkdY yg0ifonf/
96
ukepf nfEiS fh 0efaqmifrrI sm;udk xkwv f yk &f eftwGuf ukex f wk t
f iftm;pkrsm;udk oihaf vsmf
aomae&m? oihfavsmfaomtcsdefü oihfavsmfaomyrmPtwdkif; pkpnf;toHk;jyK&ef vkdtyf
onf/ Oyrm-pyg;pdkufysdK;xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf vl\vkyftm;? t&if;tESD;jzpfaom x,frsm;?
uR?J EGm;wd&pämefrsm;? xGepf ufrsm;ponfwEYdk iS fh ajr,mudk oihaf vsmaf omae&mü oihaf vsmaf om
yrmPtwdkif; aygif;pyftoHk;jyK&ayonf/
ukexf w k t
f iftm;pkrsm;udk ajr,m? vkyt f m;? t&if;tES;D [lí oH;k rsKd ;cGjJ cm;xm;aomfvnf;
vkyftm;onf tajccHtusqHk;aom tiftm;pkjzpfonf/ tb,faMumihfqkdaomf ajr,mESihf
t&if;tESD;wkdYonf vl\vkyftm;rygvQif ukefxkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;r&SdaomaMumihfjzpfonf/
vlYtzGJUtpnf; ydkrdkzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmonfESihftrQ xkwfvkyfrIrIjzpf jzpfpOfwGif vkyftm;udk
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vkyu
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udk,fwdkifxkwfvkyf&ef rvkdawmhay/ t&m0w¦ &m0w¦ 0w¦Ktetenf;i,ftay:wGifom pl;pdkufxkwfvkyf&ef

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cGJjcm;rI &Sdvmonf/ Oyrm-vuform; rm

rm;?;? yef;yJq&m? &ufuef;&ufol? v,form;? q&m0ef?
q&m ponfjzihf tvkyftudkifcGJjcm;v m;vkyfudkifrI jzpfay:vmonf/ vuform;onf y&dabm*
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rsm;xkwv f yk &f mwGif pl;pduf

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t"dutcsufrrsm;
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Ź pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;qdkonfrSmpD;yGm;a&;udpö&yfrsm;twGuf vlom;wdkY
tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/
Ź xkwfvkyfjcif;qdkonfrSm ukefpnfESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;yifjzpfonf/
Ź ukefxkwftiftm;pkrsm;udk a,bk,stm;jzifh ajr,m? vkyftm;ESihf t&if;tESD;[lí
cGJjcm;azmfjyEdkifonf/
Ź ajr,mwGif ajray:ajratmuf obm0o,HZmwrsm; tm;vHk;yg0ifonf/
97
Ź vkyftm;wGif vlwdkY\um,vkyftm;tjyif uRrf;usifrIESifh twwfynmrsm;vnf;

yg0ifonf/
Ź t&if;tESD;wGif taqmuftODrsm;? pufrsm;? ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;? ½kyf0w¦Krsm;
ponfwdkY yg0ifonf/
Ź tvkyfcGJjcm;vkyfudkifjcif;qdkonfrSm vkyfom;wpfOD;uvkyfief;tm;vHk;udk rvkyfudkif
awmhbJ vkyfief;wpfrsdK;wnf; odkYr[kwf vkyfief;tenf;i,fudkom pl;pdkufaZmufcs
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rsm;t f nf;aumif;? vkyif ef;rsm;tMum;wGiv f nf;aumif;?
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vkyfudkifjcif;? tvk vkyfcGJjcm;vk
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jzefYjzL;jcif;qkdonfrSm xkwfvkyfrIwGifyg0ifolrsm;tMum; xkwfvkyfrI\&v'frsm;udk
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98
xkdYaMumihfajr,m? vkyftm;? t&if;tESD;wkdYonf 0ifaiG&&Sdonfh Zmpfjrpfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
xkdukefxkwftiftm;pk Zmpfjrpfrsm;rS&&Sdonfh0ifaiGrsm;udk tiftm;pktc0ifaiG (Factor
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tavhtusihf ponfhtcsufrsm;wGifrlwnfNyD; uGmjcm;onf/ Opöm"eydkifqdkifrI uGmjcm;ívnf;
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Ź jzefYjzL;jcif;qdkonfrSm xkwfvkyfrIwGif yg0ifolrsm;tMum;
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tvQH&Sdaom v,form;wpfOD;onf rdrdvdktyfvsuf&Sdaom t0wftxnfudk&&Sd&ef &ufuef;
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BO
ESifh EdIif;,SOfazmfjyjcif;jzppfonf/
Ź aiGaMu;apss;;EIEIef;onf onf ukefpnfESifh aiGaMu;wdkYvJvS,faomEIef;yif jzpfonf/
BE
Ź tjynf nfjynfqdkif&mukefoG,fa&;onf EdkifiHtvdkufukefpnfrsm;udk pl;pdkufaZmufcs

D
xkwfvyf vkyfyfjcif
ciif;rS ay:aygufvmaom vJvS,fjcif;yHkpHwpfrsdK;yifjzpfonf/
(C) pm;oHk;jcif;ESifh pkaqmif;jcif;

pm;oHk;jcif;qdkonfrSm vlyk*d¾Kvftaejzifhvnf;aumif;? tdrfaxmifpktaejzifhvnf;
aumif;? tzGUJ tpnf;taejzifvh nf;aumif; xkwv f yk rf t
I wGurf &nf&,
G b
f J vwfwavmvdt k if
qE´rsm;udkjznfhqnf;&ef ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifrIrsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ ukefpnfwpfck
udk pm;oHk;vdkufaomtcg tjcm;ukefpnfwpfckjzpfrvmawmhay/ Oyrmtm;jzifh qefudk
tdraf xmifpwk pfc\
k tpm;tpmtjzpftoH;k jyKvu kd af omtcg tqdyk gpm;oH;k vdu
k af omqefonf
101
tjcm;ukefpnfwpfckjzpfrvmawmhay/ odkYjzpfí qefudkpm;oHk;vkdufonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh qefudkpm;oHk;jcif;onf aemufqHk;toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfojzifh aemufqHk;oHk;? pm;oHk;oloHk;
wpfcgoH;k ukepf nfjzpfonf/ aemufq;kH toH;k jyKjcif; (Final Use)X $ _ +. <L + .
ESifh jynfyydkYukeftjzpf wifydkYa&mif;csjcif;wdkYyg0ifonf/
acwfopfpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkrsm;wGif pm;oHk;jcif;udk ESpfydkif;cGJjcm;azmfjyEdkifonf/
<.$ > < < $!$ (Individual or Household
Consumption)ESifh pkaygif;pm;oHk;jcif;(Collective Consumption)wdkYjzpfonf/ wpfOD;csif;

wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif; odkYr[kwf tdrfaxmifpktaejzifh pm;oHk;jcif;jzpfonf onf/ OOyrm-vlwpfOD;
d
te
wpfa,muf\ tpm;tpm0,f,rl ?I tdraf xmifpw k pfc\
k aq;0g;0,f ,f,l ,rl wI Ykd jzpfonf/ pkaygif;
ec
pm;oHk;jcif;qdkonfrSm jynfolvlxktwGuf toHk;jyKaompm;oH oHk;;rIrIp&dwfjzpfonf/ tpdk;&\
ot
ynma&;twGut f oH;k p&dwrf sm;? Edik if aH wmfumuG,af &;ESihf vHNk cHKa&;toH
a&;t ;k p&dwrf sm;? aq;½Hrk sm;
Pr
ESifh a&m*gumuG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf toHk;p&dw wffrsm;jzpf
ht sm;jz fonf/
abm*aA'bmom&yfwiG f pm;oH;k jcif;ESipaqmif phf ak qmif;jciif;wdu Yk kd '*Fg;jym;wpfc\ k rsuEf mS jyif
rig
ESpzf uftjzpf ½IjrifwwfMuonf/ pkaqmif;jcif;;qd qdo k nfrmS xkwv f yk rf pI pk ak ygif;rS pm;oH;k NyD;aemuf
py
usef&Sdaom tpdwftydkif;yifjzpfonf/ pm;oHk;rIrjyKaomt&monf pkaqmif;rIjzpfonf/

Co
xdaYk Mumifh pkaqmif;rIonfpm;oH;k jcif;rjyKaomt omtydik ;f jzpfNy;D pm;oH;k jcif;onf pkaqmif;rIrjyKaom

o
tydkif;yifjzpfonf/ ydkíem;vnf nfap&ef o om"uwpfckjzifh &Sif;jyygrnf/ tu,fí v,form;
X
BO
wpfOD;onf pyg;wif; 3000 xkwfvkyfNyD; wif; 100 udk 0rf;pmtjzpf toHk;jyKí tjcm;
wif; 150 udk t0wf wftxnfxn nf? tpm;tpm? azsmfajza&;? c&D;oGm;vma&; ponfwdkYtwGuf
BE
vJvS,f toHk;jyKccJJhonfqdkygu þv,form;onf pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfaom pyg;wif; 300

D
teufrS pyg;wif; 250 25 udk pm;oHk;rItwGuf toHk;jyKonf[kqdk&ayonf/ xkdYaMumifh ol\

pkaqmif;rIonf pyg;wif; 50 jzpfonf/ þpkaqmif;rIjzpfaom pyg;wif; 50 onf pkpkaygif;
xkwv f yk rf t
I eufrS pyg;wif; 250 udk pm;oH;k Ny;D aemuf use&f adS ompyg;jzpfonf/ pm;oH;k rIjyKaom
pyg;wif; 250 onfvnf; xkwfvkyfvdkufonfh wif; 300 rS pkaqmif;rItwGuf wif; 50
z,fxm;NyD;aemuf usef&Sdaompyg;jzpfonf/
þtajctaeü oufqdkif&mukefpnfrsm;\ aps;EIef;rsm;udkodvQif ,if;udkaiGaMu;
wefz;kd tm;jzifh azmfjyEdik o
f nf/ tu,fí pyg;aps;EIe;f onf wpfwif;vQif 4 aomif; usyjf zpfyg
u pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfaompyg;wif; 300 onf 0ifaiGusyf odef; 120 ESifh nDrQayonf/
102
þ0ifaiGteuf pyg;wif; 250 ESifhnDrQaom wefzdk;usyf odef; 100 udk pm;oHk;vdkufNyD; usyf
odef; 20 udk pkaqmif;onf/ pm;oHk;rItwGufoHk;vdkufaom aiGwefzdk;usyf odef; 100 ESifh
pkaqmif;aiGusyf odef; 20 wdkYudk aygif;vdkufygu pkpkaygif;0ifaiGusyf odef; 120 &&Sdrnf
jzpfonf/ v,form;BuD;\ pm;oHk;&efqHk;jzwfcsufonf oG,f0dkufaomtm;jzifh pkaqmif;&ef
qHk;jzwfcsuf jzpfonf/ xdkYtwl tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh pkaqmif;&efqHk;jzwfcsufonf pm;oHk;&ef
qHk;jzwfcsufyifjzpfonf/
pkaqmif;jcif;udk a&TUqdik ;f xm;aompm;oH;k rItjzpf rSw,f o l nf/ vlwpYkd ak qmif;MuonfrmS
rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifjzpfap? rdrdwdkY\om;pOfajr;qufwdkYtwGufjzpfap aemifwpfcsdefwGif pm;oHk;
Edkif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/ pkaqmif;rIonfvnf; tvGefta&;ygonf/ tb, tb
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
d
te
pkaqmif;rI&SdrSomvQif pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkonf wdk;wufvmrnf rnfjzpfNyD; aemifumvwGif
vmrnf
ec
ydkrdkpm;oHk;vmEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh pkpkaygif;xkwfvk vkyyffrIteeufrS rnfrQudkpm;oHk;NyD;
ot
rnfrQudkpkaqmif;rnf[laom pm;oHk;rIESifhpkaqmif;rIqHk;jzwf ;jzwfcsufonf ypöKyÜefumvpm;oHk;rI
Pr
ESifh tem*wfumvpm;oHk;rIwdkYtMum; a&G;cs,frIyifjzpf jzpfon
ht nff/
t"dutcsufrsm;
rig
py
Ź pm;oHk;jcif;qdkonfrSm yk*¾dKvfwpf
wpfOD;tae
taejzifhvnf;aumif;? tdrfaxmifpkrsm;taejzifh
Co
vnf;aumif;? tzGUJ tpnf n;rsm;t

m;
m;taej
taejzifv h nf;aumif; xkwv f yk rf t
I wGuf r&nf&, G bf J
vwfwavmvdt k ifqE´
qE´rsm;udk auseyfEpS of rd rhf &I &daS p&ef ukepf nfEiS fh 0efaqmifrrI sm;udk
X
BO
toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf
onf/
Ź pkaqmif;jcifif;qdko
onf
nfrSm xkwfvkyfrIpkpkaygif;rS pm;oHk;NyD;aemufusef&dSaomtpdwf
tydkif;jzpfonf/
Ź !W!$ > < < $!$ 6%<. @
udk,fa&;udk,fwmtwGuf wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif; odkYr[kwf tdrfaxmifpktaejzihf
pm;oHk;jcif;jzpfonf/
Ź pkaygif;pm;oHk;rIqdkonfrSm tpdk;&rSjynfolvlxktwGuf toHk;jyKaompm;oHk;rItoHk;
p&dwfjzpfonf/
103
(i) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;
&if;ES;D jr§KyfEjHS cif;qdok nfrmS ukexf wk t f &if;tES;D opfrsm; wd;k yGm;vmjcif;? xkwv f yk rf u I kd
tqufrjywfjzpfay:ap&ef toHk;jyKonfhukefxkwft&if;tESD;rsm;\ cRwf,Gif;jyKef;wD;rI
(Depreciation)udk tpm;xdk;jcif;ESifh t&if;tESD;ukefvufusefrsm;odkY t&if;tESD;opfrsm;
xyfaygif;jznfph u G o f nfh vkyaf qmifcsujf zpfonf/ +. <L + <. @ =
wpfckrSm t&if;tESD;wnfaqmufrI(Capital Formation)jzpfonf/ puf½Hktvkyf½Hkrsm;toGif
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;? taqmuftODrsm;? vrf;rsm;toGif&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;wdkYudk yHkaot&if;tESD;
wnfaqmufjcif;(Fixed Capital Formation)[k ac:onf/ ukev f ufusefrsm;uds rk l odak vSmif
! #$%-<# =>@#F !
d
te
ajymif;vJjcif;(Inventory or Stock Changes)[kac:onf/ +. <L+.<=!#X
ec
pkaqmif;rIrsm;&Sd&rnf/
ot
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;\ t"duOD;wnfcsufrm rSm pm;o
pm;oHk;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
Pr
pm;oHk;vdkaomtvdkqEónf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsuf uftm;v
ht tm;vHk;\ taMumif;&if;jzpfayonf/
pm;oHk;jcif;udkvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef ukefxkwfvkyfjcifif;[laom vkyfaqmifcsuf&Sd&efvdktyfonf/
rig
pm;oH;k jcif;onf vlom;wdt Yk wGuf tajccHvyyfk aaqmif

f qmifcsujf zpfNy;D pm;oH;k jcif;udk vkyaf qmifEikd &f ef
py
jyKvkyf&aom xkwfvkyfjcif;onf ta&;ygqH &;ygqHk;vkyfaqmifcsufjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif vlwdkYonf

Co
rdrdwdkY\xkwfvkyfrIrS&&Sdonfhukefpnrs nfrsm;ud
n m;uuddk rddrdwdkYtvdk&Sdaom tjcm;ukefpnfrsm;jzifh vJvS,f
W% #! 6 6<!6 + # $6 <=+. +. <L+.<=
X
BO
[laom pD;yGm;a&;vkyaf qmififcsurf sm; vdt k yfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;onf
wpfckESifhwpfckqufpyfaeMuo onf/
BE
t"dutcsufrsm;
D
Ź +. <L+.<=6%<. # +. $<> X ! _ !<=

tqufrjywfjzpfay:ap&ef toH;k jyKonfh ukex f w k t
f &if;tES;D rsm;\ cRw, f iG ;f jyKe;f wD;
rIudk tpm;xkd;jcif;ESihf t&if;tESD;ukefvufusefrsm;okdY t&if;tEDS;opfrsm; xyfaygif;
jznhfpGufonfh vkyfaqmifcsufjzpfonf/
Ź $!<> X +. <L+. _ 6 <> _ !< <> X +.
<L+. +. %6 %
Ź #! >#< > !. # $ %<> X +. <L + . !. # $ %
vufusefajymif;vJjcif;[kac:onf/
104
3.2/ pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkyHkoP²mef
(Economic Structure)
Edik if w
H pfEikd if \
H pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHyk o kH P²mefonf xdEk ikd if \ H pD;yGm;a&; vkyaf qmif
csufrsm;\ tcsdK;tpm;yHkoP²mefyifjzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf xkwfvkyfrI?
V# V <=_ !! . < _= $ <=_ $6 <=+. +. <L + <.
= V$% ! < += .
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ xkwfvkyfrItaqmufttHkyHkoP²mef(Productive Structure)udk a,bk,s
tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;u@tvdkufavhvmavh&Sdonf/ pD;yGm;a&;u@wpfpckcckkonf vu©Pm&yf
d
wlnDaom xkwfvkyfrIvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;\ tkyfpkwpfckudkazmfn nTTeeff;onf/ Oyrm- tyif?
te
opfyifrsm;pdkufysdK;xm;aom xkwfvkyfrIvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ud udk v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;u@
;ud
ec
(Agriculture Sector)wGif tkyp f zk UJG azmfjyavh&o
dS nf/ puf½H½t kH vky½f w
kH iG jf yKvyk af om vkyaf qmif
ot
Pr
csufrsm;tm; pufrIu@(Manufacturing Sector)wGif t tkyfpkzGJUazmfjyavh&Sdonf/
xkwfvkyfrItcsdK;tpm;rsm;tm; avhvmjcif
ht
jcif;onf EdEkifiHwpfEdkifiH\pD;yGm;a&;taqmuf
ig
ttHkudkavhvm&mwGif t"dutydkif;jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;taqmuf
yr
%$$X.#! . $ <=_ V V#V <=_ !!.<=+. +. <L+.<=@

op
tcsdK;tpm;rsm;udkyg jznfhpGufavhvm&ef &ef vdktyfayonf/

-C
t"dutcsuf
X
BO
Ź EdkifiHwpfEdkifi\
iH\ pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkyHkoP²mefonf xkdEdkifiH\pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfaqmif
mififcsufrsm;\ tcsdK;tpm;yHkoP²mefyifjzpfonf/
BE
D
3.3/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf
(Economic System)
pD;yGm;a&;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHw
k \
Ykd t"dymÜ ,frsm;udk od&cdS NhJ y;D
jzpfí ,cktcgpD;yGm;a&;pepftaMumif;udk azmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkonfrSm
vlwdkYtaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufonfhpepfudkqdkvdkonf/
pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m½IaxmifhESifh enf;ynmqdkif&m½Iaxmifh[lí ½IaxmifhESpf&yfrS
½IjrifEdkifonf/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf\EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m½Iaxmifhonf ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;udk rnfol
105
wdkYuydkifqkdifNyD; pkpkaygif;xkwfukeftm;vlwef;pm;rsm;tMum;wGif rnfokdYcGJa0jzefYjzL;onfESifh

oufqikd o f nf/ ordik ;f OD;bHak jrpD;yGm;a&;pepf? t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;pepf? qd&k , S v
f pfp;D yGm;a&;pepf
ponfjzifhwnf&SdcJhMuayonf/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf\ enf;ynmqdkif&m½Iaxmifhrsm;rSm xkwfvkyfrI
,lepfrsm;onf rnfonht f &yfwiG w f nf&NdS yD; rnfonfx
h w k vf yk rf eI nf;vrf;rsm;udk toH;k jyKrnf?
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrItwGufrnfodkYpDrHudef;rsm;? rl0g'rsm;a&;qGJcsrSwfrnf? EdkifiHawmfb@m
aiGudk rnfuJhodkY&SmazGpkpnf;rnf? rnfodkYtoHk;jyKrnf ponfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh oufqdkif
ayonf/
#<.$ X $#$<> <> X V+ % < . $> X
pD;yGm;a&;pepf(Market Economy) (2) A[dkpDrHudef;cspD;yGm;a&;pepf(Centra (Centrally Planned
d
te
Economy) (3) a&m>yrf;pD;yGm;a&;pepf(Mixed Economy)wdkY jzpfo onf
nf/
ec
t"dutcsufrsm;
ot
Pr
Ź pD;yGm;a&;pepfqkdonfrSm vlwkdYtaejzihf pD;yG ;yGm;a&;
;a&;v
;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; vkyfudkif
ht
aqmif&Gufonhfpepfudk qkdvkdonf/
ig
yr
Ź urÇmay:&Sd pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;rSm aps;uG

s;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf? A[dkpDrHudef;cspD;yGm;a&;
op
pepfESifh a&m>yrf;pD;yGm;a&;pepf[l
[lí 3 rsdK;;&Sdonf/
-C
X
BO
nf;rsm;
3.4/ pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf
(Economicc Organi
Organiz
Organizations)
niza
BE
,ckacwfwG wiG f ukepf nfEiS 0hf efaqmifrrI sm;xkwv f yk &f mü &nf&, G cf suw f o
l nfv
h yk if ef;rsm;
D
tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;í;í u ukefxkwfvkyfrI,lepf(Unit)rsm;udk zGJUpnf;onf/ xdk,lepfrsm;tcsif;csif;

aygif;pyfum ydí k Bu;D rm;aomtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;udk zGUJ pnf;Ny;D ,if;udk pD;yGm;a&;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;[lí
ac:qdkEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf; (Economic Organization) qdkonfrSm
ukefxkwfvkyf&ef&nf&G,fí ukefxkwfvkyfrI,lepfrsm; pkaygif;zGJUpnf;xm;aomtzGJUtpnf;udk
ac:onf/
acwfopfp;D yGm;a&;taqmufttHt k wGuf pD;yGm;a&;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm; zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmif
jcif;rSm tvGev f tkd yfayonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf ,if;tzGUt J pnf;rsm;onf ukex f w k vf yk rf I
jzpfpOfukd xda&mufaompDrcH efcY rJG EI iS hf xde;f csKyrf wI u
Ykd kd jyKvyk af y;Edik pf rG ;f &Sad omaMumifjh zpfonf/
106
,ckacwfwGif pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf Oya't&w&m;0if&yfwnfEdkifcGi(fh legal status)
.% 6!%<. % #$><> >6+ <> X !%
<=<> 6 + % $ X VX$% <> $ X ! # <> (Economic
Enterprises) !% %
$ X VX$% $@ X$ <. !X# _ !!
V$ _ !X# < $%V V$+ % < V W!< $
6 % !X# !$ _ !!X$ .%
$ << +. !X# < % ! < $%V$%
$ $$ + $+ $ X VX$% $V$
+ %
d
te
<. + !<=W#$<> $XV VX$% % V$%
ec
$ X VX $% <> @ <> $ _ X $ _ +. ! 6 >
+. < .
ot
#!<=@ #% %6 #<> #<> (Tech (Technical Conditions)ESifh
Pr
# +. 6 <= ( Ownership hip
ip of Means
ht Mea
Me ean of Production) X
<W%%
rig
(u) ukefxkwfvkyfrI\enf;ynmqdkif&m tajct tajctae

tajctaersm;/ /#! # @ #% %
py
6 #<> % $ X VX $% <> @X$ _ +.
$
Co
!6 ><> X <> <> <>

<> VV > <=<> .% >
!<=V$$ <> < < < !! # X < $X VX$%
X
BO
% ! . %

X > ! < = V$$ < > < !V%6 _
!<=%! # $% %<W $ VX$% % + % $V#>
$%
BE
#$%<> !X !<=#% %<W% $ X VX

D
VX $% + %

% < V 6#$ !
% X !
< = #% %
<W% $ X VX $% <> $ < !$ < $
VX $% + % < V 6#$ ! X <#<+ > !<> <.
$ %##% !< <> !!X<> X
!+ % X <6 < ##% !< <>
6#$ !<=! # X $ X VX$% @X$ <.!% < <
<% < V $ !>+ . 6#$ $> % ! # <> V$%
107
jynfoo l ;kH vkyif ef;tcsKd Uudk Oyrmtjzpfazmfjy&vQif vQypf pf"mwftm;? pmwdu k v f yk if ef;?
qufo, G af &;vkyif ef;? &xm;ydaYk qmifa&;? uke;f vrf;ydaYk qmifa&;? aomufa&oH;k a&ay;a0aom
vkyfief;ponfwdkYjzpfMuonf/ þvkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk;rSm acwfopfvlaerIpepftwGuf
r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomvkyfief;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ tqdkygvkyfief;rsm;udk wnfaxmif&eftwGuf
aiGt&if;tES;D tajrmuftjrm;vdt k yfonft h jyif vkyif ef;\oabmobm0t& vkyif ef;wpfrsKd ;
pDwGif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;pGm wnfaxmif&efrvdkay/ Oyrmtm;jzifh vQyfppfuGef&ufpepf
(Electricity Grid System)wpfckwnfaxmifxm;ygu aemufxyftjcm;pepfwpfck xyfrH
wnfaxmif&efrvdktyfay/ xdkYjyif wyfqifxm;aomud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk ydkrdktoHk;
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