J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No.

6B

Ä
rGefrGefatmif

þpmwrf;wGif rsufarSmufacwf jrefrm*sme,frsm;ü t*Fvdyfpum;

oauFw a&moHk;rIudk vlrIbmomaA' (Sociolinguistics) ½IaxmifhrS
avYvmwifjyxm;ygonf/ rsufarSmufacwf jrefrm*sme,frsm;wGif
t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw a&moHk;rIudk avhvm&mü (1) jrefrmpum;wGif
t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw rl&if;twdkif; a&moHk;rI ESifh (2) jrefrmpum;wGif
t*Fvdyfpum; oauFwudk jrefrmtoHvS,fí a&moHk;rI[k tydkif;ESpfydkif;
cGJí avhvmwifjyygrnf/ xdkodkU vlrIbmomaA'&IaxmifhrS avhvmjcif;
jzifh t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw a&moHk;rIonf jrefrmbmompum;tay:
rnfodkY tusdK;oufa&mufrI &SdEdkifaMumif; xkwfazmfwifjyxm;ygonf/

þpmwrf;wGif rsufarSmufacwf*sme,frsm;ü awGU&aom t*Fvdyfpum;

oauFw a&moHk;rIudk vlrIbmomaA'½IaxmifhrS avhvmwifjyxm;ygonf/
rsufarSmufacwfonf enf;ynmrsm; wdk;wufvsuf urÇmBuD;onf &GmBuD;wpf&Gm
toGif jzpfvmygonf/ xdkodkUjzpfwnf&mrS bmompum;wpfckwGif tjcm;
bmompum;wpfck\ pum;oauFwa&moHk;rIudk awGU&ygonf/ jrefrmpum;
wGifvnf; t*Fvdyfpum;oauFw a&moHk;rIudk awGUEdkifygonf/

jrefrmpum;wGif t*Fvdyfpum;oauFw a&moHk;rIonf jrefrmpum;

zGHUNzdK;rIudk tusdK;oufa&mufrI&SdaMumif; odapvdkaom &nf&G,fcsuf jzpfygonf/
þpmwrf;udk vlrIbmomaA'½IaxmifhrS Descriptive Research Method
enf;vrf;udk toHk;jyKavhvmwifjyygrnf/
Ä a'gufwm? uxdu? jrefrmpmXme? &efukefwuúokdvf
144 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

þpmwrf;udkjyKpk&jcif;\ okawoejyóemrSm
(1) rsufarSmufacwf jrefrm*sme,frsm;wGif t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw
a&moHk;&mwGif o'´gyHkpH pepfusrI &Sd^r&Sd
(2) xdkodkU toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh jrefrmhvlrIqufoG,fa&;udk taxmuftyHY
ay;Edkif^ray;Edkif
wdkYjzpfonf/

vlrIbmomaA'[lonf bmomaA'\ ynm&yfcGJ wpfck jzpfNyD;? bmom

pum;ESifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;Mum;&Sd qufET,frI oGifjyifvu©Pmtm;vHk;udk
avhvmaom ynmjzpfonf/1
vlrItcsuftvufrsm;jzpfaom vlrItqifhtwef;? ynma&;trsdK;tpm;?
touf? vdif? vlrsdK;pkESifhqdkifaom t&if;tjrpf ponfwdkUESifh bmompum;\
qufpyfrIudk avhvmygonf/2
vlrIbmomaA'[laom a0g[m&udk yxrOD;qHk; oHk;cJholrSm aomrwf 3
jzpfNyD; 1939 ckESpfwGif tdE´d,EdkifiH ref;yHkESdyfwdkufrS xkwfaom ]]tdE´d,EdkifiH
twGif;&Sd vlrIbmomaA'}}4 pmtkyfwGif awGU&ygonf/5
vlrIbmomaA'[laom a0g[m&udk ynm&yfqdkif&ma0g[m&tjzpf pwif
toHk;jyKcJholrSm uAsmq&mESifh 'óeduaA'ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol [m;Am;6 jzpfNyD;?
1952 ckESpfwGif toHk;jyKcJhygonf/7 1960 jynfhESpf tapmydkif;umvwGif yxrqHk;
vlrIbmomaA'qdkif&m ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk usif;ycJhygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí vlrI

1
Crystal, 2003, 422.
2
Richards, 1992, 339.
3
Thomas Callan Hadson
4
Sociolinguistics in India
5
http://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>Sociolinguistics.htm
6
Harver C. Curie
7
atmifjrifhOD;? a'gufwm? 2003? 9/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 145

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ bmompum; tjyKtrlqdkif&m okawoepmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;

&maygif;rsm;pGm ay:xGufvmcJhonf/1
vlrIbmomaA'wGif ]]pum;oauFw}}[lonfrSm bmompum; odkUr[kwf
bmompum; wpfck\ toGifuGJudk qdkvdkygonf/ tcsuftvufwpfckudk
ajymolu emolxHa&mufatmif ay;ydkY&mwGif pum;oauFw wpfckckudk toHk;jyK
&onf/2
pum;oauFwa&moHk;rIqdkonfrSm pum;ajymqdk&mwGif bmompum;ESpfck
odkUr[kwf ESpfckxufydkaom bmompum;rsm;udk a&maESmtoHk;jyKjcif;yif jzpfonf/
tcsdKUynm&Sifrsm;u pum;oauFwa&moHk;jcif; 3 ESifh pum;oauFw ul;ajymif;jcif; 4
[laom ynm&yfa0g[m&udk tjyeftvSef vJvS,ftoHk;jyKMuonf/ tcsdKU
vlrIbmomaA'ynm&SiftcsdKUu pum;oauFw a&moHk;jcif;ESifh pum;oauFw
ul;ajymif;jcif;wdkY\ uGJjym;rIudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfjyygonf/ tqdkyg ynm&Sif
rsm;u pum;oauFwul;ajymif;jcif;onf xyfwlusaom bmompum;tkyfpk&Sd
BudKwifteufoufa&mufrI? pum;pOfpdppfrIwdkYESifh qufpyfESD;EG,faeNyD;? pum;
oauFwa&moHk;jcif;udk BudKwifteufoufa&mufrI tusdK;r&SdbJ toHk;jyKonfh
trsdK;pHkaom bmompum;rsm;\ ydkrdkwnfNidrfaom tajctaersm;udk azmfjy&ef
toHk;jyKcJhMuygonf/5
rnfodkUyifqdkap pum;oauFw a&maESmtoHk;jyKjcif;onf bmompum;
wpfckwGif tjcm;bmompum;\ oauFwwpfckudk acs;iSm; 6 toHk;jyKjcif;yif
jzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifh vlrIbmomaA'wGif pum;oauFw a&moHk;rIonf pum;
ajymqdk&mwGif bmompum; ESpfck odkUr[kwf ESpfckxufydkaom bmompum;
rsm;\ oauFwrsm;udk a&maESmtoHk;jyKjcif;[k qdk&ygrnf/

1
atmifjrifhOD;? a'gufwm? 2005? 2/
2
atmifjrifhOD;? a'gufwm? 2003? 148/
3
Code Mixing
4
Code Switching
5
http://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>Code.htm
6
Brrowing
146 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

pum;oauFwa&moHk;rIESifhywfoufí a'gufwmatmifjrifhOD;\ ]]bmom

pum; a&moHk;jcif;}} aqmif;yg;wGif
]]bmompum;a&moHk;jcif; [lonf rdcifbmompum;xJwGif
tjcm;bmompum;udk a&moHk;jcif; jzpfonf}}1
[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/
xdkUjyif ynma&;pHknDyGJawmf (2004-2005) pmwrf;zwfyGJwGif
a'gufwmatmifjrifhOD; (wGJzufygarmu©? jrefrmpmXme? &efukefwuúodkvf)u
]]jrefrmbmompum;wGif pum;oauFwa&moHk;jcif;}} pmwrf;udk zwfMum;cJh
ygonf/ ,if;pmwrf;wGif jrefrmpum; tajymESifhta&;wGif pum;oauFw
a&moHk;jcif;jzpfpOfESifh pum;oauFwa&moHk;jcif;\ aumif;usdK;ESifhqdk;jypfrsm;udk
azmfxkwfwifjyxm;ygonf/
2014 ckESpf armif0if;rif;atmif\ yg&*lbGJUtwGuf wifoGif;aom
]]rsufarSmufacwf jrefrmpum;rsm;wGif bmompum; a&moHk;jcif;}} usrf;wGif
bmompum; a&moHk;jcif; oabmw&m;rsm;jzpfaom pum;oauFwa&moHk;jcif;?
toHvS,facs;iSm;jcif;? arG;pm;pum;vHk;rsm;[k cGJjcm;í vlrIbmomaA'½IaxmifhrS
avhvmwifjyxm;ygonf/
odkUjzpfí t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw a&moHk;&mwGif o'´gyHkpH pepfusrI
&Sd r&Sdudk azmfxkwfokawoejyKrI r&Sdao;ojzifh þpmwrf;wGif 2016 ckESpf rS
2017 ckESpftwGif; xGufaom rsufarSmufacwf jrefrm*sme,frsm;wGif awGU&
onfh t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw a&moHk;rIudk vlrIbmomaA'½IaxmifhrS avhvm
wifjyygrnf/

rsufarSmufacwfjrefrm*sme,f[k qdk&mü 2016 rS 2017 ckESpf twGif;

xkwfa0cJhonfh jrefrm*sme,frsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/ rsufarSmufacwf jrefrm

1
atmifjrifhOD;? a'gufwm? 2010? 30/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 147

*sme,frsm;wGif awGU&aom t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw a&moHk;rIudk vlrIbmom

aA'½IaxmifhrS avhvm&mwGif Descriptive Research Method enf;vrf;udk
toHk;jyK avhvmwifjyoGm;ygrnf/

jrefrmpum;wGif t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw rl&if;twdkif; a&moHk;rIudk

jrefrm*sme,frsm;wGif awGU&ygonf/
News Watch weekly

]]Huawei Consumer Business Group rS 4if;\ 2017 ckESpf

yxrESpf0uf pD;yGm;a&;&v'fudk aMunmvdkufonf/}}1
tqdkygowif;wGif jrefrmpum;twGif; t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw a&maESm
toHk;jyKonfudk awGU&ygonf/
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = Huawei Consumer
Business Group
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrfyk'fpk
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tkyfpk
trnf
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

rl&if;t*Fvdyfpum;twdkif; Huawei Consumer Business Group [k

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tkyfpk trnfudk jrefrmpum;wGif a&maESmoHk;jcif;jzifh rl&if;
trnfudk od&Sd&ygonf/ jrefrm0gustpae&mrS o'´gtaetxm; rSefuefpGm
t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw toHk;jyKonfudk awGU&ygonf/

1
News Watch weekly *sme,f?12.8.2017? 15/
148 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

]]tar&duefEdkifiH taemufydkif;rS emrnfausmf {&mropfeDyifawG

jzpfwJh Giant Sequoia opfyifawG&JU yifpnfxJrSm rdk;arQmf
wdkufawG aqmufr,fh 'DZdkif;udk awmifudk&D;,m; 'DZdkifem tzGJYu
xkwfazmfjyovdkufygw,f/}}1
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = Giant Sequoia
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum; oauFwtjzpf toHk;jyKyHk = opfyiftrnf
0guswGif t*Fvdyfpum;udk oHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

þ0guswGif rl&if;t*Fvdyfpum;twdkif; opfyiftrnfudk jrefrmpum;wGif

a&maESmoHk;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ jrefrm0gustwGif; 0gustv,fae&mrS
o'´gtaetxm; rSefuefpGm t*Fvdyfpum;oauFw toHk;jyKxm;onfudk
awGU&ygonf/

News Watch

]]armfawmf,mOfwifoGif;cGifh ay:vpDrsm; ajymif;vJjcif;onf

2018 ckESpfwGif pwif taumiftxnfazmfrnfh tmqD,H
pD;yGm;a&; todkuft0ef; Asean Economic Community (AEC)
twGuf BudKwifjyifqifjcif;jzpfaMumif; pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;0efBuD;Xme ukefoG,frIoifwef;ausmif;rS oifMum;a&;
wm0efcH OD;odef;jrifha0u ajymMum;onf/}}2
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = Asean Economic
Community
(AEC)

1
jynfjrefrm? 11.5.2017? 24/
2
News Watch Weekly ?24.12.2016? tcsyfydk(c)/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 149

t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaomo'´g = emrf
trsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = tzGJUtpnf;trnf
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

þ0guswGif rl&if;t*Fvdyfpum;twdkif; tzGJUtpnf;trnfudk jrefrm

pum;wGif a&maESmoHk;xm;onf/ tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&; todkuft0ef; Asean
Economic Community (AEC) [k jrefrmbmomjyefESifh t*Fvdyf ,SOfwGJoHk;xm;
ojzifh &Sif;vif;rI&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ t*Fvdyfpum; oauFwudk 0gus\
tv,fae&mwGif oHk;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/

]]jrefrmjynfodef;wefu Myanmar Idol NydKifyGJ wpfavQmuf

tuJjzwf'dkif tjzpf aqmif&GufcsdeftwGif; ]]tefu,fuawmh No
yg}} qdkwJh olU&JUpum;vHk;[m y&dowftMum; txl; a&yef;pm;
cJhygw,f/}}1
(u) 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum; = Myanmar Idol
oauFw
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpf toHk;jyKyHk = NydKifyGJtrnf
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = uwåm;yk'f
(c) 'kwd,oHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = No
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = Bud,m0daooe
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpf toHk;jyKyHk = NydKifyGJwGif jrefrmjynf
odef;wef\tajympum;
1
ay:jyLvm*sme,f? 24.1.2017? tcsyfydk/
150 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

'kwd,t*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

þ0guswGif rl&if;t*Fvdyfpum;twdkif; NydKifyGJtrnfudk jrefrmpum;wGif

a&maESmtoHk;jyKxm;NyD; jrefrmjynfodef;wef\ ]]tefu,fuawmh No yg}}[laom
pum;onf vlrI0ef;usifwGif vlBudKufrsm;NyD; toHk;rsm;aom pum;wpfck
jzpfaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ ,if;t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;rsm;udk 0gus\ tv,f
ae&mwGif oHk;NyD; &Sif;vif;ajyjypfaom 0gus[k qdk&ygrnf/

]] Fall a&mufNyDqdkaom &moDudk aqmif;wGif; ESif;uscsdefudk

,cifu awGUcJhzl;\/ trSefrSm opf&Gufa<ucsdefudk ac:qdkjcif;
jzpfonf/ uRefrwdkU tar&dua&mufcsdefu Edk0ifbmESifh 'DZifbm
jzpf\/}}1
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = Fall
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = Bud,m
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = aqmif;&moD
a&mufaMumif;
ajym&mwGif oHk;
yxr0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aom = emrfyk'f
ae&m

rl&if;t*Fvdyfpum;twdkif; aqmif;&moDusa&mufaMumif; Fall udk jrefrm

pum;wGif a&maESmtoHk;jyKxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ 0gus\tpwGif t*Fvdyf
pum; a&moHk;onfudk awGU&NyD;? uHyk'fudk ESpfBudrfxyfí pmzwfolrsm; &Sif;vif;
ap&ef oHk;xm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/

1
jrefrmoHawmfqifh? 24-30.12.2016?25/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 151

]]ac:,ltyfaiG (call deposit) awGudk avQmhcszdkU NyD;cJhwJh

pufwifbmvu jrefrmEdkifiHbPftoif;rSm nSdEdIif;cJhMuNyD;?
jynfwGif;bPfwcsdKUu onfatmufwdkbmvupNyD; twdk;EIef;
awGudk ESpf&mcdkifEIef;pD avQmhcsygw,f/}}1
 0guswGifoHk;aom t*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = call deposit
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = ac:,ltyfaiG (call
deposit) [k jrefrm-
t*Fvdyf ,SOfwGJoHk;
yxr0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aom = emrfyk'f
ae&m

jrefrmpum; ]]ac:,ltyfaiG}}wGif uGif;jzifh t*Fvyd fpum; (call deposit) udk

qufí oHk;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ 0gus\tpwGif jrefrmESifh t*Fvdyfpum;
a&moHk;onfudkawGU&NyD; t"dyÜm,f&Sif;vif;jrifomap&ef ,SOfwGJa&;om;onf[k
qdk&ygrnf/

]]2017-2018 ynmoifESpftwGuf ta0;oifwuúodkvfrsm;wGif

ausmif;tyfNyD; ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm; Assignment
vHkavmufpGm r&&Sdojzifh tcufawGUaeaMumif; &efukefwdkif;
a'oBuD; ta0;oifwuúodkvf XmerS ygarmu©wpfOD;xHrS ZGefv
9 &ufu pHkprf;od&onf/2

1
ukrkj'mowif;*sme,f? 4.10.2016? 3/
2
jynfjrefrm?15.6.2017? 16/
152 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = Assignment
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = ta0;oif
ausmif;om;rsm;
ajzqdkwifoGif;&onfh
pm&Guf
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

jrefrmpum;wGift*Fvyd fpum; Assignment udk a&maESmí oHk;xm;onfudk

awGU&onf/ 0gus\tv,fwGif jrefrmESifh t*Fvdyfpum; a&moHk;onfudk
awGU&NyD; t"dyÜm,f &Sif;vif;ap&ef a&;om;onf[k qdk&ygrnf/

The Politics

]]urÇmYvlYtcGifhta&;aMunmpmwrf; (Universal Declaration of

Human Rights)udk ukvor*¾ taxGaxGnDvmcHu xkwfjyef
aMunmcJhygw,f/}}1
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = Universal Declaration
of Human Rights
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = urÇmYvlYtcGifhta&;
aMunmpmwrf;trnf
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

1
The Politics, 28.10.2016?19/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 153

jrefrmpum; urÇmYvlYtcGifhta&;aMunmpmwrf;wGif uGif;jzifh t*Fvdyf

pum; Universal Declaration of Human Rights udk ,SOfwGJa&maESmí
oHk;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ 0gus\tpwGif jrefrmESifht*Fvdyf pum;a&moHk;
onfudk awGU&NyD; t"dyÜm,f &Sif;vif;ajyjypfapygonf/

jrefrmpum;wGif t*Fvdyfpum; oauFwudk jrefrmtoH vS,fí

a&moHk;rIudk jrefrm*sme,frsm;wGif awGU&ygonf/

]]tDvufx&Gefepf qufoG,fa&; Oya' yk'fr 66 (C)tm;

jyifqifjcif;? zsufodrf;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef vuf&Sdtcsdefxd
ar;cGef;ar;jref;jcif;ESifh tqdkwifoGif;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonfh
vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f r&Sdao;aMumif; jynfolUvTwfawmf
Ouú| OD;0if;jrifhu 'DZifbm 21 &ufwGif ajymMum;cJhonf/}}1
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = tDvufx&Gefepf
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaomo'´g = emrf
trsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = tDvufx&Gefepf
qufoG,fa&;Oya'
trnf
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fí jrefrmpum;ESifhwGJum ]]tDvufx&Gefepf

qufoG,fa&;Oya'}} [k ,SOfwGJa&maESmí oHk;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ 0gus\
tpae&mwGif t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fí jrefrmpum;ESifh wGJzuf
oHk;xm;ojzifh &Sif;vif;ajyjypfapygonf/

1
jrefrmoHawmfqifh? 24-30.12.2016? 13/
154 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

]],leDukwfudk toHk;jyKwhJtwGuf jrefrmbmomeJY tcsuf

tvufawG &SmazGwJhtcgrSm vsifjrefwduspGm ydkrdkjyKvkyfvm
Edkifygw,f/ ‘'ghtjyif wdkif;&if;om;bmomeJY tcsuftvuf
awGudk ydkrdktqifajyatmif pdppfjyifqif aqmif&GufvmEdkif
ygw,f/}}1
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = ,leDukwf
t*Fvdyfpum; oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = pma&;om;&mwGif
oHk;aom trsdK;tpm;
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fíf ]],leDukwf}} [k jrefrmpum;ESifh

a&maESmí oHk;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ 0gus\ tpae&mwGif t*Fvdyfpum;udk
jrefrmtoH vS,fí oHk;xm;ojzifh jrefrma0g[m&topfwpfck wdk;yGm;vmonf
[k qdk&ygrnf/

7 Day News

]]y&D;rD;,m;vd*f wpfESpfwm taumif;qHk;upm;orm; qefcgwif

&SpfOD;pm&if;wGif cs,fvfqD;ESifhpyg;rS oHk;OD;pD yg0ifvmNyD;
wpfESpfwm taumif;qHk; enf;jypm&if;wGif ,if;ESpfoif;\
enf;jyrsm; yg0ifaeonf/}}2
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = y&D;rD;,m;vd*f?
cs,fvfqD;? pyg;

1
jrefrmwdkif;rf? 25.2-2.3.2016?22/
2
7 Days News, 17.5.2017? A 16/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 155

t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = abmvHk;upm;yGJtrnf
ESifhabmvHk;toif;
trnf
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = y&D;rD;,m;vd*f(emrfyk'f)
ESifh cs,fvfqD;? pyg;
(emrfyk'f)

t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fí ]]y&D;rD;,m;vd*f}}? ]]cs,fvfqD;}}?

]]pyg;}} [k jrefrmpum;ESifh a&maESmí oHk;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ 0gus\
tpESifh tv,fae&mwGif t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fí oHk;xm;ojzifh
&Sif;vif;ajyjypfapygonf/

7 Day News

]]vdkufx&yfuJhodkU aemufyGifhum;rsm;jzifh ausmif;um; ajy;qGJjcif;udk

cGifhjyKrnfr[kwfbJ vHkNcHKrI&Sdrnfh rSefvHk,mOfrsm;udk pdppfí
qufvuf toHk;jyKcGifhay;rnf jzpfaMumif; &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;
vQyfppf? pufrIvufrIESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; 0efBuD;
a':eDvmausmfu ajymonf/}}1
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = vdkufx&yf
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = um;trnf
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

1
7 Days News, 17.5.2017?11/
156 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fí ]]vdkufx&yf}} [k oHk;xm;onfudk

awGU&onf/ 0gus\ tpae&mwGif t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fí
oHk;xm;onfhtjyif ]]aemufyGifhum;rsm;}}[kzGifhqdk&Sif;jyxm;ojzifh teuf&Sif;vif;
apygonf/

7 Day News

]]ocifzdk;vSBuD;onf t*Fvdyfvdkvnf; ajymEdkifonf[k qdkonf/

ocifzdk;vSBuD; ajymonfh t*Fvdyfpum;udk rSwfrSwf&& jyefajym
&mwGifrl tbGm;u tMumBuD;pOf;pm;cJh&onf/ NyD;rS ]]'efbvuf
wDzl;}} ]]*Ja'guf}} [k rmefygygjzifhajym&if; tm;&yg;& &,fonf/
]]olu *syefawGvm&if tJ'Dvdk a'gooHBuD;eJY ajymw,f}}
[kvnf; qufajymonf/}}1
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = ]]'efbvufwDzl;}}
]]*Ja'guf}}
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf? Bud,m
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = ocifzdk;vSBuDD;\
orD;pum;
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fum ]]'efbvufwDzl;}} ]]*Ja'guf}}

[k jrefrmpum;ESifh a&maESmí oHk;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ 0gus\tp
ae&mwGif t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoH vS,fí oHk;xm;ojzifh &Sif;vif;ajyjypf
apygonf/

The Politics

1
7 Days News, 3.5.2017? 7-8/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 157

]]jrefrmEdkifiHrSm jzpfoifhwmu atmf*Jepfpdkufcif;awGygyJ [k

rMumao;rDu a':atmifqef;pkMunfu atmf*JepfpdkufysdK;a&;eJY
ywfoufNyD; ajymoGm;onf/}}1
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = atmf*Jepf
t*Fvdyfpum; oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = obm0ajrqDajrESpf
pdkufcif;[kroHk;bJ
]]atmf*Jepfpdkufcif;}}
]]atmf*JepfpdkufysdK;a&;}}
[k jrefrmpum;ESifh
,SOfwGJoHk;
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fíf jrefrmpum;ESifhwGJum ]]atmf*Jepf

pdkufcif;}} ]]atmf*JepfpdkufysdK;a&;}} [k ,SOfwGJa&maESmí oHk;xm;onfudk awGU&
onf/ 0gus\ tv,fae&mwGif t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fí jrefrm
pum;ESifh wGJzufoHk;xm;ojzifh &Sif;vif;ajyjypfapygonf/

]]&efukefNrdKUrSm rSwfyHkwif (prwfuwf)eJY a&mif;csr,fh naps;

wpfck azmfaqmifay;r,fvdkY onfv 14 &ufaeYu usif;ywJh
&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmfrSm &efukef NrdKUawmf0ef
OD;armifarmifpdk;u ajymygw,f/}}2
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = prwfuwf
t*Fvdyfpum; oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
1
The Politics, 4.3.2016?16/
2
ukrkj'm*sme,f? 18.10.2016? tcsyfydk 2/
158 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrm

toHvS,foHk;
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fíf jrefrmpum;ESifhwGJum ]]rSwfyHkwif

(prwfuwf)}} [k ,SOfwGJa&maESmí oHk;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ 0gus\tp
ae&mwGif t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fí jrefrmpum;ESifh teufwl ,SOfwGJ
oHk;xm;ojzifh teufjrifomapygonf/

]]tqdkyg tufyvDau;&Sif;wGif t&nftaoG;xdef;odrf;jcif;?

pdkufysdK;ajr,m jyifqifjcif;? pdkufysdK;a&; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;?
aygif;oifjcif; tp&SdwJh tusdK;rsm; &&SdEdkifrnfhtjyif rdk;av0o
ynm&Sif OD;xGef;vGif\ rdk;av0ocefYrSef;csufrsm;udkvnf;
xnfhoGif;azmfjyay;xm;onf/}}1
 0guswGifoHk;aomt*Fvdyfpum;oauFw = tufyvDau;&Sif;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtoHk;jyKaom = emrf
o'´gtrsdK;tpm;
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKyHk = Software
trsKd;tpm;wpfrsdK;
0guswGift*Fvdyfpum;udkoHk;aomae&m = emrfyk'f

t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoHvS,fí ]]tufyvDau;&Sif;}} [k oHk;xm;

onfudk awGU&onf/ 0gus\tpae&mwGif t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmtoH vS,fí
oHk;xm;NyD;? aemufwGif rnfodkUaom tufyvDau;&Sif;jzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyxm;
ojzifh teuf&Sif;vif; jrifomapygonf/

1
jrefrmwdkif;rf? 3-9.3.2016? 22/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 159

þpmwrf;wGif rsufarSmufacwf*sme,frsm;wGif awGU&aom t*Fvdyf

pum;oauFw a&moHk;rIudk vlrIbmomaA'½IaxmifhrS (1) jrefrmpum;wGif
t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw rl&if;twdkif; a&moHk;rIESifh (2) jrefrmpum;wGif t*Fvdyf
pum;oauFwudk jrefrmtoH vS,fí a&moHk;rI[k tydkif;ESpfydkif;cGJí wifjyxm;
ygonf/ xdkodkU wifjy&mwGif 2016? 2017 ckESpf jrefrm*sme,frsm;xJrS
jynfjrefrm*sme,f? News Watch weekly *sme,f? ay:jyLvm*sme,f? jrefrm
oHawmfqifh*sme,f? ukrkj'mowif;*sme,f? The Politics *sme,f? jrefrmwdkif;rf
*sme,f? 7 Day News *sme,fwdkUrS jrefrmpum;wGif t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw
a&moHk;rIudk avhvmwifjyxm;ygonf/
t*Fvdyfpum; oauFwudk oHk;&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tkyfpktrnf?
cef;rtrnf? opfyiftrnf? um;trnf ponfjzifh emrftrsdK;tpm; toHk;jyKrI
rsm;onfudk awGU&onf/ Bud,m0daooetjzpf ]]No}}? Bud,mtjzpf ]]Fall}}
]]*Ja'guf}} ponfwdkUudk awGU&onf/ Bud,mtoHk;jyKrI enf;onf[k qdk&ygrnf/
t*Fvdyfpum;oauFwa&moHk;rIonf jrefrmpum;xJwGif t*Fvdyfpum;udk
acs;iSm; toHk;jyKrIyif jzpfygonf/
*sme,frsm;xJwGif toHk;jyKaom jrefrm0gusxJwGif t*Fvdyfpum;
a&moHk;onfh 0gusyHkpHrsm;rSm
(1) uwÅm;yk'f + uHyk'f + Bud,myk'f
(2) uHyk'f + uwÅm;yk'f + Bud,myk'f
(3) uHyk'f + Bud,myk'f
wdkUudk awGU&ygonf/

jrefrm0gus
160 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

0gustp 0gustv,f 0gustqHk;

t*Fvdyfpum; t*Fvdyfpum;
oauFw oauFw

jrefrm0gustwGif;&Sd t*Fvdyfpum; a&moHk;onfhae&mudk MunfhvQif

0gus\tpESifh tv,fae&mwdkYwGif toHk;rsm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
xdkYtjyif jrefrmpum;wGif t*Fvdyfpum; oauFwudk oHk;&mwGif
(1) t*Fvdyfpum;twdkif;toHk; (Fall) (tufyvDau;&Sif;)?
(2) t*Fvdyfpum;ESifhjrefrmpum;wGJzuftoHk;
(tDvufx&GefepfqufoG,fa&;Oya')(atmf*Jepfpdkufcif;)?
(3) bmomjyeftoHk; (ac:,ltyfaiG (call deposit))(urÇmYvlYtcGifhta&;
aMunmpmwrf; (Universal Declaration of Human Rights))
[k toHk;tEIef; oHk;rsdK; awGU&ygonf/
NcHKíqdk&vQif jrefrmpum;wGif t*Fvdyfpum; oauFw a&moHk;rIonf
jrefrmhvlrIqufoG,fajymqdka&;pepfudk vG,fulacsmarGUapNyD; o'´gyHkpH pnf;pepf
userI&Sdonf[k qdk&ygrnf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 161

þpmwrf;wGif rsufarSmufacwf*sme,frsm;ü awGU&aom t*Fvdyfpum;

oauFw a&moHk;rIudk vlrIbmomaA'½IaxmifhrS avhvm wifjycJhygonf/
wdk;wufrI&Sdaom bmompum;wdkif; bmompum;xdawGUrIaMumifh bmompum;
a&maESmtoHk;jyKrIrsm; &SdaeMuonf/ jrefrmpum;wGif t*Fvdyfpum;udk a&maESm
toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh jrefrmarG;pm;a0g[m&topfrsm; wdk;yGm;vmNyD;? jrefrmbmom
pum; zGHUNzdK;rIESifh jrefrmhvlrIqufoG,fa&;pepfudk taxmuftuljyKaeonf[k
qdk&ygrnf/

0if;rif;atmif? armif/ (2014)/ rsufarSmufacwf jrefrmpum;wGif bmompum;

a&moHk;jcif;/ yg&*lbGJUtwGuf wifoGif;aomusrf;? &efukefwuúodkvf/
atmifjrifhOD;? a'gufwm/ (2003)/ vlrIbmomaA'rdwfquf/ &efukef? ynmwefaqmif
yHkESdyfwdkuf/
atmifjrifhOD;? a'gufwm/ (2004-2005)/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif pum;oauFw
a&moHk;jcif;/ ynma&;pHknDyGJawmfwGif zwfMum;aompmwrf;/
atmifjrifhOD;? a'gufwm/ (2005)/ vlrIbmomaA'oabmw&m;/ &efukef? ynm
wefaqmifyHkESdyfwdkuf/
atmifjrifhOD;? a'gufwm/ (2010)/ bmompum;a&moHk;jcif;/ okwya'om twGJ (37)?
trSwf (1)? 28-31/

Crystal, David. (2003). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. (5th edn.). Oxford: Black
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Richards, Jack C. (1992). Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. (2nd edn).
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Criper, C. & Widdowson H.G. (1975). Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. Edinburgh
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7 Day News *sme,f/ (3.5.2017)/ twGJ 16? trSwf 8/
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