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7B

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164 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

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toGifuJG trsdK;rsdK;udk uJGjym;aom vlrItajctaersdK;wGif uJGjym;pGm toHk;jyKyHk
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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 165

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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 167

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168 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 169

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170 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

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xkwfí vufay:ü wifapvkdaom od0&mZfrif;MuD;\ tvSLtay: jywfom;
&J&ifhaom pdwfcHpm;rIukd jyonfh cHpm;rIjy pum;&yf jzpfonf/

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od0&mZfrif;u-
]]tavmif;wkdYxHk;? pHvufoHk;ukd vHk;vHk;vkdufí igusifhrnf/
rsufvHk;ukdom oifq&monf vsifpGm xkwfazmufavmh}}1
aq;q&m od0duukd &nfnTef;ajymqkdouJhokdY jrwfpGmbk&m;\ xHk;pHukd
vkdufemusifhoHk;rnfh od0d&mZfrif;MuD;\ cHpm;rIukd azmfjyonfh pum;&yf
jzpfonf/ rdrduJhodkY vdkufemusifhoHk;ap&ef vltrsm;ukd &nfnTef;aeaom
nTefMum;wm0efjypum;vnf; jzpfonf/
]]taqG od0du? þrQcefY a0'emaMumifh o'¨gtm;,kwfí
igqkwfrnf xifoavmh? oabmawmf raoG,Gif;bl;
rsufpdjyD;atmifxkwf}}2
xkdpum;jzpf&yfonf aq;q&moD0duukd nTefMum;aom pum;&yf
jzpfygonf/ rdrd\tvSLtwGuf a0'em cHpm;&aomfvnf; aemufrqkwf
jywfom;pGm vSLEkdif&Jaom od0&mZfrif;MuD;\ tvSLtay: xm;&Sdonfh
jywfom;onfh pdwfcHpm;rIukdyg jrifawGU&onfh pum;&yf jzpfygonf/
od0drif;MuD;u aq;q&mukd
]]taqG oD0du? oiform;ukd? pum;ajymrnf igrac:?
rsufvHk;awmfukdom xkwfazmfpdrfhrnf/ igac:onf? igvSLtHh[k
MuHpjyKonfukd ,ckxufxd wGefYwkdaESmifhaES;? wcsifa&G;rQ
pdwfav;onf r&Sdbl;}} [k ajymqkdonf/
txufygpum;&yfonf aq;q&m oD0duukd &nfnTef;aompum;
jzpfonf/ pum;ajym&ef ac:onfr[kwf? rsufvHk;ukdxkwf&ef ac:onf
jzpfaMumif; nTefMum;ajymqkdaom pum; jzpfonf/ rdrdrsufvHk;twGuf vSLtHh[k
MuHpnfxm;onfukd aemufrqkwf? aESmifhaES;jcif; r&Sdaom od0&mZfrif;MuD;\
tvSLtay: cHpm;&onfh cHpm;rIjypum;&yf jzpfonf/ xkdpum;&yfonf
pum;wm0ef oHk;&yfvHk;ukd xrf;aqmifaeaom pum;&yf jzpfonf/

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tavmif;awmf ,kefrif;0w¬KwGifvnf; vlrIbmomaA'oabm yg0ifaom

pum;rsm; yg0ifonf/
xkdpum;rsm;xJwGif-
]]tcsif;oifwkdY? ukd,fzkdYoHo&m? uHa<u;ygatmif? &Spfjzm
Oykof tm;xkwfjznfhpGrf;? usifhMudK;yrf;í r*fvrf;&SmazG
Mu&rnf}}1 [laom oabmyg0ifonf/
tqkdygpum;&yfonf ,kefrif;u rdrd\ taqGcifyGef;rsm;jzpfaom zsHESifh
ajracG;ukd &nfnTef;ajymqkdaom pum;&yf jzpfouJhokdY nTefMum;aom
pum;&yfvnf; jzpfygonf/ aemifb0twGuf aumif;rIukokdvf&&ef Oykof
aqmufwnfí r*fvrf;ukd &SmazG&ef &nfnTef;ajymqkdaom pum; jzpfygonf/
oDvaqmufwnf&ef xufoefaom cHpm;rIukdvnf; azmfjyxm;onf/
]]aMomf . . . igESifholwyg;? tpm;csif;rwl? vlrpHkruf?
rESpfoufaom jrufaepmyif? rkefnif;yif wkdYukdom? 0rf;pm
aeYn pm;oHk;&acsonf/ 'geukokdvf? igjyKrnf qkdaomfvnf;
0w¬Kukd,fraumif;í? awmif;olrESpfoufu? tusKd;quf
rMuD;&m? ightoufudk &uf&ufr&GHU? taocHí? ighxHa&mufvm
,mpumwkdYtm;? ightom;ukd pm;aomuf ap&aomf ZD0dw
tvSL? vlrwl ewfrwef? oAÁnK a&TOmPfudk {uef&ay
awmhrnfwum;}}2
txufygpum;jzpf&yfonf tavmif;awmf,kefrif;u rdrdonftrsm;ESifh
tpm;csif;rwl? rdrd pm;onfht&mukd vSLygu? tvSLcHoltwGuf rESpfoufaom
ypönf;jzpfygu tusKd;r&Sd jzpfacsrnf/ tvSLcHolu rdrd\tom;ukd pm;aomuf
vkdonfqkdygu toufukdyif ay;vSL&Jaom ,kefrif;\ cHpm;rIukd ay:vGif
aponf/ tvSLcHtay:ü o'¨gpdwfxufoefvGef;aom pdwfcHpm;rIjypum;
wm0efukd ay:vGifapaom pum;jzpfygonf/

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xkdpum;onf zsHukd &nfnTef;ajymqkdaom pum; jzpfygonf/ xkdpum;

onf ]]tlrawmifhrS oDvapmifh}} &onfh rdrd0rf;xJwGif tpmt[m& jynfhrSom
OykofaqmufwnfEdkifrnfh cHpm;rIjywm0efukdvnf; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
]]tuREkfyf wpfukd,fpmukd? rif;q&m wpfa,mufrlum;?
0avmufp&m &Sdwefyg\/ ig\ukd,fukd tvkd&Sdwkdif;
jzwfydkif;vSD;ckwf ta&udkqkwfjyD;vQif? wkwfwHpdkYazmufvQdK?
rD;zkdí zkwfuifyg tm;emawmf rrlESifh? axmufultHknDí
yg&rD tuREkfyfajrmufatmif? pm;aomuf awmfrlyg}}1
xkdpum;&yfonf ,kefrif;u ykPÖm;ukd &nfnTef;ajymqkdaom pum;&yf
jzpfonf/ rdrd\ cE¨mukd,fukd vSD;ckwfjzwfawmuf ta&cGHcGmí rD;zkdwGif
uifpm;yg/ tm;remygESifh/ uREkfyf\ 'geyg&rD ajrmufatmif pm;aomuf
awmfrlyg[k tvSLcHykPÖm;ukd ajymaompum; jzpfonf/ xkdpum;&yfonf
vlwkdYtm; tvSLjyK&mwGif wGefYwkdjcif;r&SdbJ rdrd\toufukdyif vSL'gef;&Jaom
pdwfrsKd;xm;&Sdap&ef ,kefrif;u rdrd\cHpm;rItwkdif; avmu&Sd vlrsm;ukd rdrduJhokdY
tvSLukd jywfom;pGmvSL&ef cHpm;rIjywm0efygjyaom pum;rsm; jzpfygonf/
xkdYaMumifh tvSLjyK&mwGif aemufwGefYraebJ jywfjywfom;om; vSL'gef;&Jaom
pdwf"mwfrsKd;&Sdap&ef nTefMum;aeaom pum;rsm; jzpfygonf/ rdrd\ pdwfwGif;
cHpm;rItwkdif; tvSLjyK&mwGif jywfom;aom pdwf"mwf xm;&SdEkdifap&ef
nTefMum;ay;aom pum;rsm; jzpfygonf/ xkdpum;&yfonf pum;wm0ef
oHk;&yfvHk; xrf;aqmifaeonfukd awGU&ygonf/

tvSL'ge\tusKd;ukd azmfjyaom OD;ykn\ oltkdrMuD;0w¬KwGifvnf;

vlrIbmomaA'oabm yg0ifonf/ xkd0w¬Kü t"duZmwfaqmif oltkdrMuD;\
ajympum;ukd
]]aMomf . . . igtoufMuD;? aovkeD;onf? ysm,D;ysm,m?
vSLcsifpGmí? o'¨gvSLvSL? MudK;pm;í jyKaomaMumifh qGrf;rI
jyD;pD;avownf;/ wyg;olrSm? tvSLcH&[ef;ukd? pkief;a0iS?
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&ukefMujyD/ 'ku©orm;? igtzGm;rSm? csufvm;jyKwfvm;?

udpörsm;í? wpfyg;aom oHCmawmfukd? yifhac:&efr&Sdao;?
ighzkdY&mtvSLcHukd? pma&;wHrus? rvSL&vQif? vHkYvtm;qJí?
cJavorQ? igh'geonf oJusa&vkd}}1 [k a&;zGJUxm;onf/
xkdpum;jzpf&yfonf tr,ftkd\ cHpm;rIukd ay:vGifapaom pum;
jzpfonf/ rdrdrSm toufMuD;jyD; vSLcsifvGef;tm;MuD;í MudK;pm;jyD; qGrf;csuf
onfh udpöjyD;ajrmufjyD/ ightzGm;rSm csufjyKwfrIudpöESifh tvkyfrsm;aeí
oHCmawmfukd ryifhzdwf&ao;/ rdrdtvSLudk vufcHrnfhyk*¾dKvf r&Sdygu rdrd
MudK;pm;yrf;pm; csufxm;&aom qGrf;rsm;rSm tvum; jzpf&awmhrnf[k
pkd;&drfMuD;pGm jzpfaeaom tr,ftkd\ tvSLtay: cHpm;&aom pum;jzpf&yf
jzpfygonf/
]]aMomf . . . 'g,dumrMuD; aevnf;enf;vSjyD?
toD;oD;toG,foG,f MuD;i,ftrsm;? þjynfom;wkdYonf?
wpfyg;pD ESpfyg;pD? ajr§mufcsDyifhac:í? oHCmawmf ukefacsjyD?
okdY&mwGif &Sifom&dykwå&m? ynmqDrD;? ukd,fawmfMuD; rlum;?
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"r®maomut&Sifu 'g,dumrMuD; vmonfrSm tcsdefvnf; enf;vSjyD/
vltoD;oD;wkdY oHCmawmf tukef&acsjyD? toifwpfa,mufom usefawmh
onf/ ausmif;wGif &Sifom&dykwå&m wpfyg;om usefonf/ tr,ftkdtm;
oem;vQif t&Sif vkdufygvdrfhrnf? okdYrSom vSL&ayrnf[k ajymaom
pum;onf tr,ftkdtm; &Sifom&dykwå&mxHoGm;&ef nTefMum;aom pum;
wm0efjypum;&yf jzpfygonf/ tr,ftkdtay:wGif u½kPmxm;onfh cHpm;rI
vnf; yg0ifonf/
]]ighyg&rD? uHulnDygvQif þyk*¾dKvfax&fausmfukd? yifhac:í
&awmhrnf[k twnfrus? ESpfcG awG;ac:vsuf
ausmif;awmfokdY wufonfwGif? &Sifom&dykwå&mvnf;?
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yd@mpm&? qGrf;cH<urnf[k rkcf0u txGufwGif

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ocifaumif;bk&m;? tzGm;tkd 'ku©onfukd? u,fq,f
awmfrlygrS csrf;om&m &ygrnf? olwyg;twk? ukokdvfukd
jyKvkdí aovkeD;yg; qGrf;csufjyKwfjyD;cgrS? ta':MuD;
tuRefYxH tvSLcH yk*¾v? &Smr&aomaMumifh aomuMuD;pGm
a&mufygonf/ bkef;awmufonfhbk&m;? tuRefY tm;ukd;?
oem;awmfrlygojzihf? uRefYtvSL 0w¬KuHukd onf;cHawmf
rlyg[k u½kPmyGm;wkd;atmif? &Sdckd;í avQmuf&m}}1
tqkdyg pum;&yfonf &Sifom&dykwå&mukd &nfnTef;ajymqkdaom
pum;&yf jzpfonf/ rdrd\ twdwfuH yg&rD&Sdygu &Sifom&dykwå&mukd yifhzdwfí
&rnf[k pdwfxJawG;í ausmif;ay:okdYwuf&m ausmif;ay:okdY a&mufaomtcg
&Sifom&dykwå&m u,frSom uREkfyf\ tvSLajrmufygrnf/ qGrf;cHcsufjyD;cgrS
tvSLcHyk*¾dKvf r&&SdvQif rdrdrSm aomuMuD;pGm jzpf&yg onf/ xkdYaMumifh rdrdukd
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xkdpum;jzpf&yfonf rdrduvSLcsifaomfvnf; tvSLcHrnfhyk*¾dKvf &SdrSom rdrd\
tvSLjyD;ajrmufEkdifyHkudk nTefjyaeaom? vrf;nTefaeaom pum;&yfrsm; jzpfonf/
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&Sifom&dykwå&mrax&fjrwfMuD;ukd &í pdwfMuD;0ifonfh tcef;ü
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ywåjrm;? pdef? £E´eDvm? tjzmjzmwGif MudKuf&mukda&G;?
vkdorQ ay;rnf}}2 [k a&;zGJUxm;onf/
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&Sifom&dykwå&mudk rdrdwkdYtm; ay;yg/ tr,ftkdvkdaom a&Tudk ukd,fESifhpufí
ay;ygrnf/ ywåjrm;? pdef? £E´eDvm? tjzmjzmukd MudKuf&ma&G;yg vkdorQ
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jzpfonf/ xkdpum;jzpf&yfwGif ykxkZOfvlom;wkdY\ r&onfukdrS vkdcsifaom

pdwfcHpm;rIukd awGU&ygonf/ &Sifom&dykwå&mtay: MunfndKpdwf? o'¨gpdwfukd
azmfjyí cHpm;rIjywm0efukd xrf;aqmifaom pum;&yf jzpfygonf/
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a&Tpifausmufjrwf? e0&wfaom? aygrsm;ol rif;olaX;?
puú0g wif;awmif;ESifh? cyfavmif;í ay;aomfvnf;?
aus;Zl;awmfocif? ight&Sifukd? udk,fyifwkdYokdY? b,ftwGuf
ykdYydrfhrnf tzGm;tkdYZmwm? &Spfq,fausmf uHay:ívm rifhukd?
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tr,ftkdu rSL;rwf? olaX; ol<u,frsm;ukd &nfnTef;ajymqkdaom
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ol<u,fwkdYu &Sifom&dykwå&mudk rdrdwdkY qGrf;uyfcGifhay;yg/ tr,ftkd vdkorQ
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rvJEkdifaom o'¨gw&m; MuD;rm;onfh tr,ftkd\ pdwfcHpm;rIukd azmfaqmif
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rSL;rwfavm rodyg/ rdrdukday;aom Opömypönf;wkdYukd rrufarm/ t&Sifhukdom
MunfndKpGm qGrf;auR;rnf/ rawmif;ESifh? ray;bl; [laom tr,ftkd\

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jywfom;aom pdwf"mwf? cH,lxm;aom pdwfxm;? jrifhjrwfaom pdwf"mwf

wkdYukdyg jrifawGU&aom tr,ftkd\ cHpm;rIukdjyaom pum;&yf jzpfonf/
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pdwfxm;&Sd&ef vrf;nTefjyaeaom nTefMum;wm0efjy pum;&yfvnf; jzpfonf/
xkdpum;&yfonf pum;wm0ef oHk;&yfvHk;ukd xrf;aqmifaom pum;&yf
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wlaom toGifukd rxifap&? vSyajyjypf? cspfp&mtoGifukd
xif&apwwfonf/}}1 [k a&;zGJUxm;onf/
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jzpfonf/ xkduJhodkY pufqkyfzG,faumif;aom cE¨mukd,fMuD;ukd rufarmí
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rcHpm;apvkdaom cHpm;rIjy pum;&yfvnf; jzpfonf/ ocFg&oabmudk nTefjy
aeaom nTefMum;wm0efjypum;vnf; jzpfonf/ xkduJhokdY rrSwf,lMuap&ef
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qefum? qHkrSm EGm;wyfxm;ouJhokdY? tqHk;wGif aoqHk;jcif;om &&Sdapaom
cE¨mukd,fom jzpfaMumif;? cE¨mukd,f\ rwnfjrJaom oabmukd odap&ef
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ap&ef cHpm;rIjy pum;&yfvnf; jzpfonf/ vlom;wkdYtm; rrufarmMuap&ef

nTefMum;aeaom pum;&yfvnf; jzpfygonf/
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[laom avcwfu jymom'fonf ysufjydKouJhokdY}}1
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jzpfvsuf rwfwyfrQyif r&yfEkdif? ta&wGefYvdyfum? rsufESma[mufyufESifh
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rwnfjrJaom oabmukd vltrsm;cHpm;rdap&ef cHpm;wm0efjy pum;&yfvnf;
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aumif;rGefjrifhjrwfjyD; ewf&GmokdYwkdif a&mufEkdifaMumif; vkdufemusifhMuH Muap&ef
nTefMum;aeaom pum;&yf jzpfygonf/
]]ig;0aom *½k"r®oDdvukd? xm0&aqmufwnfvsuf? t|*Ð
oDvjrwfukd rjywfatmif tm;xkwfí? ukd,fEIwfESvHk;ukd
apmifhoHk;qD;wm;? jA[®pkd&f yGm;MujyD;vQif? av;q,faom
ur®|mef;w&m;wkdYwGif? rdrdwdkY p½kdufESifh udkufnDaom
ur®|mef; w&m;wkdYukd? yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfukef&monf}}3
txufygpum;&yfonf avmu&Sd vlom;wkdYukd &nfnTef;aeaom
pum;&yf jzpfonf/ oDv"r®ukd aqmufwnfjyD; OykofoDvjrwfukd rjywfatmif

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180 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

tm;xkwfí ukd,fEIwfESvHk; apmifhxdef;yg/ rdrdwkdYESifh ukdufnDaom ur®Xmef;

w&m;wkdYukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&ef &nfnTef;aom pum;&yfvnf; jzpfonf/
q'´efqifrif; 0w¬KwGif aomEkwå&rkqkd;\ Zmwfaqmifp½kdufukd
o½kyfazmf a&;zGJU&mwGif
]]þa,mufsm;onf trsm;ESifhrwl? trlMurf;cuf? uJGtuf
npfaw? xef;yvyfjym;uJhokdY MuD;rm;aom ajcz0g;
&Sdonf/}}1 [k vnf;aumif;
eHukdif;eH½dk;rsm;ukd a&;zGJUxm;yHkrSm
]]Z&yfa[mif; ausmif;qdk;? trkd;ysufjydK? &e,ftkduJhokdY?
z½kdz&J? MuD;BuJ,kdY,dkif;aom? eHukdif;eH½kd;vnf; &Sdonf/}}2
[k vnf;aumif; a&;zGJUxm;onf/
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½kyfoGifukd pmzwfol\ pdwftm½Hkü xifjrifvmatmifESifh pufqkyfaMumuf&GHU
onfh &ocHpm;rIrsm; jzpfay:vmatmif o½kyfazmf a&;zGJUxm;onf/ xkdo½kyfazmf
tzGJUrSm usufoa&r&Sdaom rkqkd;\oGifjyifukd ]]cuf}} ]]tuf}} qkdonfh towf
um&efrsm;? ]]jym;}}? ]]rm;}} ]]0g;}} ponfh oHav;rsm;ukd oHk;xm;jcif;jzifh
rkqkd;\yHkyef;ukd rsufpdwGif jrifa,mifvmaponf/
xkdtoHrsm;u pufqkyfaMumuf&GHUrI&o jzpfap&ef taxmuftuljyK
xm;onf/ xkdYtwlyif ]]qdk;}} ]]rkd;}}? ]],kdif;}} ]]ukdif;}} ponfh oHav; um&efrsm;
uvnf; rkqkd;\ rwifhw,faom pufqkyfzG,fyHkyef;ukd ykdrkday:vGifatmif yHhykd;
ay;xm;onf/
OD;yknonf oHav;ESifh oHvGifrsm;ukd wvSnfhpD oHk;EIef;pyfí
aMumuf&GHUzG,fo½kyfukd azmfxkwfum aMumuf&GHUrI&o? pufqkyfrI&o ay:vGif
aponf/
pum;ajywGif toHum&efrsm;ukd tcsdwftqufrdrd a&;zGJUjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? taMumif;t&mESifh vkdufzufaomtoHrsm;ukd toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh

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vnf;aumif; &oajrmufatmif zGJUqkdxm;ygonf/ xkdenf;jzifh zJGUEGJU&Sif;jy

wm0ef xrf;aqmifxm;onfukd awGU&ygonf/
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rSmMum;onfh tcef;wGif-
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jzwfajz? oifowf&ufavaomaMumifh? oifhoufa0
i,fvif? igq'´efonf? ajrwGifwHk;vHk;? jrm;csufjzifh
qHk;ygjyD? a&GoHk;&Hcs,f? Mum&dyfv,frSm? &,fumarmum?
rsufESmaiGv? &TifyyESifh cifr0rf;ajrmufawmfrlygavmh}} 1 [k
a&;zGJUxm;ygonf/
OD;yknonf 0w¬Kpum;ajyüyif pmta&;tzGJU uRrf;usifolyDyD toH
um&efrsm;ukd ae&mwus xnfhoGif;a&;zGJUxm;aomaMumifh q'´efqifrif;\
aMuuJGcHpm;rIrsm;? cspfol aysmf&Tif0rf;ajrmufap&ef toufudk taocHonftxd
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ygonf/ xdktzGJUwGif ]]n§dK;}} ]]csKd;}} ]]usKd;}} qkdonfh oHav;um&efrsm;? ]]ajz}}
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um&efrsm;ukd wpfjyefwpfvSnfhpD xnfhoGif;zGJUpyfxm;onfukd awGU&onf/
]]jidK;? csKd;? MudK;}} qkdonfh oHav;um&efu q'´efqifrif; emusif
cHpm;rIukd ay:vGifaponf/ ]]ajz? av? a0}} qkdonfh oHvGifum&efrsm;u
cGifhvTwfpdwf? t½IH;ay;pdwfjzifh tm;avsmhn§dK;i,fpGm cH,lonfh pdwftajctaeudk
xif[yfaponf/
]]vHk;? pHk;? oHk;}} qkdonfh oHav;um&efrsm;u &efjidK;jzpf&onfh
tqHk;owf emusifzG,faumif;yHkukd av;eufxif&Sm;apygonf/ q'´ef
qifrif;\qE´udk zGJU&mü ]]v}} ]]y}} ]]r}} qkdonfh oHvwfum&efrsm;ukd
toHk;jyKum a&;zJGUxm;onfhtwGuf arwåmpdwfESifh emusifcHpm;pdwfrsm;
ay:vGifvmygonf/
pum;ajyü taMumif;t&mESifh qDavsmfvkdufzufonfh um&efrsm;?
toHrsm;ukd a&G;cs,foHk;EIef;jcif;jzifh zGJUEGJU&Sif;jywm0efukd xrf;aqmifxm;onf/
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182 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

taMumif;t&mESifh qDavsmfonfh toHrsm;jzifh aygif;pyfum

a&;zGJUjcif;jzifh q'´efqifrif;\ arwåmpdwf? cspfolukd aysmf&Tif0rf;ajrmuf
apvkdonfhpdwf? t½IH;ay;vkdonfhpdwf ay:vGifaponf/ jzpf&yftajctaeukd
&Sif;jyjyD;vQif &oajrmufatmif zGJUqkdxm;aom tzGJUtEGJUukd awGU&onf/
tzGJUtEGJUonf om,memaysmfzG,fjzpfjyD; od*Fg&&o? u½kPm&oajrmuf
ygonf/
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aom? aemZmemrd wkdYrodygbl;/ rPd"e? jrykvJpif?
ausmufrsuf&Sif wkdYrvkd/ ighocifbkef;rkdukd MunfndKpGm
igvkyfauR;rnf/ ray;bl;? ra,mifESifh}}1
toHoabmygonfh &GwfqkdrIukd awGU&Sd&ygonf/ &Sifom&dykwå&mrax&f
rSwyg; rnfonfh olaX;ol<u,fukdrS rrufarm? rrIaom toHoabmu
pdwftajctaeukd ykdíay:vmaponf/ ]]aom}} toHukd xyfum xyfum
oHk;jcif;onf pmzwfolpdwfxJü &Sifom&dykwå&mrax&fukd &í pdwfMuD;0ifaeol
oltdkrMuD;\ o'¨gpdwfeSifh MunfndKp&m &,farm&TifjyHK;rI &oukd cHpm;vm&
aponf/
txufygpum;&yfonf avmu&Sd vlom;wkdYukd &nfnTef;aeaom
pum;&yf jzpfygonf/ oDv? "r®ukd aqmufwnfjyD; OykofoDvjrwfukd
rjywfatmif tm;xkwfí? ukd,fEIwfESvHk; apmifhxdef;yg/ rdrdwkdYESifh udkufnDaom
ur®|mef;w&m;wkdYukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&ef nTefMum;aom pum;&yfvnf;
jzpfygonf/
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tajymbmompum;jzpfaom 0w¬KwGifvnf; toHyHkpHonf t"duusygonf/
txl;ojzihf toHum&efoabmygonfh OD;ykn\0w¬Krsm;wGif toHyHkpHjzifh
om,memaysmfzG,f jzpfatmif azmfaqmifxm;onfh zGJUpnf;yHkrsm;ukd awGU&
ygonf/

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J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 183

OD;yknonf pmzwfy&dowftm; A[kokway;&efESifh tqHk;tr

ay;&efom r[kwfbJ pmzwfy&dowf\ pdwfapwemukdvnf; EId;qGay;Ekdif
cJhonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh pmzwfy&dowfukd ESpfoufjcif; jzpfaponf/
xkdESpfoufjcif;ESifh wpfygwnf; b0todukd y&dowf\pdwfü 0ifa&mufpGJjid
oGm;atmif zefwD;Ekdifonf/
q'´efqifrif;0w¬KwGif rdef;r\tvkdukd vkdufavsmwwfaom a,mufsm;
wdkY\ tvkdvkdufrIaMumifh q'´efqifrif; aoqHk;&onfukdMunfhí avmu&Sd
vlom;wkdY xkduJhodkYrrSm;Muap&ef &nfnTef;ajympum;rsm;jzifh owday;qHk;r
xm;ygonf/ oltkdrMuD;0w¬KwGif tvSLypönf;&Sdaomfvnf; tvSLcHyk*¾dKvf
r&Sdygu tcsnf;tESD; jzpfwwfyHk? ESpfOD;ESpfbuf jynfhpHkrSom rdrd\tvSL
jyD;ajrmufEdkifaMumif;? &nfnTef;pum;rsm;jzifh vrf;nTefcJhygonf/ od0&mZf
rif;MuD;0w¬KwGif tvSLjyK&mü o'¨gw&m;ta&;MuD;yHk? rdrd\taoG;tom;ukdyif
vSL'gef;&Jaom pdwf"mwfrsKd; arG;jrLEkdifMuap&ef &nfnTef;pum;rsm;jzifh
vlwkdYtm; tvSLjyK&mwGif o'¨gw&m;xufoefap&ef nTefMum;cJhygonf/
tavmif;awmf ,kefrif;0w¬KwGif rdrdtoufukdyif ay;vSL&Jaom owådrsKd;
&SdMuap&ef &nfnTef;pum;rsm;jzifh vrf;jyay;cJhygonf/ Oyrmav;OD;0w¬KwGif
cE¨mukd,f\ &GH&SmzG,faumif;yHk? aemufqHk;wGif w&m;bm0em ur®Xmef;
pD;jzef;jcif;om t"dujzpfyHkwkdYukd &nfnTef;jypum;rsm;jzifh nTefjyxm;ygonf/
cHpm;rIjypum;rsm;jzifh q'´efqifrif;0w¬KwGif cHpm;rIudk OD;pm;ray;
oifhyHk? cHpm;rIaemufokdY vkdufrdygu trSm;jzpfwwfyHkwkdYukd plVokb'´g\
cHpm;rIjy pum;rsm;jzifh qHk;rxm;ygonf/ rdrd\pdwfcHpm;rI jyif;xefjcif; aMumifh
rjyKvkyfoifhonfhudpörsm; owdjyKrdap&ef rdrdwdkY\pdwfukd xdef;csKyfEkdifap&ef
owday;xm;ygonf/ oltkdrMuD;0w¬KwGif avmuü r&SdvkdYrvSL? rvSLvdkYr&Sd
rjzpfMuap&ef oltkdrMuD;\ cHpm;rIrsm;jzifh tcsdefrD vSL'gef;Muapvkdaom
apwemjzifh wkdufwGef;xm;onf/ od0&mZfrif;MuD;0w¬KwGif rdrd\pdwfxm;rsKd;
vlwkdif;xm;&Sdap&ef? cHpm;wwfMuap&ef? tvSLukd jywfom;&J0HhpGm vSL'gef;Mu
ap&ef vrf;nTefaeygonf/ ,kefrif;0w¬KwGif rdrdtoufukd rwG,fwmbJ
,wdjywf vSL'gef;apvkdaom pdwfrsKd;xm;&SdMuap&ef wkdufwGef;xm;ygonf/
184 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

Oyrmav;OD;0w¬KwGif vlUb0ü aemufqHk;wGif w&m;bm0emonfom

ta&;MuD;qHk; jzpfonfukd od&SdjyD;? xkdtodudk rarhMuap&ef EId;aqmfxm;onf/
nTefMum;rIpum;rsm;jzifh q'´efqifrif;0w¬KwGif avmu&Sd vlom;wkdY
onf tjidK;taw;MuD;rIaMumifh toufaoqHk;&wwfyHk? xkdtjzpfrsKd; rjyKvkyf&ef
nTefMum;pum;rsm;jzifh qHk;rxm;ygonf/ oltkdrMuD;0w¬KwGif ypönf;Opömxuf
tvSL'geu ta&;MuD;yHk? rdrdb0 aumif;usKd;twGuf tvSLonf y"mejzpfyHk
'geom ta&;MuD;yHkwkdYukd nTefMum;aejcif; jzpfonf/ od0&mZfrif;MuD;0w¬KwGif
tvSLtm;vHk;xJwGif taoG;tom;tvSLonf trGefjrwfqHk; jzpfaMumif;
nTefMum;qHk;rxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ ,kefrif;0w¬KwGifvnf; vSLp&mr&Sdonfh
tqHk; rdrdtoufukd ay;vSL&Jaom owådrsdK; &SdMuap&ef vrf;nTefay;aeygonf/
Oyrmav;OD;0w¬KwGif w&m;bm0em pD;jzef;jcif;jzifh aemufqHk;wGif edAÁmef
a&mufEkdifaMumif; nTefMum;vrf;nTef qHk;ray;aeaom 0w¬Krsm;yif jzpfygonf/
OD;ykn\0w¬Krsm;wGif Zmwfaqmifrsm;\ tjyeftvSef ajympum;
rsm;jzifh zGJUEGJU&Sif;jypum;rsm;u vlUobm0rsm;ukd ay:vGifvSygonf/ Zmwfvrf;
ZmwfaqmifwkdYjzifh Zmwfvrf;zefwD;&mwGif ajympum;rsm;onf ta&;ygonf/
ajympum;jzifh ZmwfaqmifwpfOD;u wpfOD;ukd &nfnTef;Ekdifonf/ ajympum;
rsm;wGif OD;wnf&nfnTef;aom Zmwfaqmif &Sdonf/ ZmwfnTef;wm0ef
xrf;aqmifjcif;jzifh Zmwfaqmif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; qufqHa&; wpfOD;ay:wpfOD;
xm;&Sdonfh oabmxm;? cHpm;rIrsm; ay:vGifvmonf/ xkdenf;jzifh
ZmwfuGufrsm; csdwfqufay;onf/ 0w¬KwGifyg0ifaom ajympum;rsm;onf
Zmwfaqmifrsm;\ cHpm;rIrsm;ukd azmfjyay;onf/ cHpm;rIrsm;ukd azmfjyjcif;jzifh
Zmwfvrf;jzpfay:½Hkru &ocHpm;rIukd jzpfay:aponf/ &ocHpm;rI rSwpfqifh
vlrIywf0ef;usifwGif vltcsif;csif; qufqH&mü owdjyKoifhonfhtcsufrsm;udk
em;vnfEkdifpGrf; &Sdapygonf/ 0w¬Konf vlrIjyKjyifa&;toGifukd aqmifvmap&ef
twGuf vlrIbmomaA' oabmEG,faom ajympum;rsm;onf ta&;ygonf[k
xifjrifrdygonf/
trSwfrxifjyKrdonfh tjyKtrlwpf&yfaMumifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; txif
vGJrSm;&mrS trkef;w&m;jzihf pdwf\cHpm;rIaemufokdY vkdufum aMuuGJzG,f jzpf&yf
ESifh MuHKMu&onf/ xkduJhokdY rjzpfapbJ tcsif;csif; cspfaomrsufpdjzifh Munfh½Ií
t½IH;ay; cGifhvTwfpdwfukd arG;wwfap&ef OD;ykn0w¬K&Sd pum;jzpf&yfrsm;u
nTefjyaeonf[k qkdcsifygonf/ avmu&SdvlwkdY\ obm0ESifh eD;pyfaeonfukd
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B 185

awGUEkdifygonf/ rdrdtay: tjypfusa&mufrnfukd odaomtcg olwpfyg;udkyg

qGJxnfhwwfaom? wm0ef,lrI? wm0efcHrI r&Sdaom vlwkdY\ pdwf"mwfukd
pmzwfolwkdY cHpm;vmatmif cHpm;rIjypum;&yfrsm;jzifh wifjyxm;aom OD;ykn\
apwemudk jrifawGU&onf/ vltrsm;ukd vrf;nTefjyo ay;Edkifaom pum;jzpf&yf
rsm;[k xifjrifrdygonf/

OD;ykn\ 0w¬Krsm;onf vlom;wkdYtwGuf enf;,lrSwfom;p&m?

qifjcifp&m b0todrsm;ukd ay;pGrf;Edkifygonf/ OD;yknonf Ak'¨pmay
Zmwf0w¬Krsm;ukd 0w¬Kwkdrsm;toGifESifh jyefvnfa&;om;&mwGif rlvZmwfvrf;yg
&nf&G,fcsufrsm; rysufatmif wifjyEkdifcJhygonf/ OD;ykn0w¬Krsm;\ xl;jcm;csuf
rSm Zmwfaqmifp½kdufrsm;ukd ay:vGifatmif a&;zGJUjcif;jzpfonf/ Zmwfaqmif
p½kduf ay:vGifap&ef ajympum;rsm;ukd tEkynm*kPfajrmufatmif a&;zGJUonf/
ZmwfaqmifwkdY\ ajympum;rsm;rSwpfqifh pmzwfolwkdYtaejzifh rdrdwdkY vlrIb0
ywf0ef;usifudk xifjrifvmaponf/ qifjcifrdvmaponf/ olawmfaumif;p½kduf
tay: ESpfoufjrwfEkd;jyD; ol,kwfrmp½kdufudk a&SmifMuOfwwfvmaponf/ OD;ykn
0w¬Krsm;yg ajympum;rsm;ukd vlrIbmomaA' ½IaxmifhrS qufvufí oHk;oyfEkdif
ao;onf[k xifjrifrdygonf/
186 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2018 Vol. XVI. No. 6B

pdefvGifav;? (1963)/ pavOD;ykn\ 0w¬Kav;yk'ftzGifh? qkd&S,fpmtkyfwkduf/

anmifuefq&mawmf? (1323)/ ig;&mhig;q,f0w¬K? pwkw¬tkyf £pämo,yd#uwf yHkESdyfwkduf?
&efukef/
wifhaxG;? (1992)/ OD;yknpmyef;uHk;rsm;? yxrwJG
wifjrifh? armif? (1968)/ OD;yknvufa&G;pifrsm;? (yMudrf)? eHYomwkduf/
ykn? OD;? (1950)/ OD;ykn0w¬Kwkdaygif;csKyfESifh cufqpftajz? ok"r®m0wD yHkESdyfwkduf?
&efukef/
ykn? OD;? (2011)/ 'gecef;0w¬Krsm;? yef;a&Tjynfpmay? &efukef? (wMudrf)
zkd;usm;? OD;? (1999)/ ig;&mhig;q,faumufEkwfcsuf? (1999) ('kwGJ) yg&rDpmay? ('kMudrf)/
zkd;usm;? OD;? (2000)/ ig;&mhig;q,faumufEkwfcsuf? (wwGJ) (2000) yg&rDpmay? ('kMudrf)/
a0rmMunf? (2008)/ jrefrmbmompum;&Sd qkd½kd;rsm;ukd vlrIbmomaA' tjrifjzifh
avhvmjcif;/
oDwm<u,f? ( 1994)/ OD;ykn\ 0w¬Kajcmufyk'favhvmcsuf/
at;oefY? armif (1967)/ OD;yknESifh tcsKyfwef;q&mazwkdY\ b0pmay taxGaxG? yefp&m
yHkESdyfwkduf? &efukef/
atmifjrifhOD;? a'gufwm (2003)/ vlrIbmomaA'rdwfquf? &efukef? ynmwefaqmif
yHkESdyfwdkuf/