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14
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15
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16
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25-5-98
18
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38
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39
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42
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u ]]ezl;jyifrSm? wifonfvufjzifh? twGufvnf;cH}}0 [l
wGufqtpm;twGuf cHudkoHk;ygonf/ xdkYjyif ]]ajrmufnmpH
aMumifh? tvGefcuf[k wGufpm;r&}}2 [lvnf; wGufqtpm;
]]wGufpm;}} oHk;ygao;onf/
xdkYaMumifh vufvSrf;rD&m avmuom&ysdKU yHkESdyfrlrsm;udk

aocsmpGm avhvmMunfhygonf/ arQmfvifhonfhtwdkif; &cdkif
toHk;tEIef;[k ,lq&aoma0g[m&tcsdKUudk awGU&ygonf/
,if;wdkYudk q&mrif;ok0Pf wnf;jzwfxkwfa0onfh ]]avmu
om&ysdKU tajztbd"mef}} pmtkyfrS xkwfEkwfNyD; tydk'fpOf
twdkif;wifjyoGm;ygrnf/
tydk'f 16/
&Gmacsmif;Bu;D q&matmifxeG ;f uvnf; if;\qEeq

f if
rif;omcsif;wGif ]]plVb'g? 0rf;xJrSmvQif? MuifumwGufq}}3
[lvnf;aumif; ]]a&ypfig;odkY? oem;rcif? MuifemrwGuf}}
[lvnf;aumif; pOf;pm;tpm; ]]wGufq}}? rpOf;pm;tpm;
]]rwGufq}}[k oHk;cJhao;onf/
/ vdrmtwwf? csm;&[wfodkY? vSnfhywf

NyD;rS? MuHwGufqvsuf/
aeYpOfoHk; &cdkifpum;wGif pOf;pm;t"dym,frsdK;jzifh ]]wGuf

q? twGucf ?H twGurf &}} ponfjzifh tvGet
f oH;k rsm;ygonf/
tydk'fyg0ifaom ]]wGufq}} onf &cdkifaeYpOfoHk;

pum;wpfqHk; jzpfygonf/ a&S;acwfrS ,aeYxd toHk;wGifvm
aom pum;jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ MuHpnfonf? pOf;pm;
onf? awG;qonf[k t"dyg,f &ygonf/
tydk'f 19/
/ Murmudkcsnf;? rSwfxif&nf;&Sifh/
tydk'fwGif ]]&Sifh}}udk awGUygonf/ ]]&Sifh}} udk e&rif;

(1433-1459)vufxuf &cdkifoQifoDv0Hoa&; u0duPyg
ousrf;wGif Bud,m 60- xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf/ rsufarSmuf
acwf jrefrmo'gusrf;rsm;wGifum; ]]&Sifh}}udk Bud,mtqHk;owf
pum;? 0gustqHk;owfpum;tjzpfxm;aMumif; rawGU&yg/
OumysHu q,fhESpf&moD&wk uqkefvzGJUwGif ]]bHkarGU&m

ovGef(xuf)? nOfhav;,HrSm? wpf,HrQarr(puf)wnf;? MuH
(wGufq)aepOfcg}} [lzGJUcJhygonf/ pOf;pm;aeonf[k qdkvdk
ygonf/
&cdkifwdkYum; ]]&Sifh}}udk 0gusaemufvdkuf ypnf;tjzpf

vnf;aumif;? emrfpm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; oH;k Muygonf/ &cdik f
45
pma[mif;aya[mif; taxmuftxm; rawGUao;aomfvnf;
aeYpOfoHk;pum; oHk;EIef;yHkudk atmufwGifIyg/
(1) ighuckd sn;f cdik ;f zd&Yk iS hf = ighuckd sn;f yJ cdik ;f aew,f (raus
eyfoHjzifh oHk;onf/)
k,fOwdvKaomwefwdkif}} ]]aumufOwf(wd)zG,faom}} ?
Owd,fzGaom &d,fwGif avwl{tf}} [k tESHYtjym;oHk;xm;
aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ ]]xef;yifwd = xef;yiftrsm;}} Owfwd
= tkwftrsm;}} [k t"dym,f,lvQif &Edkifrnfxifygonf/
(2) wpfckckpm;zdkY&cDau NrD;udkpD&Smygvwf&Sifh = pm;p&m

wpfcck &k &if ajr;udv
k u
kd &f mS aewmyJ (uJ&h UJ oH aESmae
aom rauseyfoHjzifh oHk;onf/)
yk*Hacwfu ]]wd}}udk trsm;teufjzifh oHk;cJhouJhodkY aeYpOf

oHk;&cdkifpum;wGifvnf; (vlwd? tdrfwd? at&Sifhwd = vlawG^
wdkY? tdrfawG^wdkY? 'gawG)ponfjzifh tvGeftoHk;rsm;ygonf/
q&mrif;ok0Pfu rdrd\ ]]avmuom&ysdKU tajz1}}

pmtkyfwGif ]]&Sifh}} udk (&Sifh= uJh&JUoHygaom 0gustqHk;owf
pum;vHk;jzpfonf/) [k t"dyg,fzGifhxm;ygonf/ &cdkiftoHk;
tEIef;ESifh tvGefudkufnDaeonf[k xifygonf/
a&S;acwftrnfrodpmqdkwpfOD;zGJUqdkaom ]]avmif;rGef#
pdkif;j'm;{;}} ]]rdkuf&mrod? trdkuf(wd)udk? rwfBuD;vusfm}}
[k oHk;xm;ygonf/ ]]wd}} udk ]]trsm;}} teufjzifh oHk;xm;
aMumif; odomygonf/ wefcdk;q&mxGef; uvnf; ]]ysufjym;
ZD0def? ab;BuD;wGdvdkY? oGD;(wd)eDau}} [k ]]wd}}udk trsm;teuf
jzifhyif oHk;cJhygonf/
tydk'f 29/
/ vAdrmefvQif ylyefr&Sd? Nidrf;apbd?
Mu,fwd = Mu,ftrsm;)[k teufay;ygonf/ a&TNrdKify@dw
\rlwGifum; ]]wd}}udk ]]twd(ygVd)tvGef}} [k teufay;NyD;
Mu,ftvGefrsm;pGm jcH&Hvsuf[k t"dym,fjyefygonf/
tydk'f 35/ / &efppfjy,fpdrfh? rjy,favoD;? ppfrufBuD;

rl? yGef;wD;rIaqmif
tydk'fwGif ]]oD;}} udk awGYygonf/ ae&moHk;aom
]]oD;}} onf aeYpOfoHk;&cdkifpum;yg0ifaom Bud,maxmuf
]]oD;}} ESihf xyfwyl if jzpfygonf/ ]]rjy,fav;oD;}} \ t"dym ,f
udk ]]&efppfrjy,fao;yJ ppfrufBuD;pGmjypfay:ygu}} [l ,l&
rnf jzpfygonf/
&cdkiftoHk;tEIef; ]wd}onf jrefrm ]]awG? wdkY}} toHk;ESifh

wlygonf/ trsm; t"dym,fxGufygonf/ &cdkiftoHk;tEIef;
ESifh q&mrifok0Pf\ teufay;csuf udkufnDaeygonf/
]]wd}} udk 585-ck xdk; ]]rif;teEol (av;rsufESmbk&m;)
ausmufpm +wGif ]]xef;yif(wd) vQmif aumift&Hpdkufvuf
46
&cdkifwdkY odôD; oHk;ouJhodkY a&S;yk*Hacwf jrefrmwdkYvnf;
oHk;cJhMuaMumif; ]]anmif&rf;BuD;orD;ausmufpm}} awGU&yg
onf/
rpm;&ao;bl;}} ? tvkyf[DoD;a& = tvkyf&Sdao;w,f}}? ]]ajym

zdkYusefodvm; = ajymp&musefao;ovm;}} ponfjzifh tvGef
toHk;rsm;ygonf/
]]&NyD;aomik,f 2506 uyf? vkd0fod,faomik,f 1494

uyf}} (aMumif;a& 19)
tydk'f 37/ / ajymif;yJvl;qyf? txyfxyfvQif? tv,f

ajrenf;/
(&NyD;aomaiG 2506 usyf? vdkao;aomaiG 1494 usyf)
tydk'fwGif awGU&aom ]]ryif;}}udkvnf;? zwfrdorQ

&cdik pf ma[mif;aya[mif;rsm; rawGUrdao;yg/ aeYpOfo;kH &cdik f
pum;wGif (udk,fhzufudk,fryif;auh)[k oHk;ygonf/ rsufESm
rvdkufESifh[k t"dym,f &ygonf/
yk*HacwfwGif a&;xHk;wnfNidrfIr&Sdao; ]]od,f}} [k a&;cJh

Mu&m aESmif;acwfrsm;wGif ]]ao;}} odkY ajymif;cJhygonf/ &cdkif
wdkYum; a&S;acwfuyif ,aeYxd rajymif;rvJ odôD;[k oHk;
EIef;cJhMuygonf/ atmufygom"ursm;udk Iyg/
(1) txuf&yfbv
kH Q0H g(Ny;D )? ypKeu
f svmS ? odcYk sed cf gud?k vGr;f
awmfrrl (oD;)av;? &yf(0D;)olU&yfajr}} (OumysH?
wefcl;v)
tydk'f 43/
(2) yef;uHk;wjyef? qifcjyefau? rwefyg(oD;)? r,fOZm

udk? vdyfkyf(&D;)vdkY ? qef;bdvSpGm (owxmEk? pm18)
/ (1) rBuD;vHk;zef? trGef&om? MoZmr&Sd?

ysufododwnfh/
aumufEkwfcsufwGif oHk;xm;aom ]]ysufodod}}udk

aeYpOfo;kH &cdik pf um; ]]ysuyf suo
f o
d ?d ysysuo
f od}} [k vH;k xyf
oHk;ygonf/ t&omr&Sd[k teufxGufygonf/ pma[mif;
taxmuftxm; rawGUao;yg/ aeYpOfoHk;pum;wGif qDrwef
qm;rwefeefY ysysufoodum; = qD qm;rrQwvdkY t&om
r&Sb
d ;l / )[l ]]t&omr&S}d } qdak omteufEiS hf tvGet
f oH;k rsm;
(3) ighowif;udk tvif;wpd? uka,mifyifav? eifweYkd m;

rSmrMum; (od)vm; (owxmEk? pm-33)
aeYpOfo;kH &cdik pf um;wGiv
f nf; ]]xrif;rpm;&oD; = xrif;
47
ygonf/
tydk'f 42/
jyEdkifaomfvnf; tcsdKUudk rjyEdkifao;yg/ aeYpOfoHk;&cdkifpum;

tNrJoHk;pJGaeMuonfudk awGU&jcif;? jrefrmtoHk;tEIef;
rawGU&jcif;wdkUaMumifh &cdkifa0g[jm&jzpfonf[k rSwf,lwifjy
&jcif; jzpfygonf/ a0g[m&uav;rsm;u avmuom&ysdKU
udk &cdkifoljrwf zGJUqdkcJhaMumif; tcdkiftrm oufaocHvsuf
&SdMuonf[k qdkcsifygonf/
/ (2) &Spfaomif;ajrjyif? &efukdoifvsuf/
aumufEkwfcsufwGif ]]oif}}udk awGUygonf/ aeYpOfoHk;

&cdkifpum; ]]ig;oifa& [if;oifa&}} [k oHk;ygonf/ aps;rS
0,fvmaomig;? [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;udk csufjyKwfEdkif&ef ckwf
vS;D okwo
f if jyifqifjcif; t"dym ,f jzpfygonf/ ]]oif}} twGuf
pma[mif; taxmuftxm; rawGUrdao;yg/
tydk'f 48/
toQifpudErlrS a0g[m&
txufwifjycJhaom a0g[m&udk;vHk;tjyif toQif

pudE r l awGU&aoma0g[m& ESpv
f ;kH udv
k nf; wifjyvdyk gonf/
rlonf um&efowfyHkrSefuefrIr&Sdaomfvnf; &cdkifawGU&
aomrljzpfjcif;? jrefrmtoHk;tEIef;ESifh rwlaoma0g[m&rsm;
yg0ifjcif;wdkYaMumifh taxmuftxm;tvdkYiSm wifjy&jcif; jzpf
ygonf/
/ ,mZfrD;ylaZmf? ajzmfajzmfref;&Gwf/
pmydk'fwGif awGU&aom ]]ajzmfajzmfref;}} udk &cdkifwdkYu

tyifhoHjzifh ]]azsmfazsmf}} [lvnf;aumif; ]]zGKif;zGKif;}} [l
vnf;aumif; oHk;Muygonf/ vlemtm;aq;orm;wdkY ref;rIwf
aomtcg ]]zGdKif;zGdKif;? aumif;ygpD? omygpD}} ponfjzifh ref;rIwf
avh&ydS gonf/ xdt
k rlt&monf t&yfou
Ykd ;l pufvmNy;D uav;
wdkY xdcdkufrd idk,dkvQif vlBuD;rdbwdkYu ]]zGsif;zGsif;? igref;vdkuf
,ufum;? aumif;Asm? omAsm? wdwfwdwfridkauhbd}} [k acsmh
armhavh&SdMuygonf/ pum;vHk;twGuf pma[mif;rawGU
ao;yg/
tydk'f 38/
/ aoG;oHaomufwkwf? tm;udk;xkwfvsuf?
udu
k q
f w
k Ef ;DS ae? Bu;D air[l? brf;aomuf
wlodkY
aumufEkwfcsufwGif ]]udkufqkwfESD;ae}} [laom yg'

&cdkifa0g[m& ]]ESD;}} udk awGUygonf/ opfoD; ]]tcGHETm}} onf
udk &cdkifwdkYu ]]tcGHESD;}} onf[k oHk;ygonf/
rQum; q&mrif;ok0Pfrludk tajccH uRefawmfPf

rDorQ xkwfEkwf&&Sdaom &cddkiftoHk;tEIef;[k ,lq&onfh
a0g[m&rsm; jzpfygonf/ wcsdKUudk pma[mif;tudk;tum;
]]udkufqkwfESD;ae? BuD;airwl}} [laomyg'ESpfckudk owfyHk

48
rSefatmifjyifvQif ]]udkufqkwfESD;e,f? BuD;i,fr[l}} [k jzpfvm
ygrnf/ t"dym,frSm ]]jcaoFhonf om;aumifudk udkufowf
onf/ ta&udq
k w
k o
f nf/ ETmonf? e,fonf}} [ljzpfygonf/
q&mawmfbk&m; zGifhqdkjyaom ]]&Sdef? t&Sdef}} teufrsdK;ESifh

&cdkifpmqdkwdkY ]][def? t[def}} a0g[m&udk oHk;pGJcJhMuygonf/
Munfhyg--
]]ESD;}}udk jrefrmtoHk;tEIef; ]]ETm}} teufjzifh wefcdk;q&m

xGef;t&mromjcif; pm-23-wGif ]]bk&ifrif;BuD;? qdwfroDcif?
t&DESD;odkY? avmBuD;NyD;wG,f}} [k oHk;cJhygonf/ qdwfraorD
ta&ETmonf? ta&cGmonf[k qdkvdkygonf/
(1) ykPm;ykaP;? aMu;aiG[defESifh? *kPfodefarT;au

(&mromjcif;-82)
(2) a&mifwify0if;? aepuf&Sdefav? yl[defjyif;vdkY
(owxmEkomjcif;-48)
aeYpOfoHk;&cdkifpum;wGifvnf; (vdarmfoD;udk ]]tcGHESD;

vdkuf = tcGHETmvdkuf? trJaumifudk t&DESD;a& - ta&ETmw,f?
ta& cRwfw,f) [k trsm;tjym;yif oHk;ygonf/
tyd'k f 46 /
(3) rPd0P? aZm'&udk? xkyfxaocsm? xm;cgrwdef?

t[defwef;cdk;
/ jyif;pGmrsu[
f ed ?f tol&ed u
f ?kd a'0deo
f u?
pD;csif;&
(Ak'0ifomjcif;? ydk'fa&-3? qm;jyifq&matmif

xG e f ; vS ? jynf B uD ; r@d K if y H k E S d y f w d k u f ? ppf a wG N rd K U?
1284-ck)
tydk'fwGif &cdkiftoHk;tEIef; ]][def}} udk awGUygonf/

q&mrif;ok0Pf\rlESifh wjcm;rlrsm;wGif ]]jyif;pGmrsuf&Sdef}} [k
azmfjyMuygonf/
aeYpOfoHk; &cdkifpum;wGifvnf; (rD;[defjyif;a&=rD;&Sdef

jyif;w,f/ cEmwd [defeDum? zsm;a&[ef = cEmawGylaeyg
vm;? aeraumif;bl; xifw,f/) ponfjzifh oHk;Muygonf/
a0g[m&wyumoeD ]]&Sdef}} udk azmfjyaomfvnf; ]][def}}

udk razmfjyyg/ ]]&Sed }f }\ teufukd q&mawmfb&k m;u atmufyg
twdkif; zGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
]]-----bkef;&Sdef? wefcdk;&Sdef? rD;&Sdef? ae&Sdefponfjzifh tpGef;
tGex
Yf u
G jf cif;owdu
kd ]]t&Sed }f } qdo
k nf ,loif\
h / (pm-693)
t&Sipf udE r l ygaom txufwifjyyg ]]ES;D ? [de}f } a0g[m

&ESpv
f ;kH uvnf; avmuom&ysKd U\pmqdo
k nf &cdik f oljrwfjzpf
aMumif; oufaocHaeMuygonf/
49
atmuf ygtwdkif; azmfjyygonf/
avmuom&ysdKU oufwrf;um;ESpfaygif; ajcmuf&m

ausmfcJhygNyD/ acwftqufquf tqifhqifhul;,lcJhMuaom
aMumifh rnfrQ yHkajymif;oGm;NyDudk rcefYrSef;wwfyg/ a&S;us
aomrlrsm;udk avhvm&vQif &cdkifoHk;a0g[m&rsm; xuf
awGUEkdifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifygonf/
]]rudk#fwefqm? bkef;GefYjzmonf? q&macgif?

wajymif ajymifxGef;vQHvif;? a&Tausmif;Adrmef? aZw
0ef0,f? ax&fysef oCFmrif;odkY? &[ef;csif;ESifhrwl?
&Gmudpk eG x
Yf m;? a[0efawmh rSm? xGuo
f mG ;pHawmfrv
l su}f }
,ckwifjyaom a0g[m&wpfq,fhwpfvHk;rQjzifhvnf;
avmuom&ysdKUonf r,fxD;bk&ifacwf &cdkifjynf rif;BuD;
pGmapmfuJ\ i,fq&m ]]&cdkifoljrwf}} oDuHk;aom qHk;rpmjzpf
aMumif; xif&Sm;aeygonf/
,ck w if j yxm;aom avmuom&ysd K U ed ' gef ; &wk u d k

txufyg pnf;urf;ESichf sed x
f ;kd avhvmMu&ef jzpfygonf/ wcsKd U
yg' um&efvGwfrsm;? pnf;urf;ESifhrnDaom tcsufrsm;
awGU& ygonf/ q&mBu;D a&;ay;onfh rltwdik ;f azmfjyxm;jcif;
jzpfyg onf/
* &wkonf
avmuom&ysdKU yxrydkif;jzpfaom trsdK;

av;yg; qH k ; rcef ; yg pmyd k ' f 22-ck \ yxryg'rsm;ud k
oli,fcsif; wdkY rSwfrdap&ef pDuHk;ay;jcif;jzpf[ef wlygonf/
*Pef;rsm;rSm pma&;ol\ jznfhpGufcsufrsm; jzpfygonf/
&wk (ta&GU) pyfqdkenf;ESifhywfouf &cdkifordkif;

okawoD ODpaH &Tyk (1881-1945)u okawoe*sme,f trSwf
(13) tydkif;(3) 1913wGif &Sif;vif;wifjyzl;ygonf/ ,if;&Sif;
vif;csuft& &wkpyfenf;wGif a,bk,stm;jzifh oHk;yg'
jzifh tpjyK yxrESpfyg'wGif 0Pav;vHk;pD&SdNyD; wwd,yg'
wGif oHk;vHk;om&SdaMumif;/ ,if;aemuf av;yg'pD vdkufvm
aMumif; ,if;yg'rsm;wGif yxrESihf pwkwy g'wdYk 0Pajcmuf
vHk;pD&SdNyD; wwd,yg'wGif oHk;vHk;om&SdaMumif;/ ,if;aemuf
av;yg'pD vdu
k v
f maMumif;/ ,if;yg'rsm;wGif yxrESihf pwkw
yg'wdkY 0PajcmufvHk;pD&SdNyD; usefyg' av;0P pD&SdaMumif;
&Sif;jyygonf/ yHkpHtjzpf a';0ef;atmifausmif&SD &wkudk
* On the Languages and literature of the Indo-Chinese

Nations, VII. Rukheng" J Leyden, M.Dm Asiative Journel
Vol. X, 1811, (pp 222-232)
*
1/
L.F Taylor
2/ OD;azarmifwif 3/ rif;ok0Pf
+ The Dialets of Burmese, JBRS Vol 11, 1921
50
#
ygarmuOD;{armif;? yk*Hausmufpmvufa&G;pif 22/

a&S;a[mif;jrefrmausmufpmrsm;? yxrwGJ
avmif;rGefpdkif;'&m;a{;? ppfawGNrdKUyHkESdyfwdkuf? 1258ck? pm-9? 14 owxmEk? pm-56
&
OD;wifvS? &cddkifoH? &cddkifhwefaqmifr*Zif;? 195556
armif A od e f ;
jrefrmpm GefYaygif;usrf;? yxrwGJ? pm-91/
(&cdkifr*Zif; (15) 1993)
+ An Arakanese Poem of the 16th century, M. Collis

& U San Shwe Bu JBRS Vol.13, Part II
*
jrefrmpmGefYaygif;usrf; yxrwGJ? pm-66
1/ ow x mEk o mjcif ; pm-76? awmf 0 if y H k E S d y f w d k u f ?

&efukef? 1957/
2/ &mromjcif; ydk'fa& 76? yHkESdyfwdkufrazmfjy
3/ q'efqifrif;omjcif; pm-5 awmf0ifyHkESdyfwdkuf?
&efukef/
4/
*
+
pm-6
uAsmAEom&usrff; pm-249
ygarmuOD;{armif? yk*Hausmufpmvufa&G;pif
51
orm;uAsmwdudk qdkvdkyga&/
oufOD;qHydkifNrDoQifya'o&mZfacwfu ay:xGef;ca&
&cdkifuAsmwdrm? v,form;jynfoldkUtaMumif;udk zGJUqdk&D;om;
pGm trsm;tpm; rwGd&yg/ wpdwayguf wGd&pGm wdu&GD;,l
wifjyvdkufpGm jzpfyga&/
&cdkifjynfu jynfol uAsm

U Asm
u
jynfol Ukd taMumif;udk &D;zGUJ xm;aom uAsma& jynfoUl
uAsmyif jzpfaw/
jynfoldkUqdkpGm t&if;rJhvlwef;pm;jzpfaom wdkif;jynf
\ vlrsm;pkrsm;udk ajymvdkyga&/
&cdkifwdkif;a& v,f,mEdkifiHwpfckjzpfyga&/ &cdkifwdkif;
rSm eDMuwfawwdkif;&if;om;wdtxJu trsm;pka& v,f
orm;? ,morm;wd jzpfyga&/ a,ZleefY v,form; vlwef;
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52
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armif; (&cdkif 939-984)\ trIxrf;wpfa,mufjzpfaw/
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cazmifazmifonf?
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53
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eefYtwl OumysHvnf; ygyga&/ tdrf&Sdrif;eefY OumysHdkU [Hom
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jyefcsifauvnf;? rif;rIxrf;jzpfawtwGuf udk,fjyefcsifwdkif;
jyefvdkYr&yg/ udk,fhtoQif\ tvdkudk Munfh&ygoD;a&/ rif;c
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uAsmpGrf;&nfudk toHk;csNyD;au ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfudk jyefcsif
atmif ndKUyga&/ uAsmy&d,m,frm ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfrm usef
vdkufaw tdrf&Sdrdzk&m;u olUarmifawmfudk 12&moDobm0
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taMumif;? &moDyGJtaMumif;dkUtjyif v,form;jynfol
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54
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55
tpfudkryg? nDryg
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udk Mum;&au pdwfwuf<uzdkYrvGJyg/ udk,fhpyg;jcif; [if;jcif;dkU
jra&mifydkif pdrf;vef;vmvdrfhrnfvdkY ,HkvmNyD;au aygif;oif
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ul;,lxm;pGm jzpfyga&/ at'D 17-18&mpkvdkY cefYrSef;Muwfyg
a&/
56
uRJausmif;om;b0a& v,form;jynfoldkU\ b0
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yg/ olUpdwf"mwfwnfNidrfcdkifcHhpGmudk&m ESif;oHudk aygufayguf
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tpfudkryg? nDryg
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[l awmifb,Hrm yJhwifxyfeDa& uRJcavmufoHudk

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twGuf ajcmufoGdaom? ysif;zdkYnD;zdkYaumif;aom uRJausmif;
tvkyf touf0ifvSyga&/ atwifpm;rIa& cufcJyifyef;rIudk
57
tNyKH ;rysu&f ifqikd 0f o
hH l uRaJ usmif;om;\ b0tm;rmefukd azmf
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pmqdkawmf OumysH
&cdkifordkif;udk jyefMunfhyg/ acwftrsdK;rsdK;eefYtwl rif;

vkyfca& vlwef;pm;trsdK;rsdK;wdvnf; ysufokOf;ajymif;vJvm;
cyg,m/ tzdESdyfcHv,form;jynfoldkUum; b0&yfwnf&D;
wdkufyGJrm tm;rmeftjynfheefY yg0ifwkef;ygoD;/ ukvm;wefjrpf
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jynfoldkU\ tm;rmefvnf; tNrJwufeDzdkY trSefjzpfyga&/ &cdkif
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vnf; pnfum;ygvdrfhrnf/
tbdk;tbGm;wdkYxHrS i,fpOfu Mum;zl;aom OumysH0wK

Oumyso
H nf kup ;kd om;jzpfonf[k qdyk gonf/ bke;f awmfBu;D
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OumysHonf i,fpOfuyif ynmoif&m Pfxuf
jrufonf[k qdo
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avwdkuf wjzKwfjzKwfa<uuswdkif; ausmif;om;rsm; tvk
t,ufaumufMupOf OumysHonf zkwfvl;oGm;aom yef;rsm;
udk rvdkcsifaomaMumifh pHum;yGifhrsm; ajrodkYroufrD avuJhodkY
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rsm;udk vdkufzrf;,lEdkifonf[k qdkygonf/ ,if;aMumifh i,fpOf
uyif ]]0*gysH}}*[k ac:MuaMumif; tbdk;tbGm;wdkY ajymjyMu
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OumysH\ uAsmaw;oHdkUum; acwfeefYtwl wdwfvm;

cyg,m/ jynfoUl pmqdk Ukd \ uAsmaw;oHuu
kd m; v,fjcif;? ,m
jcif;dkUrm emaxmifhemom Mum;eD&ygoD;a&/
armif A od e f ;
(25-12-67)
(&cdkifGefYzl;? 1968? Zlvdkif)
58
aumvpfonf OumysH\wpfq,fhESpf&moD&wkudk rl&if;

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67
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68
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69
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70
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71
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101
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taMumif;udk rSwfwrf;wifMurnfqdkvQif vGwfvyfa&; &vkvk
umv zGm;oefYpifcJhaom ]]pmaywdk;wuf jzefYcsda&;tzGJU}}
taMumif;udk xdyfqHk;rS azmfjyMu&rnf jzpfonf/ tzGJUonf
jynfaxmifpkacwf ppfawGNrdKUwGif tapmqHk;xlaxmifcJhaom
pmaytzGJUjzpfNyD; us,fus,fjyefYjyefYpepfwuszGJUpnf; tqifh
jrifhjrifh vIyf&Sm;EdkifcJhaom tzGJUvnf; jzpfavonf/
tzGJUwGif ppfawGNrdKU\ vlrIa&;udp? EdkifiHa&;udprsm;
Edk;Mum;wuf<uaom yk*dKvfrsm; pHkpHkvifvifyg0ifcJhonf/
103
rSwfwrf;tcsKyf
tv,fwef; ---- (1) OD;om'if (2) OD;ausmfjr (wGJzuf

pmwnf;) (3) OD;OD;apm (wm0efcHpmwnf;) (4) OD;vSxGef;
atmif (5) OD;azmfoif (6) OD;xGef;cdkif (7) OD;xGef;vSOD; (8)
OD;xGef;oma0/
aemufwef; ---- (1) OD;pdefomatmif (2) OD;pdefarmif
(3)OD;pHxGef;ausmf (4) OD;pHausmf (5) OD;a&TxGef;OD;/
5/ tzGJU\vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; --- tzGJUvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;tjzpf (1)
b0opfpmapmifudk xkwfa0jzefYcsdcJhonf/ (2) pmqdkawmfaeY
rsm;udk ESpfpOfusif;ycJhonf/ (3) jyZmwfrsm; ujycJhonf/
wpfcsufpDudk pHkprf;ar;jref;&orQ pkpnf;NyD; atmufwGif wifjy
tyfygonf/ rjynfhpHkrIrsm;udk awGU&Sdygu apwema&SUxm;
0dkif;0ef;jyifqifay;Mu&ef jzpfygonf/
1/ zGJUonfhaeY --- 1947-ck? Zlvdkifv (20)&uf

2/ ae&m ---- ppfawGNrdKU em&Dpifatmuf? ykvdyf
or*taqmufttHk (,ckjynfoUl
&Jpcef; trSwf(1) wnfae&m)/
3/ &nf&G,fcsuf --- pmayA[kokw jzefYjzL;&efESifh a&S;
a[mif;&cdik pf may,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk
azmfxkwf&ef/
4/ tzGJY0ifrsm; ---- tzGJU0ifpkpkaygif; (27)OD; &SdcJhonf
[k qdkonf/ "gwfyHkwGif pkpkaygif;
tzGJU0if (22)OD; yg&Sdonf/ trnf
rsm;udk "mwfyHkatmufwGif azmfjy
xm;onf/
b0opf p mapmif xk w f a 0jcif ;

pmaywd k ; wuf j zef Y c sd a &;tzG J U \ ta&;BuD ; aom
vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckrSm b0opfpmapmifudk xkwfa0EdkifcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ pmapmifrSae vlxkudk A[kokwjzefYjzL;&efESifh
pmaywdk;wufzGHUNzdK;&ef &nfoefcJhonf/
pmapmifxkwfa0&ef pDpOfMuaomtcg pmapmiftrnf
ay;rnfh udptwGuf tzGJU0if (20)xHrS tMuHPfawmif;cH
cJhonf/ rdrdpdwfBudKuf trnf 2vHk;uspDudk ,lvmNyD; tpnf;
ta0;wGif wifjyMu&onf/ OD;armifarmifu tdEd,rS pmtkyf
"gwf y H k
a&SUwef; --- (b,frSnmodkY) (1) OD;ausmfom (wGJtwGif;a&;rSL;) (2) OD;ausmfatmif (3) OD;armifOD;ausmf ('kOuX) (4) OD;zoaxmf (em,u) (5) OD;ausmfjr ("nmjr?
Ou|)? (6) OD;cifarmif (em,u) (7) OD;armifEk (8) OD;armif
armif (twGi;f a&;rSL;) (9) ODBuKd io
f matmif (wGzJ ufpmwnf;)/
104
b0opfpmapmifwGif wm0efcHpmwnf;tjzpf OD;OD;apm

(e,f&S,fe,fapm)u wm0ef,l OD;ausmfjrESifh OD;BudKifom
atmifwu
Ykd wGzJ ufpmwnf;tjzpf wm0ef,cl MhJ uonf/ wm0ef
cH xkwfa0olrSm OD;armifOD;ausmf jzpf\/
pmapmiftwGuf vdktyfaomaiGaMu;udk tzGJU0ifrsm;xHrS
aumufcpH u
kd x
f w
k af y;Muonf/ yHEk ydS cf udu
k m; pmapmifxw
k af 0
jzefYcsd aiG&vSmNyD;rS ay;acs&avonf/ yHkESdyfwdkufrSm &cdkif
jynfpmyHkESdyfwdkufjzpf\/
aqmif;yg;wGif b0opfpmapmif trSwf(1)taMumif;
udk rSwfwrf;&Smr& rwifjyEdkifvdkufyg/ OD;OD;apmESifh OD;armif
armifwdkY\ ajymjycsuft& yxrqHk;pmapmif\ tzHk;wGif xdkif
wwfp uav;wpfOD;\ aumufaMumif;yef;csDyHkudk azmfjyxm;
onf[k od&ygonf/ yg0ifa&;om;cJholwdkYudkum; rrSwfrdMu
awmhyg/
trSwf-2 pmapmifudk 1309-ck? wefcl;v (1948-ckESpf?
arv)wGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ xdkpmapmifudk q&mOD;OD;apmxHrS
avhvmcGifh&cJhygonf/ tzHk;um; r&Sdawmhyg/ q&m\ ajymjy
csuft& tzHk;wGif wGm;wwfpuav;wpfOD;\ "mwfyHkudk azmf
jyxm;onf[k od&ygonf/
pmapmif\t&G,frSm 15_8vufr jzpfonf/ aumfvHESpf
ckcGJ a&;onf/ tzHk;rygbJ pmrsufESm 24xd &Sdonf/ aqmif;
yg; 7ck? uAsm 3yk'f? pmTef; 1ck? 0wKwdk 3ck? ay;pm 1ck?
wdu
k w
f pfct
k rnf (NEW AGE BOOK HOUSE)udk awGUzl;aom
aMumifh oabmusNyD; ]]b0opf}} ESifh ]]tm;opf}} [laom
trnfESpfvHk;udk wifjycJh\/ tzGJU0ifrsm;u trnf2-ckvHk;udk
oabmusMuonf/ aemufqHk;wGif ]]b0opf}} trnfudk a&G;
cs,fvdkufMuNyD; ]]b0opfpmapmif}} [k uifyGef;wyfvdkufMu
onf/
xdktcsdef jrefrmEdkifiHrSm vGwfvyfa&;&cgeD;qJqJ jzpf
onf/ vGwfvyfcgeD; tajctae pmapmifudk ]]b0opf}}
[k trnfay;vdu
k Mf ujcif;onf Edik if \
H rsuaf rSmuftajctae
ESifh txl;udkufnDavonf/ udkvdkeDuRefxrf;ydk;rS vGwfuRwf
awmhrnfjzpfaom jrefrmEdik if o
H m;wdo
Yk nf vGwv
f yfaom Edik if H
b0opfudk wnfaqmufMu&rnf r[kwfygavm/ ppfawGNrdKU
rSm t*Fvdyftqkwf *syefAHk;'Pf wpfBudrf? *syefrsm; 3ESpf
3rdk; tkyfcsKyfaepOf t*FvdyfAHk;'Pfudk tBudrfBudrfcHcJh&aom
aMumifh pdpdnufnufaMuNyD; jymyHktwd jzpfcJh&onf/ ppfawG
NrdKUom;wdkYonf jymyHkb0rS 0g;? "ed tdrfopfrsm;aqmuf
&GmopfNrdKUopfjzpfatmif tm;opfrmefopfESifh kef;xcJhMu&
onf/ xdktajctaersdK;wGif pmaywdk;wufjzefYcsda&;tzGJUu
todopftjrifopfrfsm; jzeYfjzL;ay;&rnf r[kwfygavm/ xdk
tjrifrsm;jzifh ]]b0opf}} pmvHk;udk tzGJU0ifrsm;u oabmus
]]b0opf}} pmapmif uifyGef;wyfcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/
105
EdkifcJhawmhay/ pmrltcsdKUudk &efukefwuodkvf &cdkifausmif;ol

ausmif;om;rsm; xkwfa0aompmapmif xnfhoGif;azmfjycJh
onf[k od&ygonf/ xdkaemufydkif;wGif taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;
aMumifh b0opfpmapmifudk qufvufrxkwfa0EdkifcJhMuawmh
ay/
aumufEkwfcsuf2-ck? aMumfjim 2-ckESifh ]]'dkYwm0ef}} [laom

acgif;BuD;wdkY yg0ifonf/ tm;vHk; jrefrmta&;tom;jzifh jzpf
onf/
yg0if a &;om;ol w d k Y r S m apm-ppf a wG ( uAsm)? rif ; l y
(uAsm)? bpH (aqmif;yg;)? okcarmif aysmfbG,f (aqmif;yg;)?
Adkvf&J0 (aqmif;yg;)? armifapma&T (aqmif;yg;)? tnMwrEk
(aqmif;yg;)? oHrPD(aqmif;yg;)? Munf (aqmif;yg;)? &Sif
jrwfvS (0wKwdk)? wifatmif "narmif (wKwdk)? udkaomP
(0wKwdk)? paee*g; (pmGefY)? a&TomEdkY (qk&pmpDpmuHk;)wdkY
jzpfonf/
b0opfpmapmifudk apmifa& 500-xd dkufESdyf wpf
apmifudk 1-usyfEIef;jzifh jzefYcsdcJhonf[k od&onf/ tzGJU0ifrsm;
u ,HMk unfcsut
f jynfjh zifh wpftrd w
f ufqif; jzefjY zL;cJMh uonf
[k qdkygonf/
b0opfpmapmifonf tenf;i,fudk &efukefodkYydkY jzefY
csdcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh &efukefrS pmayorm;rsm;ESifh tquf
toG,f&NyD; tm;ay;ulnDrIrsm; &&SdcJhonf/ *se,fausmf OD;cspf
armif\ tm;ay;wdkufwGef;csuft& trSwf-3 pmapmifudk
bavmufyHkrsm;ESifh a0a0qmqm yHkESdyfEdkifatmif pmrlrsm;udk
&efukefodkY ydkYcJhonf/ odkYaomf uHraumif;taMumif;rvSojzifh
OD;cspfarmifrSm b0opfpmapmif trSwf 3-udk dkufESdyfray;Edkif
rD uG,fvG,fcJh&Smonf/ pmrlrsm;udkvnf; ppfawGodkY jyefydkYray;
pmaywd;k wufjzefcY sad &;tzGUJ \ ESppf Ofrysuf jyKvyk cf ahJ om

vIyf&Sm;rIwpfckrSm pmqdkawmfaeY usif;yjcif;jzpfonf/ yxr
qH;k pmqdak wmfaeYukd tzGUJ pwifxal xmifaomESpf 1947 uyif
usif;ycJhonf/ tcrf;tem;usif;yaomae&mrSm tzGJUwnf&Sd
&m ykvdyfor*cef;r jzpfonf/
,if;pmqdkawmfaeYwGif obmywdtjzpf q&mBuD;OD;bdk;
jrpdef? tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf OD;OD;apmu aqmif&GufcJhonf/
OD;OD;apmonf aemufpmqdkaeYrsm;wGifvnf; tcrf;tem;rSL;
tjzpf tNrJaqmif&GufcJh&onf[k od&ygonf/
tcrf;tem;jyifqifyHkrSm rSwfom;enf;,lzG,faumif;yg
onf/ pmqdkawmfaeYqdkonfrSm a&S;acwfpmqdkawmfrsm;ESifh
pmayrsm;udk azmfxkwfcsD;usL; *kPfjyKylaZmfaomaeY jzpfojzifh
xdt
k "dym ,frsKd ;ay:vifatmif tcrf;tem;jyifqifow
l u
Ykd
odkY aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
106
obmywdrdefYcGef;ajymNyD;aemuf trnfrodpmqdkwpfOD;
]]t0dZmydwfumqdkY? rdpmNrdKUjyifjyif? |mvdkYcifrifvQif? vGifhpif
rnfrvGJ}} tpcsDaom aw;xyfudk oDqdkonf/ oDqdkolrSm
OD;xGef;oma0 jzpfonf/ OD;xGef;oma0onf awmif&Snfykqdk;?
ab;wyftus? acgif;aygif;ESichf efn
Y m;pGm 0wfqifNy;D *Dwtul
tnDr,lbJ oHaeoHxm; useydkifEdkifpGm oDqdkjycJhonf/ y&d
owftxl;ESpfouftm;&Muonf[k qdkygonf/
xdEk pS f pmqdak wmfaeYwiG f pmaytaMumif; a[majymolrmS
q&mOD;ausmfjr (uAsmpmqdk "nmajr)jzpfonf/ q&monf
tdEd,jynfrS EdkA,fqk&urmausmf b*FgvDpmqdkawmfBuD; w*dk;
taMumif;? w*dk;\ urmausmf*DwvDuAsmrsm;taMumif;udk
a[majymcJhonf[k qdkygonf/
wwd,tBudrfajrmuf pmqdkawmfaeYudk ly&Gmrlvwef;
ausmif;wGif usif;ycJhonf/ xdkESpfu usif;yyHkrSmvnf; pdwf0if
pm;zG,af umif;ygonf/ xdEk pS w
f iG f pmaywd;k wufjzefcY sad &;tzGUJ
onf pmqdak wmfaeYusi;f y&jcif;\ &nf&,
G cf suu
f kd uAsmky<f u
pmvHk;jzifh xif&Sm;apcJhonf/ uAsmzGJUqdkay;olrSm OD;owdk;vS
(aemfrHvS)jzpfygonf/ xdkuAsmudk q&mu atmufygtwdkif;
&Gufqdkjyygonf/
a&S;acwfya0? pmqdkawGtm;? rSef;awGwrf;w? owd&
vsuf umv,ck? Nidrf;vkeD;eD;? pmqDrD;udk? xdefnD;wzef? xGef;
vif;&efzdkY? &nfoefa&S;I? "d|mefjyKonf? jynfolaumif;usdK;
t&Snf 4-aycefY&Sdaom Mucwf0g; 2ydkif;udk za,mif;wdkif

oPmefjzpfatmif puLjzLrsm;&pfywfvdkufonf/ xdkYaemuf
0gqdzk a,mif;wdik Bf u;D 2-wdik u
f kd 0g;vH;k xdyf pGy
f tcrf;tem;
pifjrif\
h ab;wpfzufwpfcsuf pdu
k x
f ;l xm;vdu
k o
f nf/ tcrf;
tem;zGifhvSpfaomtcg tcrf;tem;rSL;u trsdK;orD;pmqdk
awmf tif;0ol rdjzLESifh ajrmufOD;ol rdndKwdkY pmayqDrD;wdkif
udk xGe;f nzd iG v
hf pS yf gvdrrhf nf[k aMunmvdu
k o
f nf/ pmqdak wmf
rdjzLESihf rdnKd tjzpf wifw
h ,fpmG 0wfqifxm;ol trsKd ;orD;ESpOf ;D
xGufvmNyD; pmayqDrD;wdkifBuD; 2-wdkifudk xGef;nday;Muonf/
xdpk Of aemufcrH aS e rdjzLESihf rdnKd w\
Ykd ud,
k &f nfaoG;&wkrsm;
udk oHaeoHxm;ESifh oDqdkay;avonf/ oDqdkoHESifhvdkufzuf
atmif acwfqef;,Of wl&d,mtzGJUu *DwoHjzifh yHhydk;ay;cJh
onf/ odjYk zifh <ua&mufvmol y&dowfwo
Ykd nf uAsm\&o
udk *DwtultnDjzifh em;qifMunfEl;EdkifcJhMuonf[k od&yg
onf/
xdktcrf;tem;wGif rdjzLtjzpf a':vSwif (q&mrBuD;?
t-x-u (3)ppfawG) rdndKtjzpf a':tHk;cif (EG,f-ppfawG)
wdkYu aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ aemufcHrS &wkoDqdkay;olrSm OD;
ausmfatmifjzpfonf[k od&ygonf/
xd&k wkoq
D o
kd nfh tpDtpOfNy;D aomtcg obmywd q&m
BuD;OD;bdk;jrpdefu tzGifhrdefYcGef;ajymcJhonf/
107
vnf; bdk;olawmftjzpf okyfaqmifum y&dowftlESdyf&,f&

atmif [mouGufrsm; wDxGifokyfaqmifEdkifcJhonf[k ajym
Muygonf/
pmaywdk;wufjzefYcsda&;tzGJUu OD;pD;usif;ycJhaom pmqdk
awmfaeYrsm;wGif yg0ifa[majymMuolrsm;udk pHkvifpGmrrSwfrd
Muawmh pHkprf;ar;jref;&orQudkom azmfjyEdkifvdkufygonf/
0g'aom/
tcrf;tem;jyifqifolwdkYonf uAsmudk puLjym;&Snf
BuD; 2-ckwGif pmvHk;xGif;NyD; kyf<uazmfum tcrf;tem;pifjrifh
ab;wpfzufwpfcsuf av;axmifhwdkifoPmefjyK pdkufxl
xm;onf/ xdkkyf<upmvHk;rsm;aemufwGif rD;oD;rsm; wyfqif
vdkufonf/
tcrf;tem;paomtcg pmvHk;aemuf&Sd rD;oD;rsm;udk
rD;zGiv
hf u
kd Nf y;D pifjrifEh iS t
hf crf;tem;a&SUydik ;f rD;oD;rsm;udk rD;rSw
d f
vdkufonf/ enf;jzifh kyf<uuAsmpmvHk;rsm; xif&Sm;yDopGm
ay:vGifvmNyD; y&dowfwdkY zwfIEdkifMuonf/ y&dowf\tmHk
udk xdkodkYqGJaqmifvkdufpOf OD;ausmfatmifu aemufcHrSae
uAsmudk oHaeoHxm;ESifh oDqdkay;onf/ y&dowfrSm uAsmudk
zwfIodjrifEdkifonfomru MunfvifcsdKat;aom uAsmoHudk
vnf; acwfqef;,OftzGJU\ *DwoHtultnDESifh em;qifEdkifcJh
Muonf[k q&mOD;owdk;vSajymjy rSwfom;cJhygonf/
xdkESpfpmqdkawmfaeYwGif OD;armifOD;ausmfu ]]wm0wom
pmqdk}} [laomacgif;pOfESifh a[majymcJhonf/ wm0wompm
qdk qdkonfrSm yoDcewfom;udk &nf&G,fjcif; jzpfonf/
OD;armifO;D ausmrf mS tajymta[maumif;Ny;D [moPfvnf;
&SdaomaMumifh yoDcewfom;ESifh a'0p&mewforD;wdkY tcspf
Zmwfvrf;udk y&dowfwaomaomyGJusatmif a[majymEdkifcJh
onf[k od&ygonf/ OD;armifOD;ausmfonf OumysHjyZmwf
jyZmwfrsm; ujyjcif;
pmaywd k ; wuf j zef Y c sd a &;tzG J U \ wjcm;rS w f o m;zG , f
vkyaf qmifcsuw
f pfcrk mS jyZmwfrsm; ujyjcif; jzpfonf/jyZmwf
2-ck ujycJhMuonf/ yxrqHk;wifqufaomjyZmwfonf
oumysHjyZmwfjzpf 'kwd,jyZmwfrSm rif;om;BuD;a&Tbef;
jyZmwfjzpfonf/
OumysHjyZmwf
OumysHum; ajrmufOD;acwf rif;&mZmBuD; (15931612) vufxuf xif&Sm;aompmqdkynm&SdtrwfBuD;wpfOD;
jzpfonf/ tdrfa&SUpHrif;carmif;\tBuD;awmfvnf; jzpfonf/
rif;carmif;udk taMumif;jyK [Hom0wDaejynfawmfodkY
2Budrfa&mufzl;onf/ yxrtBudrfwGif 2ESpfcefYMumonf/
'kwd,tBudrfwGif 4ESpfcefYMumonf/ xdkYaMumifh OumysHonf
108
jzpf&m &cddkifpum;udkom oHk;oifhonfponfjzifh om"ursm;jy

wifjytMuHay;cJhonf/ OD;armifarmif\ tMuHjyKcsufudk
tzGJU0ifwdkYESpfoufvufcHMuaomaMumifh OD;ausmfjru Zmwf
Tef;udk &cdkifpum;ajymjzifh jyKjyifa&;om;cJhonf[k od&yg
onf/ jyZmwfonf ppfawGNrdKU jyZmwfordkif; yxrOD;qHk;
&cdkifpum;ajymjyZmwf jzpfavonf/
ppfBu;D rjzpfraD cwfu ppfawG ujycJzh ;l aom jyZmwfrsm;
wGif jrefrmpum;ajymudkom oHk;pGJcJhonf[k od&ygonf/
OumysjH yZmwfwiG f 'gdu
k w
f mtjzpf tzGUJ \em,u OD;cif
armifu aqmif&GufNyD; Zmwfpif'gdkufwmtjzpf OD;ausmf
atmifu wm0ef,lcJhonf/ OD;ausmfatmifonf jyZmwfrurD
trdjrefrmjynf okyfazmfa'gif;tujzifhvnf; ujyajzzsmfcJh
onf/
jyZmwfudk ykvdyfor*cef;r avhusifhcJhMuonf/ 0wfpHk
jynfh tprf;avhusifhMuaomtcg pmaywdk;wufjzefYcsda&;tzGJU
&efyHkaiG&atmif Hk0ifcH 2d? 3d? 5d ,l ujycJhMuonf/ 3-&uf
ujycJh&m aeYpOfyif Hkwif;wif;jynfh vma&muftm;ay;Mu
onf[k qdkygonf/
jyZmwfudk 1948-ckESpf yxrqHk;vGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJ
aeY txdrf;trSwftjzpf ujycJhMujcif;jzpf wdkif;rif;BuD;xHrS
ukefusp&dwfaiG 1000d (wpfaxmif)usyf axmufyHhcJhonf/
(jyZmwfujy &&SdcJhaom &efyHkaiGtcsdKUudk ppfawGNrdKU taysmf
jrefrmpmqdk &wkbk&ifawmifilrif; ewf&SifaemifESifhvnf;

aumif;? axmifoif;rSL; yxre0a';Bu;D ESihf vnf;aumif; tod
tuRrf;pmqdkbuf jzpfcJhavonf/
pmqdkcsif; &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifcJhMuouJhodkY &cdkiftdrfa&SUpH rif;
carmif;ESifh jrefrmbk&ifewfoQifaemifwdkYvnf; uRrf;0ifcspf
MunfcJhMuavonf/
pmaywdk;wufjzefYcsda&;tzGJUonf a&S;acwfu ,if;uJhodkY
&if;ESD;cspfuRrf;0ifcJhMuaom tpOftvmaumif;udk tESpfom&
tjzpf,l acwfopfjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH &cdkif-jrefrm
cspMf unfa&; wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDw
G rf I wd;k wufcikd rf ma&;
[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh OumysHjyZmwfudk yxrqHk;vGwfvyf
a&;atmifyGJaeYtcrf;tem; azmfxkwfujycJhjcif; jzpfav
onf/
Ou m ysH j yZmwf w G i f Zmwf T e f ; a&;ol r S m OD ; ausmf j r
("nmjr) jzpfonf/ Zmwf0ifpum;rsm;udk rlvjrefrmpum;
ESifh a&;cJhonf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif wifjypOf OD;armifarmifu
&SdwfpyD;,m;jyZmwf? w*dk;jyZmwfrsm;udk EdkifiHtoD;oD; cif;
usif;jyoaomtcg rdrdEdkifiHtvdkuf jyifopfu jyifopfpum;
ajym? *syefu *syefpum;ajymESifh ujycJhMuonf/ odkYrSom
y&dowfem;vnf tEkynmt&omudk tjynfht0 cHpm;Edkif
Muonf/ ,ckvnf; xkdenf;twdkif; &cdkifpmqdkawmftaMumif;
udk &cdik Zf mwfaqmifrsm;u &cdik yf MJG unfyh &dowftm; wifjyjcif;
109
wjcm;yg0ifokyfaqmifcJhaom yk*dKvfrsm;rSm OD;abmfvD?

OD;pdefomatmif? OD;BudKifomatmif? OD;om'if? OD;ausmfjrwdkY
jzpfMuonf/ xdkyk*dKvfwdkY rnfonfhtcef;wGif yg0ifcJhMuonf
udk rrSwfrdMuawmhyg/ wcsdKUyk*dKvfwdkYrSm 2-ae&m 3-ae&m
yg0ifcJhMuonf[k od&ygonf/
pmqdkawmf OumysH\ b0Zmwfvrf;wGif jrefrmtrwf
rsm;u Oumys\
H owdA vudk odvMkd u axmifoif;rSL;e0a';
BuD;tm; tjznfhcH&wk 2-yk'fudk a&;om;apNyD; OumysHtm;
tjznfhcdkif;aomaMumifh OumysHu PfpGrf;jycJh&aom pdwf0if
pm;zG,f tjzpftysufwpf&yf &SdcJhonf/
xdt
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&cdkifpmayordkif;twGufvnf; av;av;pm;pm;rSwfwrf;wif
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od&ygonf/
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&wk 1-yk'fudk OD;atmifausmfu aemufuG,frSae oHaeoH
xm;ESihf oDqakd y;cJyh gonf/ xd&k wkrsm;udk pmzwfow
l Ykd avhvm
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wrf; rD;owftzGJUodkY cGJa0vSL'gef;cJhonf[k rD;owftzGJUudk

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ygonf/
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owfwdk;raygufatmif vma&mufMunfhItm;ay;Muonf[k
qdkygonf/
0uFyguGif; ujy&ef Zmwfpifaqmufvkyfaomtcg OD;
armifarmifESifhOD;ausmfjrwdkYu Zmwfpif'gdkufwm OD;ausmf
atmifESifh ndEIdif; wm0ef,laqmufvkyfcJhMuonf/
jyZmwftwGufvdktyfaom yef;csDum;rsm;udk wm0ef,l
a&;qGJay;cJholrSm q&mOD;pdefomatmif jzpfonf/ q&monf
OD;vSazmfZH? OD;armifndK (yef;csDrif;ndK)paom wynfhBuD;rsm;\
tultnDESifh ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfyHk? usHK;? NrdKUdk;yHk? eef;wGif;yHkESifh
tjcm;aemufcH yef;csDum;BuD;rsm;udk txl;tyifyef;tEGrf;e,f
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OumysjH yZmwfwiG f Zmwfaqmifaygif; 20-ausmcf efY yg0if
cJhonf/ OumysHtjzpf OD;armifEk? rif;&mZmBuD;tjzpf OD;OD;apm?
rif;carmif;tjzpf OD;armifausmf? [Hom0wDbk&iftjzpf
OD;xGef;vSOD;? 0drvtrwfBuD;tjzpf OD;xGef;oma0? e0a'BuD;
tjzpf OD;ausmfjr ("nmjr)? ppfolBuD;tjzpf OD;vSxGef;atmif?
zdk;olawmftjzpf OD;armifOD;ausmfwdkY yg0ifcJhMuonf/
110
atmufwGif azmfjyvdkufygonf/
*rvnf;[l? vl[kqdka&;? a0;BuD;a0;cJh? rmefaoG;&m*D? &ED

ewf? OyywfvQif? [kwfarmxif\? pHkbifpHkbuf? cspfbdkYouf
onf? jzL&GufxGwfavm? nm0wfavm/
axmifoif;rSL;qdk tjznfhcH 2-ydk'f

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H m;?
eef;rif;om;vQi?f aemifbmG ;Muifawmf? ajrmufom;awmfaMumif?h
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onf? vlbufxGwfavm? Mumewfavm/
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oef;? jcnfrwef;wnfh? v0ef;wefaqmif? aerajymifvnf;?
udak &mifvQv
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0,f? pum;udkom? rl;armf&SmrQ? MuHumawG;awm? oDcsifarmpG?
oabmqufquf? ar;um;>rufonf? jzLnufxGwfavm
jymvwfavm/
rif;om;BuD;a&Tbef;jyZmwf
jyZmwfonf pmaywdk;wufjzefYcsda&;tzGJU\ 'kwd,
ajrmufjyZmwf jzpfonf/ t&if;&Sief ,fcsUJ t*Fvyd w
f t
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odatmif azmfxkwf&efESifh trsdK;om;opmazmufrsm;aMumifh
awmfvSefa&;usqHk;cJh&aMumif; owday;&ef &nf&G,fNyD; ujycJh
jcif; jzpfonf/ 1952-ck? rwfv (27)&uf awmfveS af &;aeYwiG f
0uFyguGif; 2-&uf ujycJhonf/
rif;om;BuD;a&Tbef;jyZmwftwGuf ordkif;aMumif;udk OD;
armifarmifu ajrmufOD;NrdKU q&mOD;OD;omxGef;xHrS 1950ck uyif ar;jref;rSwo
f m;,lczhJ ;l onf[k qdyk gonf/ xdrk w
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aeYESifh udkufnDaom rif;om;BuD;a&Tbef;jyZmwfudk ujy&ef
pmaywdk;wufjzefYcsda&;tzGJU tpnf;ta0; wifjycJhonf/
tzGJU0ifwdkYESpfoufMu awmfvSefa&;aeYwGif cif;usif;ujy
cJhMujcif; jzpf\/
Ou m ysH t jznf h
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awG? pdwfoma0rQ? ajrmuf{oefpGef? o&umefarT;? avaoG;ysUH
MuL? rLeHU&Tif;? jznf;avoGif;u? tifMuifoaE? oHao'Z?
111
jyZmwf ujyaomtcg yg0ifokyfaqmifolwdkY\

t&nftaoG;xufjrufMuyHu
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pm&wka&; rSmMum;yHkpaom tvGefta&;BuD;onfh tcef;
rsm;yg0ifonf/ xdktcef;rsm;udk wpfcef;NyD;wpfcef; wifjyNyD;
rif;om;BuD;u uG,fvGefcgeD; aowrf;pm&wka&; rdrd\
awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOftwdkif; qufvufaqmif&GufMu&ef
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Zmwfvrf; a&,OfaMum emMunf;qdkYepfpGm arQmygMuum
rif;om;BuD;\ aowrf;pm&wkudk aMuuGJpGmem;qifvsuf
rdk;rif;ESifhtNydKif rsuf&nftdkif Zmwfvrf;NyD;qHk;onfxd Munfh
IMuonf[k OD;armifEkajymjy od&ygonf/
rif;om;BuD;\ aowrf;pmrSmwrf;{uydk'f&wkudk q&mOD;
apmu aemufcHrSae oHaeoHxm;ESifh oDqdkay;onf[k qdkyg
onf/ pmzwfolwdkY avhvmEdkifatmif jyefvnfazmfjyvdkufyg
onf/
rif;om;trSef? igvQifMuHu? EdkifiH&yfpnf? wdkif;jynf
twGuf? udk,fhtoufudk? &uf&ufpGefYcGm ukvm;&Gm?
cEmkyf a[mif;? b0ajymif;cJ?h jzpfaMumif;oHom? ow0gwd?Yk
rSefpGm rcRwf? olrowfvnf; rvGwfwcg? aotHh&mwnfh?
jyZmwf\ ZmwfTef;a&;olESifh 'gdkufwmrSm q&mOD;

OD;apm (e,f&Sife,fapm) jzpfonf/ q&monf jyZmwfrurD
3-&ufcefYu yg0ifokyfaqmif&rnfh yk*dKvfrsm;ESifh OD;armif
armif\ b0opfpmtkyfqdkif aemufcef; pm;yGJ0dkif;BuD;wpfck
wGif 0dkif;zGJUxdkifapum rdrdwm0ef,l&rnfhtcef; ajym&rnfh
pum;wdkYudk ajymjyTefMum;onf/ okyfaqmif&rnfh olwdkYu
pm&Gut
f oD;oD;ESihf a&;ul;rSwo
f m;Mu&onf/ xd
k eT Mf um;csuf
udk tajccH rdrdbmomavhusifh,lMu&onf/ udk,fwm0ef,l
&rnfh tcef;twGuf 0wfqif&rnfh t0wfudk udk,fhbmom
&SmMu&onf/ pkaygif; tprf;avhusifhrIudk armvdyf&yfAru
cef;r wpfBudrfom jyKvkyfEdkifcJhMuonf[k qdkygonf/ yg0if
okyfaqmifoltrsm;pkrSm OumysHjyZmwfrS Zmwfaqmif
a[mif;rsm;yifjzpf tawGUtMuHK&SdNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh pifwif
ujyMuaomtcg rdrdtcef;udk ydkifEdkifpGm ujyEdkifcJhMuonf[k
od&ygonf/
yg0ifokyfaqmifcJholrsm;rSm OD;armifEk (rif;om;BuD;)?
OD;omxGef;pdef (a';0ef;atmifausmf&TD)? OD;pdefvS (NrdKUolBuD;
atmifausmfZH)? OD;armifOD;ausmf (a&mfbifqif)? OD;ausmfjr
(6-axmifydkif)wdkY jzpfonf/ wjcm;yg0ifcJhaom yk*dKvfrsm;rSm
OD;armifuav;? OD;owdk;vS? OD;aomif;? OD;barmif? OD;ausmfjr
(wdk;wufvli,f)? OD;vSazmfZH wdkYjzpfonf/ yg0ifcJholtm;vHk;udk
rrSwfrdMuawmh ar;jref;pHkprf;&orQudkom wifjyEdkifygonf/
112
wifqufMupOfu 'gdu
k w
f mtjzpf OD;pD;acgif;aqmifco
hJ l q&m
OD;OD;apmyif jzpfygonf/
1958-ck? rwfvusif;ycJhaom ppfawGNrdKU Aka'garmf
q&mawmfbk&m; (vScdkifq&mawmfbk&m;) o'Eokrer[m
ax&f wHk;yGJwGifvnf; jyZmwfudkyif yg'vdwfcsdwf&yfuGufrS
OD;armifEkOD;pD; ujycJhMuygonf/ pmaywdk;wufjzefYcsda&;
tzGJUu vufrGeftpazmfxkwf ujyaom rif;om;BuD; a&Tbef;
jyZmwfrSm ppfawGNrdKU qufvufacwfpm; &Sifoefaevdrfhrnf
[k arQmfvifh&ayonf/
pmaywdk;wufjzefYcsda&;tzGJUum; 1953-ck aemufydkif;u
yif taMumiftrsdK;rsdK;aMumifh ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;cJhygNyD/ odkYaomf xdk
tzGJU\ &cdkifvlxktMum;tjrifrsm;a&;? Edk;Mum;wuf<ua&;
twGuf pmay,Ofaus;rIvkyfief;rsm;udk pdwftm;xufoefpGm
wnDwGwf aqmif&u
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k m; uREyfk w
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ay/ xdktzGJU\ tpOftvmaumif;rsm;udk erlem,lNyD; &cdkifpm
ay ,Ofaus;rI wd;k wuftqifjh rifah tmif uREykf w
f u
Ykd vufqifh
urf; aqmif&GufoGm;Mu&rnf jzpfayownf;/
urmraMu? olwdkYaovnf; twnfrpdk;? igajrxdk;vnf;?

tdk;wcg? wGefYvdrfh &m\? aemifvmaemufvl? &cdkifolwdkY?
t,lrajymif;? ighvrf; aMumif;udk aumif;aumif;vdkufem?
wdik ;f "nmud?k rMumrkcs? igwd&Yk tHh vHv
Yk &So
d ef? vlvQiMf uu
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edAm efrcRw?f vuf0g;cwf onf pGrJ w
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f pm aowrf;wnf;/
rif;om;BuD; a&Tbef;jyZmwfudk ppfawGNrdKU vlBudKufrsm;
MuaomaMumifh pmaywdk;wufjzefYcsda&;tzGJUonf &efyHkaiG&&Sd
a&;twGuf toHxu
G f yk &f iS f o
kH pfziG yhf w
JG iG f 2-nwdik w
f ikd f ujy
cJhMuao;onf[k qdkygonf/ xdktcgvnf; kyf&SifHkjynfh vm
a&muftm;ay;MunfhIMuonf[k od&onf/
,if;aemufyikd ;f wGif rif;om;Bu;D jyZmwfukd ppfawGNrKd Ubke;f
BuD;ysHwHk;yGJrsm; yg'vdwfcsdwf &yfuGufrS tpOfwpdkuf ujycJh
Muonf/ rif;om;BuD;tjzpf okyfaqmifcJhol OD;armifEkrSm
yg'vdwfcsdwf&yfom;jzpf&um; rdrd&yfuGufrS bkef;BuD;ysHwHk;yGJ
udk csD;ajrmuf&efpDpOfwdkif; rif;om;BuD; a&Tbef;jyZmwfudk pepf
wuscif;usif; ujycsD;ajrmufcJhavonf/ ppfawGy&dowfu
vnf; rif;om;BuD;jyZmwfqdkvQif vdkvm;qJ? ESpfoufpGJrufqJ
jzpf\/
rif;om;BuD;jyZmwfudk 1972-ckESpf jynfaxmifpkaeY
txdrf;trSwfwGifvnf; &cdkifjynfe,f ,Ofaus;rItzGJUu wif
qufujycJhzl;\/ 'gdkufwmrSm rif;om;BuD;jyZmwfudk OD;pGm
1987? &cd k i f o [m,
113
THE ARAKAN HISTORICAL RESEARCH
SOCIETY
(FOUNDED 1290, B.E)
PATRONS
1. U Shway Tha K.I.H., Barrister-at-law

2. U Tha Ban, B.A., K.S.M., A.T.M., D.C (Retired)
3. U Shwe Zan Aung, B.A., K.S.M., A.T.M., Excise Com
(Retired)
4. U Ah Doe, Barrister-at-law
5. U Shwe Ban, Barrister-at-law
6. U Tha Tun Aung, B.A.
7. U Pha Htaw, M.A., (Oxen) Barrister-at-law
&cdkifjynf okawoe*sme,f
jrefrmEdkifiHokawoetoif;udk 1910-ckwGif wnf
axmifcyhJ gonf/ ,if;udt
k wk,
l &cdik jf ynfppfawGNrKd U ]]&cdik f
jynf&mZ0ifa[mif;rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;a&;toif;}} udk
1929-ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJhMuygonf/ toif; xdkacwf
ppfawGNrdKU\ NrdKUrsufESmzHk; *kPfoa&&Sd yk*dKvfynm&Sifrsm; pHkpHk
nDnyD g0ifMuonf/ toif;0ify*k Kd vrf sm;pm&if;udk ,if;toif;
rS xkwfa0aom ]]&cdkifjynf&mZ0ifa[mif;rsm;udk &SmazGa&;
toif;\rSwfwrf;}} pmtkyfausmzHk; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh azmf
jyxm;&mrltwdkif; azmfjytyfygonf/
PROMOTERS
1. Shwe-Zay-De-Sayadawgri.
2. U Tun Aung, B.A., M.L.C., Superintendent.,
National High School, Akyab
3. U San Baw U, Pleader.
COUNCIL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Presidert
Vice-President
Honarary Secretary
Honarary Treasurer
Honarary Librarian
U Maung Tha Noe

U U Tha Tun
U Maung Ba
U Oo Kyaw Zan
U Aung Tha U
114
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
The Office bearers of the Society and
U Aung Tha U
U Sein Tun U
U Pha Htaw U
U Tha Noe Aung
M. Cassim Esqr.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
U San Baw U, Pleader: Chairman.
U Kyaw Zan, B.A. Teacher, Editor.
U Aung Tha U, Teacher, Librarian
U Maung Tha Tun, Pleader
U Tha Noe Aung, Pleader
U U Tha Tun, Teacher
M. Cassim Esqr. Teacher
*sme,fxkwfNyD; rSwfwrf;wifcJhygonf/ *sme,ft&G,frSm 8

vufrcGJ _ 5 vufrcGJ &Sdonf/ t*Fvdyf? jrefrm? &cdkif oHk;bm
om yg0ifonf/ pmrsufESm 61-rsufESm&Sdonf/
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trnfco
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(tcrf;qufazmfjyrnfh)OD;pHabmfOD;a&; ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmf
vSnfhvnfjcif;pmwrf;wdkY yg0ifonf/
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azmfjycJhaom t*Fvdyfbmompmwrf;rsm;udk bmomjyefxm;
jcif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfudk av;pm;wefzdk;xm;
aom &nf&G,fcsuf jzpf[efwlygonf/
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OD;atmifomOD;a&;aom omjcif;-3ydk'fudk &cdkifpyfenf;jzifh
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apmifvHk;udkvnf; awGU&ygonf/
*sme,f u d k &ef u k e f N rd K Uae tNid r f ; pm;txuf w ef ;
ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;atmifomOD; (ppfawGNrdKU trsdK;om;
ausmif;q&ma[mif;)xHrS avhvmcGifh&cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
q&mBuD;rSm xdktoif; yg0ifcJholwpfOD; jzpfaomaMumifh
*sme,f\ twGif;aMumif; tjyifaMumif;tm;vHk;odol jzpfyg
onf/ odvdkaomtcsufrsm;udk uRefawmf(1981-ckESpfu)
U Maung Ba, Honarary, Secretary.
toif; \tm;xk w f r I
jrefrmEdik if o
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tjzpf ]]jrefrmEdkifiHokawoetoif;*sme,f}}udk toif;zGJYNyD;
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a[mif;rsm;udk &SmazGa&;toif;\ rSwfwrf;}} trnfjzifh
115
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jynfhpHkpGmazmfjycJhygonf/ xdkomjcif;udk pmIolrsm;avhvmEdkif
&ef rl&if;twdkif;azmfjytyfygonf/
csnf;uyfar;jref;ojzifh pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf ajymjyzl;ygonf/

q&m\ajymjycsut
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wnf;udo
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l ]]jrefrmh*P
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127
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&Sda[mif;uAsm qef;opfrIwdudk 1958-ckxkwf "npm
apmif trSwf (1)rmavh wGd&yga&/ ,if;pmapmifrm 0wD
ausmf? "n0wD OD;btkef;u 4-vHk;zGJU uAsmpyfqdkenf;eefY
&cdkifa0g[m&? &cdkiftoHwdudk tm;&yg;&oHk;yem qef;opfzGJU
qdkxm;pGmudk wGd&yga&/ trsdK;om;a&; cHpm;csufyga& uAsm
wd jzpfauav;aomh ta&GUuAsmrsdK; r[kwfvdkY raqG;aEG;vdk
awmhyg/
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,k rif;jym; rsdK;apmifharmifatmifpMum? "n{dkU zGJUoDa&
uAsmwdavaomh trsKd ;om;a&; cHpm;csuyf ga& 4-vH;k zGUJ uAsm
wd jzpfyga&/ ta&GUuAsmrsdK; r[kwfvdkY csefxm;cygar/
,if;trSwf (2) pmapmifrm &Sda[mif;ta&GUuAsm
yHkoPmeefY zGJUqdkxm;a& &udKifapm\ uAsmwpfyk'f ygyga&/
toQifpudE\ ]]&cdkifobm0aw;uAsm}} pmtkyfrm ]]tar
av? a&mrav? yef;cl;zdkY? vm;uwfar/ 0guRwfvwfAsm? yef;
yGifhAsm? yef;yGifhyGifhcsdef? yef;cl;csdef? vkyfp&Dyef;? bk&myef;? tEG,f
csufjzm? yGifhw&m? dk;wHucsD? yGifh00D---}} 4-vHk;? 3-vHk;? 2yg'zGJU tzsm;qGwfum&ef,luAsmwd tifwefyg0ifa&/ ,if;
uAsm yH k o P m ef r sd K ;eef Y &ud K if a pm\uAsm wl n D y ga&/
taMumif;t&mu v,f,mudpr[kwfauavhaomh dk;&mpdkif
quf rdcifdkU oDqdkvma& ta&GUuAsmrsdK;0if uAsmaumif;
uAsmwdav;aomh (1) v,f,morm; vltrsm;udk udk,fpm;

jyKa& ta&GUuAsm (2) &cdkifrdcifwdkif; taoQodyfawcg oDqdk
toH;k csEikd af & ta&GUuAsmwd jzpfyga&// atESpcf surf m tusKH ;
r0ifa& uAsmwdudk ataqmif;yg;eefYrqdkifvdkY vspfvsLIcyg
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aMumifh ta&GUuAsmwpf&mausmfudk &Sda[mif;yef;uAsm trGD
tjzpf &[duwfawcg pmyD0goemyga& vli,fwd (vlBu;D tcsKd U
vnf; yga&)uAsmyef; trsdK;rsdK;udk twk,l oDuHk;zGJUEGJUuwfyg
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qef;opfxdk;xGif;rIudk ou&mZfpOftwdkif; ajym&au
tOD;tqHk; qef;opfrIudk 1952-53xkwf "n0wDr*Zif;
trSwf(2)rm wGd&yga&/ qef;opfxdk;xGifa& yk*dKvfu &cdkif
&mZ0ifeefY pmyDokawoD q&mBuD; OD;atmifomOD; jzpfyga&/
&Sda[mjif;ompGav vuFmpyfenf; yHkoPmefudk tNcDcHyem
ydk'fpHk&wk[efeefY 27yg'nD oDuHk;xm;pGmudk wGd&yga&/ tpcsD
a&cg ]]&cdkifom;av ompGav/ atmifajrr@dKif? wdkif;&udKif/
&cdkifompG--vdkYzGJUNyD;au? ]]&cdkifom;av ? ompGav}} eefY tqHk;
owfxm;yga&/ 27-yg'nD oHk;ydk'fpvHk;udk ,if;twdkif; tcsDwl
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wifjyvdka& jynfoloHk;ta&GUuAsm trsdK;tpm;rm r0ifa&
128
"npmapmif trS w f ( 4) (1958-puf w if b m)rm

rsdK;apmifharmifatmifpMum? paeausmf? "n0wD a&Tcdkifarmif
dkU\ 4-vHk;pyf &cdkifa0g[m&oHk; uAsmwdyg0ifyga&/ dk;&mom
jcif; pyf[efeefY &udKifapmzGJUoDa& uAsm0wK (tiSm;ESmacgif;
rSLaumif;)wpfyk'fudkavh wGd&yga&/ ta&GUuAsmxJrm ryg
vdkY csefxm;cygar/
&cdik &f adS [mif;uAsmyHo
k Pmef trsKd ;rsKd ;eefY zGUJ oDa& uAsm
opfwdkYudk &cdkifwefaqmiftrSwf (9) 1960-61rm wGd&yga&/
4-vHk;zGJUuAsm tygt0ifpyfenf;aygif; 12-rsdK;udk armifvGef;
Muif? toQifapmrGef (&cdkifjynf)ppfawG-armifEGDoif;? ol&cddkif
(oEmNrD)? apmjreef; (&cdkifjynf)? oQifjr0g-a';0ef;&Gm? armif
aumufpH (&cdkifjynf)? rydk;ndK ('dkifempyl)? armifarmifeD
(ajrmufOD;)? oEmNrDarmifxGef;aemif? apmolZm? tudkacs
(ppfawG)? &uol&def? oEmNrD armifatmifcdkif? ppfawG-armif
armifEG,f? apmoEmdkUu emrnftrsdK;rsdK;yD;vdkY zGJUqdkxm;uwf
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]]uAsmykvu
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tjym; yg0ifvdkY vli,fuAsmq&mwdu twkjriftwwfoif
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trsm;pkavhaomh a'gif;EG,faqGudk twk,lyem &cdkifpyfenf;
opfwdudk xdk;xGif;MunfhuwfpGm jzpfygzdkY/
wpfyk'f jzpfyga&/ pum;oHk; vSy,Sif;vif;rI? um&efEdkifeif;rI?

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OHkudkif;Gwf? csif\wnf;/
129
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av? tvsifa&mufau? aumu&Daumuf/
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bkef;awmuf? igdkUjynfrSm? ylrD;aysmufau? aumu&Daumuf/
&cdkifhwefaqmifr*Zif;rm txufygpyfenf;opfwdudk
prf ; oyf & D ; zG J U wif j yuwf a wtcsd e f r m ppf a wG u vl i ,f
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uAsmwdudk wGd&yga&/
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(&cdkifjynf)\ trsdK;om;a&; cHpm;csufyga& 4-vHk;zGJU uAsm
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atmif? &ubkef;eD? eef;vsm&D (ppfawG)? ykvJjrwfaomifrS
ckoif;dUk \ trsKd ;om;a&;cHpm;csuEf ,
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acwfa&SUaqmifa& 3-apmifxkwfNyD;au wefYvm;yga&/
1961-62u &cdik w
f efaqmiftrSwf (10)udk xkwyf ga&/
&cdkifa0g[m&udk tNcDcHzGJUa& uAsmudk rwGd&yg/ 1962-63
xkwf trSwf(11) &cdkifhwefaqmifrm&m dk;&mzGJUenf;eefY oDuHk;
xm;a& toQifoD&d? Oumrif;ndK (&cdkifjynf)? &cdkifaZ,s
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,if;pyfenf;opfwdxJu dk;&mta&GUuAsm yHkoPmefudk

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ta&GUuAsmxJrm xnfhoifhyga&/ Munfhuwfyg/
opf&Guf<uDcsdef? wvifhvifh/ ESpfa[mif;Mum? weifheifh/
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130
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taeudk aMumif;usdK;qufpyfqifjcifMunfhau atydkif tjrif
rsdK;udk &vmEdkifyga&/
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ausmfudk azmfxkwfwifjyEdkifuwfaw/ atydkif azmfxkwfEdkif
131
pmapmif trSwf(4)rm ]]omjcif;qdkum? om;acsmhyg}} aqmif;

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twGuf ZmolUrm wm0ef[dav;/ &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkif; qifjcif
tajz&Sm&zdkY jzpfyga&/
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tajctaersdK;udk oufqdkifoldkUu zefwD;yD;Edkifau? uRefawmf
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132
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t&ma&mufpGmudk owdjyKrdMuwfaom &cdkifynmoQifdkUonf
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&cd k i f h w ef a qmif r * Z d e f ; wG i f ]]&ud K if p myD u @}}ud k
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aomESpx
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onf &udKifpmyDu@wdu t&D;BuD;onf[k ,lqaomtcsuf
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138
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atrQum; 1957-rS 1960-txd oHk;ESpftwGif; &cdkifh
wefaqmifr*Zdef; 3-apmif azmfjyxm;aom &cdkiftu&m?
&cdkifoifykef;BuD;eefY &cdkifynmoQifrsm; rdefYqdkaom &cdkif
tu&mtaMumif; tusOf;jzpfygonf/ atwifjycsufwd\
aemufwiG f cdik v
f akH om taxmuftxm; trsm;Bu;D [dygonf/
1957-rS 1960-xd 3ESpftwGif; &cdkifhwefaqmif &udKifpmyD
u@wdtwGuf ud;k um;pGmwdukd atmufrmazmfjyvdu
k yf gonf/
]]&cdik pf myDu@twGuf ud;k um;aom ausmuf? urn;f
pmeefY yDpmrsm;}} 9
142
yDpmrl/
20/ NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU q&mOD;OD;omxGef;xHrS&aom &u
0Ptu&m ab;azmufyDpm (3)wGJeefY &Sda[mif;
yk&ydkufpmrsm;? ausmufpmrsm;? '*Fg;pmrsm;/
21/oD[Vkd jf yef OD;auom&xHrS &aom &u0Ptu&m/
22/ &rf;NANJ rKd U odraf wmf[d odro
f rkww
f ikd af usmufpmrsm;
23/ awmifvwfNrdKU wef;vTJacsmif; &Gmr&Gm odrforkwf
ausmufpm/
24/ ausmufawmf r[mjrwfrkedbk&m; ,w&macgif;
avmif; urnf;pm/
25/ peJNrdKU rif;apmrGefwnf bk&m;BuD;yk&ydkufpm/
26/ av;awmife,f[d ausmufpmrsm;/
27/avmif;wD;ewfueG ;f avmif;Muufacwfx;kd ausmufpm
28/ ukvm;um bk&m;ausmufpm/
29/ yef;uHk;odrfbk&m;ausmufpm/
30/ yk&drfjyiftqHk; awmifbk&m;ausmufpm/
31/ avmif;Muufawmifarmfausmufpm/
32/ eef;usBuD;bk&m;ausmufpm/
33/ a0omvD? avmif;Muuf? yk&drf? r[mxD;eefYNrdKU
a[mif;wpf0dkufrS&[daom ajrmufrsm;vSaom
ausmufpmrsm;eefY urnf;pmrsm;/
1/ oQpfaomif;bk&m;[d a0omvDausmufpm
taemufrsufESmrSm 7&mpk
2/
ajrmuf
6&mpk
3/
awmif
6&mpk
4/
txuf
7&mpk
5/ a0omvDacgif;avmif;ausmufpm 7 /
6/ awZ&mr[d a0omvDausmufpm 7 /
7/ a0omvDOPSDuawmausmufpm 6 /
8/ oHwGJivGefarmfausmufpm 2-csyf 7 /
9/ r[maAm"d[d &cdkifausmufpma[mif; 12/
10/ a0omvDa&Tom;'*Fg;rsm;
7?8 /
11/ a0omvD (tm,emawmifZvwf)
qDrD;cGufpm
7?8 /
12/ avmif;MuufacwftavmrmjzL
bk&ifprcH urnf;pm? &cdkif 612-618 1118/
13/ ajrmufOD;acwf a&TaiG'*Fg;rsm; 11-18 &mpk
14/ yef;armfawmifBuD; ausmufpm
15/ ae&&mNrdKUawmfa[mif;ausmufpm
16/ oHwGJZmwDjyifausmufpma[mif;
17/ r[mxD;bk&m;eefY rD;ausmif;kyfausmufpm/
18/ awmifukwfNrdKU odrfawmfbk&m;ausmufpm/
19/ rmefatmifaA'ifq&mBuD; OD;xGD;atmifxHrS&aom
143
txufazmfjyyg &cdkiftu&m? &cdkifoifykef;BuD;eefY
tu&mqif;oufjzpfay:vmyHkordkif; tusOf;dkUum; &cddkifpm
yDwDxGifjyKpk&D;wGif tNcDcHausmufjrpfyif jzpfygonf/ ,if;
ausmufjrpfudk &cdkifwdkif;tESHYrm atedwdkifwnf[deDoD;aom
ausmufpm? urn;f pm? yDpm ponfh yk 0f wKtaxmuftxm;wd
eefY wnfaqmufxm;pGm jzpfawtwGuf cdkifcHhpdwfcs&ygonf/
,if ; ausmuf j rpf x uf w G i f ud k , f d k U oabmusaom pmyD
taqufttHkopfudk wnfaqmuf&ygrnf/ taqmufttHk
wpfckaqmufzdkY ypnf;ud&d,mwd vdktyfawydkif? &cdkifpmyDopf
wDGifjyKpk&D;twGufvnf; wdrfjrKyfeDaom &cdkifpmyDrsm;udk &SmazG
azmfxw
k zf Ykd &cdik w
f ikd ;f a'ot&yf&yfu &cdik pf um; toH;k tEIe;f
tm;vHk;udk rSwfwrf;wifxdef;odrf;zdkY vdktyfygonf/ wpfcsdef
wnf;rSm pmyDwpf&yfwiG f r[drjzpfvt
kd yfaom tbd"mefusr;f ?
owfyHkusrff;? o'gusrf;ponfdkUudk jyKpkzdkYtwGufvnf; tm;
xkwf&ygrnf/
tckum; pHk&m[dygoD;onf/ urmhpmyD tqifhtwef;
udk vdkufrDzdkY trsm;BuD;vdkygoD;\/ tcsdefraESmif;cif wufnD
vufnD0dkif;0ef;tm;xkwfMuwfrnfqdkaomfum; rjzpfEdkifp&m
taMumif;r[day/
armif A od e f ;
(13-12-67)
(&cd k i f G e f Y z l ; ? 1968-Zl v d k i f x k w f r m
azmf j yzl ; yga&/)
tTef;rSwfcsufrsm;
1/ uG,v
f eG o
f l rEav;0dZm ESihf odyw
H uov
kd f ygarmu
csKyfa[mif; q&mOD;ausmf&if\ ]]&cdkiftu&mESifh
&cdkifoif ykef;BuD;}} (1957-'DZifbmjr0wD)aqmif;yg;
rS
2/ &cdkifhwefaqmifr*Zdef; twGJ-1? trSwf-7? (195859) &udKifpmyDu@ pmrsufESm (3)Munfh/
3/ &cdkiftu&myHkpH 2? 3? 4 dkUudk &cdkifhwefaqmiftwGJ
1? trSwf-7yg &udKifpmyDu@wGifvnf;aumif;?
&cddkifhwefaqmif twGJ 1? trSwf-8? (1959-60)
&udKifpmyDu@wGifvnf;aumif; xnfhoGif;azmfjy
xm;ygonf/
4/ &cdkifhwefaqmif r*Zdef; twGJ-1? trSwf-7? &udKif
pmyDu@ pmrsufESm (3)Munfh/
5/ &cdik w
hf efaqmifr*Zed ;f twG-J 1? trSw-f 7? &udK ipf myD
u@ pmrsufESm (7)Munfh/
144
]]tbd;k ? a'vrf;wnfw
h nfv
h m;ygvD? ,Su
d cGqu
kH kd a&muf
awcg t,Sdbufudk auGUyg/ vusfmbuf ESpfaqmifjcm oHk;
aqmifxuf oHjzLrdk;vdkYtdrfyg}} [k oGufvufpGm Tefvdkuf\/
,if;tcg 0gBuD;rm em;rvnf[efESifh rsufarSmifukwfvm;NyD;/
]]Zma0? ,SducGqHk t,Sdbuf? Zmt,SdbufvJ}}
]][kwfyga& tbdk;? &SducGqHkyg}} [k tuRefu 0ifajym
vdkufonfwGif---- ,SducGqHk t,SdbufajymeDvdkY}} [k ajymum
yGJpm;apmomausmf\ tdrfbufodkY xGufvm;vDygonf/
tuRefYoli,fcsif;rm rusDreyfESifh ]]0gBuD;? vludkvJh rD;
od,ifh tjypfvJh wifod,ifh? rdwAv#Dumudk roifbl;c,SdzdkY}}
]][m; --- [m; ---- [m;}} &,fvdkufolrm tuRefyif
jzpf\/ olUpum;udk oabmus r[kwyf g/ 0gBu;D \ em;rvnf
[efjzifh xyfqifhrD;vdkufaom rD;cGef;udk wGufrd jzpfygonf/
tuRefYoli,fcsif;u ]],SducGqHk? t,Sdbuf}} [l ajym
onfudk 0gBuD;em;vnf[ef rwlay/ tuRefu ]]&SducGqHkyg}}
[l ]&} oHyDyDESifh ajymvdkufrSom 0gBuD;em;vnfvm;[ef
wlygonf/
trSefpifppf 0gBuD;rrSm;? tuRefYoli,fcsif;\ trSm;om
jzpfayonf/ &cdkifpum;wGif ]]t,Sdbuf}} [l ],} oHESifh
ajymavhr[d/ ]]t&Sdbuf}} [lom ]]&}} oHESifh jywfom;pGm
ajymayonf/ ,if;aMumifh tuRefYoli,fcsif;u ]]t&Sdbuf}}
udk ]],}} oHESifh ]]t,Sdbuf}} [k ajymvdkufaomtcg 0gBuD;em;
azmufjyefeDaom &cdkifpum;tcsdK U
wed tuRefYoli,fcsif;ESifh tuRefonf abmif;'Gwfom;
pk &Gmvrf;cGqHktem;[dpifwGif xdkifeDuwfygonf/ ,if;pOf
touf 70 ywf0ef;usif [drnfh 0gBu;D wpfa,mufonf vrf;
rSvm;,if; pif&SdodkYa&mufaomtcg wefYvdkufNyD; wpfckckrD;vdk
[efESifh tuRefdkUudk MunfheDygonf/ 0gBuD;trlt&mudk t&dyf
usaom tuRefYoli,fcsif;u tuRefYvufOD;pGmyif/
]]ZmrD;csifygav tbdk;}} [k rD;vdkufygonf/ xdktcg
0gBuD;vnf; tuRefdkUtem;odkY uyfvmum/
]]yGJpm;apmomausmftdrfZmem;rmvJa0}} [k rD;ygonf/
yGpJ m;apmomausmrf m tuRef Ukd &Gm vlord sm;olwpfO;D jzpfonfh
tavsmuf tuRefYoli,fcsif;u csufcsif;yif/
145
[lom ajymayvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf ,ckacwfwGif ]pdkufpdkuf}

[laompum;rS ]wnfhwnfh} [laompum;odkY &GDajymif;vmay
onf/ xdkenf;wlpGm ]iSufudk&Gwfypfvdkuf} [laompum;wuf
pm; ]iSufudk vTwfypfvdkuf} [lvnf;aumif;? ]ZmwDykxdk;}
wufpm; ]apwDyx
k ;kd } [lvnf;aumif;? ]&Tu&f iT o
hf nf} wufpm;
]&GufvTifhonf} [lvnf;aumif;? ]tnufqdk;} wufpm;
]trIdufqdk;} [lvnf;aumif;? ]oJrIefY&TifhreDauh? wufpm; ]oJ
rIefYvTifhreDauh} [lvnf;aumif;? ]r[d} wufpm; ]r,Sd} [l
vnf;aumif; toD;oD; ajymif;vTJvmukefonf/ pifppf ]pdkuf
pdkuf} wufpm; ]wnfhwnfh}/ ]&Tifh? &Guf? pmwD? tnuf? r[d?
wufpm; ]vTifh} vTwf? apwD? trIduf? r,Sd} [ljzpfvmjcif;dkU
rm wdk;wufvmjcif; r[kwfay/ jrefrmpmyDudk twkta,mif
vdu
k
f &cdik pf um;ppf? pum;rSerf sm; ysujf ym;ajymif;vGv
J mjcif;
om jzpfayonf/ tjypfrqdo
k mojzifh azmufjyefonfwufpm;
ajymif;vGJonf[lom orkwfvdkufrdonf/
txufazmfjyca,Smif ]t&Sdbuf} [laompum;udk
]t,Sdbuf} [lajymjcif;um; ]&} Asnf;ESifh ],} Asnf;dkU\
&cdkiftoHxGufrSefudk toHysufjzifh a&mrSef;rod a&mypfvdkuf
jcif;om jzpfayonf/ &cdkifdkUonf ]&} Asnf;\ toHxGufESifh
],} Asnf;\ toHxGufudk uGJym;pGm ajymqdkMu\/ if;rSEG,f
vmaom ]tyifh} ESifh ]t&pf} udkvnf; Edkifeif;uRrf;usifpGm
oHk;pGJwwfMuukefonf/ xdkYtwGufaMumifhvnf; jrefrmrsm;u
wGif xGD;vm;jcif; jzpfayonf/ 0gBuD;\ &cdkifpum; tbd"mef

xJwGif ]]t,Sdbuf}} [laompum;vHk; ygvdrfhrnf r[kwfay/
xdaYk Mumifh t*Fvyd w
f pfa,mufonf Edik if jH cm;om;wpfO;D u ryD
roESifh ajymvSmaom t*Fvdyfpum;udk em;rvnfouJhodkY
0gBuD;onfvnf; &cdkifoHryDuvmESifh ajymvSmaom tuRefY
oli,fcsif;\ pum;udk jzKwfcsif;em;rvnfcay/
odkYvQif ,ckacwf &cdkifvli,frsm;\pum;rsm;onf
wpfpwpfpESifh azmufjyefysufjym;vmukef\/ trsm;tm;jzifh
um; NrdKUrsm; (txl;ojzifh ppfawG)bufwGif jzpf\/ vli,fvl
&G , f r sm;om r[k w f ? rd b vl B uD ; rsm;yif &cd k i f p um;ppf ?
pum;rSef;rsm;udk ajymqdkxdef;odrf;&rSef;rod jzpfeDuwf\/
bmompum;jzpfpD? pmyDjzpfpD ]toD} Dead Language
r[kwfygcvQif acwftvdkuf wpfpwpfp ajymif;vGJvmonf/
us,fjyefYwkd;wufvmonfcsnf; jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf azmfjy
ca,Smif ]t&Sdbuf} udk ]t,Sdbuf} [k vDoHryDuvmESifh
ajymqdkjcif;um; ajymif;vJwdk;wufjcif;r[kwf/ azmufjyefvm
jcif;om pifppfjzpfayonf/ ajymif;vGJonfqdkjcif;rm tuRefY
oli,fcsif;u 0gBuD;tm;ajymonfhpum;wGif ygonfh ]wnfh
wnfh} pum;a,Smifjzpf\/
trSeftm;jzifh &SD;tcgu &cdkifom;dkUonf ]wnfhwnfh}
[l ajymavhr[d/ ]pdkufpdkuf} [lom oHk;pGJMuukefonf/ ]a'
vrf;wnfhwnfhvm;ygvD} wufpm; ]a'vrf;pdkufpdkufvm;ygvd]
146
rm pum;ajympOfwGif razmufjyefMubJ pmtkyfwGifzwfaom

tcgom toHysufESifhzwfMuonfjzpf&m w0Dw0uf azmuf
jyefonf[k qdkEdkifay\/ owdrxm;bJ ,if;twdkif;om toH
ysuEf iS hf zwfeMD urnfqu
kd ]t&Sb
d uf? &Scd ;kd onf} [laom pum;
udk ]t,Sb
d uf? ,Scd ;kd onf} [lpum;ysuv
f monfah ,Smif tem
*wfumvwGif ]&} oHrS ],} oHodkY ajymif;vJajymqdkvmMurnf
rSm rvGJay/
odkYpum;rsm; azmufjyefvmjcif;? toHrsm; ysufvm
jcif;dkUrm jrefrmpmyDudk edYpOf&ufquf oifeDzwfeD&aom
aMumifh jzpfayonf/ um; tuRefYtjrifwnf;/
&cdkifpmyDonf twdwftcsdefu tzsuftqD;cHc&NyD;
rsuaf rSmufumvwGiv
f nf; ud,
k Mhf urmudk ud,
k zf efw;D cGirhf &bJ
vlrsdK;jcm;udk txifBuD;wwfaom uRefpdwf0ifeDuwf&m rysuf
pD;bJ usef[deDaom rdrddkU\ pmyDudk azmfxkwftoHk;jyK&ef
rBuKd ;pm;Mujcif;aMumifh ]pmoD} (Dead Language) a,SmifjzpfeD
\/ xdkYaMumifh vpfvyfeDaom &cdkifpmyD\eD&mwGif rdrddkUESifh
qifwl,dk;rSm;wlnDaom jrefrmpmyDrm tqD;twm;r[d 'v
a[m0ifvm;vDonf/ wcsed w
f nf;rmyif &cdikd o
f m;dUk onf vGwf
vyfpGm 0ifa&mufvmaom jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIrsm;udkyg vufcH
vmMu&m trsKd ;om;[ef? trsKd ;om;oHEiS hf woD;wjcm; 0if<h um;
pGm &yfwnfeDaom &cddkifpum;wcsdKUudkyg wpfpwpfp ,drf;,dkif
azmufjyefpDonfudk &ifvD;zG,f wGd[d&ayonf/
]yif&h pfrEdik ?f &cdik af r;} [laompum;yHu

k kd oH;k pGMJ u&onf r[kwf
avm/
odkYaomf a'edY&cdkifvli,frsm;ESifh tcsdKUvlBuD;olrrsm;
(txl;ojzifh NrKd Uxufev
D l Ukd )onf rdrd Ukd ajympum;rsm;udk owd
rxm;MubJ azmufjyefrSef;rod wpfpwpfp azmufjyefysufjym;
pGm ajymqdkeDMuukefonf/ txl;ojzifh ]&}Asnf;ESifh ywfouf
aompum;vHk;rsm;jzpfonfh ]t&Sdbuf? tdrf&Sd? &Sdcdk;onf? &Sd&Sd
tcgu? MunfhIonf? xif&Sm;onf? qHawmf&Sif} paom pum;
dUk udk ]t,Sb
d uf? tdr,
f ?dS ,Scd ;kd onf? ,S,
d t
dS cgu? Munf,
h KS onf?
xif,Sm;onf/ qHawmf,Sif} [l &cdkifoHrSef ]&}oHwufpm;
],} oHESifh azmufjyefajymqdkvmMu&m azmfjyaom 0gBuD;dkU
a,Smifyk*dKvfrsm;\ em;xJwGif 0g;jcrf;ESifh xdkouJhodkY cHpm;pDvD
onf/
tcsdKUaom pum;vHk;rsm;rm pum;ajympOfwGif razmuf
jyefMubJ pmzwfaomtcgom azmufjyefMuukef\/ if;dkU
u-]touf&iS o
f nf? &Smonf? SKH UeDaomt0wf? tvGe&f mS ;
t&om[daom avSmfpm? t&Sd trQpD0Donf? t"GefY&SnfpGm}
tp[donfdkUjzpfNyD; if;dkUudk pmtkyfwGif zwfaomtcg]touf,Sifonf? ,Smonf? ,SHKUeDaomt0wf? tvGef
,Sm; t&om[daom avSmfpm? t,Sd trQpD0Donf/ t"GefY
&SnfpGm} [l toHysufjzifh zwfMuukefonf/ pum;vHk;rsm;
147
twdwftcsdefu uHraumif;taMumif;rvSvDojzifh
wdkif;jynfvlrsdK;ESifhwuG ,Ofaus;rIwpfckvHk;udkyg tzsuftqD;
cHc&rlvnf; rsufarSmufumvwGif pdwf"mwf? pum;? "avh
xHk;pHESifh tjrKaw pmyDtcsdKUusef[deDod&m ]&cdkif} [laom
tEGwonmudk &ifuGcH,lEdkifMuod\/ pum;ESifhpmwGif
pum;u t,ifay:\/ pum;ay:NyD;rS xdkpum;udkvdkuf
pmudkxGif,ljcif;jzpf&m bmompum;onf pmyD\rGD;rdcifyif
jzpfayonf/ &cdkifpmyDrm uG,faysmufvkvk (0g) ]]igdkU&cdkif
om;rsm;wGif pm[dygonf}} [l ajymEdkifavmufHkom usef[d
eDojzifh rGD;rdcifjzpfaom bmompum;ESifhyif u,fwif&rnf
jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf yputcsdefwGif rdcifjzpfaom bmom
pum;tcsdKUyg azmufjyefysufjym;eD&m om;jzpfol &cdkifpmyDudk
yif u,fwifyif &ygrnfavm[k pdk;&drf&ifvD;rdayonf/
tuRefajymcsifonfum; ]]&cdkifpum;ppf? pum;rSefrsm;
udk xdef;odrf;uwfyg}} [ljzpfNyD; ]]&cddkifpum;ppf? pum;rSef
rsm;udk xdef;odrf;vsuf acwfrDopfvGifaom &cdkifpmyDudk xl
axmifEdkifygpD}} [laom qkawmif;yif jzpfygownf;/
&cdkif&oH pD;ppfcsuf
bmomaA'ynmoQifwda& bmompum;wdudk *kPfwl
csif; pkAsmcGJjcm;Edkifatmif enf;(2)rsdK;udkrsm;om oHk;uwfaw
qdkyga&/ wpfrsdK;w ]]0guszGJUxHk;udkvdkufAsm cGJjcm;enf;}} 1 jzpf
yga&/ aemufwpfrsdK;u ]]rsdK;EG,fudk vdkufAsmcGJjcm;enf;}} 2
jzpfaw/
0guszGJxHk;udk vdkufysmcGJjcm;enf;twdkif;qdkau &cdkifbm
ompum;ESifh jrefrmbmompum;dkUa& ]]{u0P bom
pum;}} 3 wdjzpfawvdkY od&yga&/ NyD;au rdk;&D? aomuf&Dtdk;
pum;wdydkif pum;ESpfvHk;udkjzpfjzpf? pum;trsm;udkjzpfjzpf
ormodyk'fvkyfysm oHk;Edkifa&twGuf ]]wGJuyfbmompum;}}
4 vdkYav; ac:uwfyga&/ a,awmifruoD; ]]u? um? um;}}
dkUydkif toHtedrfhtjrifh[dAsm toHudkvdkufvdkY t"dym,fav;
armif A od e f ;
(acwf a &S U aqmif p mapmif ? ppf a wG t rS w f ( 2)1961)
148
uGJa&twGuf ]]wufusoH bmompum;}} 5vdkYav; emrnfyD;
xm;uwfyga&/
&cdkifydkifr[kwf/ tJeefY at;udk uGJuGJjym;jym; toHxkwfpGmudk

wGd&yga&/ ]]atm}} o&udk &cdkifjynfa'otrsm;pkrm ygVdoH
eefY xyfwl ]]tdk;}} vdkY toHxkwfauav;aomh jrefrmdkUu
]]atm}} vdkY&m toHxkwfyga&/ Asnf;rmav;aomh &-Asnf;udk
toHxkwfyHkrwluwf/
rsdK;EG,fudkvdkufysm cGJjcm;enf;t&qdkau &cdkifeefY jrefrm

bmompum;dkUudk ]]wdAufwkwfbmompum;}} 6 yifrBuD;
xJrm xnfhuwfyga&/
&cdkifu &udk ygVd&oHeefY eD;pyfatmif toHxkwfyga&/

jrefrmdkUusau&oHudk ,oHeefY wxyfwnf; toHxkwfpGmudk
wGdEdkifyga&/ &Asnf;eefY EG,feDa& &&pftoHwdrmav;aomh
&cdkifeefYjrefrmdkU rwluwfpGmudk trsm;todyif jzpfyga&/
&cdkifeefY jrefrmdkUa& bmomrsdK;dk;t& wdAufwkwf

tEG,f0ifwd jzpfuwfygauav;aomh ]]t&D;bmompum;}}
7rm oHk;eduwfawAsnf;eJY o&wdusau ]]tif'dkt&d,efbm
ompum;}} 8 tEG,f0ifou#eefY ygVddkUu ,lxm;pGmwd&m
jzpfyga&/
&cdkifdkU &Asnf;udk ygVd&oHeefY eD;pyfatmif xGufEdkifa&

twGuf &Asn;f yga& ygVdpum;vH;k wd (ukPm? t&[H? &[Em?
lygHk)udk yDatmifajymEdkifuwfyga&/ &oHyga& wjcm;bmom
pum;u a0g[m&wd (NAdwdef? koQ? tar&du? tm&yf? &DaZmf?
rGefdk;? avmf&Dum;? a&'D,dk) udkav;yDatmif ajymEdkifuwfaw/
atydkifajymEdkifpGma& &cdkifbmompum;\ *kPfwpfckyifjzpf
aw/
a,'gav;aomh uGJjym;a& vlrsdK;"avh rwla& umv

a'owdaMumifh rl&if;twdkif; r[d,m/ ygVdbmomrm t&if;cH
o&oQpfvHk;&m [dauav; &cdkifeefYjrefrmdkUrm o& 12-vHk;
vHk;awmif wdk;vmyga&/ rl&if; ygVdbmomrm p? q? Z? ps?
Asnf;dkUudk us? cs? *s? *s[fvdkY&m toHxGufyga&/ &cdkifeefY
jrefrmdkUu ,if;ydkif rxGufuwfyg/ udk,fdkU"avhtwdkif; p?
q? Z? psvdkY&m xGufuwfaw/
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&cdkifu at;---o&oHeefY xyfwlxkwfyga&/ jrefrmusau
&cdik pf um;udk ppfMunfah u &toH;k aumif;aumif;rsm;pGm

udk wGdEdkifyga&/ um&ef 64-yg;xJu 41-yg;udk oHk;Edkifa&/
&Asnf;udk 0? [ Asnf;wdeefYqifhAsm (0qGJ? [xdk;)oHk;pGmav;
149
aomh 36-rsdK;awmif [dyga&/ & Asnf;udk wjcm;Asnf;atmuf
rm qifhAsm &&pftjzpfeefYav; trsm;BuD; oHk;yga&/ &&pf
toHk;udk csefNyD;au usefa&toHk;udk pm&if;csMunfhau 78
(ckepfq,fh&SpfrsdK;)awmif[dyga&/ atmufrmMunfhyg/
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f H
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I 62/ SL;? rD;SL; 63/ &S,f? &uef;&S,f 64/ &Suf? &Sufyif;
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&Trf;? rsuf&nf&Grf;? t&nf&Grf;/
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tem&if;a& 21/ ta&mif? tema&mifa& 22/ a&mif;a&?
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a&? dkifdkif 24/ dkif;? tdkif; 25/ &pf? w&pf? t&pf 26/ "m;
eefY&ef 27/ t&nf? &nf&G,f 28/ &nf;pm; 29/ e0&wf 30/
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um&ef? &efol 33/ kef;? kef;&if;qefcwf 34/ &yf? t&yf&Snf?
t&yf&yf 35/ t&dyf? rdk;&dyf? t&dyfusa& 36/ tkyf? tus
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tNcD,dkifvma& &-oH (ppfawGcdkif)

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yif;0g ]a'od,pum;} 3udk ajymuwfaw/ uRefawmfusau
yif;0grmawmhcg rGD;cyg,ifh a,auav; 8-ESpfom; (1949)
uyif rdbeefYtwl ppfawGudk ajymif;vm&a&/ ppfawGrm
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a,Smifrajymyg/
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txufrm uRefawmfwifjyca& &toHk; (78)rsdK;udk

uRefawmfhrdbdkUu &oHyDyDooeefY ajymuwfyga&/ uRefawmf
u wcsdKUudk rdbeefYwlatmif vdkufajymyga&/ wcsdKUudk ppfawG
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usefwcsdKUudk ,oHjymyga&/ rdbeefYwlatmifajyma& toHk;wd
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uRefawmfusau ajymcgav; ,oHeefY? zwfcgav;? ,oHeefY
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2/ awmifrGDrudkif? rxEdkif? xauOD;aMomf? ac:dkUyif?

xdkifaubk&m;ac:dkUyif/
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&cdik f Ukd \ &-toH;k (78)rsKd ;xJu uReaf wmfeefY uReaf wmfh

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ZmtrsdK;u &cdkifoHtppfav;? ZmtrsdK;u twkav;qdkpGmudk
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d kd atmufrmwifjyvdu
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4/ e0&wfrsuf&H? vSydk;0grm? tbmyD;au odef; aomif;
wefu?kd ESpaf csmif;ud&k w
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(ydk;0gbGJU aumufEkwfcsuf)
152
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ausmf aemifawmf&Gwfau? ig&Gwf,ifhav/
at&Sda[mif; pmyDom"uwdudk Munfhau? uRefawmfoHk;a&

,oHu &cdkifoHtwk? uRefawmfh rdboHk;a& &-oHu &cdkiftoH
tppfqdkpGmudk odEdkifyga&/ uRefawmfhrdboHk;a& &oHrsdK;udk &Sd
acwf &cdkifjynfrm OumysHydkif; ynm[dutp? v,form;
tv,f? &ufuef;onfrtqH;k &cdik w
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vdkY qdkEdkifyga&/ ,if; &oHrsdK;udk ateD&cdkifjynf rmZmoldkU
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jzpfyga&/
(OD;pudE? &cdkifobm0aw;uAsm? pm-3)

6/ ,if;ykcGufudk? &GJcvdkufav? &GJcvdkuf/
atudpu
kd uReaf wmfu,
kd Ef ikd f a&qD okawoevkyMf unfh
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oH;k enf;udk *kpu
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&Gmom;wdajympGmudk em;axmifAsm rSwfwrf;wifyga&/ NyD;au
NrdKUpum;eefY awmpum;udk EIdif;Munfhyga&/ ,if;a,SmifMunfh
a&cg uRef;&Gm? awm&GmdkUrm oHk;uwfaw/ NrdKUu 0gBuD; 0gBuD;
rdkU oHk;uwfaw &oHwda& uRefawmfhrdbdkUoHk;a& &oHeefY
wleDpGmudk wGd&yga&/ NrdKUxufu vli,fvlvwfydkif;wd ajympGm
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uReaf wmfrh b
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a& voHrsdK;udk vlenf;pk&m oHk;yga&/
(OD;pudE? pm-13)
7/ OD;oQif&ufau? &Gef;jcnfiifav? &Gef;jcnfiif/
(OD;pudE? pm-27)
txufrmjyxm;a& pma[mif;yDa[mif; aumufEkwf
csufwdrmyga& ]&Gef? dkU? &Gwf? &Gef;? &G&GJ} pum;vHk;wdudk Munfh
yg/ uRefawmfoHk;a& pum;rygpGm ]vGef? vdkY? vTwf? cGef;? vTJ}
wdeefY rwlyg/ uRefawmfh rdboHk;a& pum;wdeefY&m wlyga&/
153
a,Zl;eefY &oHeefY voH toHk;csuwfpGmudk aowcsvdkuf
au? pma[mif;yDa[mif;wdrm wGd&a& &-toHk;rsdK;udk NrdKUom;
vli,fyikd ?f vlvwfyikd ;f uvGv
J Ykd ppfawGcdik rf m useaf &&cdik o
f m;
wd oHk;eDuwfoD;a&vdkY qdkEdkifyga&/
rm NrdKUpum;u ajymif;&GDvG,fNyD;au awmpum;u e*dktwdkif;

usefeDuwfpGm jzpfyga&/
atudpeefYpyfNyD;au bmomaA'ynmoQif atmfwd*suf
zmqef ajympGmudk rSwfom;zl;yga&/ olu ]Zmbmompum;
rqdk rGD;pyfpum;wd a&mrygyJ r[dEdkif? ZmtwGufqdkau EdkifiH
xda& woD;wjcm;&yfwnfeDvdkY r&a&twGuf jzpfaw? wjcm;
EdkifiHwdeefY qufoG,fvm&a&cg ,if;EdkifiHdkUu pum;wdudk
rvTJom ra,Smifom rGD;pyfvm&zdkY jzpfaw/ 1
jrefrmbmompum; vTrf;rdk;rI
&oH toHk;tEIef;rm twkeefYtppfudk cGJjcm;Edkifatmif
pDppfMunfhNyD;au aemufwpfqifhrm NrdKUpum;u ZmaMumifh
twkjzpf&av? awmpum;u ZmaMumifh tppfjzpf&avqdkpGm
udk ppfMunfhzdkYvdkyga&/
*sufzmqefpum;udk vufudkifxm;NyD;au udk,fhbmom

pum;rm oHk;eDa& ]rGD;pyfpum;} 2 wdudk oHk;oyfMunfhyga&/
uRefawmfdkU &cdkifbmompum;rmav;olrsm;yg;u ,loHk;xm;
pGmwd trsm;BuD; [dyga&/ om"u pdaoQjyygar/ edpdkifoHk;
&cdkifpum;rm jrefrmbmompum;u ]owif;pm? pmtkyf?
awmfvSefa&;? tpnf;ta0;? ZmwfyGJ? ,Ofaus;rI? odyHynm?
N*dK[fwk? 'Hk;ysH} pa& pum;trsm;tjym;udk ,loHk;xm;yga&/
ygVdu ]'ku? pdwf? cEm? tm;"r (t"r) yu'def? oxm
(o'g)udp} pa& pum; tifweftrsm;udk ,loHk;xm;yga&/
b*FgvDu ]rmZD? *g&D? 'efY? 'ufHk; (pmwdkuf)w&D} qdka& pum;
wdudk ,loHk;xm;yga&/ t*Fvdyfyg;u ]'ufuif? kykvkawmif?
odyfvIdif (qD;Hk)? tzdwf (Hk;)? *svuf (zefcGuf) pmawGU? a&'D
,d k ? uuf q uf } pum;wd u d k ,l o H k ; xm;yga&/ ay:wl * D u
tNydef;ajym&zdkYqdkau NrdKUqdkpGma& ukeful;a&udprm A[dk

usa&eD&mwd jzpfuwfaw/ tjyifavmueefY tquftqHrsm;
a& pk&yfwdjzpfyga&/ vrf;qHkav;usa&? ,if;aMumifh tjyif
avmuu bmompum;wdeefY a&mvHk;,Sufwifjzpfuwfaw/
udk,feefY tquftqHrsm;a& bmompum;u pum;vHk;wdudk
(udk,fhrmr[da& pum;rsdK;udk) ,lAsmoHk;uwfaw/ uRef;&Gm?
awm&GmdkUusau/
NrdKUb0eefYrwl? pD;yGm;a&;udprm jyifyurmeefY tquf
tqHenf;a&/ vrf;qHkav; rus/ wjcm;bmompum;eefY a&m
vH;k ,Suw
f ifav; r[d/ attcsuw
f ad Mumifh bmompum;udp
154
]AmvwD}? tm&yfu ]rody}f qdak & pum;wdukd ,lo;kH xm;yga&/
bmoma&;udprmav; jrefrmeefY &cdkifdkUa& Ak'bmom

wd jzpfuwfvdkY tquftqHrsm;uwfaw/ txl;ojzifh jrefrm
pmeefY &D;xm;a& bmoma&;pmyDwdu &cdkifjynfrm t*Fvdyf
udkvdkeDacwfuyif ateDxdNydKifzufr[d eD&m&eDa&/
atydkif wjcm;bmompum;wdu ,loHk;xm;pGmxJrm

jrefrmbmompum;u ,loHk;xm;pGmu trsm;qHk;jzpfaw/ Zm
twGufav;qdkau &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkUa& EdkifiHwpfckwnf;rm
eDuwfawtwGuf tquftqHrsm;vdkY jzpfyga&/ ,if;ydkif
tquftqHrsm;a& udpxJrm ta&;BuD;udpwdu EdkifiHa&;
ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;? bmoma&;? ,Ofaus;rI (obif*Dw)dkU
jzpfaw/
jrefrm Zmwfy?JG jrefrmaw;jcif;dUk av; t*Fvyd af cwfuyif

ateDxdacwfpm;eDa&? jrefrmkyf&Sifum;? a&'D,dk csdKaw;oH
dkUav; NydKifzufr[d wGifus,feDa&/
&cdkifom;wda& (txl;ojzifh NrdKUom;) txufrm wifjy
a& EdkifiHa&;? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;? boma&;udpwdeefY wpfrsdK;
r[kwfau wpfrsdK; edwdkif;qufqHeDuwf&a& ,if;ydkifqufqH
,if;yif udk,fhbmompum;rm r[da& pum;vHk;wdudk rvTJ
ra,Smifom ,liifoHk;pGJvm&a&/ ,if;a,Smif roHk;au udp
rNyD;? tvkyfrwGif? udpNyD;atmif? tvkyfwGifatmif? acwfrD
atmif ta&;ygt&ma&mufaw jrefrmpum;vHk;wdudk acs;iSm;
,liifoHk;pGJ&yga&/ ,if;ydkifoHk;pGJpGmrm NrdKUom;wdu ,ifa&/
EdkifiHa&;t& uRefawmfdkUa& jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&\

Oya'? tkyfcsKyfa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;atmufrm eDuwf&a&/
jrefrmbmompum;a& Hk;oHk;jzpfawtwGuf Oya'jyKa&;udp?
tkyfcsKyfa&;udp? w&m;pD&ifa&;udpwdrm jrefrmbmompum;
udk oHk;uwf&a&/
ynma&;udprmav; jrefrmpm? jrefrmpum;a& ausmif;
oH;k jzpfvYkd oli,fwe;fuyif wuov
kd f yxrESpx
f d oif,&l a&/
jrefrmbmompum;a& oli,fwef;uyif 0dZmôdyH bGJU&
atmifxd oifMum;rIr@dKifjzpfaw/
awm&Gmom;? uRef;&Gmom;wdu aemufusa&/ a,Zl;eefY

NrdKUom;pum;rm &cdkif &-oH ]dkU? &G? &Tm;? &GJ? &Gifh? &Tifh? &Gwf?
&Gwf? &Gef;? &Tef;? wdbufpm jrefrm v-oH ]vdkY? vT? vTm;? vTJ?
vGifh? vTifh? vGwf? vTwf? vGef;} dkUudk Mum;&pGm jzpfaw/ &cdkif
&-oH ]&Sif? &Snf? &Sd} wufpm; jrefrm ,-oH ],Sif? ,Snf? ,Sd vdkY
ajymvmuwfpGm jzpfyga&/
pD;yGm;a&;udprmav; jrefrmbmompum;udk qufoG,f

a&;r@dKiftjzpf oHk;uwf&a&/
155
t"dym,fav;wl? toHk;av;wluwfaw/
jrefrmbmompum;vTrf;rdk;cH&pGmrm EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?

ynma&;? bmoma&;? ,Ofaus;rI udpwdtjyif wjcm;ta&;
BuD;a& taMumif;wpfckav; [dygoda&/ ,if;taMumif;u
&cddkifbmompum;eefY jrefrmbmompum;dkUa& wcsdKUeD&mrm
vHk;0uGJjym;jcm;em;auav;aomh? wcsdKUeD&mrSm wluwfvdkY jzpf
aw/ wwdkifeefYwwdkifkyfpGyf (toH? t"dym,f? toHk;wlpGmwd
toHuGJauav; t"dym,feefY toHk;wlpGmwd trsm;BuD; [dyg
a&/
a,twGufeefY ,if;pmvHk;wdudk jrefrmoHeefY (,-oHeefY)

Mum;zefrsm;vma&cg em;,OfvmNyD;au rlv&cdkif &-oHwuf
pm; jrefrm,oHaemufudk vdkufysmajymvmuwfpGm jzpfyga&/
tusd K ;tjypf
&-oH tNcD,kdifvmyHkeefY ,dkifvm&a& taMumif;&if;wdudk
pD;ppfwifjyNyD;au tNcD,dkif&a&udp\ tusdK;tjypfudkav;
qufysmppfMunfhoifhyga&/
vkyf? udkif? pm;? aomuf? x? xdkif? tdyf? Edk;pa& edpdkifoHk;

Bud,mpum;vHk;wd/ udk,f? cg;? a*gif;? ig;? pm? qm;? qD pa&
emrfpum;vHk;wdrm wwdkifeefYwwdkif kyfpGyfwluwfaw/ uif?
u,f? xrf;? 0rf? tH pa& Bud,mwd/ uef? uif;? uGrf;? wGif;?
rif;? yef;yGifh? ppfyGJ pa& emrfwdrm toHxGufuGJauav;aomh
t"dym,feeYf toHk;u twlwljzpfaw/
bmompum;qdkpGm wyifwnf;ajymif;&Gdwwfyga&/ oHkpGJ

a&vlwd xdk;xGifvdkY bmompum;ajymif;&GdpGmav;[dyga&/
eD;pyfaw bmompum;u udk,fhrm r[da& pum;wdudk ,liif
oHk;pGJvdkY wdk;wufajymif;&GdvmpGmav;[dyga&/
txufrmwifjyca& ]dkU? &T? &Gm;? &Gifh? &Gwf? &Gef;? &Tef;}

pa& &cdkiftoHk;tEIef;wdav; jrefrmeefY toHavmuf&m uGJyg
a&/ t"dym,feefY oHk;yHkoHk;enf;usau wleDuwfaw/ a,Zl;
eefY &-oHa& e*d&cdkifoHjzpfauav;aomh udk,fdkUeefY toH
avmuf&m uGJa& jrefrmtoHk;tEIef;udk oHk;rSef;rod wqwf
qwf oHk;vmrdpGm jzpfyga&/ ]&Sm? &Sif? &Snf} pum;vHk;wd? ]&Sdcdk;?
tdrf&Sd} pum;vHk;wdav; jrefrmeefYtoHavmuf&m uGJNyD;au
&cdkifbmompum;av;aomh edpdkifajymif;eDyga&/ jrefrm

pm? jrefrmdkUudk edpdkif &D;eD&? zwfeD&? Mum;eD&a&twGuf jrefrm
pum;vHk; topfwd tqufrjywfpdrfh0ifvma&/ a,Zl;eefY
&cdkifbmompum;a& wqwfqwfajymif;&Gdvmyga&/ jrefrm
ynmoQifwd oHk;vdkufaw bmom&yfrsdK;pHku pum;vHk;rsdK;pHkudk
vlAsm&cdik o
f eH efY ajymeDuwfaw/ &cdik pf m t&D;tom;rm xnfh
156
jzpfaw/
oHk;eDuwfaw/ ,if;ydkif,if;ydkifeefY jrefrmpum;vHk;wd wqwf

qwf &cdkifpum;vHk;ydkif jzpfvma&/ a,Zl;eefY &cdkif ]tajym
bmompum;} 1 wqwfqwfwdk;wufus,fjyefYvma&/ t&D;
bmompum;av; ,if;tEIef;wdk;wufvmzdkY jzpfw,f/ at
wdk;wufus,fjyefYvmrIudk tusdK;vdkY qdkEdkifyga&/ tusdK;[da&
udprsdK;udk uRefawmfdkU qufvkyf&zdkY jzpfaw/
,if;jynfhpHkrIudk uRefawmfdkU xdef;odrf;xm;&zdkY udk,fhe*dk

&oHudkypfysm &Gifhudk vGifhvdkYrajymoifh/ &Twfudk vGwfvdkYrajym
oifh/ jrefrmavoHaemufudk vdkufajympGma& udk,fhbmom
pum;udk udk,fzsufpGmjzpfaw/ t&Sdzufwufpm; t,SdzufvdkY
oHk;pGm? &Sdcdk;wufpm; ,Sdcdk;vdkY oHk;pGmwdav;aomh vrf;rSm;vdkuf
pGmjzpfaw/ &oHwufpm; ,oHeefY oHk;pGma& &oHwufpm;
voHeefYoHk;pGmxufyif tusdK;,kwfEdkifa&vdkY ajymEdkifyga&/
tjcm;wpfzufrm jrefrmbmompum;vTrf;rdk;rIaMumifh
tEIwfvuPmjypGmwdav; [deDyga&/ txufrm wifjyca&
&oH tNcD,dkifvyHk om"uwda& &cdkifbmompum;\ tEkwf
vuPmxdyif jzpfaw/ bmompum; ajymif;&GdrI\ tjypfBuD;
wpfck jzpfaw/ atydik f tusKd ;r[da& vTr;f rd;k rIrsKd ;udk uReaf wmf
dkU wwfEdkifa&qD wm;qD;&zdkY jzpfyga&/
jrefrmbmompum;rm &oHeefY ,oHudk cGJjcm;rajymuwf

aw twGuf tcuftcJwdtrsm;BuD; wGdcuwfaw/ t*kav;
wGdeD&a&/ ]yifh&pfrEdkif &cdkifar;} qdka& jrefrmpum;yHka&/
,if;tcuftcJuxGuv
f ma& pum;yHw
k pfcjk zpfaw/ ,? &udp
tyifht&pfudpa& jrefrmbmompum;rm ateDwdjcLjcmacwf
eDa& udpwpfckjzpfyga&/ ,oH &oH rcGJjcm;EdkifvdkY wGd&a&
jrefrmtrsdK;om;wd tcuftcJudk uRefawmfdkU &cdkiftrsdK;om;
wd oifcef;pm,loifhyga&/
jref r mbmompum;rm uRef a wmf d k U yd k i f &oH r [d a &

twGuf &oHyga& tjcm;bmompum;wdudk ,loHk;a&cg voH
eefY zAsm oHk;&a&/ u&rufudk uvrufvdkY ajyma&/ u&a0;
udk uva0;vdkYajyma&/ wkyfudkwvkyf? a&'D,dkudk av'D,dk
,if;ydkifoHk;&yga&/ atydkif oHk;&pGma& jrefrmbmompum;rm
&oHr[dpGmu ay:vma& tcuftcJwpfckjzpfaw/ uRefawmf
dkUrm &oH[da&twGuf ,if;tcuftcJrsdK;udk rwGd&/ bmom
jcm; &oHwdudk yDyDooajymEdkufuwfaw/ ,if;pGma& &oH[d
jcif;\ *kPfwpfckjzpfaw/ &cdkifbmompum;\ jynfhpHkrIwpfck
ppfawGcdik u
f NrKd Uom;pmwwfyw
D wfwad & &-oH (78)rsKd ;
xJu tcsdKU &-oHudk yDatmifrajymuwf,mvdkY txufrsm
wifjycyga&/ atydkif &-oH rpDpGma& &-toHk;tEIef; tNcD
,dik v
f mpGmudk Te;f jyeDa& om"uwdjzpfawvdaYk v; qdck yga&/
a,'gav;aomh ,if; &-oH ryDa&udpudk &cdkifbmompum;
157
&D&Snfrm &cdkifbmompum; wpfckvHk;\ &oHjynfhpHkrI*kPf

udkawmif ndK;EGrf;pDEdkifyga&/ &oHeefY ,oHudk cGJjcm;rajymuwf
ysmqd k a u jref r mtrsd K ;om;wd wG d & a& tcuf t cJ r sd K ;ud k
uRefawmfdkUav; usdef;oDwGdvm&zdkY jzpfyga&/
wpfckvHk;eefY csdefMunfhau aMumufaumif;xref; ysufpD;pDEdkif

a& tqifhxd ra&mufygoD;/ uRefawmfwifjyca& om"uwd
xuf trsm;BuD;qdk;a& om"uwdav; &cdkifa'od,,pum;
tcsdKUrm [deDyga&/ ,if;om"utcsdKUudk ausmufjzL &cdkifu
ausmufjzLNrdKU pum;eefY &rf;jynfhNrdKUpum;dkUrm wGd&yga&/
ausmufjzLNrdKUeefY &rf;jynfhNrdKU pum;ESpfrsdK;a& wpfrsdK;wpf
pm;wnf;yif jzpfawvdkY ajymEdkifzdkY xifyga&/ ,if;NrdKUom;wd
a& &-oHtrsm;pkudk ,-oHeefY ajymeDuwfpGmudk wGd&a&/ tpGm
a&mifudk tpGa,mifvdkY ajymyga&/ pmr&udk pmr,? q&mudk
q,m? uRefawmfdkUudk uRefawmf,dkY? ,if;ydkifajymuwfaw/
&&pf x m;a& pum;vH k ; trsm;pk u d k a v;aomh ,yif h o H e ef Y
ajymuwfyga&/ NrKd Uudk rsKd UvdYk ajymyga&/ ajymudk aysmvdYk ajymyg
a&/ jyefvm;udk ysefvm;vdkY ajymyga&/ a,'gav;aomh ,if;
NrdKUem;u &Gmwdrmusauawmhcg ausmufjzLNrdKUom;? &rf;jynfh
NrdKUom;wda,Smif rajymyg/ &-oH yDyDoo? &&pfoHyDyDooeefY
&m ajymuwfyga&/ NrdKUpum;eefY awm&Gmpum; ZmjzpfvdkY
atavmuf uGJeDa&av;qdkpGmudk pD;ppfMunfhoifhyga&/
Zmydkif xdef;&zdkYav;
bmompum;wdpGm acwfeefYtwl wyifwnf;ajymif;&GdeD
yga&/ yxrpum;ajymif;a&/ aemuf t&D;tom;ajymif;a&/
pum;a[mif;eefY pum;opf tm;NydKif,ufyif bmompum;
wqwfqwf ajymif;&Gdvma&/ us,fjyefYwdk;wufvmyga&/
,if;ydkif ajymif;&Gdwdk;wufawcg zdk;z&m rjzpf&atmif
trsm;oHk;bmompum;udk ]pHbmompum;} 1 owfrSwfysm
xdef;yD;&yga&/ tbd"mefusrf;? o'gusrf;wd jyKpkAsm xdef;yD;
&a&/ ,if;ydkif xdef;yD;Edkifrav; bmompum; wnfNidrfNyD;au
EdkifiHa&;? ynma&;? vlrIa&;dkUrm ajzmifhajzmifhom;om; usEdkif
a&/ wdk;wufrI &Edkifa&/
ausmufjzLNrdKUom;wd? &rf;jynfhNrdKUom;wd &-oHtrsm;pkudk

yDyDoorajymuwfpGma&/ ausmufjzLcdkifoHk; &cdkifbmom
pum;\ &-oHyDorIudk trsm;BuD; xdcdkufEdkifyga&/
bmompum; "rwmtwdkif; &cdkifbmompum;av;

ajymif;&Ged yD ga&/ a,'gav;aomh ajymif;yHak jymif;enf;? wd;k wuf
yHk wdk;wufenf;u pepfwus r[kwf/ txdef;tuGyfr[d
ajymif;&Gdvm&a&/ yHkrus yef;rus wdk;wufvma&/ ZmtwGuf
158
3. Monosyllabic Language
4. Agglutinative Language
5. Tone Language
6. Sino Tibetan
7. Written Language
8. Indo Aryan Language
9. Coc's Bazaar
10. Ramu
11. Dialet
1. Otto Jespersen, Language: Its Nature, Development
and Originn, The Nortor Library, New York, 1964. P.
208.
2. Borrowed Word
ygav;/
uRefawmfdkU &cdkiftrsKd;om;wdrm wpfrsdK;om;vHk; vufcH
oHk;pGJa& pHbmompum; r[doD;vdkYjzpfaw/ tbd"mefusrf;?
o'gusrf;wd r[doD;vkdYjzpfaw/ txufrm wifjyca& &oHu
voHeefY ,oHudk ajymif;vm;a& udpav; xdef;uGyfyD;zdkY pHbm
ompum;r[dvdkY jzpfyga&/ pHtbd"mefusrf; r[dvdkY jzpfyga&/
a,Zl;eef ed*Hk;csKyfajymcsifpGmu &cdkifa& vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;
jzpfyga&/ vlrsdK;t*FgeefYnDatmif trsdK;om;pmyDeefY pHbmom
pum;[dzdkY vdkyga&/ &Sda[mif;&cdkifpmyD atedajymeduwfaw
bmompum;dkUudk okawoevkyfysmwpfrsdK;om;vHk; vufcH
toHk;jyKa& pHbmompum;wpfckudk azmfxkwfjy|mef;yD;zdkY vdkyg
a&/ pHtbd"mefusrf; jyKpkAsm udk,fhbmompum;udk rSwfwrf;
wifzdkY vdkyga&/ pHbmompum; pHtbd"mefusrf;u&m &cdkif
bmompum; pnf;rus 0g;rusajymif;&Gdwdk;wufeDpGmudk xdef;
uGyfyD;EdkifzdkYjzpfaw/
1. Standard Language
armif A od e f ;
pHbmompum;? pHtbd"mefusrf;u&m EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;

a&;? ynma&;eefY trsdK;om;,Ofaus;rI vkyfief;wdrm vG,ful
acsmarmatmif ulnDEdkifzdkY jzpfyga&/
&cdkifr*Zif; (6) 1980
1. Structural Method
2. Genetic Method
159
Bud,m0daooeaemufqufxd ]]onf? u? wif? }} pa& emrf

aemufqufwdudk acwfa[mif; (ajrmufOD;acwf)t&D;tom;
twdkif; oHk;NyD;au pum;toHk;tEIef;rm &cdkifa0g[m&udk oHk;
a&/
aemuf w wd k i f u ated & cd k i f t ajymbmompum; 4
(ppfawG cdkif? ausmufjzLcdkifrm tNcDcHNyD;au tajymbmom
pum;eefY t&D;bmompum;udk nDatmifndyem&D;uwfaw/
pmvHk;aygif;pepfu ajrmufOD;aESmif;acwftwdkif;jzpfaw/
aemufqHk;wpfwdkifu ated&cdkiftajymbmom5 pum;
udk tNcDcHxm;auav;aomh wcsdKUpmvHk;aygif;pepfudk toH
xGufeefYnDatmif ndAsm&D;uwfaw/
tm;vHk; (5)rsdK;awmif uGJeDyga&/ atydkifuGJvmuwfpGm
udk NcD&mcHAsm tuGufcsMunfhau 26-ESpfawmif Mumyg,m
(1950-u 1976-xd)atydkifuGJeDuwfpGmudk atwdkif;MunfheD
vdkY rjzpfyg/ &SdudkqufvdkY ruGJ&atmif udk,fhtrsdK;om;csif;
ta&;wBuD; ndvm;&zkYd jzpfyga&/ trsm;vufudkifa& t&D;
tom;wpfckjzpfvmatmif oufqdkifa&yk*dKvfdkUu trsdK;om;
pmyDnDvmcHac:Asm ndEIdif;rSwfyD;zdkY vdkyga&/
trsdK;om;pmyDnDvmcH rvkyfEdkifoD;cif Mum;umvrm
pmyD0goemoQifdkUu pmtkyfpmwrf;dkUrm wifjyAsm trsm;
pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif EId;aqmfyD;au tusdK;rsm;zdkY xifyga&/
ataqmif;yg;a& txufrmazmfjyxm;a& t&D;tom;
&cdkifpmt&D;tom; jyem
jynfaxmifpkacwf &cdkiftrsdK;om;dkUrm wpfrsdfK;om;vHk;
vufcHoHk;pGJa& &cdkifpmt&D;tom;1 wpfckr[doD;pGmudk &cdkif
trsKd ;om;wdik ;f owdxm;rdzYkd xifyga&/ trsm;oH;k t&D;tom;
r[da&twGuf pmyD&D;zGJUa&cg olwpfrsdK;igwpfzHk jzpfeDuwfpGm
udk wGd&a&/
wwdkifu &cdkifpmyDeefY jrefrmpmyDwla&vdkY ,lqNyD;au
jrefrmt&D;tom;twdkif; &D;uwfaw/
aemufwwdkifu pum;jyif2 t&D;tom;udprm jrefrm
pum;ajyudk oHk;NyD;au Zmwfaumifcsif; tcsDtcspum;ajym
pGmdkUrmusau &cdkifpum;udk oHk;a&/ tjcm;wwdkifom;u
pum;jyif t&D;tom;rm ]]\? onf? wnf;? }} pa&Bud,m?
160
trsm;BuD; [dyga&/ ZmeD&mrm rwlav;/ o&oH&if; 2 wdrm

rwl/ aCmotaCmooHwdrm rwl/ 0gusedrfhjrifhoH 3 wdrm
rwl/ yHkpHwpfckESpfckavmuf jyygar/
]rD;} qdka&pum;udk &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkU toHk;wlwwfaw/
a,'gav; toHxGufrmusau jrefrmu tD;o&oHeefY ]rD;}
vdkYxGufNyD;au &cdkifu ]rdef;} vdkY&m xGufaw/ ]pnf} qdka&
pum;udk &cdkifu ato&oHeefY ]ap} vdkY xGufNyD;au? jrefrmu
tD;o&oHeefY ]pD} vdkY xGufaw/
]{jcif;}qdka& pum;udk &cdkifu &oHyDyDeefY ]{jcif;}vdkY
xGufauav;aomh jrefrmu ]{*sef;} vdkY&m xGufaw/
aemufNy;D au pum;vH;k wduMkd unf/h &cdik u
f ]tbm? bm;
bm;} vdkY ajympGmudk jrefrmu ]taz? azaz} vdkY&m ajyma&/
&cdkifu ]yD;? vm;? &D;? aemif? aemif;? &ufjywf} vdkY oHk;pGmudk
jrefrmu ]ay;? oGm;? a&? NrJNrJ? cPcP} vdkY&m oHk;a&/ atydkif
rwla&pum;vHk;wdudk ppfxkwfMunfhau tbd"mefwpfapmif
jzpfEdkifyg,ifh/
aemufqHk;o'gudk ppfMunfh/ jrefrm o'grm ypnf; 1
(&Sq
d uf? aemufquf? pum;quf)wd aumif;aumif; ta&;Bu;D
a&vdYk qdyk ga&/* ,if;ypnf;wd &cdkifeefYwlvm;Munfh/ vHk;0rwl
yg/
*]]OD;0ef jrefrmpum;? jrefrmrI yxrwGJ? pmrsufESm 25}}
&cdkifbmompumeefY jrefrmbmompum;dkU ododom
(5)rsdK;udk a0zefpD;ppfwifjypGm jzpfyga&/ atwifjycsufudk

pmzwfy&dowftaygif;u xyfqifha0zefAsm jyifqifjznfhpGuf
yD;uwfzdkY yefMum;yga&/
yxr t&D;tom;
txufrm wifjyca&ydkif yxrwdkifom;u &cdkifpmyDeefY
jrefrmpmyDwla&vdkY ,lqNyD;au atedjrefrmt&D;tom;
twdkif; vdkufysm&D;uwfaw/
pmyD wl? rwludpudk ajymzdkYtwGuf bmompum;ESpfck
udk EIdif;,SOfpD;ppfMunfhzkYd vdkyga&/
bmompum;qdkpGm tajymudpjzpfyga&/ t&D;tom;dkU
pmyDdkUqdkpGmu tajymaemufrm jzpfvma& tusdK;qufwd&m
jzpfaw/ a,Zl;eefY bmompum;wpfcu
k kd avhvmau toHu
pvdYk avhvm&yga&/ Ny;D r&m pum;vH;k dUk ? o'gdUk udk tqifq
h ifh
avhvm&yga&/ atenf;a& urmoH;k enf;bmomaA' 1 enf;
jzpfaw/
rsufarSmufacwf &cdkifbmompum;eefY jrefrmbmom
pum;dkU wl? rwludk bmomaA'enf;eefY oHk;oyfMunfhuwfyg
ar/
yxrtoHudk ppfMunfh? toHudprm &cdkifeeYf jrefrmdkU
&mEIe;f jynfw
h v
l m;? rwlyg/ wlpmG tcsKd U[da&ydik f rwlpmG wdav;
161
omuGJjym;jcm;em;pGma& atypnf; toHk;tEIef;rm jzpfyga&/
om"updaoQ jyygar/
emrf aemufqufrm &cdkifu ]a&} udkoHk;NyD;au jrefrmu
][m} udk oHk;yga& (armifvSa&? taoQjzpfaw/ armifvS[m
uav;jzpfw,f/) Bud,maemufqufrm &cdkifu ]a&? aw}
dkUudk oHk;auav;aomh jrefrmu ]w,f} wpfvHk;wnf;udk&m
oHk;a&/ (pm;a&? tdyfaw? pm;w,f? tdyfw,f)
emr0daooe aemufqufrm &cdkifu ]aw? a&} dkUudk
oHk;NyD;au jrefrmu ]wJh} udk oHk;a&/ (xdkifeDa&cHk BudKufaw
tpm xdkifaewJhcHk BudKufwJhtpm)/
wjcm;pum;qufwu
d kd ppfMunfah uavh rwlpmG wd ruef
[dpGmudk wGd&zdkYjzpfyga&/ oufoDpdaoQ xkwfjyygar/
&cd k i f
jref r m
igvkyfpGm
ighyg;udk
rif;eefYig
vkyfysm? ,m
pm;Asm? ,m
,if;ydkifa,Smif
atydkif
Zmydkif
igvkyfwm
ighqDudk
rif;eJYig
vkyfNyD
pm;NyD
tJ'Dvdk
'Dvdk
b,fvkd
a,Zl;eefY
a,avh? a,'gavh)
a,auavhaomh)
tJ'gaMumifh
'gayr,fh
txufrmwifjya&a,Smif bmomaA'enf;eefY ppfMunfh

au &cdkifbmompum;eefY jrefrmbmompum;dkU xyfwl
r[kwfqdkpGmudk ,Sif;vkdYjrifEdkifyga&/ bmompum;sif; rwlau
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t&D;bmompum;rm tu&mdkU? pmvHk;aygif;dkUqdkpGmu
trsm;oabmwl owfrSwfvufcHtoHk;csa& oauFwwd&m
jzpfyga&/ ,if;oauFwwdudk trsm;oabmwl zsufcsifa&
qdkauavh zsufvdkY&a&/ jyKjyifa&qdkauavh jyKjyifvdkY&yga&/
a,'gavh jyKjyifajymif;vJpGmrm taMumif; tusdK;nDzdkYawmh
cg vdktyfyga&/ ,if;jyKjyifwDxGifvdkufaw oauFwopfudk
vltrsm;u vufcHtoHk;csatmif vkyfyD;zdkYavh vdkygoD;a&/
trsm;vufcHvmatmif vkyfzdkYqdkpGm vG,fa&udpr[kwfyg/
trsm;odatmif vkyfzdkYqdkpGm vG,fa&udpr[kwfyg/ trsm;od
atawf &cdkifbmompum;rm t&D;eefY tcsDtcsajymdkU

uGpJ mG udk obm0usatmifjyzdt
Yk wGuf pmvH;k aygif;pepfukd pnf;
jcm;xm;zdkY vdkyga&/ t*Fvdyfpmt&D;eefY tcsDtcspum;ajym
dkU uGJpGmudk aumfrmaoQwdeefY pum;vHk;yHkajymif;Asm jya&ydkif/
&cdkifrmavhaomh udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efeefY pmvHk;udk yHkajymif;Asm
jyEdkifyga&/ yHkajymif;EdkifpGmudk om"updaoQ jyygar/ pum;
jyif t&D;tom;rm ]]aemif;aemif;udkif? &Gwf&Gwf? pdkufpdkuf?
&Dtdk;cGuf? OD;&pfawmif? jyefvm;cAsm}} vdkY &D;xm;pGmudk tcsD
tcsajympum;rm ]]eaemif;udkif? &&Gwfppdkuf? &D0cGuf? 0&pf
awmif? jyefvcAsm}} vdkY pum;vHk; yHkajymif;Asm &D;Edkifyga&/
atjznfhpGufcsufaoQudk txufu t&D;tom;rm
aygif;xnfhvdkufau? att&D;tom;a& acwfopf&cdkifpm
t&D;tom;twGuf erlemxm;oifha& t&D;tom;rsdK;? trsm;
vufcHESpfoufEdkifa& t&D;tom;rsdK; jzpfvmEdkifyga&/
yr t&D;tom;
yrwdkif;om; atydkif&D;yga&/
(tuRefdkUa& uG,faysmufvkNzdKufeDa& rdrd,Ofaus;rIudk
jyefvnfazmfxkwfzdkYeefY wcsdefaw;rm acwfeefYtnD wdk;wuf
vmpDzdkYav;? MuHaqmif BudK;yrf;&wwfzdkY NzdKufyga&/ atydkif
BuKd ;yrf;uwfpmG rm pmyDvufeuf? aw;*Dw tEkynmvufeuf?
168
tom; 2-rsdK;udk wpfckwnf;jzpfatmif ndAsm? uavmifoQif

taygif;u vufvSrf;rDa& &cdkifpmapmifwdrm wnDwGwf
&D;yD;uwfzq
Ykd akd u acwfr&D cdikd pf m t&D;tom;wpfck atmifjrif
jzpfxGef;vmzdkY xifyga&/ atydkif atmifjrifvmau wpfrsdK;
om;vHk; vufcHa&pm t&D;tom;wpfck owfrSwfEdkifzdkY jzpfyg
a&/
atmif eD&mwdkif;rm tcGifh&wdkif; oHk;yD;zdkY vdkyga&/

,if;ydkifr[kwfau tusdK;r[dEdkifyg/ tcsdefukef? aiGukef
vlyifyef;pGm&m tjrwfxGufvmzdkY jzpfyga&/
txufu pmvHk;aygif;opfwdudk oHk;oyfMunfhau?
taMumif;tusdK;nDGwfaw pmvH;kaygif;wdygyga&/ ],Of} udk
],dkif} vdkY ysifxm;pGm/ ]vnf;} udk ]av;} vdkY ysifxm;pGmwda&
trsm;ESpfoufvufcHEdkifa& pmvHk;aygif;rsdK; jzpfyga&/ a,'g
avhaomh ]jzpf} udk ]NzdKuf} vdkY xGifpGmuawmhcg tusdK;r[da&
jyKjyifcsuw
f &d m jzpfyga&/ ZmtwGuaf vhqakd u ]jzpf} udk ]tdu
k }f
o&oHxu
G pf cD siv
f Ykd ]NzKd u}f vdYk xGiaf uavh wcsKd Ua'orm ]NzKd u}f
udk ]Nzdwf} vdkY&m toHxGufzdkYjzpfaw/ a,eefY e*dktwdkif;xm;
pGmu ydkaumif;yga&/
twdkeefYajym&au txufu t&D;tom;rsdK;a& wcsdKU
pmvHk;aygif;pepfuvGJau pwkwt&D;tom;ydkif trsm;ESpf
oufvufcHEdkifa& acwfrDt&D;tom;rsdK; jzpfyga&/
1.Writing
2. Lingusics
3. Prose
4. Comversation
5. Spoken Language
6. Written Language
1. Lingustics
2. Vowel Phoneme
3. Internation
4. Particles
1/ 0rf;a&;wxGm? armifoD&d? "npmapmif trSwf-1? twGJ1? 1958-ck ar? pmrsufESm-30/

2/ jrefrmpmay ta&;tom;opf pum;ajyaumfr&Si/f jrefrm
pmta&;tom;opfESifh pmwrf;rsm;/ txufjrefrmEdkifiH
pma&;q&m toif; 1966-rwfv? pm-78/
3/ q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwif trSmpum;? OD;azarmifwif vlU
rdwaf qGpmtky?f rEav;Edik if w
H um pmtkyEf iS phf mwrf;rsm;/
1972-pm-8/
ed*Hk;
tm;vHk; jcHKMunfhau txufrmwifjyca& t&D;tom;
5rsdK;rm pwkwt&D;tom;eefY yrt&D;tom;dkUa& bmom
aA'enf;eefY udkufaw t&D;tom;wd jzpfyga&/ trSefu
pmvH;k aygif;enf; wcsKd UuvGaJ u ,if;t&D;tom; 2-cka& tNcD
cHavhtwlwl? &D;yHk&D;enf;avh twlwl&m jzpfaw/ att&D;
169
1/ AH;k wpfv;kH usvm;cvd?Yk ppfawGaZ,mxGe;f ? acwf&adS qmifpm
apmif? trSwf-2? 1961-ck? arv? pm-30/
1. An Arakanese Poem of the 16th century, M.S Collis
ae U San Shwe Bu, JBRS vol. 13, part III. 1923
1/ MuufwGefAsm? rSJUeDaoQ? acwfa&SUpmapmif? trSwf-2?

1961-ck? arv? pm-9/
2/ H.A. Gleason, Jr. Introduction to Deseriptine
linguisties, Revised Edition, Oxford IBH Publish
ing Co. 1973. P.425. 3, Dialect.
&cdkifpmt&D;tom; jyem
wH kY jyef p m
1/ trSm? pmyDaumfrDwD? &cdkif,dkifausrItEkynmtzGJU

(&efukef)/ &cdkif,Ofaus;rIr*Zif;? 1971? pm-3? 3/
jynfaxmifpkacwf &cdkiftrsdK;om;dkUrm wpfrsdK;om;vHk;

vufcHoHk;pGJa& pmyDt&D;tom;wpfck r[doD;qdkpGmudk tm;vHk;
oduwfygzdkY/ ,if;udpudk vGefca& 19-ESpf(1977)avmufu
]&cdkifpm t&D;tom;jyem} acgif;pOfeefY aqmif;yg;&D;Asm
&cdkifr*Zif;trSwf(5)rm tuRefwifjyzl;cyga&/ 19-ESpf
twGif;rm tuRefwifjycsufudk wpfa,mufav; aqG;aEG;ol
r[da&cg udk,fhpGmudk,fawmif rdcsifcsifjzpfvm;yg,m/ t*k
&cdkifGefYzl;trSwf(3)rm tuRefYaqmif;yg;udk a0zefpdppfjyol
wpfO;D ay:xGuv
f ma&cg ]aMomf ---- pdw0f ifpm;olwpfa,muf
awmh [do;D 0g;a,} vdYk 0rf;om&yga&/ ud,
k Ef pS o
f ufaw &cdik f
170
qGJxkwfrD;jref;yem pDppfa0zefpGmudk wGd&a&/
t&D;tom;rsdK;eefY &D;azmfwpfa,,muf wdk;vSmvdkYav; tm;

wufrdyga&/
tuRefYaqmif;yg;rm &cdkift&D;tom; ig;rsdK;awmif uGJ
eDpmG udk azmfxw
k jf ycyga&/ ud,
k Bf uKd uaf wt&D;tom; (pwkw
t&D;tom;)udk av;aomh &GD;cs,fwifjyyem uavmifoQifwd
udk ,if;twdkif; vdkuf&D;oifhaMumif; EId;aqmfcyga&/
ataqmif;yg;rm tuRefYteDeefY 0wKNydKifyGJtwGuf &cdkif

t&D;tom;pHwpfck owfrSwfzdkYudpudk raqG;aEG;bJ yef;atmif
\ a0zefcsufwdudk&m wpfcsufcsif;pD wHkYjyefvm;ygzdkY/ wHkYjyef
a&cg udk,fhta,ltq? udk,fh&yfwnfcsufwdudk ckcHumuG,f
vm;Hkavmuf&m r[kwfbJ yef;atmif\ t,ltqtcsdKUudk
av; jyefvSefa0zefvm;ygar/
t*k &cdkifGefYzl;udk pDpOfxkwf0Dol &cdkifvSjrifh (&cdkifom;

BuD;pmay)u &cdkif0wKwdkNydKifyGJtwGuf pmrlzdwfac:a&cg ]rdrd
dkU a'ooHk; &cdkifa0g[m&? &cdkifbmompum;rsm;jzifhom a&;
&rnf} vdkY pnf;urf;owfrSwfvdkufaw/
]&cdkifpm t&D;tom;jyem} aqmif;yg;rm tuRefu

jynfaxmifpkacwf &cdkiftrsdK;om;dkUrm wpfrsdK;om;vHk; vufcH
oH;k pGaJ & &cdik pf mt&D;tom;wpfck r[do;D a&twGuf olwpfrsKd ;
igwpfzHk &D;eDuwfaMumif;? tm;vHk;ig;rsdK;awmif uGJeDaMumif;
wifjycyga&/
pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufu a,bk,susvGef;ydkifwGda&/
a,cg NydKifyGJ0ifola& &D;[efudpudk udk,fhbmomukd,f &GD;cs,f
zdkY us,Sma&/ &cdkifjynfe,frm a,bk,stm;jzifh ppfawGcdkif
oHk;pum;? ausmufjzLcdkifoHk;pum;vdkY ESpfrsdK;&m[da&/ tjcm;
pum;wdu ,if;ESpfrsdK;rm tusHK;0ifeDa&/ NydKifyGJ0ifcsifola&
ppfawGpum;eefYjzpfjzpf? &rf;NAJpum;eefY jzpfjzpf &D;Edkifa&/
,if;ydkifr[kwfbJ a&myem&D;zdkYqdkauav; jzpfaw/ tuRefu
pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufudk ,if;ydkif oabmaygufyga&/
yxr - wwdkifu &cdkifpmyDeefY jrefrmpmyDwla&vdkY ,l

qNyD;au jrefrmt&D;tom;twdkif; &D;eDuwf
aMumif;/
'kwd, - wdkifom;u pum;jyif t&D;tom;udprm
jrefrmpum;ajyudk oHk;NyD;au Zmwfaumifcsif;
tcsDtcspum;ajyma&cg &cdkifpum;udkoHk;
uwfaMumif;/
0wKwdkNydKifyGJ0ifcsifol yef;atmifu NydKifyGJpnf;urf;udk

cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm a0zefMunfha&cg tuRefYaqmif;yg;av;aomh
tuHsK;0ifvSmyga&/ tuRefYwifjycsufudk rD;cGef;wd trsm;BuD;
wwd, - wwdkifu pum;jyift&D;tom;rm ]\? onf?

171
wnf;? ? u? wGi?f } pa& Bu,
d maemufquf?
emrfaemufqufwu
d kd ajrmufO;D acwfpum;jyif
t&D;tom;twdkif; oHk;NyD;au pum;toHk;
tEIef;rm &cdkifa0g[m&udk oHk;aMumif;/
yxrt&D;tom;udp wHY k jyef c suf

yxrt&D;tom;eefY ywfoufvYkd yef;atmif\a0zefcsuf
udk wHkYjyefa&cg jynfhpHkvm;atmif rlvaqmif;yg;u pmydk'f
tcsdKUudk azmfjyzdkYvdkvSmyga&/
pwkw - wdkifom;u ated&cdkiftajymbmompum;

(ppfawGcdkif? ausmufjzLcdkif)rm tNcDcHNyD;
au tajymbmompum;eefY t&D;bmom
pum;udn
k aD tmifnyd em&D;uwfaMumif;?pmvH;k
aygif ; pepf u ajrmuf O D ; aES m if ; acwf t wd k i f ;
jzpfaMumif;/
tuRefu ]]jrefrmpmyDeefY &cdkifpmyD twlwl,m}} qdka&

t,ltqudk ,kwrd [dvYkd wifjycyga&/ rsuaf rSmufacwf &cdik f
bmompum;eefY jrefrmbmompum; uGjJ ym;a&twGuaf Mumifh
pmyDt&D;tom;avhaomh rwlEdkifaMumif; bmompum;ESpfck
rwlpGmudkodatmif toH? pum;vHk;? o'gdkUudk ppfMunfhoifh
aMumif; ajymNyD;au atmufygtwdkif; qufysm&D;yga&/
yr - wwdik u
f ated&cdik t
f ajymbmompum;udk tNcD
cHxm;auavhaomh wcsdKUpmvHk;aygif;pepfudk
toHxGufeefYnDatmif ndAsm &D;uwfaMumif;
wifjycyga&/
,if;t&D;tom;ig;rsdK;rm pwkwt&D;tom;udk tuRefY
teDeefY tBudKufqHk;jzpfaMumif;udkyg xnfhAsm ajymcyga&/
0wKwdk&D;vdkol yef;atmifu tuRefBudKufaw t&D;tom;eefY
&D;&zdkYvm;vdkY av; rD;vdkufNyD;au tuRefYwifjycsufwdudk
wpfcsufcsif; pdppfa0zefxm;yga&/
]]rsufarSmufacwf &cdkifbmompum;eefY jrefrmbmom

pum;dkU wlrwludk bmomaA'enf;eefY oHk;oyfMunfhuwfyg
ar/ yxr toHudkppfMunfh/ toHudprm &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkU
&mEIef;jynfhwlvm? rwlyg/ wlpGmtcsdKU[da&ydkif rwlpGmwdavh
trsm;BuD[dyga&/ ZmeD&mrm rwlav/ o&oH&if;wdrm rwl/
aCmo taCmooHwrd m rwl/ 0guserd jhf rifo
h w
H d rwl}}/ (pm10)
tuRefuav;aomh yef;atmif\ a0zefcsufwdudk wpf

csufcsif;pD wHkYjyefvm;ygar/
tuRefu pum;vHk;rwlyHk tcsdKU? o'grm ypnf; (&Sdquf?

aemufquf? pum;quf)wd rwlyHktcsdKUudk oufoDxkwfjyyg
172
bJ jiif;qefeDvDa&/ &cdkifpmyDeefY jrefrmpmyDwla&qdkpGm ,kwd

r[da&t,ltqvdkY wGifwGifBuD;acgif;cgeDpGm rpOf;pm;wwf
yg/}} yef;atmifu ,if;ydkifajympGmavmufeefY rusDygoD;/
aemufydkif; pwkwt&D;tom;udpa0zefcgav;aomh ]&cdkif
bmompum;a& jrefrmbmompum;eefYawmif rwlqdkNyD;
(armifAodef;u) twif;t"rcGJcpGmudk owdjyKrdzdkY vdkyga&}}
vdkY ajymvdkufygoD;a&/
a&/ aemufqHk;rm atydkifa,Smif &D;yga&/

]]a,Zl;eefY &cddkifpmyDeefY jrefrmpmyDwla&vdkY ,lqpGma&
,kwdr[da& t,ltqjzpfaw/ att,ltqudk vufcHAsm
jrefrmt&D;tom;twdkif; vdkuf&D;au jrefrmpmwwfyDwwf
wdtwGufawmhcg cufzdkYr[kwf/ cufzdkYpGmu taoQwdtwGuf
cufygzdkY/ pmrwwfaw vlwdtwGuf cufygzdkY/ pmrzwfEkdifa&
awmifolv,form;vlrsm;pktwGuf cufygzdkY/ jrefrmpmwwf
yDwwf &cdkiftrsdK;om;xJrmawmif (udk,fhbompum;eefY rwl
a&twGuf) jrefrmyDoa& t&D;tom;rsdK; &D;EdkifzdkYr[kwf/ &cdkif
pdwful;? &cdkifcHpm;rIudk jrefrmpmwwfyDwwf &cdkiftrsdK;om;wd
xJrmawmif (udk,fhbmompum;eefY rwla&twGuf) jrefrm
yDoa& t&D;tom;rsdK; &D;EdkifzdkYr[kwf/ &cdkifhpdwful;? &cdkifcHpm;
rIudk jrefrmt&D;tom;eJY bmomjyefxm;a& pmrsdK;udk&m &D;Edkif
zdkYjzpfyga&/}} (pm-11)
(2) wl? rwlqdkpGma& qufvuftjiif;yGm;p&m rvdkyg/

wlvm; rwl? rwlvm; wla&/ ,if;teDtxm;rm[da& bmom
pum;rsdK;jzpfw,fvkdY qdk&ygvdrfhr,f/
(3) taoQwdudk Munfhyg/ tedrfhqHk;oldkU &D;a& &nf;pm;
pmudk &cdkifpum;eefY &D;vm;vdkY/ taoQwdu vlBuD;wdxuf
jrefrmpmudk wwfeDoD;pGmudkvJ owdjyK&r,fvdkY ,lqyga&/
(4) a'tqdk tpGef;a&mufeDa&vdkY xifyga&/ rdrdvlrsdK;
cHpm;csufudk rdrdbmompum;rS azmfxkwfjyEdkifa&/ tjcm;vl
rsdK; bmompum;eefY razmfjyEdkifpGm t<uif;rJh[kwfEdkifygzdkYvm;/
w*d;k a& EdAk ,fq&k pGm b*Fvb
D momeefY &D;vdYk r[kwyf g/ tjcm;
tjcm;q&mBuD;wdvJ trsm;BuD;[dyga&/
txufwifjycsufudk (yxr t&D;tom;udpudk) yef;

atmifu rD;cGef;wdtrsm;BuD; qGJxkwfyem a0zefxm;yga&/
,if;txJu ta&;Bu;D pGm tcsu(f 4)csuu
f kd tuRew
f UHk jyef,iS ;f
vif;vm;ygar/ yef;atmif a0zefa&tcsufwdudk atmufrm
zwfMunfhuwfyg/
(1) ]]armifAodef;u trSwfwpf t&D;tom;eefYywfouf
NyD;au rwlpGmavmufudk taMumif;jyNyD;au wlpGmdkUudk rajym
yxrt&D;tom;eefY ywfoufvYkd yef;atmifu tuReu

Yf kd
]]rwlpG}} avmufudk taMumif;jyNyD;au wlpGmdkUudk rajymbJ
jiif;qefeDvDa&}} vdkY pGyfpGJxm;yga&/ wlpGmudk tuRefrjiif;qef
173
cyg/ yef;atmif tuRefYpmudk pdpdESHYEHSU rzwfvdkY&m [dygzdkY/
tuRefu ]]wlpGmtcsdKU[da&ydkif rwlpGmwdav; trsm;BuD;
[da&}} vdkY &D;cyga&/ jyefzwfMunfhyg/
pum;rsm;) bmomESpfckwGif toHxkwfyHk? pum;oHk;EIef;yHk?

o'gudpwGif ta&;ygaom ypnf;oHk;EIef;yHk (a&SUquf? aemuf
quf? pum;qufypnf;rsm;oHk;yHk) wdkY wlnDcsufrsm;&Sdonf
udk jiif;r&ouJhodkY uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm; &Sdonfudkvnf;
vufcH&rnf jzpfygonf}} vdkY &D;zl;yga&/ wlpGm? uGJpGmESpfrsdK;
vHk;udk om"uwdeefY tus,fwifjyzl;yga&/
at;--- wpfckawmh [da&/ Zmav;qdkau tuRefu

wlpGm[dudk rwifjyrdayg/ rwlpGmudk&m OD;pm;yD;yem om"u
wdeefY wifjycyga&/ trSefuwlpGmwdudkav; wifjyzdkY wm0ef
[dyga&/ ]],if;wm0efudk tuRefusDatmif rxrf;EdkifcaMumif;
0efcHyga&/}}
aemufNy;D au &cdik rf *Zif; trSw-f 6? (1980)rmavhaomh

]]&cdkif&oH pD;ppfcsuf}} aqmif;yg;rm atydkif wifjyzl;ygoD;a&/
ateD&mrm taMumif;oifhvdkY &cdkifeefY jrefrmbmom

pum;dkU wlpGm[da&ydkif uGJpGmwdav;[dyHkudk tuRefu aqmif;
yg;ESpfapmifeefY tus,fwifjyzl;yga&/ ,if;txJu &cdkifeefY
jrefrmdkU bmompum;wluwfyHktcsdKUudk ]]oufoDpdaoQ xkwf
jyvm;ygar/ atoufoDwdu yef;atmif\pGyfpGJcsufwdudk ckcH
umuG,fEdkifvdrfharvdkY ,HkMunfyga&/
]]jrefrmbmompum; vTrf;rdk;cH&pGmrm EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;

a&;? ynma&;? bmoma&;? ,Ofaus;rIudpwdtjyif tjcm;
ta&;Bu;D a& taMumif;wpfcak vh [dygoD;a&/ ,if;taMumif;
u &cdkifbmompum;eefY jrefrmbmompum;dkUa& wcsdKUeD&m
rm vHk;0uJGjym;jcm;em;auav;aomh wcsdKUeD&mrm wluwfvdkY
jzpfaw}} wwdkifeefYwwdkif kyfpGyf (toH? t"dyg,f? toHk;)
wlpmG wd toHuaJG uav; t"dym ,feefY toH;k wlpmG wd trsm;Bu;D
[dyga&/ vkyf? udkif? pm;? aomuf? x? xdkif? tdyf? Edk; pa&
edpdkifoHk;Bud,m pum;vHk;wd? udk,f? cg;? acgif;? ig;? pm? qm;?
qDpa& emrfpum;vH;k wdrm wwdik ef efw
Y wdik f kypf yG w
f u
l wfaw/
&cd k i f h w ef a qmif r* Z if ; trS w f - 15? (1977-78)rm

tuRefu ]&cdkifESifh jrefrmbmompum;ESpfckudk EIdif;Munfhjcif;}}
acgif;pOfeefY aqmif;yg;wpfck &D;zl;yga&/ ,if;aqmif;yg;wpfeD
&mrm]]txufwifjycsufrsm;udk vdk&if;csKyfajym&vQif &cdkif
bmompum;ESihf jrefrmbmompum;wdo
Yk nf bmomrsKd ;d;k tm;
jzifh wlygonf/ (wdAufwwfkyfrsdK;dk;yif oHk;rnf& bmom
txufyg om"uwdaMumifh yef;atmifu tuRefYudk

]]&cdkifpmyDeefY jrefrmpmyD wla&qdkpGm ,kwdr[da& t,ltq
vdkY wGifwGifBuD; acgif;cgeDpGm ZmtwGufvJqdkpGm rpOf;pm;wwf
174
uwfaw/
yg}} vdkY a0zefxm;pGm? NyD;au ]]&cdkifbmompum;a& jrefrm

bmompum;eefY rwlvdkY twif;t"r cGJca&}} vdkY pGyfpGJxm;pGm
,if;tcsufwd rrSefyg/ tuRef ]]wGifwGifBuD;acgif;rcgcyg}}
twif;t"rav; rcGJcyg/ rsufarSmufacwf &cdkifeefY jrefrm
bmompum;ESpfck rwlpGmudk rwlvdkY yGifhyGifhvif;vif; wifjypGm
&m jzpfyga&/ wlpGmudk wla&vdkY om"uwdeefY wifjyzl;cyga&/
trSefu rsufarSmuf&cdkifpum;eefY jrefrmpum;dkU odod

omomuGJjym;jcm;em;yga&/ ,if;uGJjym;rIudk vspfvsLIAsm?
wlpGmavmufudk axmufjyzufwG,fxm;au ZmjzpfygzdkYav;/
ausmif;oHk;? Hk;oHk; jrefrmpmudk udk,fhpmrSwfyem vdkuf&D;eDuwf
aw Zmyef;wdkifwdkY qdkufygzdkYav;/ edpdkifoHk; &cdkifpum;wd
wqwfqwfaysmufuG,fvm;ygzdkY/*
atydkif wifjy&pGm ZmaMumifhygav;/ jynfaxmifpkacwf

rm &cdkifwpfrsdK;om;vHk; vufcHoHk;pGJEdkifa& t&D;tom;opf
wpfck jzpfxGef;pDcsifvdkY jzpfyga&/ tuRefdkUrm oD;jcm;t&D;
tom r[doD;qdkpGmudk bmomaA'ynmoQifq&mOD;wifvSu
awmif axmufjyzl;vDa&/
atudpudk q&mOD;wifvSav;aomh BudKjrifrda&twGuf

pdk;&drfpdwfeefY atydkifa,Smif owdyD;zl;yga&/
]]&cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkYonf jynfrvlrsdK;aygif;pHkwdkYESifh aygif;
oif;qufqH&zefrsm;vmaomtcg &cdkifa'oE&pum;onf
ysLbmompum;uJhodkY wdrfaumaysmufoGm;rnfudk vnf;
aumif;? rGefbmompum;uJhodkY toHk;enf;oGm;rnfudk vnf;
aumif; bmomaA'ynm vdkufpm;olwdkYu pdk;&drfaeMuonf}}
(,if;pm-57)
]]&cdkifvlrsdK;wdkY rGefvlrsdK;? &Srf;vlrsdK;wdkYuJhodkY pmayta&;

tom; oD;jcm;r&Sdawmhay/ jrefrmtu&mrsm;udk toHk;jyK
jrefrmpma&;enf;twdkif;yif a&;om;aeMuonf/ zwfaom
tcg ajymqdkaom tcgrsm;wGifom &cdkifoHjzifh zwfMujcif;?
ajymqdkMujcif; jzpfonf/}}*
a,au &cdik pf um;wd w&G&d rdG odrom aysmufu,

G rf vm;
&atmif tuRefdkU Zmvdkyf&zdkYav;/ udk,fhpum;udk tNcDcHyem
udk,fydkifpm t&D;tom;wpfckudk 0dkif;0ef;&D;om;uwf&zdkY jzpf
aw/ ,if;ydkifr&m udk,fhpm&SifoefeDyem jrefrmpm? jrefrm
um; wqwfqwfvTrf;rdk;vmpGmu oufom&m&ygzdkY/ pmopf
q&mOD;wifvS axmufjya&ydkif tuRefdkUrm &Sdacwfu

t&D;tom; oD;jcm;[dcauav;aomh jynfaxmifpkacwfrm
rGefdkU? &Srf;dkUydkif oD;jcm;pmyD t&D;tom;r[dygoD;/ tuRefdkU
eefY&m tcsdKUrm wleDa& jrefrmpmudkyif udk,fhpmvdkY txifrSm;
yem &cdkifoHeefY zwfeDuwfaw/ &cdkifpmxifyem vdkuf&D;eD
175
yDopfwd &D;zGJUa&twGufaMumifh udk,fhpum;udk,fhpm wnfwHh
eDawmifru wdk;yGm;us,fjyefYvmzdkY jzpfyga&/
yef;atmif\pmu ]]&cdkifpmeefY jrefrmpmrwlyg}}vdkY oG,f0dkuf

wifjya&ydkif jzpfeDa&/
vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wnfwHhBuD;yGm;a&udpa& ,if;vlrsdK;\ udk,f

ydkifpum;eefY oD;jcm;pmyDdkUudk qufvuftoHk;csAsm &SifoefeD
atmif vkyfxm;Edkif rxm;Edkifqdka&tcsufrm rlwnfeDaMumif;
yef;atmifoabmaygufvdrfharvdkY ,HkMunfyga&/
]aemufwpfenf;} ajym&au yef;atmif\ pma& tuRef

wifjya& ]]&cdkifpmyDeefY jrefrmpmyDwla&qdkpGm ,kwdr[d}} qdk
a& t,ltqrSefuefaMumif;udk oG,f0dkufaxufcHeDa& (ydkif
jzpfeDa&)/ a,awmifruoD;? yef;atmifpma& yef;atmifu
tuRefYudk ]jrefrmpmyDeefY &cdkifpmyDcwlvdkY twif;t"rcGJca&}
qdkaom pGyfpGJcsuf rrSefuefaMumif; udk,fhbmomudk,f tvdk
tavsmuf oufoDcHeDa& (ydkifjzpfeDa&/)
aemufwpfcg yef;atmif\ ]]jrefrmpmyDeefY &cdkifpmyD

rwlvdkY twif;t"rcGJca&}} qdka& pGyfpGJcsufudk xyfyem wHkY
jyef & D ; &zd k Y q d k a u yef ; atmif \ &cd k i f p mt&D ; tom;ud k y if
oufoDxm;Asm ajym&ygzdkY/
,if;pGyfpGJcsufrSefa&qdkau jrefrmpmeefY rwlaom acwf

opf&cdkifpmudk &D;ol yef;atmifudk,fwdkif twif;t"rcGJol
jzpfvmzdkY r[kwfygvm;/
yef;atmif\ &cdkift&D;tom;a& rsufarSmufacwf &cdkif

(ppfawGcdkif)pum;udk tNcDcHyem &D;xm;aomacwfopf &cdkif
pum;jyif jzpfeDa&/ ausmif;oHk; Hk;oHk; jrefrmpmeefYuGJjym;a&/
acwfopfjrefrmtajympum;jyif (a':trm? a'gufwmoef;
xGef;? armifomEdk; pa& yk*dKvfwd&D;[ef)eefYav;aomh aumif;
aumif;jcm;em;a&/ yef;atmifpmudk &cdik u
f vGv
J Ykd wjcm; jrefrm
pmuwfol vlrsdK;jcm;wd em;rvnfEdkif/
a,Zl;eefY yef;atmifu tuRefYudk ]twif;t"rrcGJbl;}

vdkY pGyfpGJpGma& rqifrjcifajyma& pum;&mjzpfaMumif; wHkYjyef
vdkyga&/
yxrt&D;tom;eefY ywfoufvdkY yef;atmifa0zefcsuf
trSwf(2)udk qufysmaqG;aEG;vm;ygar/ yef;atmifu ]wlrwlqdkpGmudk qufvuftjiif;yGm;eDp&m rvdkyg/ wlvm; rwl/
rwlvm; wla&/ ,if;teDtxm;rm[da& bmompum;rsdK;
jzpfawvdkY qdk&vdrfhr,f} vdkY ajymvdkufaw/
wenf;ajym&au yef;atmif\pma& jrefrmpmeefY uGJ

jym;jcm;em;a& acwfopf&cdkifpmjzpfaw/ yef;atmifu ]]wlwlrqdkpGmudk tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdk}} vdkY ajymxm;auav;aomh
176
t&G,fuyif aAmif;wifxdt&G,fudk taoQpm&if;xJrm xnfh

auav;aomh &nf;pm;pm &D;wwfawt&G,fudk taoQpm&if;
xJrm rxnfhyg/ vlysdKpm&if;xJrm&m xnfhyga&/ ,if;,Sifhudk
yef;atmifodvdrfharvdkY ,HkMunfyga&/
wl- rwlqpkd mG udk tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdq

k akd u tuReaYf qmif;
yg;rm wlpGmudk om"uwdeefY rwifjyrdcvdkY yef;atmif Zm
twGuftjypfwifcygav;/ yef;atmifu tuRefYudk ]rwlpGm
avmufudk&m taMumif;jyNyD;au wlpGmdkUudk rajymbJ jiif;qef
eDvDa&} vdkY axmufjyyem jrefrmeefY &cdkifwlpGmwdudk ajymcdkif;
ca& r[kwfygvm;/ ,if;ydkifajymcdkif;pGma& wlpGmuGJpGm ESpfrsdK;
vHk;udk wifjyoifha&vdkYqdkvdk&m a&mufyga&/ t*kwpfcg yef;
atmifu ]wl rwlqdkpGmudk tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdk} vdkY qdkvdkufjyef
a&/ &Sdpum; aemufpum; qefusifhreDygvm;/
ausmif;eDp 5? 6? 7-ESpft&G,f &cdkifom;taoQ (jrefrm

pum;udk em;rvnfoD;a& taoQ) wpfa,mufudk ausmif;oHk;
oli,fwef; jrefrmpmzwfpmtkyfudk oifMunfhyg/
tuRefdkUtjrifu wl-rwludpudk udk,fwpfa,mufwnf;

odxm;pGmavmufeefY rusD/ trsm;odatmif wifjy&ygzdkY/ jiif;
oifhau jiif;&ygzdkY/ jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;r&m trSefw&m;ay:xGuf
vmzkYd jzpfyga&/ a,Zl;eefY wl-rwlupd u
kd ud,
k o
f ad &qD trsm;
y&dowftusdK;iSm wifjyyD;ygvdkY yef;atmifudk wdkufwGef;yga&/
ntcg? vomom? upm;rvm;? em;rvm;/
tpm;tpm? 0g;pm;yg? tom;ygovm;? ig;ygovm;/
yxrtydk'fu ]ntcg} qdka& t"dym,fudk &cdkifom;aoQ

u ]nZmzuf? eDr0ifciftcsdef} vdkY xifyga&/ ndtcg? anh
tcgvdkY em;rvnfyg/ ]vomom} qdkpGmrmav;aomh vudk
em;vnfyga&/ bmomudk em;rvnfyg/ ]vomomqdkpGm vy
pGmudk ajympGma0;}vdkY ,Sif;jy&yga&/ ]upm;rvm;} qdkpGm upyf
zdkYvm;vdkY rD;pGmjzpfaMumif;? em;rvm;qdkpGm rupyfyJwefYeDzdkY
vm;vdkY rD;pGmjzpfaMumif; wpfvHk;pD ,Sif;jy&yga&/
yxrt&D;tom;eefYywfoufvdkY yef;atmif\trSwf(3)
a0zefcsufudk qufyemaqG;aEG;vm;ygar/
yef;atmifu ]taoQwdudkMunfhyg/ tedrfhqHk;oldkU &D;a&
&nf;pm;pmudk &cdkifpum;eefY &D;xm;vm;} vdkY qkdNyD;au tuRef
\ wifjycsuu
f kd y,fcsxm;yga&/ tuReaYf qmif;yg;rm taoQ
wdqdka& &cdkifpum;\ t"dym,fudk ausmif;eDpt&G,f 5? 6?
7-ESpfom;wdudk &nf&G,fxm;yga&/ &cdkiftoHk;tEIef;rm EdkYpdkY
'kwd,tydk'frm ]tpm;tpm} qdkpGmudk em;vnfyga&/

]0g;pm;yg}udk em;rvnfyg/ 0g;udk udkufyem pm;a&vdkY xifyg
a&/ 0g;t"dym ,fu rGm;/ 0g;pm;t"dym ,fu rGm;pm;jzpfaMumif;
,Sif;jyyga&/ at,Sifha& tuRefYudk,fwGd jzpfyga&/ udk,fhom;
177
yxrt&D;tom;eefYywfoufvdkY a0zefcsuftrSwf(4)udk
qufaqG;aEG;vm;ygar/ yef;atmifu rdrdvlrsdK; cHpm;csufudk
rdrdbmompum;eefY&m azmfxkwfEdkifa&vdkY tuRefajymcpGmudk
t<uif;rJh raxmufcHEdkifaMumif; jiif;y,fvdkufyga&/ tdEd,
jynf b*FvDpmqdkBuD; w*dk;\ EdkA,fqk& t*Fvdyfbmomjyefudk
oufoDjyvdkufygoD;a&/
udk udk,fwdkifpmjyMunfha&cg wGd&a& bmompum; tcuftcJ

jzpfyga&/
a,Zl;eefY tuRefu ]jrefrmt&D;tom;twdkif; vdkuf&D;
au taoQwdtwGuf cufygzdkY} vdkY wifjycpGm jzpfyga&/
yef;atmifu ]tacswdu vlBuD;wdxuf jrefrmpmudk
wwfeDoD;pGmudkvJ owdjyK&r,fvdkY,lqyga&} vdkY ajymvdkuf
aw/ rSefyga&/ jrefrmpum; em;vnfa&taoQ? jrefrmpmudk
oifzl;a& taoQ? edpOfb0 vlrIudprm jrefrmpum;udk ajym&
Mum;&a&taoQ ,if;taoQwd jrefrmpmudkwwfpGm qef;pGm
u r[kwf/ &cdkifpum;eefY qifwljzpfeDa& jrefrmpum;eefY
jrefrmpmwwfpGmudk xm;vdkufzd/ bmomjcm;jzpfaw t*Fvdyf
pm? t*Fvdyfpum;udkawmif rlvwef;uyif oif&Mum;&vdkY
tifwefaoQ &D;wwfajymwwfpGmudk yef;atmifodvdrfharvdkY
xifyga&/
q&myef;atmif\ oufoDu urmavmufBuD;a&cg

tuRefYtqdkudk oufoDcdkifvHkatmif wifjyzdkY vdkvSmyga&/
w*dk;\ EdkA,fqk&uAsmudk oufoDjyvdkufpGma& b*FvD
vlrsdK;w*dk;\ b*FgvDuAsmudk t*FvdyfbmomeefY tjynfhtpHk
bmomjyefEdkifa&vdkY t"dym,fxGufvSmyga&/ ,if;aMumifh
bmomjyefrI twwf\ cufcJyHkudk ateD&mrm wifjyzdkYvdkvSm
yga&/
vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;\ cHpm;csuu
f kd rdrv
d rl sKd ; bmompum;eef&Y m
azmfxkwfEdkifa&vdkY wifjypGma& bmomjyefrItwwf cufcJpGm
udk wpfenf;wpfzkH ajymjypGm jzpfyga&/ bmomjyefuRr;f usio
f l
wdu bmomjyefola& bmompum;ESpfckudk uRrf;usifzdkYvkd
aMumif; ajymuwfyga&/ ,if;ydkifESpfbmomuRrf;usifolwd
awmifu uAsmudk uAsmeefYbmomjyefzdkY rjzpfEdkifaMumif;
aumufcsufcsuwfyga&/
tuRefajymvdkpGmu udk,fhpmudk udk,foif&au ydkvG,fzdkY/

olrsm;pmudk oif&au cufzdkYqkdpGm jzpfyga&/ &cdkifpum;udk
tNcDcHyem &cdkifpmudk&D;? &cdkifaoQudkoif wwfvG,fzdkY? jrefrm
pmudk udk,fhpmvdkYrSwfyem jrefrmydkifvdkuf&D; &cddkifaoQudk oif?
oif&cufzdkYvdkY qdkvdkaMumif; yef;atmifudk xyfqifh,Sif;vif;
jyefMum;vdkyga&/
178
rsufarSmufacwfbmomjyefq&mwdxJrSm q&mOD;0if;az
(jrZif)a& xif&Sm;olwpfOD; jzpfyga&/ jrefrmuAsmudk urm
odvSmatmif ]jruefom} emrnfeefY bmomjyefwpftkyf xkwf
vdu
k af w/ ,if;pmtkyrf m uAsmbmomjyefrI cufcpJ mG udk q&m
u atydkifa,Smif 0efcHxm;yg,ifh/
aom tvkyf? rjzpfEdkifaomtvkyf[k qdkMuonf/}
]uAsmudk jyefqdk&m ypfrSwfbmomwGif uAsmajrmuf

aom uAsmenf;jzifh jyefqdkoifhygonf/ rSefygonf/ uAsmudk
uAsmjzifh jyefqkd&ef cJ,Of;onf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; bmomjyef
vkyfief;udk ratmifjrifrIrsm;qdkif&m tEkynm[kyif ac:Mu
onf/} (pm-105)
bmomjyefq&mdkU\ bmomjyefrIcufcJaMumif; 0efcH

csufwdudk ed'gef;csdwifjyNyD;au yef;atmif\ w*dk;\ EdkA,fqk
&uAsm? pum;pOfudk jyefaumufygar/
(atmifaZ?*E0iftcspfuAsm?jrefrmjyef?pm12?1994)
urmausmf b*FgvD pmqdak wmfBu;D w*d;k a& *DwvD uAsm

wdeefY pmyDqdkif&m EdkA,fqkBuD;udk qGwfcl;Edkifcyga&/ EdkA,fqk
yD;tzGUJ u t*Fvyd b
f momjyefukd zwfyem qky;D xdu
k v
f Ykd axmuf
cHwifjy qkyD;pGm jzpfyga&/ bmomjyefudk zwfvdkY qkyD;a&qdk
au bmomjyefauif;vdkY r[kwfvm;vdkY rD;Ekdifyga&/ vlrsdK;wpf
rsdK;\ cHpm;csufudk wjcm;vlrsdK;\ bmompum;eefY azmfxkwf
EdkifpGm r[kwfvm;vdkYav;aomh xyfqifhrD;Edkifyga&/
bmomjyefq&m atmifaZ\tqdu
k akd v; Munfyh gtH;k oD;/
]uAsm[lonf bompum;wpfckrS tjcm;bmompum;
wpfckodkY ul;ajymif;ay;ydkY&ef rjzpfEdkifaom pmvHk;yHkoPmef
wpf&yf jzpfonf/ bmompum;wpfckESifhwpfcktMum; uGJjym;
jcm;em;aom obm0&Sdjcif;aMumifh dk;dk;ajympum;wpfcGef;?
dk;dk;&Sif;&Sif; pum;ajy0guswpfckudkyif bomwpfckrS tjcm;
bmomwpfco
k Ykd ul;ajymif;ay;yd&Yk ef tcgcyford ;f rvG,u
f al y/
pum;\vdk&if;t"dym,fudk jyefqdkay;Edkifonfhwdkifatmif
pum;\twdrfteuf? tav;taygh taysmhtrmwdkYudk rl&if;
twdkif; jynfhjynfh00&atmiful;zdkY tvGefcufcJygonf/ ,if;
onfudk taMumif;jyK bmomjyeftvkyfonf tvGefcufcJ
attrD;udk ajzzdkYtwGuf w*dk;\b*FgvD uAsmrl&if;eefY

t*Fvdyfbbmomjyefudk EIdif;,SOfMunfhzdkY vdkvSmyga&/ odkYaomf
tuRefu b*FgvDpm rwwfyg/ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefavmufudk
&m vufvSrf;rDyga&/ q&mBuD; a'gufwmarmifjzL;\ bmom
jyef,Sif;vif;csufeefY jrefrmjyef uAsmavmufudk&m vufvSrf;
rDyga&/
179
q&mBuD;\ ,Sif;jycsuft& ajym&au b*FvDuAsmrm
wpfy'k o
f Qpaf Mumif;? pmaMumif;tqH;k rm ESpaf Mumif;wpfum&ef
pepf[daMumif;od&yga&/ q&mBuD;u w*dk;\ EdkA,fqk&
*DwvDuAsmtcsdKUudk bmomjyefa&cg jrefrmum;ajyeefY&m
jyefyga&/ t*FvdyfbmomjyefeefY q&mBuD;\ jrefrmbmom
jyefudk ,SOfMunfhuwfygar/
Collected Poems and Plays of R.Tagore, P.16.
q&mBuD;\ jrefrmbmomjyefu atmufygtwdkif; jzpfyg

a&/
vGwfvyfaom edAmef
GITANJALI XXXV
Where the mind is without fear and the head is held
high;
Where knowledge is free;
pdwu
f raMumufbEJ iS hf acgif;udk rwfpmG xm;Edik af omt&yf
vnf;aumif;/
Where the world has not been broken up into fragments

by narrow domestic walls;
ynmonf vGwfvyf&m vnf;aumif;/

urmudk usOf;ajrmif;aomvlrsdK;pk eH&Hrsm;jzifh awmufpdwf
ydkif;jcm;rI &Sd&mvnf;aumif;/
Where words come out from the depth of truth;

Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection;
pum;onf eufIdif;aom opmwGif;rSvmaom t&yf

vnf;aumif;/
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way
into the dreary desert sand of dead habit;
qifjcifrIacsmif;a&oefYonf tusifhaqG; oJuEm&wGif

c&D;vrf;praysmuf&m vnf;aumif;/
Where the mind is led forward by thee into everwidening

thought and action
Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country
awake.
pdwfudk tpOfjyefYjyL;aom awG;qjyKvkyfrIwdkYudk t&Sifa&SU

180
tvStydUk udk Zmenf;eefaY v; bmomjyefvYkd r&yg/ *kPaf jrmuf

aw uAsmaumif;wpfckrm t"dym,fav;eufrIavmuf&m
r[kwf/ oufqdkif&m bmompum;\ vSyodrfarGUrIwd? us,f
jyefYeuf,SdKif;rIwd tm;vHk;tusHK;0ifeDyga&/ ,if;vSyodrfarGU
rIwdrm cHpm;csufygyg&/ toHom,mrIeefY pum;vHk;teuf
t,SdKif;wdrmav;aomh pmqdk\ cHpm;csuf (udkvdkeDb*FgvDjynf
olwd\ cHpm;csuf)tjynfhygyga&/
aqmif&m vnf;aumif;/
xdkvGwfvyfaom edAmef wynfhawmf\ wdkif;jynfonf
Edk;Mum;Edkifygap t&Sifbk&m;/
armifjzL;? w*dk;pm ya'om? pm-79-80
a,Zl;eefY ]vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;\ cHpm;csufudk ,if;vlrsdK;\

bmompumeefY&m azmfxkwfEdkifaMumif;} tuRefYaqmif;yg;rm
tav;teuf wifjycpGm jzpfyga&/
bmomjyefESpfckudkMunfhau pum;jyifeefY&m jyefxm;

aMumif; wGdEdkifyga&/ ,if;bmomjyefwdrm rlvb*FgvD uAsm
yHo
k Pmef? um&ef? toH? pum;vH;k wdukd vuf&w
T v
f u
kd &f yga&/
,if;eefY qufE,
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,if;um&efESifh yHkoPmefudk rSDvdkYjzpfvSma& toH? pum;vHk;
181
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atmif tuRefawmhcg bmomrjyefwwfyg/
yef;atmifu tuRefYaqmif;yg;udk a0zefa&cg t"duus

a& tcsuf (bmompum; uGJpGm)udk ra0zef/ ]]bmompum;
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tqHk;owfuwfygar/
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u rsufarSmufacwf &cdkifeefY jrefrmbmompum;ESpfcka&
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twGufaMumifh t&D;tom;av;aomh oD;jcm;[doifha&qdka&
t,ltqjzpfyga&/ ,if;t,ltqrSefaMumif;udk odkif;0dkif;csJU
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(rSwfcsuf pum;csyf/ trSwf(1) t&D;tom;eefY

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rwHYk jyefbJ csex
f m;cpGmwpfck [dyga&/ Zm,Siahf v;qdak u
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182
rjzpfpDbJ ESpfckvHk; &cdkifydkif &D;pDvdkaMumif;} tajymeefYt&D;

ruGJ&atmif nd,loifhaMumif; wifjycyga&/
]]bmompum;rwlvYkd pmyDrwlEikd q
f pkd mG rjiif;omyg/ t*k
wlpGmvJ[da&? rwlpGmvJ [da&qdkau jiif;r&vdkY xifyga&/
t*FvdyfeefY tar&duefyHkpHudkMunfh&r,fvdkY xifyga&/ tjywf
jiif;y,fpGmuawmh oifhzdkYr,lqyg}} vdkY wifjycyga&/
tajymeefYt&D; ruGJoifhqdkpGmudk wifjya&cg txuf

jrefrmEdkifiH pm&D;q&mtoif;\ pmwef;udk pHerlemxm;cyg
a&/ q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwif\ Mo0g'pumudkav;aomh
udk;um;cyga&/ ,if;,Sifhudk yef;atmifu atydkifa,Smif a0
zefvdfkufaw/
atydkif wifjypGmrm ]]t*FvdyfeefY tar&duefyHkpHudk Munfh

&r,fvdkY xifyga&}} qdka& pum;udk aqG;aEG;&ygzdkY/ atudp
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f m;
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taMumif;&if;uawmhcg txufjrefrmEdkifiH pm&D;q&mdkU\
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r,fqdka& t,ljzpfw,f/
(pm-27)
'kwd,t&D;tom;udp w
wHY k Hjyef c suf
2/ rEav;u acwfrDpmwrf;udk wifa&xJrm yg0ifca&

yk*dKvfwdawmifrS tcsdKU*E0if[efudk udkifpGJeDuwf,ifh/ armif
omEdk;awmif olUpmwdrm *E0ifwpf0uf0ifeDoD;a&/
tuRefYaqmif;yg;rm azmfjya& 'kwd,t&D;tom;u

jrefrmpum;jyif jzpfeDyga&/ Zmwfaumifcsif; tcsDtcs pum;
ajyma&cg &cdkifpum;udk oHk;xm;yga&/ ,if;ydkif &D;xm;pGmudk
tuReu
f tcst
D cspum;udk vufcEH ikd af Mumif;? pum;jyif t&D;
tom;udk jrefrmpum;jyifeefY twlwl&D;xm;vdkY vufrcHEdkif
aMumif;? ]pum;ajym t&D;tom;u jrefrm? pum;jyifu &cdkif
(pm-28)
183
3/ a'tcsufudk Munfhau pum;ajym[efeefY &D;&zdkY? &D;rS
acwfrDzdkYpGma& tpGef;a&mufw,fvdkY xifyga&/ trSwfESpf
t&D;tom;rm >rDa[mufwpfydkif;? vif;>rDwpfydkif; t&D;tom;
jzpfvYkd vufrcHqpkd mG udak wmh oabmrwl/ cRe;f csuef ef&Y m vuf
cHcsifyga&/
tcspum;ajymrm &cdkiftajymudk &D;om;xm;vdkY vufcHpGm

jzpfyga&/
jrefrmpum;jyif t&D;tom;udk ZmaMumifh y,fcs&av;
qdkpGmudk yxrt&D;tom;udp ]jrefrmpmeefY &cdkifpmwla&qdk
aom t,ltq} wifjycguyif ,Si;f cNy;D jzpfyga&/ t*k 'kw,
d
t&D;tom;rmav;aomh jrefrmpum;jyif t&D;tom;udk oHk;
xm;a&cg tuRefu xyfyem y,fcspGmjzpfyga&/ atydkif y,f
csa&udprm txufjrefrmEdkifiH pm&D;q&mtoif; t,ltq
]t&D;eefY tajym rjcm;em;atmifn&d }D eefY wpfcyk ikd af v; rquf
pyfyg/ rywfoufyg/ yef;atmifu&m a&mxGD;em;vnfyem
]vTrf;rdk;cH&a&} qdkpGm pum;eefY tuRefYpmudk ao;odrfatmif
vkyfypfpGm jzpfyga&/
(pm-28)
(yef;atmifu ,if;ydkif y,fcsxm;auav;? aemufydkif;
pmrsuESm (30)rm ]]>rD}} a[mufwpfydkif; ? vif;>rDwpfydkif;udk
a,Smif&D;}}vdkY qdkxm;jyefa&/)
'kwd,t&D;tom;udpudk yef;atmif a0zefa&cg udk,fh
oabmeefYudk,f ]]>rDa[mufwpfydkif;? vif;>rDwpfydkif; t&D;
tom;rsdK;} vdkY emrnfwpfck yD;vdkufaw/ aumif;yga&/ &cddkif
a0g[m&wpfv;kH udk taMumif;t&meefY vdu
k zf ufatmif pdom;
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vG,fvm;yga&/
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a&m&D;pGmudk yef;atmifu udk,foabmeefYudk,f ]>rD} a[muf
wpfydkif;? vif;>rDwpfydkif;vdkY emrnfyD;vdkufaw r[kwfygvm;/
atydkifa&mxGD;vdkY &D;a&udpudk tuRefaqG;aEG;jya&cg
jrefrmeefY &cdkifa&m&D;xm;a& udpudk raqG;aEG;yg/ t&D;eefY
tajymaumif;aumif; uGmjcm;eDa& udpudk&m roifhawmf
aMumif; aqG;aEG;yga&/
emrnfwyfyD;pGmuawmh [kwf,m/ a,'gav;aomh rlv

pmudk q&myef;atmif pdpdESHYESHYzwfyg,ifhvm;/ pdpdESHYESHUzwfau
tcsufESpfckygpGmudk wGdygzdkY/ wpfcku pum;jyif t&D;tom;
rm jrefrmt&D;tom;jzpfeDvdkY y,fcspGm? aemufwpfcku tcsD
184
atudpudk aqG;aEG;a&cg txufjrefrmEdkifiH pm&D;q&m
toif;\ ]pum;jyifeefY pum;ajymudk wlEdkifo&Gdwlatmif
tm;xkwf&zdkYjzpfaw} qdka& t,ltqudk vufcHyem erlem
tjzpfeefY wifjycyga&/
aps;pum; Hk;pum; oD;jcm;r&Sd/ jrefrmrSm aps;wpfrsdK;? Hk;wpf

rsdK;&Sdaewmu roifhbl;}}
(Od;azarmifwif trSmpum;? olUrdwfaqGpmtkyf? pm 8-9? vlxkyHkESdyfwdkuf? rEav;? 1972-ck)
att,ltqrSefaMumif;udk bmomaA' ynoQif q&m

BuD; OD;azarmifwif? ygarmucsKyf OD;ausmf&if? a'gufwmqef;
xGef;dkUu 0dkif;AsmaxmufcHuwfaw/ ,if;yk*dKvfwd\ jynfhpHk
ESHYpyfrIudk tuRefdkU av;pm;wefzdk;xm;yga&/
txufygpumudkMunfhau urmoHk; bmompum;BuD;

jzpfaw t*Fvdyfbmompum;rm tajymeefY&D; wlEdkiforQ
wlatmif BudK;pm;uwfaMumif; jrefrmpmudk BuD;us,fcdkifcHh
atmifvkyfzdkY ,if;enf;udk twk,loifhaMumif; Mo0g'yD;pGmudk
wGdEdkifyga&/
,if;yk*dKvfwd axmufcHcsufydkvdkY wefzdk;wufvmatmif

tuRefu jznfhpGwfwifjyvm;ygar/
t*Fvdyfbmom&mr[kwf xif&Sm;a& urmoHk;bmom

pum;wdrmav;aomh tajymeefYt&D;bmompum;wpfrsdK;
wnf;jzpfaMumif;? ]wpfenf;qdk&au tajymeefYt&D; eDpyf
aMumif;} od&yga&/ cdkifvHkatmif oufoDjyvm;ygar/
q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwif\ axmufcHcsufwdudk jyefwif

jy&au-]]t*FvdyfawGu olwdkYpmudk urmhbmomjzpfatmif vkyf
wJhenf;pepfudk wdkYjrefrmawGu twkcdk;zdkY raumif;aybl;vm;/
t*FvdyfpmrSm EIwfajympum;eJY ta&;pum; rjcm;em;vSbl;/
wlEdkiforQwlatmif BudK;pm;Muw,f}}
bmomaA'ynmoQif a&mfAed u
f atydik rf ed q
Yf x
kd m;yga&/
]]tuRef Ukd tuRr;f 0ifeu
D wfaw Oa&mybmompum;wd
rm t&D;eefY tajymESpfckvHk;qdkpGmu &D;om;enf;eefY ajymqdk
enf;dkUa& ]bmompum;wpfrsdK;wnf; jzpfawvdkY todtrSwf
jyKxm;oifha&/ todtrSwfjyKxm;uwfaw}}
]]q&mwdkYpum;u tdrfrSmwpfrsdK;ajymyD; Hk;rSmwpfrsdK; oHk;

ae,ifraumif;bl;}}
]]q&mxyfyD;ajymcsifwmu t*Fvdyfu olUbmompum;
udk Bu;D us,cf ikd cf ahH tif vkyw
f mudk twkc;kd &r,f/ t*Fvyd pf mrSm
R.H.Robins, General Linguisties, An Introductiory

Survey, P.176. Second edition, Longman Group 1971.
185
ynmoQifdkU\ txufygtqdktrdefYwdudk oHk;oyfMunfh

au urmhbmomBuD;wdrm tajymeefYt&D;udk ruGJjym;atmif
eD;eD;uyfuyfuRrf;uRrf;0if0if[datmif tm;xkwfuwfaMumif;
odEdkifyga&/ ,if;ydkif tm;xkwfpGma& urmhbmomBuD;wd\
vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;pHjzpfaw/ wpfenf;ajym&au tajymeefY t&D;
udk wlEdkifo&Gdwlatmif ndyem &D;om;enf;a& EdkifiHwum\
pHyifjzpfawvdkY qdkEdkifyga&/
bmomaA'ynmoQif trsm;dkUu &D;om;enf;tm;vHk;udk

bmomaA'e,fy,f\ tjyifbufu&mjzpfawvdkY rSwf,lxm;
uwfaw/ tajymbmompum;udk&m bmomaA'e,fy,fxJ
rmyga&vdkY oabmxm;yem pnf;urf;uefYowfcsifuwfaw/
a,'gav;aomh tajymeefY t&D;dkUESpfckMum; ESD;EG,frIa&
eD;eD;uyfuyfuRrf;uRrf;0if0ifjzpfaw/
jrefrmt&D;tom;eefY ywfoufvdkY txufjrefrmEdkifiH

pma&;q&mtoif;u 1966-ESpfrm wifjya& pmwef;a&
Edik if w
H umpHukd a&mifjyef[yfyem wifjypGmrsKd ;jzpfawvdYk qdEk ikd f
ygzdkY/ ,if;pmwef; tajymeefYt&D;udk ndyem &D;t,ltqudk
q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwif? ygarmucsKyfOD;ausmf&if? a'gufwm
oef;xGe;f dUk u ZmtwGuf axmufcu
H wfygav;/ ,if;yk*Kd vw
f d
u urmb
h momBu;D wdtaMumif;udk odvjYkd zpfyga&/ Edik if w
H um
pH&D;enf;udk jrefrmwdenf;,l pDcsifvdkY jzpfyga&/
H.A, Gleason, Jr; An Introduction to Descriptive

Linguisties, Revised edition. P.408,
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co, 1973
t*Fvdyfpm[ef ynm&Sif t,fvif0gem\ wifjycsufudk

av;aomh MunfhygtHk;oD;/
]]at&mpkESpfrm txifay:qHk; pm[efvrf;aMumif;a&
yHo
k rD [kwaf wenf;bufwYkd pum;ajymenf;bufwYkd &Ged aD &vrf;
aMumif; jzpfaw/ tqifjh rif0h wKu aMumfjimwd tqift
h m;vH;k
rm t&D;tom;a& omreftajymbufwdkY ydkvdkYyg;ygvwfaw/
att,ltqeefY udkufnDa& t&D;tom;udk tuRefdkU

taygif;toif; uavmifoQif rSJUeDaoQu 1961-ckuyif wif
jycyg,m/ rSJUeDaoQ\ t&D;tom;u rEav; pmwrf;xuf
ig;ESpfapmyga&/ rSJUeDaoQ t&D;tom;udk aemufydkif;trSwf(4)
t&D;tom;udprm wifjyvm;ygar/
Alan warner, A Short Guide to English Style, P.

160,
Oxford University Press, 1964.
yef;atmifu ]t&D;eefY tajymwl&r,f} qdka& t,ltq

186
udk pmwef;wifol armifomEdk;atmif olUpmwdrm *E0if[ef
wpf0uf 0ifeo
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a&/
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csuw
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tom;rsdK;vdkY emrnfvS wpfckwyfyD;NyD;au wpfrsdK;wnf;ydkif
a&mxGD;oHk;oyfxm;a&/
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vif;>rDwpfydkif;} jzpfvdkY vufrcHqdkpGmudkawmhcg oabmrwl/
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jzpfeDyga&/
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aw/
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udk a,Smif&D;} vdkY vrf;Tefxm;yga&/ &Sdpum;aemufpum;
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189
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190
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192
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av;/ &Sdpum; trSefvm;/ aemufpum;u trSefvm;/ udk,fh
a0zefpmrm &Sdpum; aemufpum; rnDpGmudku yef;atmif
odyg,ifhvm;vdkY rD;csifyga&/
&D;vdkYaumif;atmifwifjypGm jzpfyga&/ wwd,wdkif;om;

t&D;tom;udk tuRefudk,fwdkifav;aomh &D;cyga&/ odkYaomf
,if;t&D;tom;xuf pwkwwdkif;om; t&D;tom;u ydk
aumif;ydkifwGdvdkY &cdkifpmyDopftwGuf ydktusdK;[dzdkYxifvdkY
tuRef,if;enf;udk oHk;eDyga&/
tajympum;udk toufqufyD;EdkifzdkYtwGuf uavmif
oQifwd tajymudk tNcDcHyem pdkifqufrjywf&D;yD;zdkY vdkygvdrfh
ar/ tajymaemufrm t&D;tom;vdkufrygau? tajympum;
wnfwHhzdkYpGm? cdkifrmzdkYpGm wdk;yGm;us,fjyefYzdkYpGmudk pdwful;vdkY
r&Edik yf g/ pum;eJpY m wnfww
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wwd,t&D;tom;eefyY wfoufvYkd yef;atmif a0zefcsuf

wdukd tcsKyo
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tqjzpfaw &cdkifacwfa[mif; ]\? onf? wGif? toHk;t&D;
tom;eefY} acwfopf ]a&? aw? au} oHk; t&D;tom;ESpfrsdK;
udka&mvdkY r&D;oifh? taMumif;t&mwpfckwnf;rm pum;jyif
193
&D;cgawmh acwfa[mif; tcsDtcspum;ajymcgawmh acwfopf
rjzpfoifh/ ESpfrsdK;vHk acwfopfjzpfoifha&qdka& t,ltqudk
y,fcsvu
kd af w/ ,if;t,ltqaMumifh tuReu
Yf kd *E0ifrek ;f wD;
a&;0g'DvdkY vlqdk;wHqdyfcwfvdkufoD;a&/
rjcm;em;&atmif ndAsm &D;oihfaMumif; om"uwdeefY wifjy

csufudkav;aomh ]olrsm;eefY wlnDzdkYavmuf&m tm;jyKol} vdkY
oa&mfvu
kd af w/ tuReu
Yf kd rEav;om;wd t,ltq (tajym
eefY t&D;ndyem&D;) aemufwdkY vdkufvdkYoa&mfcsifa& qdkygzd/
wpfenf;ajym&au tuRe\
f olrsm;aemufwv
Ykd u
kd rf I rsucf s;D udk
yef;atmifjrifrvdkY &,fcsifa&qdkygzd/ tuRefav;aomh yef;
atmif rsufcsD;udkjrifyg,ifhaxm/
tuReu
f a&? aw? auud&k m oH;k oifah Mumif;? &Syd ikd ;f tqdk
jyKcsufudk tpGef;ra&muf&atmif ]acwfa[mif;udk roHk;oifh
qdpk mG w&m;oDr[kw?f oH;k oifah u &J&0J if0h ifo
h ;kH } vdYk ud,
k phf um;
udk aemufydkif;rm jyefxdef;vdkufyga&/ ,if;,Sifhudkjrifa&cg
yef;atmifu tuRefudk ]avsmfuefoifhjrwfyga&} vdkY csD;rGrf;
vdkufjyefa&/ ,if;ydkif csD;rGrf;vdkufawtwGuf yef;atmifpmu
&Sdpum;aemufpum;rnD jzpfvm;a&/
tuRefYt&D;tom; (tajymeefY t&D;ndxm;aom &cdkif

t&D;tom;)eefY yef;atmif\ a0zefpm t&D;tom;wleDyga&
um/ ,if;ydkifwleDa&twGufaMumifh yef;atmif &,fcsifaom
tuRerYf sucf s;D eefY yef;atmif\ rsucf s;D twlw&l m r[kwyf gvm;
vdkY rD;csifyga&/
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tuRefYwifjycsufrm &Sdpum;aemufpum;rQwatmif tpGef;
ESpfbufvGwfatmif xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;&D;pGmudk toifhtwifh
ESv;kH oGi;f yem em;vnfatmif tm;rxkwpf mG udk jyeDa&/ a,Zl;
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qefYusifbuf ]avsmfuefoifhjrwfyga&} vdkY &Sdpum;aemuf
pum; rnD ayghayghaomhaomh ajymvdkufpGmjzpfaw/
&cdkifpum;yHkrm ]udk,fhrsufcsD; udk,frjrif} vlrsufcsD; udk,f

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yem yef;atmif\wwd,t&D;tom;udp a0zefcsufwdudk
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pwkwt&D;tom; udpwY Hk jyef c suf

tuRefu pwkwwdkifom;a& ated&cdkiftajymbmom
pum; (ppfawGcdkif? ausmufjzLcdkif)rm tNcDcHNyD;au tajym
bmompum;eef Y t&D ; bmompum;ud k n D a tmif n d y em
a,NyD;au tuRefu t&D;eefYtajym aumif;aumif;

194
&D;uwfaMumif;? pmvHk;aygif;pepfu ajrmufOD;aESmif;acwf
twdkif;jzpfaMumif;? att&D;tom;pepfa& tajymudktNcDcH
yem &D;xm;a&pHjy&cdkifpum;jyif t&D;tom;jzpfaMumif; wif
jycyga&/
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tajymuGJpGmudk aumfrmaoQwdeefY pum;vHk;yHkajymif;Asm jya&
ydik f &cdik rf mav;aomh ud,
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pwkwwdkif;om;\ pHjy&cdkift&D;tom;tjzpf 1961ckxkwf ]acwfa&SUaqmif pmapmifu uavmifaoQ rSJUeDaoQ
&D;a& ]MuufweG ef AD sm} aqmif;yg;aumufEw
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udk yef;atmifu atydkif a0zefxm;yga&/
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atmif ndNyD;au &D;zdkY/
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a'ydkif &D;oifha&vdkY/
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au ydkNyD;,Sif;zdkYvm;xif,ifh/
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r[kwfyg/ a'tcsufawmh owdusyfoifha& xifa&axm/
&cdkifbmompum;a& jrefrmbmompum;eefYawmif rwlqdkNyD;
twif;t"rccJG pGmudk owdjyKrzd Ykd vdyk ga&/ jrefrmeefrY wlqakd u
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195
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pum;vHk;wdudkvdkufNyD; ajymif;&ygvdrfhr,f/ a' ]Asm} a& Zmydkif
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toHajymif;a& pepfMunfhau rif;ua'ghqdkpGm rif;uawmhu
ajymif;a& toHjzpfw,fawmhqakd & oHni ;f a&oHjyif;udk ajymif;
pGmjzpfw,f/ rl&if;vdYk Zmydik o
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yef;atmifa0zefwifjycsufudk wpfcsufpD oHk;oyfMunfh
uwfygar/
yef;atmifu tuRef\ ]tajymbmompum;eefY? t&D;

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ydkNyD;,Sif;vm;xif,ifh} vdkY oa&mfoHtjynfheefY axmufjyvdkuf
yga&/
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a& txufjrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mtoif;\ t,ltqjzpfyg
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t,ltqa& urmhbmomBuD;wdrmoHk;a& t,ltqjzpfvdkY
pHerlemxm;oifhyga&/ ,if;t,ltqudk rSefa&xifvdkY udk,fh
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a&/
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ppf a wG r m ,if ; t,l t qrsd K ;eef Y & D ; a& &cd k i f t &D ; tom;
(pwkwt&D;tom;)udk uavmifoQif rSJUeDaoQu 1961-ck
uyif &D;cNyD; jzpfyga&/
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q&mwdxuf ig;ESpfapmvdkY oHk;pGJ&D;om;NyD;jzpfaMumif; ay:vGif
196
vSmyga&/
vdkyga&/
tuRefu rSJUeDaoQ&D;[efa& av;pm;tm;udk;avmufaw

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ESpf&moD pmpdca&cg} &D;zl;ygAsm/ &cdkifhwefaqmifr*Zif;?
1963-rm &SmMunfhau wGdygvdrfhar/ rSJUeDaoQeefY "npHdkU
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uwfawvdkY qdk&ygzdkY/
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a&ydkif (do not udk don't )vdk udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efeefY jyoifh
aMumif; tMuHyD;cyga&/ ay:vGifatmif erlempmydk'fwpfck
wifjyygar/
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pdkufpdkuf? pkwfpkwfvdkY&m &D;vm;zdkY jzpfyga&/
Zmydkif;yifjzpfjzpf rSJUeDaoQeefY "npHdkU\ t&D;tom;a&

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turefu wifjy&pGmjzpfygaMumif; yef;atmifyg;wdkY wHkYjyef
,if ; oabmrsd K ;ud k tuRef u tMuH y D ; wif j ycpG m yg/

aumfrmtoHk;udk tuRefdkU t*Fvdyfpmu &vSmpGmr[kwfyg
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197
pGeJ u
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dG ifh
axm/ ,if;ydkif ,liifoHk;pGJa&twGuf t*Fvdyfbmompum;udk
twk,lAsm rqDrqdkif oHk;a&vdkY ajymEdkifygzdkYvm;/
vufrcHyg/ odkYaomfyef;atmifu toHGuftwdkif; &D;vdkufau

oHk;r&atmif tqifhedrfha&bmompum;jzpfvm;vdrfhr,f} vdkY
ajymvdkufpGmudkawmhcg wpf0ufwpfysufavmuf&m rSefa&
pum;vdkY axmufjyvdkyga&/
yef;atmifu tuRefYtMuHjyKwifjycsufudk t"dym,f

aumuf vGJNyD;au trSwf(2) a0zefcsufrm ]&cdkifpum;qdkpGm
t*Fvdyfbmompum;r[kwfyg/ jrefrmeefYrwlqdkau t*Fvdyf
eefYwlvdkY &ygzdkYvm;} vdkY yHkBuD;csJUyem a0zefy,fcsyga&/
wpf0ufwpfysuf&mrSefa&qdkau Zm,Sifhwdu rSefav;

Zm,SifhwdurSm;av;vdkY ,Sif;&ygzdkY/ tuRef ,Sif;jyygar/
yef;atmif\ a0zefpmxJrm ]t*k? *keD} qdka& pmvHk;wd
udk wGd&yga&/ ,if;pmvHk;wdudk toHxGuftwdkif; &D;xm;pGm
r[kwfygvm;/ ,if;ydkif &D;a&twGufaMumifh yef;atmifpmudk
]oH;k r&atmif tqifeh rd ahf &} vdYk ajymvdu
k &f ygzdv
Yk m;/ yef;atmif
pum;udk,lyemajym&au ]t*k? *keD} qdka& toHxGufpmvHk;udk
oHk;a&twGufaMumifh yef;atmifav;aomh uif;0efrif;BuD;
owfrSwfau ]vlrdkuf} pm&if;xJ ygcsifcsifjzpfeD,mvdkY qdk&yg
zdkYvm;/
,if;avmufeJY rusDygoD;/ tuRefYtMuHjyKwifjycsufudk

t,ltqvTNJ y;D au toHxu
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vmygzdv
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atmif tqifhedrfha& bmompum;tjzpfvm;vdrfhr,f}}
t*k? *keDoHk;pGmavmufeefY yef;atmifpm oHk;r&atmif

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rygyg/ yef;atmifu t*k? *keDvdkY &D;vdkufpGma& pm&D;a&cg
wcsdKUeD&mrm (trsm;y&dowf) ajymoHaemufodkY vdkufyem &D;
wwfaw pm&D;ol (tavmifoQif)dkU\ tavhtusifh&m jzpfyg
a&/ yef;atmif &D;pGmrrSm;yg/ a,Zl;eefY yef;atmifpum;
wpf0ufwpfysuf&m rSefa&vdkY tuRefajym&pGm jzpfyga&/
tuRefYpmrm ]pum;vHk;yHkajymif;&D;zdkY} qdka& pum;\

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oufa&mufvzD v
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toHxGuftwdkif; &D;a&qdkpGmu pum;udk p*g;? pyg;udk
pAm;vdkY &D;pGmrsdK;jzpfaw/ ,if;t&d;tom;rsdK;udk tuRefav;
198
yHkBuD;csJUvdkY rqifrjcif ajymvdkufaw/
pum;vHk;yHkajymif;&D;a&udpeefY ywfoufvdkY yef;atmif\

a0zefcsuu
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ygar/
,if;ydkif ajymvdkufau pum;wda& bmompum;dkU\

obm0tajymeefY t&D;dkU\ qufEG,frIudk tav;teufxm;
yem roHk;oyfrdvdkY jzpfygzdkY/
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qufpum;vHk;wdudk a'gufavsmufoHk;vmpGmudk wGd&a&/ ,if;
pum;vHk;aoQwd rlv&D;xHk;ygvm;/ ]vnf;? wnf;? rnf} dkUu
yHkajymif;vma& pum;wdr[kwfygvm;/ ,if;ydkif yHkajymif;&D;
vdu
k af wtwGuaf Mumifh yef;atmif\pm kyyf suq
f if;ysuf oH;k
r&atmif jzpfvm;ygvm;/
trSefu tajymeefYt&D;rm tajymu OD;aqmifa&/ t&D;

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udk &D;xHk;wnfNidrfatmif xdef;yD;vma&/ odkYaomf tajymu
xm0&wnfwHhreD/ taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh ajymif;&Gdvm
a&/ txl;ojzifh toHajymif;a& ,if;ydkif toHajymif;Asm vl
trsm;u ajymqdkoHk;EIef;wwfpGmudk pmyD&D;zGJUa& vlwdu udk,fh
pmrmxnfhAsm &D;uwfaw/ yef;atmifoHk;vdkufaw ]t*k} qdk
a& pum;vHk;u toHaemufwdkYvdkufyem &D;yHkerlemwpfck jzpf
yga&/
pwkwt&D;tom;rm tuRefwifjya& udpu rlv&D;xHk;

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oHk;yem ]e} aemifudkif? &G} &Twfppdkufvm;} vdkY &D;zdkY/ ,if;ydkif
&D;au toHudk ]cs} vdkY twdktaoQoHk;[ef "avhay:vmzdkY
jzpfyga&/ ,if;tjrifeefY t*Fvdyfpmrm aumfrmoHk;vdkY &D;ydkif
&D;oifhaMumif; tMuHyD;wifjycpGm jzpfyga&/
,if;ydkif &D;a&twGufaMumifh yef;atmifudk tuRefu

uif;0efrif;BuD; ajyma& vlrdkufpm&if;xJrm rxnfhyg/ bmom
pum;dkU\ oabmobm0udk (udk,frodvdkufbJ) tvdkufoifh
vufcH&D;om;a& uavmifoQifwpfOD;jzpfawvdkY jrifrdyga&/
,if;,Sifhudk yef;atmif ]&cdkifbmompum;qdkpGm t*Fvdyf

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&D;a& tqifhxda&mufvm;vdrfhr,f/ oHk;r&atmif tqifhedrfh
a& bmompum;jzpfvm;vdrfhr,f/ uif;0efrif;BuD;ajyma&ydkif
]ajymovdka&;vQif vlrdkuf/ a&;ovdkajymvQif vlzsif;} qdkyem
toHxGuftwdkif;&D;pGmeefY ywfoufvdkY aemufqHk;wpfck

ajymcsifygoD;a&/ Zmav;qdkau urmrm udk,fydkiftu&m
t[da& vlrsdK;wdrm a&mrtu&mudk oHk;yem toHxGuf
199
yg/ ppfawGcdkif a'od,pum;rm ]ysm? Asm} ajyma&a'o

]ys,f? Asm,f} ajyma&a'oESpfrsdK; a&meDa&/ NrdKUeefY tquf
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ajymif;vm;pGmyg/)
twdkif; &D;eDuwfw bmompum;wd tifwef[da& qdkpGm

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jzpfaw/ ,Ofaus;rItqifhjrifh& wkwfawmifu &D;zdkYcufcJha&
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wGifAsm pm&D;zdkY pDpOfeDuwfpGmudk yef;atmifavhvmMunfhau
wGdygvdrfhar/ a,Zl;eefY yef;atmifajyma&ydkif toHxGuf
twdkif; &D;auyif oHk;r&a& bmompum;jzpfrvm;yg/ udk,fh
tajctaet& vdktyfvSma&cg rvTJra,Smifom oHk;vm;pGm
&m jzpfawvdkY ESvHk;oGif;oifhygaMumif; wHkYjyefvdkyga&/
NrdKUom;wd ajyma&twGufaMumifh uavmifoQifwdu

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k phf mxJrm
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toHk;xkwfawcg oa0xdk;oH&m xkwfyga&/ erlemjy&au
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wdrm u,f? v,fdkUudkau? avvdkY&m toHxGufyga&/ ys,f?
As,fdkUudkav;aomh ays? aAsvdkY&m toHxkwf&ygzdkY/ yef;atmif
ajyma&ydkif ]Asm} udk ]As,f}vdkY toHrxkwfyg/ uavmifoQifwd
u pum;vHk;xGifyem ppfawGcdkifu NrdKUom;wd toHxGufaw
twdkif; ]ys,f? As,f} vdkY &D;uwfpGm&m jzpfaw/ ,if;pmvHk;
aygif;udk jrefrrmwdzwfau ppfawGoHtwdkif; xGufEdkifyga&/
odkYaomf ppfawGpumudk rMum;bl;a& &rf;NAJa'ou &cdkifwd
uawmhcg ys,?f As,pf mvH;k aygif;udk ]ays? aAs} vk&Yd m toHxu
G f
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,if;pum;vHk;wdudk vdkufNyD;au ajymif;&ygvdrfhar}} qdkyem
tus,faqG;aEG;xm;yga&/
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trD;tajzrm ]Asm} pum;vH;k a& twdwu
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tqHk;owfpum;&mjzpfawvdkY jznfhpGuf,Sif;jyoifhaMumif;
axmufjyvdkyga&/
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yef;atmifu olUa0zefpmaqmif;yg;rm ]w,f? r,f} udk

awmufavsmuf oHk;xm;a&/ oluawmh Zmydkifa,Smif toH
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]au? ar} vdkY&m toHxkwfzwfyga&/
bmomaA' ynmoQifwd uav;aomh &cdkifom;wd (ppf

awG? &rf;NAJ)ajyma& o&oHrm jrefrmwdajyma& ]t,f} o&oH
rsdK; rwGd&vdkY aumufcsufcsuwfyga&/
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zdkYvJqdkau o&oH&yf (u-owf? p-owf? w-owf? y-owf)
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202
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tom;rsdK;rm udk,fhtajympum;udk xnfh&D;vdkY r&Edkifyg/ udk,fh
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(1996)
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pm-52-57/
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o&pepfI Denis Barnot, The Vowel System of
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EI d i f ; Munf h j cif ;
Arakanese And Towoyan: Lingua 15 (1965) 463-474,

North Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam
yef;atmif? &cdkifpmyD t&D;tom;qdkpGm ZmydkifvJ?

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209
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oHk;ygonf/ &cdkifESifh wlygonf/
4/ xGufcGm&m aemufquf
,aeYjrefrmpum;wGif uwm;aemufquftjzpf ]u? ,m} wdkY

udk oHk;NyD; &cddkifwdkYu ]u? a&} wdkYudk oHk;ygonf/ yHkpHrSm-
218
5/ a&S;I&m aemufquf
trsm;jyaemufquftjzpf ]rsm;} udk roHk;ay/
a&S;I&m aemufquftjzpf ]ud}k udk oH;k ouJo

h Ykd &cdik w
f u
Ykd vnf;
oHk;ygonf/
Bud , maemuf q uf
Bud,maemufqufudk (1) jzpfqJumv? (2) jzpfNyD;umv? (3)
jzpfvwHU umv[k oH;k rsKd ;cG
J jrefrmtoH;k ESihf &cdik t
f oH;k udk EIid ;f ,SOf
jyygrnf/
6/ taMumif;jyaemufquf
taMumif;jyaemufquftjzpf jrefrmu ]aMumifh} udkoHk;NyD;
&cdkifu ]twGufeefY} udk oHk;ygonf/
1/ jzpfqJumv? jrefrmwGif ]w,f} udk jzpfqJumvBud,m

aemufquftjzpf oHk;aMumif; awGU&onf/ jrefrmaemuf
quf ]w,f} ESifh &cdkifBud,maemufquf ]aw? a&} wdkY
wlMuygonf/ jrefrmpum; ]tdyfw,f} udk &cdkifu
]tdyfaw} [kk ajymNyD; jrefrmpum; ]pm;w,f} udk &cdkifu
]pm;a&} [k ajymygonf/
7/ toHk;cH aemufquf
toHk;cHaemufquftjzpf jrefrmu ]eJY} udk oHk;NyD; &cdkifu ]eefY}
udk oHk;ygonf/
8/ tcsdefjy aemufquf
2/ jzpfNy;D umvaemufquf/ jrefrmwdw

Yk iG f jzpfNy;D umvBu,
d m
aemufquftjzpf ]w,f} udk ]cJ}h ESiw
hf
JG ]uefawmhcw
hJ ,f}
[k oHk;NyD; &cdkifu uefawmhca&} [k oHk;ygonf/ xdkYjyif
jrefrmwGif jzpfNyD;umvBud,maemufquftjzpf ]NyD} udk
]NyD;} ESifhwGJ ]pm;yD;yD} [k ajymNyD; &cdkifu ]pm;NyD;Asm} [k
ajymygonf/
,aeYjrefrmpum;wGif tcsdefjyaemufquftjzpf ]rSm? u} udk

oHk;ouJhodkY &cdkifuvnf; oHk;onf/
9/ ae&mjy aemufquf
,aeYjrefrmpum;wGif ae&mjy aemufquftjzpf ]rSm? u}
udk oHk;ouJhodkY &cdkifvnf; oHk;ygonf/
trsm;jyemrfaemufquf
3/ jzpfvwHUumvaemufquf/ jrefrmpum;wGif jzpfvwH

umv Bud,maemufquftjzpf ]r,f? vdrfh? r,f} wdkYudk
oHk;NyD; &cdkifwGif ]ar? vdrfh? ar} [l oHk;ygonf/
,aeYjrefrmpum;wGif trsm;jyemrf aemufquftjzpf ]wdkY?

awG? rsm;} oHk;rsdK;oHk;aMumif; awGU&onf/ &cdkif jrefrmpum; ]wdkY}
tpm; ]dUk } udk oH;k Ny;D ]awG} tpm; ]wd} udk oH;k ygonf/ &cdik pf um;wGif
txufyg emrfaemufquf? Bud,maemufqufrsm;tjzpf
219
ed*Hk;
wjcm;pum;quf ypn;f vnf; trsm;tjym;yif &SMd uygonf/ aeYpOf

oHk; jrefrmpum;rS pum;qufypnf;rsm;ESifh aeYpOfoHk;&cdkifpum;rS
pum;qufypnf;rsm;udk tenf;i,fpD aumufEkwf ,SOfjyvdkufyg
onf/ ae&mtcuftcJaMumifh yHpk 0H gusrsm;ESiw
hf uG rwifjyEdik v
f u
kd f
yg/
txufyg wifjycsufrsm;udk vdk&if;csKyfajym&vQif &cdkifbm

ompum;ESihf jrefrmbmompum;wdo
Yk nf bmomrsKd ;d;k tm;jzifh wlyg
onf/ bmomESpcf w
k iG f toHxw
k yf ?kH pum;oH;k EIe;f yHk o'gudpw
iG f
ta&;ygaom aemufqufypn;f oH;k EIe;f yHw
k Ykd wlncD surf sm;&So
d nfukd
jiif;r&ouJhodkY uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;&Sdonfudkvnf; vufcH&rnf
jzpfygonf/ bmompum;ESpcf u
k kd EIid ;f ,SOaf vhvmaom yk*Kd vw
f Ykd
onf ,if;wd\
Yk wlncD surf sm; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;csurf sm;udk t&St
d wdik ;f
vufcH ,if;wdkY\ oabmobm0udk bmomodyHenf;ESifh rSefrSef
uefuef okyfazmfay;oifhygonf/
jrefrm
&cdkif
jrefrm
&cdkif
'Dvdk a'ydkif?atydkif?ata,Smif tJ'gaMumifh a,Zl;eefY?a,eefY
a,twGufeefY
tJ'Dvdk
,if;ydkif? ,if;a,Smif bm
Zm
tJ'D
,if;
b,f
Zm
tJ'gudk
,if;,Siu
hf ?kd ,if;pGmudk b,fvkd Zmydik ?f Zma,Smif?
Zmydkifa,Smif
vdk
ydik ?f ydik af ,Smif?a,Smif 'gayrJh a,vJ? a,auvJ
a,'gvJ
qDukd
Am;udk
qdkwJh qdka&
pmayrSwfwrf;rsm;t& jrefrmbmompum;ESifh &cdkifbmom

pum;wdkYonf acwfNydKifwdk;wufcJhaom bmompum;rsm; jzpfMu
onf/ odkYaomf rsufarSmufacwf tajctaewGif jrefrmbmom
pum;onf urmhtqifhodkY wufvSrf;aeNyD jzpfaomfvnf; &cdkifbm
ompum;rSmum; avmifpmukecf geD; rD;awmuftqifo
h yYkd if avsmus
aeNyD jzpfygonf/ &cdkifbmompum;\ tvGefedrfhusaom tajc
taeudk jyefvnfjrifhwif&ef uREkfyfwdkY &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;u tpGrf;
&SdorQ tm;xkwf&rnf jzpfygonf/
o'gudpwGif tvGefta&;ygaom txufyg aemufqufESifh

pum;quf toH;k tEIe;f wdu
Yk kd oH;k oyfMunfv
h Qif jrefrmo'gESihf &cdik f
o'gonf wcsdKUae&m wlaomfvnf; ae&mrsm;pGm uGJjym;jcm;em;
aMumif; em;vnfEdkifonf/
qdk&S,fvpfpepfodkY OD;wnfcsDwufaeaom uREkfyfwdkYEdkifiHwGif

pmayr&Sad o;aom vlrsKd ;i,frsm;? pmaytqifeh rd ahf om vlrsKd ;i,frsm;
twGuf bmomodyHwwfuRrf;ol ynm&SifwdkYu pmaywDxGifay;&
rnf jzpfygonf/ odaYk qmif&u
G af y;Edik rf o
S m vlwikd ;f pmwwfajrmuf
EdkifrnfjzpfNyD; qif;&JEHkcsmaom? todPfacgif;yg;aom b0qdk;rS
220
vG w f a jrmuf a tmif rd r d b momk e f ; xG u f w wf r nf jzpf o nf /
vlrsKd ;csi;f tqifu
h mG vSr;f rIukd wef;wlnrD QomG ;atmif raqmif&u
G f
Edik o
f rQ umvywfv;kH tvQyH ,f <u,f0aom Nird ;f csr;f om,monfh
qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHtjzpfudk rarQmfrSef;Edkifay/
11. Phonetics
12. Morphomics
13. Syntax
14. Phonetics
15. &cdi
kd w
f Ykd OD;wifv?S &cdikd w
hf efaqmifr*Zif;? twG-J 1? trSw-f
5? (1955-56)/
]]wu,fu uReaf wmfwrYkd mS wm0ef&adS ewmu jrefrmpum;wpf

ckwnf;wGif r[kwfao;ygbl;/ jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;&JU bmom
pum;awGtwGufyg vkyfaqmifay;&r,fh wm0efawG &Sdaeygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY wcsdKUjynfaxmifpkom;awGrSm pmayta&;tom;&,f
vdaYk wmif &S&d mS Muao;wm r[kwaf o;bl;/ olww
Ykd awGrmS vdt
k yfae
wmudk uRefawmfwdkY jynfaxmifpkom; tm;vHk;u 0dkif;0ef;ulnDjyKpk
ysKd ;axmifay;Mu&vdr}hf } r,f[k armifomEd;k ajymouJo
h Ykd jynfaxmif
pk yef;NrKd iBf u;D wGif yef;wdik ;f yGiEhf ikd af tmif jynfaxmifpo
k m;tm;vH;k u
0dkif;0ef;ulnDjyKpkysdK;axmifay;Mu&rnf jzpfygonf/
16. Language for Everybody, Mariopei; A Signet Refer

ence P.40
17. jrefrmpum;? OD;0ef? jrefrmrIyxrwGJ? pmrsufESm-25
wuodkvfrsm;pmtkyfjyKpkxkwfa0a&;aumfrwD (1975)
1. Languages
2. Linguistics
3. Classification
4. Morphological or Structural Method
5. Genetic Method
8. Tone Language.
9. yef;ESifhyifpnf? rif;ok0Pf? pmrsufESm-54u
10. Particles
221
vdkYwpfrsdK; oHk;emrnf ac:uwfyga&/
{u0P(0g) {uu&m bmompum;vdkY ac:&pGmu

atydkifyg/ &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkUrm eD? v? rdk;? NrD? x? xdkif? vm;?
omdkUydkif tu&mwpfvHk;t"dyg,fwpfck [da&/ pum;wd
trsm;BuD; [dyga&/ ,if;tcsufudk MunfhAsm {u0P (0g)
{uu&mbmompum;vdkYac:pGm jzpfyga&/
EIdif;,SOfMunfhcsuf
aemufNyD;au &cdkifeefYjrefrmdkUrSm rdk;&D? aomuf&Dtdk;? v

jynfh? EGm;EdkY qdka&ydkif pum;ESpfvHk;udk jzpfjzpf? ESpfvHk;uf trsm;
udkjzpfjzpf pyfysm oHk;EdkifuwfpGmwdav; trsm;BuD; [dyga&/
,if;toHk;wdudk Munfhyem &cdkifeefYjrefrm bmompum;dkUudk
,SOfzufwG,fuyfpum;rsdK;vdkY emrnfyD;uwfpGm jzpfaw/
bmomaA'1 ynmoQiw
f ad & bmompum;wdukd rsKd ; wl ?
rwl cGJjcm;MunfhpGmrm enf;ESpfenf;udk oHk;uwfyga&/ wpf
enf;u pum;vHk;zGJUxHk; (0g) 0guszGJUxHk;udk vdkufysmcGJjcm;enf;2
jzpfNyD;au aemufwpfenf;u rsdK;EG,fudk vdkufysmcGJjcm;enf;3
jzpfyga&/
toHoabmudkMunfhau &cdkifeefYjrefrmdkUrm u? um?

um;? ud? uD? uD;? dkUydkif toHtedrfhtjrifh [dyga&/ toH
tedrfhtjrifhudkvdkufvdkY t"dym,fav;aomh uGJyga&/ at
oabmudk Munfyh em ynmoQiw
f u
d wufusoH bmompum;
vdkYav; ac:uwfpGm jzpfyga&/
pum;vH;k zGUJ xH;k (0g) 0guszUJG xH;k enf;eefY ppfMunfah u &cdik f

eefY jrefrm bmomdkUudk emrnfoHk;rsdK;awmif owfrSwfEdkifa&
qdkyga&/ {u0P (0g) {uu&bmompum;} vdkY wpfrsdK;?
wG,fuyfbmompum; 5vdkY wrsdK;? wufusoH bmompum;6
&cdik ef efY jrefrmbmompum;dUk a& pum;zGUJ pGmrm qifqif

wluwfaw/ toHtwuftus[dpGmav; wluwfaw/ 0gus
wnfaqmufpmG rm pum;vH;k t&D;tom;u uwm;? uH? Bu,
d m?
teDtxm;rsdK; jzpfuwfaw/ 0gusrmyga& uwm;? uH? Bud,m
&cdkifeefY jrefrmbmompum;
mbmompum;dkd ud
uU dk
222
dkUudk kyfrajymif;? 0dbufroG,f/ tqufypnf;7 (&Sdquf?
aemufquf? pum;quf) wdudk qdkif&mpum;vHk;\ &SdaemufdkU
rm wGJAsmvdkcsifa& t"dym,fudk azmfvm;a&/ attcsufwd
rm wleDuwfawtwGuf ynmoQifwdu &cdkifeefY jrefrmbm
ompum;dUk udk emrnfwx
l m;Ny;D au tEG,w
f l bmompum;wd
tjzpf owfrSwfuwfaw/ atpGmudk wpfa,mufav; rjiif;
Edkif/
pum;ud p r m uG J j ym;jcm;em;a&tcsuf w d [d e D p G m ud k a v;
tm;vHk; ol0efcH&zdkY jzpfyga&/
a,'gav;aomh &cdkifeefYjrefrmbmompum;dkUa& kyfpGyf

wluwfpmG r[kw/f acwfa[mif; vufwif1 u acwfopf tDwm
vD,H9? jzefYoQd30 pyefeDoQf11 dkU jzmqif;vmauav;aomh jzefY
oQda&jzefYoQd? tDwmvD,Ha& ? tDwmvDvsH? pyefedoQfa& pyef
edoQf jzpfawydkif &cdkifeefY jrefrmbmompum;dkUa& rsdK;EG,fwl
auav;aomh &cdkifa& &cdkif? jrefrma& jrefrm jzpfyga&/
acwfa[mif; qefqBudKuf12 u acwfopf [dED13? b*fvD14 dkU
jzmqif;vmauav;aomh qefqBudKufa& [dEDr[kwfawydkif
[dEDa&b*FvD r[kwfawydkif? &cdkifeefY jrefrma& bmompum;
tEG,f wlauav;aomh &cdkifbmompum;a& jrefrmbmom
pum; r[kwfyg/ &cdkifeefY jrefrmbmomdkUa& rsdK;EG,fwlvdkY
toH;k wlpmG wd trsm;Bu;D [dpmG udk wpfa,mufav; rjiif;Edik yf g/
a,'gav; t&mwpfzufrm &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkUa& umva'o
eefY ordkif;jzpfay: wdk;wufyHk rwla&twGufaMumifh bmom
bmomaA' ynmoQifwdu bmompum;wpfckudk avh

vmau toHupvdkY avhvm&a& qdkyga&/ NyD;au pum;vHk;
dkU 0guswnfaqmufyHkdkUudk tqifhqifhavhvm&a&vdkY od&yg
a&/ bmompum;ESpfckudk EIdif;,SOfavhvmMunfhcgav;aomh
,if;enf;wdudkyif oHk;yga&/
&cdkifeefYjrefrmbmompum;dkU eD&mrm wlNyD;au ZmeD&m

rm uGJav;qdkpGmudk ppfMunfhyguwfar/
toHwlyHk? uGJyHk
&cdkifbmompum;eefY jrefrmbmompum;dkU toHwl

rwludk bmomaA'okawoDwdkY avhvmwifjyzl;uwfyga&/
,if;txJrm OD;xifvSeefY r'ef'efeD;pfbmEdk}1 dkUav; yguwf
yga&/ ateD&mrm ,if;ynmoQiEf pS Of ;D dUk wifjycsuw
f u
d kd tm;
udk;yem topfwGdcsufwdudk udk,fem;vnfa&qD wifjyvm;yg
ar/
jrefrmdkUrm o&oH2 50 [da& qdkyga&/ atmufrmMunfh
yg/
223
1/ t
2/ tm
3/ tm;
4/ td
5/ tD
6/ tD;
7/ tk
8/ tl
9/ tl;
10/ ath
11/ at
12/ at;
13/ t,fh
14/ t,f
15/ tJ
16/ atmh
17/ atmf
18/ atm
19/ tdkY
20/ tdk
21/ tdk;
22/ tuf
23/
24/
25/
26/
27/
28/
29/
30/
31/
32/
33/
34/
35/
36/
37/
38/
39/
40/
41/
42/
43/
44/
atmuf
tdkuf
tifh
tif
tif;
atmifh
atmif
atmif;
tdkifh
tdkif
tdkif;
tpf
tefY
tef
tef;
tdefY
tdef
tdef;
tkefY
tkef
tkef;
tGefY
45/
46/
47/
48/
49/
50/
tGef
tGef;
tyf
tdyf
tkyf
tGyf
rSwfcsuf/ (u) td? tD? tD; o&oHxJrm (tnfh? tnf?

tnf;? \)wd yg0ifa&/
(c ) eowf o&oHxJrm (rowf? ed*[dwf?
0doZeD) dkU yg0ifa&/
(* ) y-owf o&oHxJrm (w-owf) dkU
yg0ifa&/
txufyg jrefrmo&oHwdudk &cdkifo&oHwdeefY wpfckpD
EIdif;Munfhau atmufygxl;jcm;csuf wdudk wGd&yga&/
1/ t? tm? tm;
at o&oH oH;k vH;k udk &cdik ef eYf jrefrmdUk twlwl toHxw
k f
uwfaw/ a,auav/
taCmooHu aCmooHajymif;cgusau wlpmG [da&ydik f
uGJpGmwdav; [dyga&/
atmufrmMunfhyg/
&cdkifta&;
tpu
yD;yg
rdb
rHkY[if;cg;
&cdkiftoHxGuf
tp*
yD;Am
rdef;z
rHkY[if;cg;
tpu
tp*
ay;yg
ay;Am
rdb
rdA
rHkY[if;cg;
rHkY[if;*g;
224
2/ td? tD? tD;
eD
rdb
rD
rD;
ato&oHoHk;rsdK;udk &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkU wcsdKUeD&mrm toH

xkwfyHk wluwfaw/ wcsdKUeD&mrmusau toHxkwfyHk t,Sif;
rwlpGmudk wGd&yga&/ wla&pum;vHk;wdu ESmoHAsnf;r[kwf
aw/ pum;vHk;wd jzpfyga&/ tpdwayGUoufoDjy&zdkYqdkau
pD? pD;? qD? wD? wD;? xd? xD? xD;? yd? yD qdka& pum;wd jzpfyga&/
ae
rdA
rD
rD;
NyD;au jrefrm td? tD? tD; o&oHwdeefY toHxGuft,Sif;

rwla& wjcm;xl;jcm;csuf wcsdKUav; [dygoD;a&/ jrefrmdkUu
td? tD? tD? o&oHrm xnfhxm;a& tnfh? tnf? tnf; ]wcg
w&D t,fh? t,f? tJ toHxkwfaw} dkUudk &cdkifdkUu wcsdKUeD&m
rm tdkifh? tdkif? tdkif; toHxkwfNyD;au wcsdKUeD&mrm ath? at?
at;oH xkwfyga&/ atmufrmMunfhyg/
ESmoHAsnf; (i? n? e? r) wdeefY aygif;a& pum;wdrmus

au jrefrmeefY &cdkifdkU toHxkwfyHk t,Sif;rwlyg/ atmufrm
Munfhyg/
&cdkiftoHxGuf
ndef
edefY
EGdef
ae
rdb
rD
rD;
&cdkifrm ESmoHAsnf; r[kwfauav;aomh td? tD? tD;

o&oHudk tdefY? tdef? tdef; o&oHxkwfyem ajymqdkeDuwfpGm
wdav; [dygoD;a&/ ,if;pum;wdu qD;? [d? oD dkUjzpfaw/
]vrf;qD;xm;} qdka&pum;udk wcsdKU&cdkifa'orm ]vrf;qdef;
xm;} vdkY ajymuwfyga&/ jrefrmwdu ]&Sd? r&Sd} vdkY oHk;eDa&
pum;udk &cdkifwdu ][d? r[d} vdkY &D;yD;au toHxkwfawcg
][defY? r[defY} vdkY xkwfuwfyga&/ ]yef;oDuHk;} qdka&pum;udk
jrefrmeefY &cdkifdkU &D;yHkwlauav;aomh toHxGufpGmrmusau
&cdkifdkUu ]oD} vdkY rxGuf/ odefvdkY xGufyga&/
xl;jcm;pGmu &cdkifrm td? tD? tD; o&oHeefY toHk;rsm;

a& pum;wdudk jrefrmdkUu ath? at? at; o&oHeefY oHk;pGm
jzpfaw/ oufoDpdaoQ jyygar/ &cdkifu BuD? NcD? NcDaxmuf? pD
pm;? tpD;? qD;0g;? psD;? yD;? zD;? &D? vD? 0D? 0D;? oD;? tD;vdkY td? tD?
tD; o&oHwdeefY ajymauav; jrefrmdkUu aMu? ajc? ajc
axmuf? appm;? tap;? aq;0g;? aps;? ay;? ab;? a&? av?
a0? a0;? ao? at;vdkY&m ajymuwfyga&/
&cdkifta&;
nD
ed
EGD
edef
rdefYz
rdefY
rdef;
nD
nD
aeY
aeY
aEG
aEG
225
&cdkifta&; &cdkiftoHxGuf jrefrmta&; jrefrmtoHxGuf
eDjcnf
edefajc
aejcnf
aecsD
pnfum;
apum;
pnfum;
pD*g;
wnfaxmif awaxmif
wnfaxmif
wDa'gif
usnfawmuf usdKifa'guf
usnfawmuf
usDa'guf
ys,f? As,f? vuqdka& pum;oHk;vHk;rm jrefrm ]t,f} o&oH

rsdK; ygeDyga&/ tjcm;eD&mrmawmhcg jrefrm ]u,fq,f? iJhnm?
v,fwJ? q,fhig;} qdka& pum;wdudk &cdkifu ,if;twdkif; &D;
auav;aomh toHxGufawcg ]au? aq;? aihnm? avab;?
aqhig;} vkdY&m toHxkwfzdkY jzpfyga&/
3/ tk? tl? tl;

5/ atmh? atmf? atm
ato&oH oHrsdK;rm &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkU toHxkwfyHk wl
uwfyga&/ a,'gav;aomh taCmooHu aCmooHudk
ajymif;Asm toHxkwfuwfpGmrmusau udk,fhenf;eefYudk,f jzpf
yga&/ ]wlwl} qdka&pum;udk &cdkifu ]xxl} vdkY ajymauav;
jrefrmu ]xl'l} vdkY&m ajymyga&/ ]jrL;xl;} qdka&pum;udk &cdkif
u ]jrL;xl;} xkwfNyD;au jrefrmu ]rsL;'l;} vdkY xkwfaw/
at o&oHo;kH rsKd ;udk wcsKd U&cdik w

f u
d jrefrmeefY toHtwl
wlxkwfuwfyga&/ tcsdKU&cdkifwdusau ]tdkY? tdk? tdk;} vdkY&m
toHxkwfyga&/ ]awm} udk ]wdk;}? ]apm} udk ]pdk;}? ]ay:} udk ]ydk}
vdkY&m xGufyga&/
aemufx;l jcm;csuw
f pfck [dygoD;a&/ Zmav;qdak u wcsKd U
&cdkifwda& jrefrm ]atmh? atmf? atm} o&oHudk ]tG? tGm?
tGm;} o&oHrsdK;xGufpGm jzpfyga&/ ay:? acsmf? acsmdkUudk yGm?
cRm? cRm; vdkY ajymuwfyga&/ attcsufav;aomh jrefrmeefY
&cdkifrwlyHkwpfck jzpfaw/
4/ t,fh? t,f? tJ
jrefrm tJh? t,f? tJ o&oHoHk;rsdK; &cdkifrm r[dvdkY ynm
oQifwdu qdkuwfyga&/ vHk;0r[dvdkYawmhcg rqdkEdkifyg/ &cdkif
&Sda[mif;pum; ]ysm? Asm} dkUudk wcsdKUa'orm jrefrm ]t,f}
o&oHrsdK;eefY ]a&mufys,f? vmAs,f} vdkY ajymuwfyga&/ jrefrm
pum; ]oGm;&atmifvm} qdka& oabmrsdK;udk &cdkifdkUu jrefrm
]t,f} o&oHrsdK;eefY ]v,f? vm;uwfar} vdkY ajymuwfyga&/
6/ tdkY? tdk? tdk;

ato&oHoHk;rsdK;udk &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkUtwlwl toHxGuf
226
uwfyga&/ a,auav;aomh taCmooHu aCmooHudk
ajymcgusau wcsdKUeD&mrm rwluwfyg/ om"uwpdaoQ jy
&au jrefrmu ]vlqdk;? [if;csdK} vdkY &D;NyD;au ]vlZdk;? [ef;*sdK}
vdkY ajymyga&/ &cdkifusau ]vlqdk;? [if;csdK} dkUudk ]vqdk;? [if;
csdK} vdkY&m ajymyga&/
csif;} qdka& pum;wdudk jrefrmu ]aysm*sef? tcsef;*sef;} vdkY

toHxkwfyga&/ &cdkifwdu ,if;ydkif toHrxkwfyg/ ]ajymcsif?
tcscsif;} vdkY&m xkwfyga&/
7/ tuf? atmuf? tdkuf

ato&oH oH;k rsKd ;udk wcsKd U&cdik w
f u
d jrefrmeefY toHxw
k f
yHk wluwfyga&/ wcsKd U toHxw
k yf u
kH jrefrmeefY rwlyg/ ]udu
k ?f
vdkuf? pdkuf} qdka& pmvHk;udk wcsdKU&cdkifom;wdu ]udwf? vdwf?
pdw}f vd&Yk m toHxu
G u
f wfyga&/ taCmooHu aCmooHukd
ajymif;a&cgav;aomh jrefrmeef&Y cdikd f Ukd rwluwfyg/ ]ig;ydcsu?f
olUuf} qdka&pum;wdudk jrefrmu ]iyd*suf? olU'uf}vdkY toH
xkwfNyD;au &cdkifu ]iydcsuf? olUxuf} vdkY&m toHxkwfyga&/
ato&oH ajcmufrsdK;udk &cddkifeefY jrefrmdkU wcsufwnf;

toHxu
G u
f wfyga&/ a,auav;aomh taCmooHu aCm
ooHukd ajymif;yem ajymuwfawcgawmhcg wpfrsKd ;wnf; toH
rxGufyg,m/ udk,fhtBudKufeefYudk,f jzpfyga&/ ]0gacgif? tdrf
axmif} qdka&pum;wdudk jrefrmu ]0gacgif? tdrfa'gif} vdkY
toHxkwfauav;aomh &cdkifu ]0gacgif? tdrfaxmif} vdkY&m
toHxkwfyga&/ ,if;enf;wl ]&ifqdkif? tcdkifcdkif} qdka&pum;
wdudk jrefrmajymcg ],efZdkif? tcdkif*dkif} vdkY ajymNyD;au &cdkifu
]&ifqdkif? tcdkifcdkif} vdkY ajymyga&/
8/ tifh? tif? tif;
10/ tpf
ato&oHoHk;rsdK;udk &cddkifeefYjrefrmdkU wpfa,mufwpfrsdK;

pD toHkwfuwfyga&/ jrefrm i-owf o&oHa& &cdkif eowf o&oHeefY eD;pyfyga&/ taCmooHu aCmooHudk
ajymif;cgav;aomh wcsKd UeD&mrm rwluwfyg/ ]ajymcsi?f tcsi;f
jrefrm ]tpf} o&oHudk &cdkifdkUu ]tdkuf} vdkY&m toHxGuf

yga&/ ppfawGudk ]pdkufawG} ? ]pdwfnpf} udk ]pdwfndKuf} vdkY&m
toHxGufyga&/
9/ atmifh? atmif? atmif;/ tdkifh? tdkif? tdkif;
227
11/ tefY? tef? tef;
13/ tGefY? tGef? tGef;
ato&oHoHk;rsdK;rm jrefrmeefY &cdkifdkU toHxkwfyHk uGJyg

a&/ jrefrm e-owfoHa& &cdkif i-owfoHeefY eD;pyfyga&/
taCmooHu aCmooHajymif;a&cgav; ud,
k ehf nf;eefu
Y ,
kd f
jzpfyga&/ vqef;? a&csdK;cef; qdka& pum;wdudk jrefrmu
]vZif;? a,*sdK;*if;}vdkY toHxGufNyD;au &cdkifu vqef;? &DcsdK;
cef;} vdkY&m ajymav;ajym? &D;av;&D;yga&/
ato&oHoHk;rsdK;udk &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkU toHxkwfyHk rwl

uwf/ jrefrmtoHxkwfyHkrsdK;udk &ckdifu roHk;yJ jrefrm ]tG,f}
eefY ]tif} toHESpfrsdK;udkaygif;pyfxm;a& toHrsdK;&m xGufyg
a&/
14/ tyf? tdyf? tkyf

ato&oHrsdK;rm &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkUenf;wl toHxkwf
uwfyga&/ a,auav; taCmooHu aCmooHudkajymif;
Asm ajymuwfpGmrmawmhcg rwluwfyg/ vqef;? vqkwf qdk
a&pum;wdudk jrefrmu ]vif;Zif;? vZkwf} vdkY toHxkwfNyD;
au &cdkifdkUu ]vef;qef;? vqkwf}vdkY&m xGufyga&/
12/ tdefY? tdef? tdef;/ tkefY? tkef? tkef;

at o&oH ajcmufrsdK;udk &cdkifeefYjrefrmdkU wcsufwnf;
toHxkwfuwfyga&/ taCmooHu aCmooHudkajymif;Asm
ajymuwfpGmrmusau wwdkifeefYwwdkif rwluwfyg/ a&wdrf?
aphpHk? taumif;qHk;qdka& pum;udk jrefrmajyma&cg a,'def?
aphZkef? taumif;Zkef;vdkY&m ajymyga&/ &cdkifdkUu &Dwdrf? pdpHk?
taumif;qHk;vdkY &D;NyD;au ajymcgav;aomh ,if;twdkif; ajym
yga&/
15/ tG y f
ato&oHudk jrefrmeefY&cdkifdkU toHxkwfyHk rwluwf/
jrefrmtoHxkwfyHkrsdK;udk &cdkifu roHk;yJ jrefrm ]tGJU} oHeefY
]tuf} oHESpfrsdK;udk aygif;pyfxm;a& toHrsdK;&m &cdkifu toH
xGufyga&/
txufwifjycsuw
f u
d kd csKH Munfah u toHupd r m &cdik ef efY
jrefrmdkU kyfpGyfrwluwfqdkpGmudk ,Sif;vdkY jrifEdkifyga&/ o&oH
228
pum;toHk;rm &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkU kyfpGyfwlpGmwd trsm;

BuD; [dc&ydkif t,Sif;rwla& pum;wdav; ruef[dyga&/
rwlpGmrmav; yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK; [dygoD;a&/ pmvHk;aygif; wlau
av; t"dym,frwla& pum;vHk;wd? pmvHk;aygif;av; rwl?
t"dym,fav; uGJa& pum;vHk;wd? pmvHk;aygif;eefY t"dym,f
awmhcg wlyg,uf toHk;uGJeDa& pum;vHk;wd ,if;ydkiftrsm;
BuD; [dyga&/ ,if;uGJvGJcsufwdudk (1) emrf? (2) Bud,m? (3)
Bud,m0daooeqdkyem oHk;rsdK;cGJvdkY wifjyygar/
udprm uGJvGJcsufwd [dawmifru taCmooHu aCmooH

ajymif;pGmdkUrm rwlpGmwd [deDa&qdkpGmav; wGd&zdkYjzpfaw/
a,awmifruoD;vdkY pum;vHk;toH tvD;5 taygh2 dkUrm
jzpfjzpf? 0gusedrfhjrifhoH3 dkUrm jzpfjzpf? &cdkifajym[efeefY jrefrm
ajym[ef? &cdkiftoHeefY jrefrmtoHdkU ododomomuGJvGJa&
qdkpGmudk wGd&zdkY jzpfyga&/
,-& toHk;uGJvGJcsuf
txufyg o&oHuGJvGJcsufwdtjyif wjcm;jrifoma& uGJ
vGJcsufwpfcku ,? & toHk;uGJvGJcsuf jzpfyga&/ ated jrefrm
bmompum;rm ,-eefY &? ,yifheefY &&pfdkUudk tjcm;pD ajym
usifhr[duwf,m/ &cdkifbmompum;rmawmcg ,-eefY? &udk tjcm;pD ajymuwwfygoD;a&/ ,yifheefY &&pfudkav; cGJcGJ
jcm;jcm; ajymuwfygoD;a& jrefrmeefY &cdkifbmompum;dkU
toHrwl&a& udprm? ,? &? tyifh? t&pfoHk;yHk uGJvGJcsufa&
ta&;BuD;a& tcsufwpfck jzpfyga&/
1/ emrf/ emrfrm vlwdkif;roHk;rjzpfaw pum;vHk;wd

[dyga&/ rdom;pk tac:ta0:wd? trsKd ;tqGD tac:ta0:wd?
opfyif? om;ig;tac:ta0:wdydkif pum;vHk;wd jzpfyga&/
,if;pum;vHk;wdrm &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkU wlpGmwd[da&ydkif uGJpGm
wdav; [dyga&/
pum;yHkajym&au jrefrmu ]taz? azaz? tar? arar}
vdkY ac:pGmudk &cdkifu ]tbm? bmbm? (bm;bm? trd? trif?
tda,mif} vdkY&m ac:yga&/ rwluwfyg/ jrefrmu ]ta':?
a':a':} vdkY ac:pGmudk &cdkifu ]t&D;? t&D;oQif? (tbmESr)}?
]ta,G? a,;a,; (trifnrD )}vd&Yk m ac:yga&/ jrefrm ]OD;av;}
udk &cdkifu ]tcifaoQ}? jrefrm ]tr? rr} udk &cdkifu ]tar?
tars? ar;ar} ,if;ydkif wpfa,mufwpfrsdK;pD ac:uwfyga&/
pum;vHk; uGJvGJcsuf
toHuv
JG cJG suu
f kd EIid ;f MunfNh y;D au pum;vH;k wl-rwl udp
udk qufysm wifjyvm;ygar/
229
vlcEmtac:ta0:rm ]]acgif;? rsufpd? em;? ESmacgif;?
oGm;? vQm? vuf? cg;? aygif? 'l;}} tac:ta0:wdrm toHk;wl
uwfyga&/ a,auav;aomh jrefrmtoHk; ]ar;} udk &cdkifu
]rdwf} vdkY ac:yga&/ jrefrm ]vnf} udk &cdkifu ]vdkif}? jrefrm
]aMum} udk &cdkifu ]aemufukef;}? jrefrm ]ndKousnf;} udk
&cdkifu ]NcDema&mif}? jrefrm ]wifyg;qHk} udk &cdkifu ]ausmuf
qpf} qdkAsm wpfa,mufwpfrsdK; oHk;uwfyga&/
]usD} udk jrefrmu ]NyD;? ayNidrf;} vdkY oHk;yga&/ &cdkif ]aMumf} udk
jrefrmu ]oa&mf? [pfatmf} ? &cdkif ]BudKif;} udk jrefrmu
]nnf;wGm;}? &cdkif ]uRD;} udk jrefrmu ]i,foHygatmifatmf} ?
&cdkif ]csd} udk jrefrmu ]cHEdkif? usef;rm}? &cdkif ]rcsd} udk jrefrm
u ]rusef;rm}? &cdkif ]jcL} udk jrefrmu ]IyfaxG;? aESmifh,Suf}?
&cdkif ]wdef;} udk jrefrmu ]wdwfwdwfae}? &cdkif ]ysHU} udk jrefrm
]qifajcavsm&Sd} qdka&ydkif wpfa,mufwpfrsdK;pD oHk;uwfyga&/
,if;enf;a& opfyif? om;ig;? vlrItoHk;taqmifwdrm

av;aomh udk,fhtjcif;eefYudk,f ajymeDuwfpGmwd trsm;BuD;
[dyga&/ tm;vHk;ppfxkwfvdkuf tbd"mefwpfapmifawmif jzpf
Edik yf gzd/Yk ,if;uGv
J cJG suw
f u
d kd okawoDcifapmESpu
f ]jrefrm*kPf
r*Zif;} (1965)rm wpfcg/ okawoD apmoEm (ppfawGaum
vdy)f u ]&cdik jf ynfe,fpmapmif? trSw-f 4}} rm wpfcg tus,f
wifjyuwfyg,m a,Zl;eefY ateD&mrmxyfvYkd rwifjyvdyk gAsm/
vHk;wGJpum;vHk;wdrmav;uGJpGm ruefyg/ jrefrmpum;

][efaqmif}udk &cdik w
f u
d ]tuGeaf qmif} vdYk ajymyga&/ jrefrm
]pOf;pm;? awG;q} udk &cdkifu ]wGufMunfh? twGufcH} vdkY oHk;yg
a&/ jrefrmdkUu ]cHEdkif&nf} vdkY oHk;pGmudk &cdkifu ]'Gef;cHEdkif}
vdkY&m ajymyga&/ jrefrmpum; ]pmar;yGJajz} udk &cdkifu ]pm
ppfcH} vdkY&m oHk;yga&/ jrefrmdkUu ]wDxGif} vdkY oHk;auav;
aomh &cdkifdkUu ]xdk;xGif}vdkY&m oHk;yga&/ jrefrm ]tqifajy}
udk &cdkifu ]eD&mus}? jrefrm ]tajcus} udk &cdkifu ]teDus}
jrefrm ]r*Fvmaqmif}udk &cdkifu ]orufwuf} qdka&ydkif wpf
a,mufwpfrsdK;pD oHk;uwfyga&/
2/ Bud,m / jrefrmeefY&cdkifdkU oHk;uwfawBud,mrm

pum;wpfvHk;t"dym,fwpfckxGufaw Bud,mwd? pum;ESpfvHk;
udk jzpf? ESpv
f ;kH xuf trsm;udjk zpfjzpf wGpJ yfxm;a& wGv
J ;kH Bu,
d m
wd qdkNyD;au ESpfrsdK;[dygau/
NyD;au t&D;tom;wlauav;aomh toHk;rwla& pum;

wdav; trsm;BuD; [dyga&/ ]uef} qdka& Bud,mpum;udk &cdkif
]axmuf} t"dym,fwpfrsdK;? ]eD&mavmuf} t"dym,fESifhwpfrsdK;
ESpfrsdK; oHk;yga&/ jrefrmusau ]axmuf} t"dym,f ]ausmuf}
vHk;csif;Bud,mwdrm &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkUwlpGmwd trsm;BuD;

[da&a,Smif rwlpGmwdav; ruefwdyga&/ om"updaoQ jyyg
ar/ &cdkifpum; ]usd}udk jrefrmu ]cRJ} vdkY ajymyga&/ &cdkifpum;
230
&cdkifeefYjrefrmdkU 0guswnfaqmufawcg pum;vHk;xm;

yHk;xm;enf;wdu uwm;? uH? Bud,m xm;yHkxm;enf;rsdK;jzpf
uwfaw/ &cdkifu armifvSa& cGD;wpfaumif rGD;pyfxm;a&vdkY
&D;pGmudk jrefrmu armifv[
S m acG;wpfaumifukd arG;xm;w,f
vdkY&m &D;ygzdkY/ ig xrif;rpm;oD;qdka& &cdkif0gusudk jrefrmjyef
au ig xrif;rpm;ao;bl;vdkY jzpfvmyga&/ &cddkif0gus rif;
xrif;rpm;Asm (,m)vm;udk jrefrm0gus ajymif;vdkufau rif;
xrif;pm;AD(NyD)vm;vdkY jzpfvmyga&/
t"dym,feefY&m ajymyga&/ axmuft"dym,frm wlauav;

ausmuft"dym,frm rwluwfyg/ ,if;enf;wl ]arm} qdka&
pum;udk jrefrmu ]anmif;} t"dym,feefY oHk;yga&/ atydkif
toHk;uGJpGmwd om"u jyygqdkau jyrukefyg/
3/ Bud,m0daooe/ Bud,m0daooepum;wdrmav;
uGJvGJcsufwd trsm;BuD; [dyga&/ oufoDpdaoQ jyygar/ &cdkif
pum;rm ]pdpMd unf}h qdpk mG u jrefrmwdu ]aoaocsmcsm} Munfh
vdkY oHk;a&/ &cdkifu ]aqmhaqmhvkyf} vdkY ajympGmudk jrefrmu
]jrefjrefvyk }f vdYk ajymyga&/ &cdik u
f ]watmifah oQ? wcsuaf oQ?
wem;aoQ} udk jrefrmu ]cPav;}? &cdkif ]&ufjywf} udk jrefrm
u ]cPcP} ? &cdkif ]wyifwnf;} udk jrefrmu ]tNrJwrf;}?
&cdkif ]tifwef} udk jrefrmu ]toifhtwifh} ? &cdkif ]rGwfrGwf
pufpuf} udk jrefrmu ]aumif;aumif;rGefrGef}? ,if;ydkif wpf
a,mufwpfrsdK;pD oHk;uwfyga&/
txufu 0gusoHk;aMumif;rm pum;vHk;xm;yHkxm;enf;

udk Munfhyg/ uwm; (armifvS? ig? rif;)? uH (cGD;? xrif;) ? Bud
,m (rGD;pyf? pm;)xm;yHkxm;enf;rsdK; jzpfyga&/ a,Zl;eefY jrefrm
0gus wnfaqmufenf;a& wpfcsufwnf;? wpfrsdK;wnf; jzpf
awvdkY qdkEdkifyga&/
aumif;,m/ 0guswnfaqmufenf;awmh wluwf,m/
rwlpGmwdu Zmwdav;? Munfhyguwfar/
bmompum;ESpfck wl-rwludk ,SOfMunfha&cg o'gudp

a& tc&mjzpfawvdkY ynmoQifwdu qdkyga&/
yxr0gusrm &cdkifu uwm;aemufquf a&? Bud,m

aemufqufa& dkUudk oHk;yga&/ jrefrmusau uwm;aemuf
quf ,m? Bud,maemufquf w,fudk&m oHk;yga&/ wwdkifeefY
wwdkif rwluwfyg/
&cdkifeeYf jrefrmbmompum;dkUrm o'gwlvm;? uGJvm;?

wlau ZmeD&mrm wla&mifwGJau ZmydkifuGJa&mifqdkpGmwdudk
pD;ppfMunfhuwfygar/
231
&cdkiftoHk;
jrefrmtoHk;
atydik ?f a'ydik ?f
ata,Smif?a'a,Smif 'Dvdk
'kwd,0gusrm &cdkifu Bud,maemufquf roHk;/ jrefrm

usau Bu,
d maemufquf bl;udk oH;k yga&/ uwm;aemufquf
udkawmhcg ESpfwdkifpvHk; jrKyfxm;uwfaw/
&cdkiftoHk;
jrefrmtoHk;
,if;
tJ'D?tJ'g
,if;ydkif?,if;a,Smif tJ'Dvdk
,if;,Sifhudk? ,if;pGmudk tJ'gudk ydkif? ydkifa,Smif? vdk
,if;[mudk
a,Smif
Am;udk? Aufudk
qDudk wd? 'def
awGU
a,eef?Y a,Zl;eefY
a,twGuef ef?Y
,if;twGufeefY tJ'gaMumifh eefY?e
eJY
pGm?,m
um
Zm? aZmif
b? b,fvdk aw?a&
wJh
(emr0daooe
aemufquf)
a,au? a,'gav; odkYayrJh
wJh
a,auav;aomh
'gayrJh aw? a&
(Bud,maemufquf) w,f
zdkY
r,f
ar
r,f
wwd,0gusrm &cdkifu Bud,maemufquf Asm (,m?

ysm)dkUudk oHk;NyD;au jrefrmu AD (NyD)udk oHk;yga&/ rwluwfyg/
atom"uwdu vdk&if;oabmudk xkwf,lau atydkif
ajymEdkifzdkY xifyga&/ &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkUa& emrfaemufquf?
Bud,maemufqufpa& tqufypnf;wdrm oHk;yHkoHk;enf; uGJ
vGJuwfawvdkY qdkEdkifygzdkY/ jrefrmo'grm tqufypnf;wd
txl;ta&;BuD;pGmudk a'gufwm pwD;0,f (Mr. J.A. Stewart)
u ''The Grammar of Burmese is almost entirely a matter of
the correct use of particles" (ypnf;rsm;udk rSefrSefuefuef
oHk;oyfvQif jrefrmo'gudpNyD;awmhonf)1 vdkY rdefYqdkaMumif;
od&yga&/
jrefrmo'grm tqufypnf;wd ta&;BuD;a&ydkif &cdkif
o'grmav;aomh ta&;BuD;a&vdkY qdkEdkifygzdkY/ ,if;ta&;BuD;
a& tqufypnf;wdudk oHk;uwfawcg wwdkifeefYwwdkif uGJvGJ
aMumif; txufu 0guaoQwdudk MunfhpGmavmufeefY odEdkif
yga&/ uGv
J aJG Mumif; txufu iguaoQwu
d kd Munfph mG avmuf
eefY odEdkifyga&/ atxuf odomatmif atmufu om"u
wdudkav; MunfhygtHk;oD;/
txufyg om"uwdukd Munfah u tqufypn;f oH;k uwd

pGmrm &cdkifeefY jrefrm rwlwwfvdkY qdkEdkifyga&/ tqufypnf;
wd rwla&twGuf &cdik o
f 'geefY jrefrmo'grwlvYkd qdEk ikd yf ga&/
232
qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepfoYkd OD;wnfcsw
D ufeaD & uReaf wmfUkd Edik if rH m
pmyD[doD;a&vlrsdK;aoQwd? pmyDtqifhedrfha& vlrsdK;aoQwd
twGuf bmomaA'wwfuRr;f olynmoQiw
f u
d pmyDwx
D iG yf ;D
zdkY jzpfyga&/ pmyDtqifhjrifhyD;&zdkY jzpfyga&/ ,if;a,Smif ulnD
yD;Edik rf &m? vlwikd ;f pmwwfNy;D au ud,
k f Ukd \ qif;&Jatmufwef;
usa& b0udk udk,fhzmomjrifhwifvm;EdkifzdkY jzpfaw/ udk,fdkU\
todPfacgif;yg;a& tdk;a[mif;avmif;rm todPf&D
aumif;&DoefYudk udk,fhzmomcyf,ljznfhyD;EdkifzdkY jzpfyga&/ ,if;
ydkif vkyfEdkifygrS vlrsdK;csif; tqifhuGmvSrf;rIudk wef;wlnDrQ
vm;atmif vkyfEdkifzdkY jzpfyga&/ ,if;tajctaersdK;rm tvQH
y,f<u,f0a& qd&k ,
S v
f pfEikd if u
H kd pdwt
f ;D vuft;D wnfaqmuf
EdkifzdkY jzpfyga&/
tm;vHk;csHKMunfhau &cdkifbmompum;eefY jrefrmbmom

pum;dkUa& toHudprm wlpGmwd [da&ydkif uGJpGmwdav; [d
a&/ pum;vHk;wdrmusauav; wlpGmwd trsm;tjym;[da&
a,Smif rwlpGmwdav; tbd"mef jyKEdkifavmufatmif [deDyg
a&/ o'gudpr mav;aomh ta&;Bu;D a& o'gypn;f wd (&Sq
d uf?
aemufquf? pum;quf)oHk;pGmrm uGJvGJeDuwfaw/ a,Zl;eefY
jref r md k U a& bmompum;rsd K ;EG , f c sif ; wl a uav;aomh
wwdkifeefYwwdkif kyfpGyfwla&vdkY rajymEdkif/ wcsdKUyk*dKvfwdqdk
uwfawydkif &cdkifbmompum;udk a'oD,pum;1 (a'ouGJ?
jrefrmpum;)vdkY Zmenf;eefYav; rqdkEdkif/ qdkav;rqdkoifh/
pmayrSww
f rf;f wdukd oH;k oyfMunfah u &cdik pf myDeefY jrefrm
pmyD? &cdkifbmompum;eefY jrefrmbmompum;dkU acwfNydKif
wdk;wufcpGm ,Sif;vdkYjrifEdkifyga&/ jrefrmbmompum;? jrefrm
pmyDUkd u jzm;wwfawydik f w&dy&f yd w
f ufvmyga&/ jynfaxmif
pk orwjrefrmEdkifiHe,fedrdwfu ausmfyem wjcm;EdkifiHwdu
pmyDe,fxJrmawmif tifwefeD&m&eDyg,m/ &cdkifpmyD? &cdkif
bmom pum;usau avmifpmukefzdkYysifeDa& qDrD;cGuftqifh
rsdK;odkYyif avQmuseDAsmvdkY qdkEdkifygzdkY/ &cdkifbmompum;? &cdkif
pmyD\ BuDuGJzdkYaumif;avmufatmif edrfhuseDa& tajctae
udk jyefvdkYjrifhwifEdkifatmif &cdkiftrsdK;om;wd tpGrf;[da&qD
tm;xkwf&zdkY jzpfyga&/
]]wu,fu uRefawmfwdkYrSm wm0ef&Sdaewmu jrefrm

pum;wpfckwnf;wif r[kwfao;ygbl;/ jynfaxmifpkom;
tm;vHk;&JU bmompum;awGtwGufyg vkyfaqmifay;&r,fh
wm0efawG &Sdaeygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY wcsdKUjynfaxmifpkom;
awGrSm pmayta&;tom;&,fvdkYawmif &Sd&SmMuao;wm
r[kwfbl;/ olwdkYwawGrSm vdktyfaewmudk uRefawmfwdkY jynf
axmifpo
k m;tm;vH;k u 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnjD yKpyk sKd ;axmifay;Mu&vdrhf
r,f}} vkdY armifomEdk; &D;a&a,Smif jynfaxmifpkyef;NrdKifBuD;rm
yef;wdik f vSvyS ywifw
h ifw
h ,fw,f yGiEhf ikd af tmif jynfaxmifpk
233
6. Tone Language
7. Particles
8. Laten
9. Italian
10. French
11. Spanish
12. Sanskrit
13. Hindi
14. Bangali
1. Denise Bernot
2. Vowel Sound
1. Stress
2. Unstress
3. Intonation
om;tm;vHk;u 0dkif;0ef;ulnD jyKpkysdK;axmifyD;&zdkY jzpfyga&/

armif A od e f ;
(1980)
(23-3-78)
(1339-ck? waygif;vjynfh? MumoywD;ed)
udk;um;pGmwd
1/ Encyclopadia Americana Vol. 16 (1965)
2/ The Story of Language, Mario Pei, (1966)
3/ The vowel Cystams of Arakanese and lavoyan,
1/ OD;0ef? jrefrmpum;? jrefrmrI (yxrwGJ)? 1975? pm-24?25

1/ armifomEd;k ]]jrefrmpm? jrefrmpum;}}? ZGpJ may&dyNf rKH ? &efuek f
1972? pmrsufESm-97/
Denise Bernot, Lingua 15 (1965) PP. 463-474
4/ yef;ESifhyifpnf? rif;ok0Pf? 1965

5/ bmomavmuusrf;? OD;azarmifwif? 1958
6/ jrefrmo'aA'zwfpm? OD;a&ToGif? 1969
7/ &cdkifoH? OD;wifvS? &cdkifhwefaqmif? twGJ-1? trSwf5? 1965
1. Linguisties
2. Morphological or Structural Method
3. Gervtic Method
234
&cdkifjynfajrmufOD;NrdUawmfu eDAsmMunfhau q&mawmf

bk&m;dkU tif;0NrdKUawmfa& t&SdjyKAmt&yfrSm wnf[dyga&/
&cdkifjynfuawmhcg taemufzuft&yfrSm wnf[dyga&/ t&Sd
zuf tif ; 0Nrd K Uawmf o m;wd a jyma& bmompum;wd e ef Y
taemufzuf ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfom;wdajyma& bmompum;
rwlyg/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfom;wd kyf&nf? yHkyef;? 0wfqifyHkwdkY
uvnf; tif;0om;wdeefY wpfrsKd ;wpfaxGpD jzpfaw/ &cdik jf ynf
rSm edpdkifedwdkif; jzm;wufjzm;usav;[da&/ t&Sdjrefrmjynfu
jrpfacsmif;dUk eefY EIid ;f Munfah u &cdik jf ynfu yifv,f? jrpf? acsmif;
dkUa& aMumufaumif;wref;BuD;a&/ q&mawmfbk&m; ,if;ydkif
a,SmifjrifwGd cHpm;&yga&/
&cdkifjrefrm toHuGJyHkwpfck
vGefca& ESpfaygif; ig;&mausmfavmufu jrefrmhuAsm
0d " l o Qif r [m&|om&a& &cd k i f j ynf o d k Y <uczl ; yga&/ Zm
taMumif;eJY <uvma&av;qdkpGmudkawmhcg rSwfwrf;rSwf&m
rwG&d vdYk rod&yg/ <uvma&cg tenf;qH;k wpfr;kd wpf0gavmuf
awmhcg MumvDzdkY xifyga&/ olrsm;jynfolrsm;&GmrSm wm&Snf
xmrsm;eD&a&twGuf udk,fhjynfudk,fh&Gmudk atmufrdwrf;wyg
a&/
ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfom;eefY tif;0NrKd Uawmfom;dUk a& tajym

tqdk&mru 0wfpm;eDxdkifyHk? awmawmifobm0 teDtxm;
dkUyg uGJjym;jcm;a&twGuf q&mawmfbk&m;a& &cdkifjynfrSm
raysmfESvHk;? r&TifjyHK; jzpf&yga&/ a,Zl;eefY bk&m;om;awmfyif
jzpfauav;aomh ycHk;yg;0,fxdatmifxd tif;0&TDNrdKUawmfudk
wrff;wvGrf;qGwf&a&vdkY ydk'fpHk&wkzGJUAsm rSwfwrf;wifcyga&/
]]wdkYjynfjyKAm? ta&SUrSmESifh
bmomrwl? &cdkifrlum;
vlvnf;waxG? a&vnf;wjcm;
jzm;vnf;wufouf? aMumufrufcsifzG,f
yifv,facsmif;ajrmif;? rBuD;awmif;wnf;/}}*
q&mawmfbk&m;\rSwfwrf;a& pHajrmuf&wk wpfckjzpf

awydkif tzdk;rjzwfEdkifa& b0rSwfwrf;wpfckav; jzpfyga&/
bmompum; avhvma&;yk*dKvfwdtwGufvJ bmompum;
rwlaMumif; om"ujyEdkifa& rSwfwrf;wpfckavh jzpfyga&/
235
]at;? tJ} o&oHeefyY wfoufvYkd uReaf wmfah usmif;aezuf

cifyGef;udkpHvSausmf (ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; ,dk;wkwf t-xu)\ udk,fwGdtjzpftysuf [dyga&/ ol &efukefu ausmif;
wpfausmif;rSm wef;jyqif;a&cg ]oJ} eefY ]qm;} j'yfaESmcGJxkwf
yHk oif&yga&/ olu &cdkifoHeefY ]oJ}udk ]ao;}? ]cGJ} udk ]acG;}
vdkY toHxGufvdkY wwef;vHk; &,fuwfyga&/ ausmif;qif;csdef
a&mufvYkd oli,fcsi;f jrefrmq&mwdajymjyrS ud,
k t
hf rSm;udk ud,
k f
t&dyfusa& qdkyga&/
wjcm;udpwdudk z,fxm;Asm bmompum;udpudk quf

pyfajym&zdkY qdkau q&mawmfbk&m;dkUacwfeefY atacwfa&
ESpfaygif; ig;&mausmfavmuf jcm;vm;yg,m/ a,'gav;aomh
]bmomrwl? &cdkifrlum;} qdka& rSwfwrf;pum;u tcsdKUeD&m
rm atedxd rSefeDygoD;a&/
ataqmif;yg;rSm t&GD;tom;wlNyD;au toHrwla&
o&oHwpfckudk udkf,fwGdtjzpftysufacswdeefYaygif;Asm jyvm;
ygar/
atydik u
f ,
kd w
f t
dG jzpftysuaf cswu
d kd jrefrmjynfa&mufz;l
a& &cdkifom;wdkif; wpfenf;enf;wGdzl;uwfygzdkY/ atydkif jzpf
&pGma& uRefawmfwdkY &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdu ]at;} o&oHeefY
]tJ} o&oHudk uGJuGJjym;jym; rajymuwfvdkY jzpfyga&/
Oyrmwpfckudk wifjyygzdkY/ uRefawmfdkU &cdkifom;wdrm

]tJh? t,f? tJ} o&oHudk ]ath? at? at;} o&oHeefYtwlwl
ajymuwfyga&/ jrefrmdkUu ,if;o&oHESpfrsdK;udk cGJcGJjcm;jcm;
ajymuwfaw/
jrefrmtrsdK;om;wd cGJjcm;ajymuwfpGmudk owdrjyKrdvdkY

av; jzpfyga&/ em;yg;a& vlwduawmhcg at;eefYtJudk jrefrm
trsdK;om;wdydkif cGJjcm;ajymaMumif; oduwfyga&/ em;yg;a&
vlwdxJrm xdyfqHk;uyga& bmomaA'ynm&Sifwduawmhcg
,if;o&oH at;? tJESpfrsdK;rm &cdkifeefY jrefrmdkUtoHxGufyHk
rwlpGmudk aumif;aumif;oduwfyga&/
ausmif;om;b0 &efukefa&mufprm xrif;qdkif0ifxdkif

a& tcsdefu pm;yGJxdk;udk ]yJoD;[if;ay;yg} vdkY jrefrmpum;eefY
rSefvdkufa&cg olu em;rvnfyg/ [if;udkvufndK;xdk;jyrS em;
vnfvm;cyga&/ taMumif;u ]yJoD;} udk &cdkifoHeefY ]ay;oD;}
vdkY&majymvdkY pm;yGJxdk;u em;rvnfpGm jzpfaw/ ]yJ} qdka&
pum;udk &cdik t
f rsKd ;om;wdu ]ay;} pum;eefx
Y yfwl toHxu
G f
auav;aomh jrefrmwdu ,if;ydkiftoHrxGufyJ ]yJ} vdkY&m
xGufaw/ ]ay;} oHu wpfrsdK;[dyga&/
bmomaA'ynm&Sif q&mOD;wifvSeefY ygarmur'rf'ef

eDbmEdkdkUu ,if;o&oHESpfrsdK;rSm &cdkifeefYjrefrmdkUu wwdkif
236
at,Sifhudk xl;jcm;csufvdkY ajymEdkifyga&/ ,if;pum;vHk;wdu

ys,f^pje^? As,f^bje ^? ,,f^je ? v,fÎE ^ dkU jzpfaw/
eefYwwdkif rwlpGmudk atydkifcGJjywwfyga&/

q&mOD;wifvS wifjypGmu atydkifyg/
&cdkifta&;
v,f
0,f
ys,feefYAs,fa& Bud,maemufqufwd jzpfwwfaw/ toHuGJ

avtoHk;wluwfaw/ olU&SdrSm[da& Bud,mpum;vHk;tqHk; oHudk
vdkufysm toHajymif;vm;pGm jzpfaw/ wdkifoHvdkYac:a& u-owf?
p-owf? w-owf? y-owfdkUaemufrSm ys,fudkoHk;a&/ (qufys,f?
a&mufys,?f ud,
k yf su?f jzpfys,?f w,fys,?f vyfys,?f wdwyf s,)f ,if;
wdkifoHwduvGJau wjcm;Bud,moHwdaemufrSm As,fudk oHk;yga&/
(pm;As,f? odAs,f? ylAs,f? cJAs,f? xdkifAs,f? crf;As,f)/
&cdkiftoHxGuf jrefrmta&; jrefrmtoHxGuf

av- le
v,f
v,f- lE
a0- we
0,f
0,f- wE
ygarmur'rf'efeDomEdku atydkifjyyga&/
&cdkifta&;
ab;
wJ
e,f
&cdkiftoHxGuf jrefrmta&; jrefrmtoHxGuf

teaw;jcif
-te
-te
tEwJtdrf
nEe,fy,f
-ne
ys,f? As,f Bud,maemufqufESpfvHk;udk ppfawG? ausmufawmf?

ajrmufO;D ? ykPm ;uRe;f dUk rm oH;k uwfaw taemufjynfvaYkd c:a& (t*k
b*Fvm;a'&SUf )yif;0g? zavmif;csw
d ?f r[m;pk;a'owdrmS av; oH;k uwf
yga&/
txufazmfjycsuw
f u
d Mkd unfah u ynm&SiEf pS Of ;D pvH;u &cdik rf mS
t,f o&oHukd atvdYk ajymavh&adS Mumif; ,lqpGma&/ &cdik b
f mom
pum;wpfckvHk;udk jcHKvdkYajyma& t,ltq jzpfyga&/ a'otvdkuf
ppfMunfhauawmhcg xl;jcm;csufwdaoQwd [dyga&/
,,f^jE^ qdka& toHk;tEIef;av; Bud,maemufquf jzpfyg

a&/ ys,f? As,fdkUeefY toHwla&/ ,,fpum;vHk;udk rif;jym; wpfNrdKU
wnf;rsm oHk;a&/ tjcm;NrdKUwdrSm rawGU&yg/ ,,f pum;vHk;a&
&rf;NAaJ 'od,pum; ,m Bu,
d maemufqufeefY ppfawGa'od,pum;
ys,f Ukd a&mvmNy;D au pum;oHtopfwpfcjk zpfvma&vdYk xif&yga&/
rif;jym;pum;a& ppfawGa'od,pum;abmifxrJ mS ygauav;aomh
,,f toHk;tEIef;wpfcku ppfawGeefY rwla&/ xl;jcm;csufwpfck
jzpfyga&/
&cdik b
f mompum;udk a'otvdu
k f cGpJ w
d Mf unfah u a,bk,s
oabmt& ESpfrsdK;xGufvmyga&/ wpfrsdK;u &rf;NAJa'od,pum;
aemufwpfrsKd ;u ppfawGa'od,pum; jzpfyga&/ &cdik w
f pfjynfv;kH rSm
,if;ESprf sKd ;xJu wpfrsKd ;udjk zpfjzpf? ESprf sKd ;udak &mvdjYk zpfjzpf ajymuwf
aw/ ,if;ESprf sKd ;vH;k udk wpfrsKd ;pDppfMunfah u ppfawGa'od,pum;rSm
t,fÊô&oHeefY ajyma&pum;av;vHk;[dpGmudk wGd&yga&/
v,f qdak & pum;vH;k a& wpfcck u

k kd vkyzf v
Ykd m;zdt
Yk wGuf wpfO;D
237
armifAodef;
&cdkifhwefaqmif (18)? 1996/
u wpfOD;udk ac:a& toHk;rsdK; jzpfyga&/

(yHkpH/
/ v,f-----vkyfuwfar/ v,f-----vm;uwfa&/)
udk;um;usrf;
v,fudk vmvm qdka&pum;vHk;? vmvwfqdka& pum;vHk;wd

tpm; oH;k Edik yf ga&/ atv,fpum;vH;k udk taemufjynfeefY ppfawG?
ajrmufO;D ? ausmufawmf? ykPm ;uRe;f ? rif;jym;? bl;oD;awmif? armif
awm? aygufawmdkU oHk;uwfyga&/
txuf wifjycsuw
f ad & ppfawGcdik f a'od,pum;rSm wG&d a&
xl;jcm;csufwd jzpfyga&/ bmomaA'ynmoQifwdu ,if;xl;jcm;
csufwdudk owdrxm;uwfvdkYvm;? a'otESHY avhvmzdkY tcsdefr&?
tcGirhf omvdv
Yk m; rajymwwfyg/ ,if;xl;jcm;csuw
f ed efyY wfoufvYkd
oHk;oyfwifjypGmwdudk rwGd&yg/
tcsKyfajym&au o&oHwdrSm t,f-E o&oHwdudk &cdkifeefY
jrefrmdkUtoHxkwfyHk rwluwfyg/ &cdkifu t,fo&oHudk at-ivdkY
toHxkwfaw/ jrefrmoHu t,f-E vdkY toHxkwfyga&/
a,auav;aomh a'otvdu
k f xl;jcm;csuw
f d [dyga&/ &rf;NAJ
a'od,pum;rSm t,f o&oHoHk;EIef;pGmrsdK; vHk;0rwGd&yg/ ppfawG
a'od,pum;rSmawmhcg txufrmS wifjya&twdik ;f ys,?f As,?f v,f?
,,fqdka& Bud,maemufqufav;vHk;wnf;udk t,f-E o&oHeefY
ajymqdkwwfaMumif; wifjyvdkuf&yga&/
1/ tEkpmay aumufEw
k cf su/f yxrwGJ ygarmuO;D at;armif
2/ &cdkifoH? OD;wifvS? &cdkifhwefaqmifr*Zif;? trSwf(5)
1955-56/
3/ The vowel system of arakanese and Tavoyan. Denise
Bernot, Lingua 15 (1965)PP 463-474, North Holland Publishing Co. Amssterdam.
at&wkudk wcsdKUokawoDu oQifawaZmom&zGJUa&/ rSwf

,luwfyga&/
238
wdudk&mru toHxGuf? oHk;yHkoHk;enf;wdeefY pum;vHk;\ &if;

jrpfudkyg tudk;tum; tcdkiftvHkeefY ordkif;aMumif;avQmuf
ysmazmfjywwfyga&/ ,if;ydik f tbufbufu jynfph akH &twGuf
oufqdka& bmompum;udk q&meefY tNcDcHavmuf&m oifzl;
olwpfa,mufa& udk,favhvmcsifa&pmudk tbd"mef tul
tnDeefYqufyem avhvmzdkY jzpfEdkifyga&/
&cdkiftbd"mef jyKpka&;
tbd"mef ay:vm&pGm
tbdf"mefay:vm&pGm taMumif;&if;wdudk ppfMunfhau?
udk,fha'otajctae udk,fhbmompum;tqifhudkvdkufvdkY
taMumif;trsdK;rsdK; [dwwfzdkY jzpfyga&/ ,if;taMumif;wdxJ
rSm a,bk,sususa& taMumif;wpfcku bmompum;dkU\
wyifwnf;ajymif;wwfaw obm0taMumif;BuD; jzpfyga&/
ZmeD&mrm jzpfjzpf? Zmtcsdefrm jzpfjzpf bmompum;wdkif;
ajymif;wwfyga&/ toHajymif;wwfaw/ pmvHk;aygif; ajymif;
wwfaw/ t"dym,fajymif;wwfaw/ o'gajymif;wwfaw/
]]&cdkifrm a0g[m&qdkpGmudk trI? tjcif;vdkY oHk;pGJuwfyg

a&/ Oyrmt*F v d y f p um;ud k t*F v d y f t rI - t*F v d y f j cif ; ?
t*Fvdyfpum;ajymwwfoludk t*FvdyfrIwuf? t*Fvdyfjcif;
wwfvdkY qdkuwfyga&/ ,if;eefY bmompum;qdkpGm &cdkifdkU
toHk;t& trI? tjcif;vdkY xif&Sm;Edkifyga&}}
toQif p ud E
pm[da& vlrsdK;wdkif;rm tbd"mefjyKpkxm;wwfaw/ tbd
"mef,adS u pmvH;k aygif;udk odcsicf gjzpfjzpf? pum;vH;k t"dym ,f
udk em;rvnfcg jzpfjzpf tbd"mefwdrSm &SmMunfhEdkifa&/ acwf
opf tbd"mefwdrSm pum;wpfvHk;\ pmvHk;aygif;eefY t"dym,f
bmompum; ajymif;wwfpGmtxJrm toHajymif;wwf

pGmu todomqHk; jzpfyga&/ pum;ajymwla& vlwpfrsdK;wnf;
xJrm a'owpfckeefYwpfck pum;ajymoH rwlpGmudkxm;vdkuf
zd? rdom;pkwpfckwnf;rmawmif wpfa,mufeefYwpfa,muf
239
atydkif ajymif;wwfpGmudk wwfEdkifa&qD xdef;csKyfEdkif

atmif owfyHkusrf;wd? tbd"mefusrf;wd jyKpkuwf&pGm jzpf
yga&/ acwfopftbd"mefwdrm pum;wpfvHk;\toHudk o'
vuPm (Phonetic Alphabets) wGifAsm ,if;pum;vHk;aemuf
uuGif;eefY azmfjywwfyga&/ toHwnDwnf;xGufau ,if;
bmompum;udk oH;k a&vlwt
d csi;f csi;f qufccH gvG,zf Ykd r[kwf
ygvm/
pum;ajymoH? ajym[efUkd pGyyf pfrwlwwfyg/ a,Zl;eefY bmom

pum;udk tu&meefY rSwfwrf;wifpcg pmvHk;aygif; teDrus
pGmudk wGd&wwfaw/ pmyDynmoQifwda& trsm;ajymqdka&
pum;vH;k udv
k u
kd yf em pmvH;k aygif;pepfukd xGiv
f muwf&yga&/
,if;xdk;xGifcsufwd pepfusvdkY vltrsm;wqwfqwf
vufco
H ;kH pGv
J mcgNy;D rS olUacwftvku
d f trsm;vufcaH & pmvH;k
aygif; jzpfvmwwfaw/ ,if;pmvHk;aygif;udk tmPmydkifwdu
jy|mef;yD;vdkufawqdkau twnfjzpfzdkY vG,fyga&/ a,'gav;
aomh xm0&twnfjzpfpGm r[kwf/ tcsdefajymif;a&tEIef;
toHav; ajymif;vma&/ cdkifvHka& t&D;tom;rSwfwrf; Zm
avmufyif[d[dtoHu wnfreD/ toHwnfreDuwfpGmudk
atmufu om"uaoQudkMunhfau odygvdrfhar/
wpfcgpmvHk;ajymif;pGm udpudkMunfhau pmvHk;aygif;

ajymif;pGma& toHajymif;pGmeefY qufeDwwfpGmudk wGd&yga&/
&cdkifpum;rm ]0&D;? 0NzD;? 0'ef;? Zif;cg;} qdka& pum;vHk;wd
a& ]OD;&D;? OD;NzD;? O'gef;? pMur} qdka& pum;wdu ajymif;vm
pGmwd jzpfaw/ rlvpum;vHk;udk ,ifatmif? vG,fatmifajym
,ufyif yxrtoHajymif;ygvwfaw/ aemuf toHuv
kd u
kd v
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pmvH k ; aygif ; ajymif ; vmpG m jzpf a w/ tbd " mef jyKpk & pG m
taMumif;xJrm toHaemufuv
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f Ykd pmvH;k aygif; pnf;vGwf
0g;vGwfajymif;csifqD rajymif;&atmif oHk;a&cg pmvHk;aygif;
wnDwnf;jzpfatmifqdka& &nf&G,fcsufwdygyga&/
]wefaqmifrkef;v? a[rEonf? csrf;pay:? vlU&GmyGJ

obif} qdak & Oumys\
H wefaqmifrek ;f v &wkBu;D xJu um&ef
,lpmG rm ]ay:} qdak & pum;vH;k udk OumysH Ukd acwfuvlwd ]atmf}
o&oH rxGuf/ ]tm} o&oH&mxGufawqdkpGmudk olUaemufu
vdkufygvwfaw ]&m} um&efudk MunfhvdkY odEdkifyga&/ pmvHk;
aygif; rajymif;auav;aomh toHajymif;vmpGm ay:eDyga&/
atacwfrm ay:udkyGm xGufvlxGufNyD;au/ ydkxGufvlxGufeD
uwfpGmudk wGdeD&yga&/
aemufwpfcg pum;vHk; t"dym,fudk ordkif;aMumif;

avQmufvdkY ppfMunfhau pum;vHk;wda& rlvt"dym,frmcsnf;
wyifwnf; wnfreDuwfpGmudk wGd&a&/ tcsdefMuma&tEIef;
t"dym,fav; ajymif;wwfyga&/ t"dym,f yGm;wwfyga&/
240
pm;qdka& pum;vHk;\ rlvteufa&tpmudk rGm;Asm rsdKcsa&
tjyKtrltwGuf oHk;pGmjzpfaw/ a,'gav;aomh atacwfrm
,if;teufawmifru wmpm;a&? rD;pm;a&? 'kwfeefYtpm;cH
&a&? pm;oma& qdka& teufrsdK;wdeefY oHk;eDuwfpGmudk wGd&
yga&/
wif&yga&/
atydkif t"dym,fajymif;pGm t"dym,fus,fvmpGmwdudk

pmyD&D;zGJUa&vlwdu udk,fhpmxJrSmxnfhAsm oHk;uwfaw/ tbd
"mefjyKpka& vlwdu ,if;om"uwdudk,lAsm tbd"mefrm rSwf
wrf;wifuwf&yga&/
tbd"mefay:vm&pGmrm aemufta&;BuD;a& tcsuf

wpfck [dygoD;a&/ ,if;tcsufu acwfa[mif;pum;vHk;wd?
cufcJa&pum;vHk;wd? toHk;aumif;aumif;enf;a& pum;vHk;
wd aysmufuG,frvm;&atmif rSwfwrf;wifxdef;odrf;xm;csif
a& tcsufjzpfaw/ attcsufaMumifh acwfa[mif;u wcsdKU
tbd"mefwd ay:vm&yga&/ t&Dpudzk ed ;f (Aristophanes 257?-?180 BC) \ *&dtbd"mefa& *&dbmompum;xJrm cufcJ
a&pum;vHk;wd? toHk;aumif;aumif;enf;a& pum;vHk;wdudk
rSwfwrf;wifxm;a& tbd"mefrsdK; jzpfaw/ at'D 1604-ck
rm a&mbufaumf'a& (Robert Cawdrey) jyKpka& yxrqHk;
t*Fvdyftbd"mefav;aomh cufcJa& pum;vHk;wdudk rSwfwrf;
wifxm;pGmrsdK; jzpfyga&/ oQifr[moDv0Ho\ ayg&mP
uxm vuFma[mif;? wGif;oif;rif;BuD;\ wGif;oif;ayg&mP
uxmdkUav;aomh &Sda[mif;jrefrmpum;vHk;wd t"dym,fudk
aemufvlwd odEdkifatmif rSwfwrf;wifxm;pGmwd jzpfyga&/
txufwifjycsufwdudk NcHKMunfhvdkufau tbd"mefay:

vm&pGmrm t&if;cHtaMumif;a& bmompum;\ wyifwnf;
ajymif;wwfaw obm0 (toH? pum;vHk;? t"dym,f? o'g)
aMumifh jzpfawqdkpGmudk wGd&zdkY jzpfyga&/
bmompum;dkUa& umvMuma&cg o'gav; ajymif;vm

wwfaw/ &cdkifrm odkYqdka& aemufqufypnf;udk ajrmufOD;
acwfwd ajrmufo?Ykd awmifoYkd qdNk y;D au OD;wnf&maemufquf
(a&SUI&maemufquf)tjzpf oHk;cuwfaw/ ,if;odkY toHk;a&
aemufyikd ;f rm t&yfo;kH pum;wdYk jzpfvmNy;D au ajrmufbufw?Ykd
awmifbufwdkY? tdrfwdkYvm;a&/ ighyg;wdkYvmvwf/ 'dkYvmvwf
qdkyem ajymvmwwfaw/ ,if;wdkYeD&mrm tcsdKUu uHaemuf
qufudk xnfhAsm oHk;uwfjyefa&/ atedqdkau odkY toHk;udk
vloHk;enf;NyD;au wdkY? 'dkY? udk dkUudk&m vloHk;rsm;vmpGmudk wGd
&a&/ atom"ua& &cdkifbmompum;rSm o'gajymif;wwf
aw oabmtwGuf cdkifvHka&om"uwpfckyif jzpfyga&/
atydik f o'gajymif;wwfpmG udak v; tbd"mefq&mu rSww
f rf;
241
tbd " mef t p
tbd"mefudk twk,lAsm oD[dkVfuRef;om; toQifarm*vef

rax&f ygVdbmom tbd"my'yD u
d musr;f udk at'D 12-&mpkrm
jyKpkcyga&/ at tbd"mefusrf; ESpfapmifpHkudk jrefrmynmoQif
wd yk*aH cwfuyif avhvmzdx
Yk ifa&vdYk q&mOD;wifvu
S ]jrefrm
tbd"mef ordkif;csKyf} pmwrf;rm cefYrSef;azmfjyyga&/
urmrm &SdtusqHk; tbd"mefudk tqD&D,HwdeefY abbD

vHkeD,efwdu 669-633 bDpDuyif oHk;cuwfysm qdkyga&/
tkyfpmwdxufpm; tu&moauFwwdudk oHk;vma&cg ,if;
tu&mwdudk em;vnfatmif tkyfpmwpfzuf? tu&m
wpfzufwAJG sm usref;jym;rm aumfvq
H v
JG Ykd ,Si;f jya& tbd"mef
rsdK; jzpfyga&/
&Sdacwf &cdkifjynfrm tbd"mefusrf;wd [d? r[d? oHk;?

roHk;udk okawoervkyf&oD;vdkY twdtus rajymEdkifyg/
tmeEjEa usmufpm t&Sb
d ufrsuEf mS rm &D;xd;k xm;a& tu&m
yHkoPmefudkMunfhyem at'D-4&mpkavmufuyif pmt&D;
tom;udk toHk;jyKuwfysmvdkY ynmoQifwd cefYrSef;uwfyga&/
,if;acwfuyif aemufacwftoD;oD;dUk rm Ak'b
momeefY tdEd
,rS pmyD,Ofaus;rIwd &cdkifjynfrm jyefYyGm;cyga&/ ,if;
aMumifh tdEd,eefY oD[dkVfuRef;dkUu tbd"mefusrf;wdav;
aomh &cdkifjynfodkY a&mufvDzdkYydkif wGda&vdkY qdkcsifyga&/
taemufEikd if w
H u
d acwfopftbd"mefwt
d wGuf vufO;D
q&ma& t&Dpwdkzdef;\ *&dtbd"mefjzpfaw qkdyga&/ *&d
tbd"mefukd twk,Al sm vwfwed f (Latin) tbd"mefw?d ,if;u
wpfqifh wjcm;Oa&mybmompum; tbd"mefwd ay:ygvwf
aw/
t&SdEdkifiHwdrm wkwfvlrsdK;dkUa& tOD;qHk;tbd"mefoHk;
a& vlrsdK;jzpfaw/ 158-bD ? pDuyifpvdkY oHk;ca& qdkyga&/
at? 'D 530-rm xkwf0Da& ula,0ef (Ku ye Wang) \
wkwftbd"mefa& aemufacwfwdrm ay:vma& wkwf?
*syef tbd"mefwt
d wGuf tNccD yH if jzpfawvdYk rSwo
f m;&yga&/
tbd"mef t"dym,feefY trsdK;tpm;
tdEd,rm tr&oD[Hq&mu at'D 9-&mpktwGif;rm

tr&aumo ou#tbd"mefudk jyKpkca& qdkyga&/ ,if;
ygVdpum; tbd"mefukd jrefrmdUk u tbd"mefvYkd ac:uwf

yga&/ emrnf trsdK;rsdK;udk jya&usrf;? a0g[m&pum;dkU\
teufjyusrf;vdkY t"dym,f &yga&/ acwfopft"dym,feefY
qdkygau tbd"mefqdkpGma& bmompum;wpfck (0g) a'oE&
pum;wpfck (0g) taMumif;&yfwpfckeefYqdkifa& pum;vHk;wd
242
udk tu&mpdik Af sm ud,
k b
hf mompum;eefjY zpfjzpf? tjcm;bmom
pum;eefY jzpfjzpf ,Sif;jya& usrf;pmtkyfudk ac:yga&/
"mefwpfckrm ,if;bmompum; ]tajym? t&D;} xJrm [do&Gd

pum;vHk;wd yg0if&zdkY jzpfyga&/ pum;vHk;wdudk ta[mif;?
topf r&GD;&yg/ t,Of? tdkif; rcGJ&yg/ vloHk;tenf;trsm;
udkav; rMunfh&yg/ &SdoHk;pum;vHk;tm;vHk;? acwfoHk;pum;
vH;k tm;vH;k dUk udk tbd"mefrm xnf&h zdjYk zpfyga&/ bmompum;
qdkpGm wyifwnf;ajymif;eDauav;aomh ajymif;a&qD ]10rsdK; ajymif;ajymif;? trsdK;-20 ajymif;ajymif;} tm;vHk;udk tbd
"mefrm azmfjy&zdkY jzpfaw/ csefypfcvdkYa&/ tydkav; rxnfh
&/ Ny;D jynfph akH & bmompum; tbd"mefwrd m ,if;pnf;urf;udk
vdkufemuwfyga&/
atedurmrm tbd"meftrsdK;rsdK; [dyga&/ bmompum;

tbd"mef? qD;tbd"mef? EdkifiHa&; tbd"mef? 'euaA'
tbd"mefqdka& tbd"mefwum tbd"mefwd &DwGufr&atmif
[dyga&/ a,'gav;aomh NcKH vu
kd af u tbd"mef 2-rsKd ;wnf;&m
xGufvmyga&/ wpfrsdK;u 2-bmom tbd"mef (Bilingual
Dictionary) jzpfaw/ OD;xGe;f Nir
d ;f \ t*Fvyd -f jrefrm tbd"mef
rsdK;a& 2-bmom tbd"mefrsdK; jzpfaw/ aemufwpfrsdK;u wpf
bmom tbd"mef (Onelanguage Dictionary) jzpfyga&/
pmwnf;rSL; OD;0ef\ wuodkvfjrefrm tbd"mefa& wpfbm
om tbd"mefrsdK; jzpfaw/
tbd"mefjyKpkyHk
bd"mef trsdK;rsdK;[da&ydkif jyKpkyHkav;aomh trsdK;rsdK;[dyg
a&/ ataqmif;yg;rm acwfrDbmompum; tbd"mefjyKpkzdkY
tNcDcHvdktyfcsufwdudk&m vdk&if;avmuf wifjyvm;ygar/
acwfopf tbd"mefjyKpkpGmrm ta&;tBuD;qHk; tvkyfa&
pum;vHk;pkaqmif;a&;tvkyf jzpfyga&/ bmompum; tbd
pum;vHk;pk&a& tvkyfa& urmavmufus,fa&tvkyf

jzpfawtwGuf vltrsm;yg0ifulnD&m NyD;jynfhpHkEdkifzdkY jzpfaw/
urmausmf atmufpzdkY t*Fvdyftbd"mef (The Oxford English Dictionary) BuD;twGuf pmzwfy&dowfu okyfaqmif
aumufEkwfcsuf uwfjym;aygif; ig;oef;udk acwfrsdK;pHk pm&D;
q&maygif; ig;axmifwdkY\ t&D;tzGJUwdu pkyD;uwfawqdkyg
a&/ ,if;uwfjym;xJu wpfoef;ausmf (1827309)udk tbd
"mefxJrm azmfjya&vdkY od&yga&/ tbd"mefrmyga& pum;
vHk;aygif;u av;odef;ausmf (404825)[dyga&/ t*kjrefrm
aumfr&Sif? tbd"mefeefY &D;xHk;aumfrwDu jyKpkeDa& jrefrmpm
tbd"mefBuD;av;aomh jynfoltultnDudk,lAsm pum;vHk;
pkaqmif;cpGmudk uRefawmfdkU odNyD;jzpfaw/
243
pum;vH;k pkvNYkd y;D au pkxm;a&pum;vH;k wdukd ud,
k b
hf mom
pum;rm trsm;oHk;eDustwdkif; tu&mpdkif&yga&/ tbd"mef
twGuf pkxm;a&pum;vH;k udk tu&mpdik jf yKp&k pGma& tbd"mef
jyKpkoltwGufeefY tbd"mefudk toHk;csa&vltwGufyg vG,fpD
a&vdkY *smreftbd"mefvdkY ESpfrsdK;[dpGmrm wpfbmomtbd"mef
twGuf t"dym,fzGifh&pGmu ydkcufawvdkY qdkyga&/
t&yfoHk;qdkauav; ZmNrdKU Zm&Gmu toHk;jzpfaMumif; azmfjy

&yga&/ ,if;ydkifazmfjyEdkifrS udk,fhtbd"mef tqifhrDzdkY jzpfyg
a&/ trsm;u tm;udk;zdkY jzpfyga&/
tbd"mefjyKpka&cg wjcm;xnfhoifha&tcsufwdu pmvHk;
aygif;eefY toHxGufdkU jzpfyga&/
pum;vHk;udk atacwfrm pmvHk;aygif;yHkaygif;enf;eefY
acwfa[mif;u aygif;yHkaygif;enf; wlcsifrSwlygzdkY/ rwlau
rwlpGmudk olUacwfpmvHk;aygif; &D;xHk;twdkif; tbd"mefjyKpkol
u azmfjy&yga&/
pum;yHkrm/ cGD; --- qdka& &cdkifpum;udk t*Fvdyfbmom

f mom; t"dym ,fziG Ehf ikd yf ga&/ a,'gav;
eefY 'dog' vdYk tvG,u
aomh ,if;cGD;pum;vHk;udk ,if;pum;vHk;rygbJ &cdkifbmom
pum;eef Y t "d y m ,f z G i f h & au ]td r f r m rG D ; pyf x m;uwf a w
toQifudk cifrifapmifha&Smufwwfaom a[mifwwfaw
NcDav;acsmif; wd&pmef}vdkY jzpfvmygzdkY/ aterlemudk Munfhau
wpfbmomtbd"meftwGuf t"dym,fzGifh&pGm rvG,faMumif;
odEdkifyga&/ a,Zl;eefY *smreftbd"mefBuD;udk *&drf;nDaemifpf
dkU jyKpka&cg vdktyfau tcsdKUpum;vHk;wdudk vufwdefeefYjzpf
jzpf ? wjcm;bmompum;eef Y j zpf j zpf t"d y m ,f z G i f h a &vd k Y
rSwfom; &yga&/
tbd"mefjyKpka&cg udk,fhtbd"mef cdkifvHkzdkYeefY azmfjya&
pum;vHk;wdt"dym,fay:zdkYtwGuf pmyDrSwfwrff;xJu jzpfjzpf?
&yf&GmoHk;pum;xJu jzpfjzpf? aumufEkwfcsufwdkwf,lAsm
oufoDtjzpf xnfhyD;&yga&/ ,if;oufoDcHaumufEkwfcsuf
wdudk Zmusrf;? ZmpmrsufESmu aumufEkwfxm;aMumif;
toHxGufudprmav; ,if;oabmtwdkif;yif jzpfyga&/

atacwfrm a'otvdkufxGufaw toHwd? acwfa[mif;rm
xGufaw toHwdudk om"ujyAsm azmfjy&yga&/ acwfopf
tbd"mefwdrm toHxGufwd twdtusjyEdkifatmif EdkifiH
wumoHk; o'gvuPm (International Phonetic Alphabets)
udkjzpfpD? o'vuPmtopfxGifvdkYjzpfpD azmfjywwfyga&/
vif'ifwuodkvfrm jyKpkeDa& jrefrmt*Fvdyf tbd"mefBuD;
twGuf toHxGufazmfjya&cg o'vuPmtopfxGifAsm
toHk;jyKa&vdkY od&yga&/
txufwifjycsufwdudkMunfhau acwfrDtbd"mefwpf
apmif jyKpkzdkYpGmrvG,faMumif; odEdkifyga&/ urmausmfatmuf
pzdkY t*Fvdyftbd"mefudk ESpfaygif; 40-ausmfjyKpka& qdkyga&/
244
*smref t bd " mef B uD ; ud k *&d r f ; nD a emif d k U vuf x uf u yif
atacwfa&mufatmifxd ESpfaygif; 125-ESpfavmuf jyKpkc&
a& qdkyga&/ wuodkvf jrefrmtbd"mefudk 1944-ckupAsm
jyKpkvmpGm 1964-ck a&mufcgNyD;rS u-tu&mu q-tu&m
xdudk yHkESdyfxkwf0DEdkifyga&/
yxrtbd"mefu &cdkif&mZ0ifeefY pmyDokawoD toQif

pudE\ ]&cdkifa'oE&a0g[m& tbd"mef} jzpfyga&/ toQif
pudEa& attbd"mefudk 1959-ckuyifpAsm jyKpkvmyga&/
tbd"mef tajctaeudk odcsifvdkY avQmufxm;rD;jref;a&cg
1966-ckEpS u
f yif tbd"mef ]vuf&;D rlMurf;} Ny;D eDAsmvdYk rdeMYf um;
yga&/ pmrsufESm 160-Avmpmtkyf q,fhckepftkyf [da&qdkyg
a&/ tbd"mefrmxnfha& pum;vHk;wda& &cdkifjynfrm wGdo&Gd
&cdkifausmufpm? yDpm? yk&ydkufpm? pmtkyf? pmapmif? r*Zdef;wd
u &Edkifo&Gd pum;vHk;wdeefY &cdkifpum;xJu &Edkifo&Gd pum;
vHk;wd jzpfawvdkY od&yga&/
vif'ifwuodkvfrm jyKpkeDa& jrefrmt*Fvdyftbd"mef

BuD;udk 1931-ckavmufuyif jyKpkvmpGm t*kxdrNyD;ygoD;/
1984-cka&mufcgr NyD;EdkifzdkYvdkY cefYrSef;xm;yga&/ atom"u
wdudkMunfhau tbd"mefvkyfief;a& ]*k&DwGif;wl;? *k &DBudKif
aomuf} Edkifa& vkyfief;rsdK; r[kwfaMumif; em;vnfEdkifyga&/
ynmoQifvkyfom; trsm;u jynfolvlxktultnD? em;vnf
Edkifyga&/ ynmoQifvkyfom;trsm;u jynfolvlxk tultnD?
tpdk;&tultnDeefY tyifyef;cHAsm? aZmaumif;aumif;? pdwf
&Snf&Snf onf;cHyem vkyfEdkifrS jzpfEdkifa& {&mrtvkyfrsdK;
jzpfyga&/
a,auav;aomh jrefrma0g[m&eefY wleDa& &cdkifa0g

[m&wd ]pm;? aomuf? x? xdkif? tdrf? ausmif;? vl? awm?
awmif} pa& a0g[m&wdudkawmhcg csefxm;a& qdkyga&/
t"dym,fzGifha&g om"uaumufEkwfcsuftjynfhtpHkeefY zGifhjy
xm;a&vdkY ,Sif;jyyga&/ tu&mpdkif;a&cg ]t? tm? tm;/ td
tD? tD;/ tk? tl? tl;/ {? tJ? t,f? tnf/ ath? tJ? t,f?h tnf/h
at;? tnf;/ atm? atmh? atmf/ tuf? tif? tifh? tif;/ tpf??
tdkuf/ tdkif? tef? tdkifh? tef? tdkif;? tef;? atmuf? atmif?
atmifh? atmif;? twf? tyf? tdwf? tdyf? tkwf? tkyf? tH? tef?
trf? tHh? tefY? trfh? tef;? trf;? tHk? tHkY? tHk;? tdk? tdk,f? tdkY? tdk;?
tkef? tkefY? tkef;? ,yifh? &&pf? 0qGJ? [xkd;? 0qGJ[xdk;? ,yifh
]xd;k ? &&pf0qG?J &&pf][xd;k ? &&pf0qG[
J xd;k } qdak & um&eftwdik ;f
jyKpkNyD;om; &cddkiftbd"mefwd
&cdkifwdrm yHkESdyfxkwf0Dxm;a& tbd"mef r[dygoD;/
xkwf0DzdkY &nfrSef;csufeefY jyKpkxm;a& tbd"mefwd&m [dyga&/
ateD&mrm uRefawmfoda& tbd"mefESpfapmifudk pmzwfoldkU
odatmif wifjyvm;ygar/
245
pdkif;xm;a&vdkY ,Sif;jyyga&/
tbd"mefrsdK; jzpfyga&/
pum;vHk;wdudk jrefrmpmeefY t"dym,fzGifhxm;a&twGuf

toQipf udE \
tbd"mefa& &cdik -f jrefrm ESpb
f mom tbd"mef
rsdK; jzpfyga&/
tbd"mefjyKpkpGma& &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdtwGuf ynm&yf

topftqef;wpfck jzpfyga&/ &cdkifbmompum;udk jyKpkapmifh
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246
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armif A od e f ;
&cdkifhwefaqmifr*Zif;? (16)? (1980)
udk;um;pm&if;
1/ Encyclopedia Americina, International Edition, 1965,
Vol. 9
2/ Encyclopedia Britanniea, Ninth Edition Vol VII

3/ wuodkvfjrefrm tbd"mef? OD;0ef/
4/ bmomESifhpmay? OD;wifvS (r[m0dZm)? 1966
5/ &cdkifa0g[m& tbd"mef (rlMurf;)? &cdkifjynfe,f
jynfolUaumifpD? 1977
6/ tmeEpjErif;ausmufpm? OD;pHomatmif/
247
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&mrsm;udk okawoevkyf ukecrf;EdkiftHh rifyg/ &cddkif'*Fg;
taMumif;udk az,m? aumfvpf? OD;atmifomOD;tp&Sdaom
okawoDwdkY avhvmwifjycJhMuonfrSm ESpfaygif; (100)cefYyif
MumcJhygNyD/ odkYaomf jynfhpHkrI r&Sdao;/ az,mrawGUzl;cJhonf
udk aumfvpfawGU tjrifopfrsm; wifjyum '*Fg;ordkif; pm
rsufESmopfrsm; a&;ay;cJhygonf/ xdkyk*dKvfESpfOD;wdkY rawGUzl;
cJah om '*Fg;rsm;udk oufaoxm; OD;atmifomOD;u &cdik 'f *Fg;
ordkif;udk jznfhpGufa&;om;cJhonf/ ,if;ynm&SifwdkY\ BudK;yrf;
rIwGif tajccHNyD; uREkfyfwdkYu qufvufokawoevkyf&yg
rnf/ &cdkif'*Fg;ydkrdkjynfhpHkvmatmif ydkrdkyDjyifvmatmif tm;
xkwf&ygrnf/ a&S;acwf &cdkifjynf\ tarGtESpf '*Fg;a[mif;
rsm;u uREkyfwdkY\ orkdif;rnfodkYjzpfay: wdk;wufcJhonfudk
rS w f c suf
aqmif;yg;udk &cdkifr*Zif; trSwf(4)? 1977- ]armif
jrodef;} uavmiftrnfjzifh azmfjyzl;ygonf/
* Phayre, Arthur, P.11

** Collis, M.S Kalima
1. "Coins of Arakan, of Pegu and of Burma", Phayre, A.P.
The International Numimmata Orientalis London?
Trubner& Co. 1882
1. Ibid P.1
2. Ibid P.2
3. Ibid P.8
4. Ibid P.30
5. " Arakan's Place in the Civilization of the Bay", M. Collis
in Collation with San Shwe Bu., BRSFAP No(2)
1. Ibid P.485
258
4/ (u) &cdkif&mZ0ifopfusrf;? pm-7

(c ) &cdkif&mZ0ifopfusrf;? pm-93
(u ) "n0wDta&;awmfy?kH ta&;awmfykH 6-apmifw?JG
eef;jrifhpmay? &efukef? 1970? pm-43
(c ) &cdkif&mZ0iftusOf;? pm-97
1/ (u) &cdkif&mZ0ifopfusrf;? pm-24/
(c ) &cdkif&mZ0ifopfusrf;? pm-99
(c) &cdkif&mZ0iftusOf;? pm-804
&cdkif&mZ0iftusOf;? pm-104
2/ Harvey, History of Burma, Longman Greeu Co. 1925
2. Ibid P.487
3. Ibid P.486
4. Ibid P.488
5. Arakan 'Place' 487
6. Ibid P.488
* Mongolian
1. Ibid P.488
2. Ibid P.488
3. Ibid P.489
4. Ibid P.491
*** Burmese Writing
**** Arakanese Language
* Gaur
1. Arakan's Place, P,493
2. Coins of Arakan, P.2
P.140
3/ pmqdkawmf z'lrif;ndK ]bapmjzLorD;awmf {jcif;}

(a&T a pwD r l ) OD ; atmif o mOD ; wnf ; jzwf o nf /
pmayaygif;ul; pmtkyw
f u
kd ?f awmifOuvmy? &efuek /f
1970? pm-60/
* rif;apmrGefu b*Fvm;bk&if emZD&ftl'defoQmudk ppfa&;
ppf&m ulnDcJhaMumif; &cdkif&mZ0ifrsm; tus,f
w0ifhazmf jyMuygonf/
1/ ausmfZHomordkif; ajrmufOD;acwf\ ed'gef;? &cdkif
r*Zif;? trSwf(3)? 1976? pm-26
1/ '*Fg;ordik ;f avhvmolwpfO;D (OD;atmifomOD;)? ]ta&SU

awmiftm&S '*Fg;ordkif;} &cdkifGefYzl;? pm-117?
ynm*kPf&nf pmaywdkuf? 1968/
* Prof. D.R. Bhandarkar
1. Rustom, C.A ' Some coins of Arakan" The Nation Sun
day Supplement, 11 November, 1962
1. Coins of Arakan, 25
* Zabauk Shah
2. (A) Coins of Arakan, P.25 (B) Arakan's Place, P.501
3. (u) pErmvuFm&? &cdkif&mZ0ifopfusrf;? 'k-tkyf?
* Sandikhan mosque
** Shashuja
2. Smart, A, B, Burma Gazatter Akyab District, Volume A P.
86-87
[Hom0wDyd#uwfwdkuf? 1203/
(c) OD;OD;omxGef;? &cdkif&mZ0iftusOf;? 1972? pm89/ (pmul;pufrI) pm-12/
2/ ajrmufOD;acwfed'gef;? pm-26
3/ &cdkifr*Zif;? trSwf(3)? 1976? pm-26
4/ ajrmufOD;acwfed'gef;? pm-26
259
acwfopfordkif;ynmoQifwdkYonf '@m&DESifha&maxG;ae
aom acwfa[mif;ordkif;rsm;udk Iwfcsypfy,fjcif; rjyKMu/
trJaumifvu
kd af om rkq;kd yrm '@m&Dov
J eG pf rsm;udk ajc&mcH
okawoevkyfNyD; ryDrjyif 0dk;wdk;0g;wm; jzpfaeaom ordkif;
rsm;udk yDjyifxif&Sm;vmatmifom tm;xkwfcJhMuavonf/
odyHenf;usaom wl;azmfrIvkyfief;uvnf; acwfopfordkif;
ynmoQifwdkYtm; '@m&DESifh wu,fhtjzpf cGJjcm;Edkifatmif
xda&mufpGm ulnDEdkifcJh\/
&cdkif&mZ0ifvm '@m&Dqefaom taMumif;t&m tjzpf
tysufrsm;um; trsm;tm;jzifh '@m&Db0om &SdaeMuao;
onf/ raoG;&ao;aom ausmufrsufrsm;yrm urmhordkif;
ausmuf r suf & wemrsm;tv,f ta&mif r vuf emrnf
rxGub
f J &Sad eMu&onf/ xdrk aoG;&ao;aom ausmufrsuw
f ;kH
rsm;xJ a0omvDNrdKUawmfa[mif;um; tawmftoifh vlod
rsm;aom ausmufrsufwHk;wpfck jzpfygonf/
a0omvDordkif; jyKpka&;
(aqmif;yg;jzifh uG,fvGefol q&mOD;pHomatmiftm;
OD;Gwfygonf/)
uRefawmfwdkY i,fi,fuyif a0omvDNrdKUawmftaMumif;
udk tbdk;tbGm;wdkYxHrS yHkjyifozG,f Mum;cJhzl;onf/ ausmif;
om;b0 urmhordkif;yHkjyifrsm;udk zwfIavhvm&aomtcg
i,fpOfu Mum;cJhzl;aom a0omvDNrdKUawmftaMumif;udk owd
&vmNyD; olrsm;EdkifiHvnf; rdrdwdkYvdk '@m&Dqefaomordkif;
tjzpftysurf sm; &SMd uyguvm;[k odvmonf/ trSeu
f acwf
ordkif;rsm;onf '@m&Dqefaom acwfa[mif;ordkif;rsm;rS
arG;zGm;vmjcif;om jzpfavonf/
a0omvDNrdKUawmfonf emrnfausmf ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfrS

ajrmufbufig;rdkifcefYtuGmwGif wnf&Sdygonf/ trnftjynfh
tpHkrSm ]]a0omvDausmufavSum;NrdKUawmf}} jzpfonf/ a0om
vDNrdKU\ taemufajrmufbuf &rf;acsmif;urf;yg;wGif oabFm
rsm; qdu
k u
f yf&m ausmufavSum;wnf&cdS ahJ omaMumifh ]]a0om
vDausmufavSum;}} NrdKUawmf[k ac:Mujcif; jzpfonf/
260
azmfjyygonf/ xd'k gG &m0wDNrKd UawmfrS xGuaf jy;vmMuaom 0gok

a'0\ESr tea'0DEiS hf jA[ojk Ey P
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tajctaewGif tZKe&Sif&aoh om;awmfrm&,krif;om;onf
a0omvD aomif;usef;aeaom bDvl;&efudk NzdKcGif;NyD; a0om
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&cdik &f mZ0ifukd avhvmMunfah omf a0omvDwnf&cdS ahJ om

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rnf jzpfygonf/ wpfydkif;onf pmta&;tom; rSwfwrf;
rawGU&ao;rDumv a0omvDjzpf usefwpfydkif;rSm pmta&;
tom;rSww
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enf;ajym&vQif a0omvDudk r[mwdkif;pjEm;rif;BuD; rwdkifrD
umv a0omvDESIfh r[mwdkif;pjEm;rif;BuD;aemufydkif;umv
a0omvD[l ydkif;jcm;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf/
a0omvDNrdKUawmf rif;jzpfvmonf/ odkYaomf a0omvD

qufvufrpdk;pHbJ "n0wDNrdKUawmfopfudk xlaxmifpdk;pHcJh
onf ponfjzifh azmfjyMuygonf/ rm&,krif; pdk;pHcsdefudk c&pf
awmfray:rD ESpfaygif; 3000-[k &mZ0ifq&mwdkY azmfjyMu
&m a0omvDrmS xdx
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aom umvutjzpftysurf sm;twGuf cdik v
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'@m&Dqefaom a0omvD
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NyD; ra&S;raESmif; umv a0omvDNrdKUawmfudk wnfonf[k
qdkygonf/ rZdra'o Ow&r&jynf&Sif oD&dom*&rif;BuD;\
om;awmftvwf ]yk&m*rif;om;} u wnfaxmifonf[k azmf
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awmf r[mwdkif;pjEm;rif;BuD;onf "n0wDNrdKUoufukef a0
261
a&;xm;csufrsm; rSefuefrI &Sd? r&Sdudkvnf; rlvrSwfwrf;rsm;jzifh

vnf;aumif;? acwfNydKifrSwfwrf;rsm;jzifh vnf;aumif; wdkuf
qdkifppfaq;MunfhMuOD;rnf jzpfonf/ rlvrSwfwrf;vnf; r&Sd?
acwfNyKd irf w
S w
f rf;rsm;vnf; &SmrawGUqdv
k Qif aemufq;kH tqifh
tjzpf oufqikd &f mNrKd Uawmfa[mif; ocsK i;f a[mif;wdu
Yk kd wl;azmf
&SmazGMunfhMurnf jzpfonf/
omvDausmufavSum;NrdKUawmfa[mif;udk xlaxmifpdk;pHcJhonf
[k &cdkif&mZ0if azmfjyygonf/ rif;qufudk;quf &SdcJhonf[k
jyonf/ wdkif;pjEm;rif;tm; odMum;rif;u av;? oHvsuf? vSHysH
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jyonf/ pjEm;udk;qufpvHk; vSHysH& &wemrdk; tBudrfBudrf&Gm
onf[k rSwfom;&ygonf/
&cdkif&mZ0iftqdkudk &cdkifpmay rSwfwrf;wdkYuvnf;
axmufcHaejyefonf/ ajrmufOD;acwf bapmjzLrif; (c&pf
ou&mZf 1459-1482)vufxufa&;aom &cdkifrif;orD;
{jcif;tyd'k f (10) ]]a0omvD Zmwdq'e?f rsKd ;rSejf zLvJ?h wq,fh
ESpfpD;? ausmfoD;xdkcg? ausmfxif&Gmom;? r[mrnfvIdif;? wdkif;
pjEm;? ausmufavSum;? odMum;ewfay;? av;ESifhoHvsuf?
vufeufvyS s?H appm;cHvsu?f ab;awmfpjEm ;? ud;k quftm;ud?k
odMum;ay;o? vSHysHvSESifh? rdk;0&wem? &GmonfxefBudK;? ausmf
vGrf;[dk;onf}} [l zGJUqdkxm;avonf/ &mZ0iftqdkESifh at;
jcif;tqdkwdkY xyfwlyif jzpfygonf/
a0omvDrS taxmuftxm;rsm;
a0omvDESifhywfoufaom rlvtaxmuftxm;rsm;
tjzpf a0omvD'*Fg;rsm;? ou#ausmufpmrsm;? ausmufqpf
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odkYaomf acwfopfordkif;ynm&SifwdkYu ]]&mZ0ifwGif a&;

xm;Hk? pmaywGif zGJUqdkxm;HkESifh cdkifvHkrSefuefNyD[k owfrSwf
Murnf r[kwfyg/ &mZ0ifwGif a&;xm;vQif rnfonfhacwf
u rnfola&;xm;aom &mZ0ifenf;? rlva&;avm? wqifh
ul;xm;jcif;avm ponfjzifh pDppfMunfhOD;rnfjzpfonf/ xdk
262
oQwdkuf&Sd &cdkifa0omvD'*Fg; 21-jym;udkvnf; yl;wGJazmfjycJh

\/ ausmufpmyg rif;tcsdKU\ trnfESifh '*Fg;tay: pmxdk;
xm;aom rif;trnfrsm; wlnDaMumif;udkvnf; azmfxkwfEdkifcJh
avonf/
rsm;udk xlaxmifcJygonf/
olu a0omvDjynfolESifh tkyfpdk;olwdkYonf [dELrsm; jzpf
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&cdkiftu&m ta&;tom;ray:ao;[kvnf; qdkygonf/
xdt
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xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhaom tqdkrsm; jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf
xdktqdkrsm;onf &cdkif&mZ0ifvm tqdkrsm; rSefrrSefudk EIdif;
,SOfppfaq;Munfh&eftwGufum; toHk;r0ifvSacs/
a'gufwm*Refpwifu taemufbufrsufESm&Sdpmonf
tmeEpjEm;rif;a&;xdk;cJhaompmjzpf xdkrif;u at'D&Spf&mpk
yxrydik ;f umv a&;xd;k cJv
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onf/ 'kwd,rif;qufudkxlaxmifolonf a'GpHjErif;jzpfNyD;
at'D 350? qm;um;u 370-cefY pwifpdk;pHcJhNyD; rif;aygif;
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trnfeD;pyfaMumif; rSwfcsufcsygonf/
pjEm; (9) qufrSefovm;

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ouf av;pm;tm;udk;avmufaom tcsufopfrsm;udk azmf
xkww
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onf/ yk*dKvfonf &cdkif&mZ0ifvm tqdkrsm; rcdkifvHk
aMumif; OD;pGmaxmufjycJhol jzpfavonf/
a'gufwm*Refpwifonf ,ckoQpfaomif;bk&m; wnf&Sd
aom ou#ausmufpmwdik \
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tpHkzwfNyD; t"dym,fazmfEdkifcJh\/ xdkausmufpmESifhtwl wdNAd
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pjErif;quf\ ESpfpkaygifonf 230-jzpf &cdkif&mZ0ifvm
wdkif;pjEm;rif;\ ESpfpkoufawmfaygif;onfvnf; at'D 877rS 1018-xd ]pjEm; 9-qufESifh tjrwl? yJjzL? irif;wHk;rif;wdkY
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263
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twnfjyKcJh\/
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trnfrsm;? eef;pHESpfrsm;? t&yftrnfrsm;udkum; cdkifrmpdwfcs
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rsm;\ rsufarSmuf a&;xdk;oGef;vkyfcJhaom ypnf;rsm;jzpf
aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
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ausmufpmtaMumif;udk pmwef;zwfcJhavonf/ yk*dKvfwdkY
taMumif; tmeEpjEausmufpmonf vlodrsm;vm\/ a0om
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xdkYaemuf q&mBuD; OD;atmifomOD;onf rdrd\,cifBudK;
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taxmuftxm;rsm;udk udk,fwdkifuGif;qif;&SmazGcJhonf/ Z&m
vl q d k ; \ Ncd r f ; ajcmuf r I u d k &if q d k i f N yD ; &ef u k e f r S ppf a wG ?
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264
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271
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272
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273
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277
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284
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(1995? rwfv? uvsmr*Zif;)
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285
ppfawGcdkif a*ZwfwD;,m;rsm;
(1) Smart, R,B, Burma Gazetteer, Akyab District, Vol.

A, Rangoon, 1957.
(2) Grantnan, S, and Maung Lat, Burma Gazetteer,
Akyab Distriet. Vol. B, No-1, Rangoon, 1956.
OD;pHxGef;atmif\ pmwrf;
&cdkifEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif OD;pHxGef;atmif (18991985)\ udk,fawGUar,kajrESifh dk[def;*sm rSwfwrf;/
rS w f p k
rif;BuD; rpwm*srf;tufpbm OD;aqmifaom pHkprf;a&;

aumfr&Sif tpD&ifcHpm
a'gufwm bem*sD\ pmtkyf

Banarjee, A.C, The Eastern Frontier of British India,
1784-1826, Third Edition, Calcutta, 1964.
uRef;tkyf OD;armifndK\ rSwfwrf;pmrsm;

(if;rSwfwrf;pmrsm;onf atmfuyg
\ aqmif;yg;wGif yg0ifonf/)
Langhan Cnarter
Langhan Charter, Archives of an Arakanese Family,

JBRS, Vol. XXVIII, Part 11. August 1938.u
(if;tpD&ifcHpmudk OD;vSxGef;jzL\ ]&cdkifjynfe,f pD;yGm

a&; b@mwdkuf} py,fpmaywdkuf? &efukef? 1976? pmrsufESm
(92-96)wGif awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
&cdik w
f ikd ;f rif;Bu;D vkycf ahJ om pma&;q&mBu;D armifxif\
&cdkifjynfe,f tpD&ifcHpm
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1960 Zlvdkifv/
S.B Oanungo
\ ppfwaumif;&mZ0if
286
A History of chillagong, Vol. 1, Billah Printers,
Chittagong.
Gutman P
\ a&S;a[mif; &cdkifjynf
Ancient Arakan , Ph.D Thesis Austrlian National University, 1976.

Prof-M Ahshad and Prof H-Rahman
wdkY\ tif'dkyg
upwefordkif;
History of Indo-Padistan, Ideal Publication, Dacca, Third
Edition, 1969.
aygufawmNrdKUe,frS obm0yef;rsm;udk
&cdkif'*Fg;okawoDz,f,m
pk a qmif ; jcif ;
Phayre, A.P Coins of Arakan of Pegu and of Burma,

London, 1882.
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287
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288
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289
1/ o0ifacsmif; Zmwd OD;pHa&Tcdkif (,ck t-x-jy ? tx-u? aygufawm) 141-ck/
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290
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291
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292
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tajz - uGrf;&Guf? xHk;? uGrf;oD;? uGrf;&nf/
tajz - xef;yif/
22/ ighEGm;MuHpkH wdkufudkckef? tpmukefrS atmufodkYus/
28/ i,fcg bmZl0wf BuD;cg bmZlcR,f/ (bmZl - tus)
tajz - rD;yHk;ysH/
tajz - 0g;yif/
23/ ighEGm;wpfaumif oGm;wpfaxmif? jrufudkrpm;? opf

udkpm;/
29/ pyg;pm; EGm;vnf; r[kwf/

tajz - wHpOf/
tajz - vT/
30/ puKwpfaxmif rwHk;axmif Zmaumifav;/
24/ ighom; ijzL xGufawmfrl? &GmolBuD; ig;a,muf zrf;zdkY

a&muf/
(rwHk;- tNrD;)
tajz - Oa'gif;/
tajz - ESyf/
31/ ppfom;ig;&m qif;vdkYvm? awmifydkYrSma&muf &wf

apmufaqmuf/
25/ iSuf0gaoQ? NrDrSmO/ (aoQ- i,f)

tajz - eEGif;O
tajz - awmifydkYrId/
26/ iSuaf oQwpfaumif ysv

H v
Ykd m;? NceD efrY em; EIwef efeY m;/
(vm;-oGm;? NcD-ajc? eefY-ESifh)
32/ qifajymifBu;D ig;&m &Daomufvm? Nc&D mvnf;aysmuf

&Dvnf;aemuf/
rSwfcsuf/ ausmufawmf? yef;ajrmif paom jrpfzsm;?
acsmif;zsm; a&csdK&ma'owdkY acsmif;wGif
293
37/ ZmwDzkef;qdk; &Sdrcdk;/ (ZmwD- apwD)
a&csdK;Muonf/ t0wfavQmfMuonf/ rdef;

uav;rsm; wpfpkwpfa0; a&vmcyf&if;
awmif;i,fwGif qefxnfhvmum qefaq;
wwfMuonf/ qefaq;a&aMumifh a&aemuf
oGm;onf/ ajc&mvnf;aysmufoGm;onf/ xdk
tjzpfudk &nf&G,f txufygtwdkif; yef;
0Sufjcif; jzpfonf/
tajz - aumufdk;ykH
38/ ZrKoNyD toD;<uD? NrDrSmvnf;us &Smr&/ (oNyDoajyyif? <uD- a<u? NrD- ajr)
tajz - rdk;oD;? rdk;ayguf/
39/ nDeefYtpfudk w&m;qdk? tpfudkHI;wHk; nDHI;wHk/
tajz - acsmif;xJ qefaq;jcif;/
tajz - vuf&uef; (,uef;) ajceif;/
33/ qifr em;&Guf oGD;pufpuf/
40/ nDeefYtpfudk w&m;qdk? tpfudkvnf;HI;? nDvnf;HI;/
tajz - tdrfacgifrdk;wHpuf/
tajz - "m;? "m;aoG;ausmuf/
34/ qifr 0rf;acgif; avmufwpfaomif;/
41/ ndKraoQ tjzLuGuf oGD;pufpufxGuf/
tajz - xrif;tdk;
tajz - uGrf;&Guf? xHk;? uGrf;aoG;&nf/
35/ qwfceJxk tyktD;,dk/
42/ wpfESpfwpfcg ay:vdkYvm? igvnf;rif;avmif; xD;jzL

aqmif;/
tajz - c&rf;csOfoD;/
36/ qef;jym;0wfHk udk,fvHk;csHK (NcHK)? AHkaxmiform;
ajymufusm;usm;
tajz - rId/
43/ wD;wvnfvnf rQKd iaf oQwavmifyeG ;f ? tv,facgif
rSm &rm0wDuRef;/ (rQdKifaoQ- ykpGefqdwfuav;)
tajz - opfawmufiSuf/
294
49/ xydefq,fxyf r0wwwf? pGmuti,f ydpdaoQ/

(pGm- zif? ydpdaoQ-ao;ao;av;)/
tajz - paumESifh qefwD;&mtv,f pyg;rsm;

pkaejcif;/
tajz - iSufaysmzl;/
44/ awmrSmeD &efol tdro

f aYkd &muf cifyeG ;f jzL/ (t&Guef m;
ql;&So
d nfh tyifwpfrsKd ;? if;t&Gu&f n
S jf zifh oaygh
&ufygonf/)
50/ xm;au>cD>cd eDaupefYpefY/ (>cD>cD-acGacG? eDau-ae

vQif)
tajz - oayghpmyif/
tajz - BudK;/
45/ wufav;acsmif;eefY tjyif;avSmf? arSmufawmfoQif

r aygif;xJu (arSmufawmf -rif;orD;)
51/ eMu&avmifyGef;? t0ef;nDpGm? tNcDayguf aemuf

ukef;rSm/
tajz - jyifomvdyf? yifv,fvdyf
tajz - vuf&uef;\ ajceif;tkef;oD;cGH/
46/ awmifxufu yef;Z&D vDxvdkr<uD/ (ref;Z&D rJZvD? vD- av? <uD? a<u)
52/ edefYcgum;yl nOfhcgum;yGifh bl;yifndKpiftjrifh/ (edefYaeY? nOfh- n)
tajz - qHyif
tajz - ae? v? aumif;uif/
47/ wdkufaoQwdkufaoQ wdkufudkuf? cdk;olvmau vSHeefY

vdkuf/ (wdkufudkuf- wdkufuav;rsm;pGm)
53/ eDtcgtiHk ntcgyGifh/

tajz - qDrD;cGuf
tajz - ysm;tHkESifh ysm;/
54/ ewforD;0wf pdeef m;a'gif;? azmfv&Ykd ol bk&m;avmif;
48/ awmifoHk;vHk;ausmf aMumfyGifha&0ef;/ (aMumf-[pf

atmf)
tajz - Mu,f/
tajz - aygufayguf/
295
55/ ewforD;tdrfwdkif ydk;razmufEdkif? azmufEdkifaomf
vnf; wpfaygufwnf;/
61/ yxrt&G,frSm av;acsmif;axmuf? 'kwd,t&G,f

rSm ESpfacsmif;axmuf? wwd,t&G,frSm oHk;acsmif;
axmuf/
tajz - tyf/
tajz - uav;? vlBuD;
56/ EGm;ijzLaoQ urf;pyfNcHK (csHK)wdkif; azmufwwfaw/
62/ yif v ,f Z D ; cuf q,f h i g;&G u f ? t&G , f o H k ; q,f

yef;pHy,f/
tajz - jym;&DvIdif;? 'Da&vIdif;/

57/ EGm;r wpftkyf wdkifrSmwkyf/
tajz - OD;aoQmif
tajz - jy'gumyif? oabFmyif/
63/ ywfywf>cD >rDvnf;r[kwf/
58/ ESD;eefYav;rcsdKif BudrfeefYvnf;ruGyf? wpfyifwdkif

eef;jy'f/
tajz - BudK;
64/ ysHa&cg tawmifeefY? em;a&cg EIwfoD;eefY/
tajz - apwD/
tajz - jrm;/
59/ ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ eDcgcGJ? nbufusvQif jyefaygif;

csif/
65/ yGifhwefrvm rHkwefrxkd;? 0,dkifomrSm kefAsmyGifhau

yef;wpfrsdK;/
tajz - wHcg;&Guf/
(rHkwef- tiHk? 0,dkif-O,smOf? kefAsm-toHjrnf[D;

vsuf)
60/ y#doaE acgif;rSmwnf? zGm;csdefwpf&uf 0rf;rSm

quf/
66/ bDvl;vdkifwdk vludkrsdK/ (vdkif- vnf;yif)
tajz - ykpGef/
tajz - tus
296
71/ rJr zif eDr vsuf/
67/ ]bl;} eefY yif<uDus &Smr&/
tajz - tdk;zifESifhrD;
tajz - tD;aygufoH/
72/ rdk;vDcsdefoD odkufeef;eDa& ynm[d/ (vD-av? eDa&aewJh? ynm[d- ynm&Sd)
68/ AsdKif;jzLBuD; 33-aumif arhvuf0g;rSm em;a,mif

a,mif? tarmifpmxuf atykpmudk ajzygvwf/
(at-)
tajz - zGwf
rSwfcsuf - &cddkifwdkYonf nowfoHudk wcsdKUae&m

ato&oHjzifhvnf;aumif;? wcsdKU
ae&m tdkifo&oHjzifh vnf;aumif;
toHxgufygonf/ Asnf; 33-vHk;udk
&cdkifwdkYu AsdKif;-33vHk;[k toHxkwfyg
onf/
73/ rdkoHvnf;Mum; pum;rsm;/

tajz - zm;/
74/ r*FvmavmifyGef;? t0ef;nDpGm? tnmu>rDxJrSm/
(avmifyGef;- yef;uefjym;)
75/ rif ; BuD ; vuf p G y f tv,f q d y f x &H jyjywf u yf /
(tv,fqdyfx&H-tdrfOD;cef;ESifh tdrfcef;Mum;qD
umxm;aom x&H)
tajz - Asnf; -33vHk;/

69/ rwkef;uawmif; acgif;upm;/ (rwkef;-tNrD;)
tajz - aeajymuf/
tajz - acG;
76/ rif;om;armifjzL xGufawmfrl? &efolig;a,muf zrf;

zdkYa&muf/
70/ rzGyfyJjzL a&yqdk;? rjznfhbJjynfha& &Dtdk;/ (ykqdk;apmif)
tajz - ESyf/
tajz - tkef;oD;qef? tkef;oD;a&/

297
77/ rsufESmrnf;BuD; idkvwfaw? y[dk&fpnfBuD; wD;vwf
aw? oDa&oldkU &Sifvwfaw/
83/ dk;rSmoEm &GufrSm&GufrS azmfEkdifolynme/ (eeefY-ESifh)
tajz - rdk;&Gmjcif;? rdk;BudK;jcif;? jruf/
tajz - bkef;BuD;,yfawmif/
78/ NrBD u;D 0okef Nzed NYf zefd w

Yf ek ?f awmif[ek v
f nf;Bu;D xGuv
f Ykd
NyD;/
84/ dk;vSoEm tnmeefY? udkif0Hha&ol ynmeefY/ (dk;vS

oEm- qdwfzvl;yef;? if;yef;uJhodkY tdk;eDjcif;)
tajz - av,mOfysH/
tajz - bkef;BuD;,yfawmif? bkef;BuD;/
79/ jrifhrdk&fawmifatmuf &Daygufayguf? aumufvdkY

rukef &Dyef;rHk/
85/ &Sduvnf; reD aemufuvnf; rvdkuf? ab;uarQm

Asm ZdrfeefYvdkuf/
tajz - rdk;oD;ayguf/
tajz -vG,ftdwf/
80/ rGD;pcgtN*dKyg? t&G,fvnf;a&muf tN*dKaysmuf? oDzdkY

tcg tN*dKay:/ (rGD;-arG;? tN*dK -csdK? oD-ao)
86/ vm;aupefYpefY eDau>cD>cD/

tajz - a>r/
tajz - vqef;? vjynfh? vqkwf/
87/ av;axmifhjyufpyf eifhrsufESm igh[m[yf/
81/ &DrmeD ow0g ZmwDeefYyHkyrm/
tajz - MunfhrSef/
tajz - r&Gwf? apwDyHkckwpfrsdK;/
88/ vufyg,ifh rudkifwwf/
82/ &Dv,facgif aomifxGef; ewforD;eDa&uRef;/
tajz - tusvuf/
tajz - oeyfcg; ausmufysOf/
89/ vkyaf wcg q,fa,muf? pm;cg 32-a,muf? t&om

cHcg wpfa,mufwnf;/ (awcg-aomtcg)
298
90/ 0,fcgwpf&m &cgoHk;&m? pm;cgwpf&m usefcgESpf&m/
tajz - iSufaysmyif? iSufaysmoD;/
tajz - tojym? tcsif; av;vufrcefY&Sdaom

aiGjym;ESifhwlonfh yifv,f*Hk;wpfrsdK;/
95/ oJaomifjyifrSm &ifbwfpnfwD;? eDwdkif;NyD;/

tajz - bvd? yifv,furf;pyfae uPef;aumif
ao;ao;wpfrsdK;/
rSwfcsuf/ tojymac: *Hk;jymudk [if;csufpm;&ef

0,faomtcg wpfjym;wnf; jzpfonf/
"m;ESifh cGJpdwfvdkufaom tcg tv,frS
tom;cyfjym;jym;wpfck xGufvmNyD; tcGH
jym; ESpfcsyfESifhaygif;ygu oHk;jym;jzpf
onf/ tom;udk [if;csufpm;vdkufaom
tcg tcGHjym;ESpfcsyf usefonf/ [if;
oabmudk &nf&,
G
f txufyguJo
h Ykd yef;
0Sufjcif;jzpfonf/
rSwfcsuf/ yifv,furf;pyf oJcHkrsm; udk,fcEmwpf

vufrcefYom&Sdaom teD? tndK? tajymuf?
a&mifpHkuPef;aumifi,fwpfrsdK; &Sdonf/
tvGet
f ajy;jref onf/ udu
k Ef ikd n
f y Ef ikd af om
vuf r ES p f z uf & S d a omf v nf ; wpf z uf u
BuD;BuD;? wpfzufu ao;ao; jzpfonf/
tcsdK; rnDacs/ vufrBuD;BuD;udk rMumcP
qefv
Y u
kd af uG;vdu
k f vkyw
f wfonf/ rdr&d ifukd
rdrdvufrBuD;BuD;ESifh wD;cwfouJhodkY trl
t&mrsKd ; jzpfonf/ ,if;obm0 trlt&mudk
jrif txufyguJhodkY yef;0Sufjcif;jzpfonf/
92/ o&ufyifpnf q,fhESpfcuf? wpfcufudk &TD oHk;q,f

pD/ (&TD- a&wGuf)
tajz - wpfESpf? q,fhESpfv? &ufoHk;q,f/
96/ opfudkif;avQmuf arsmufvnf;r[kwf/
93/ olwdkuf igwdkuf cdk;olvm vSHeefYwdkuf/
tajz - cgcsOf/
tajz - ysm;tHk? ysm;/
97/ oHk;ESpfwvif; 0ureif;/
94/ olUt&Guf wHbufavmuf? olUtoD; wpfrdkuf

avmuf/ (wHbuf-wbuf? y0gBuD;)
tajz - pm;zdk? rD;zdk/

299
98/ oH;k ESpt
f rd o
f nf ywfywfvnf? tdro
f nf&pd;k yd;k rxd;k /
(tdrfwnf- tdrfwdkif)
105/ txyfxyf Mumuvyf? ynm[dol aumufvdkY,l/

tajz - pmtkyf/
tajz - &[wfpl;/
106/ tyifEGJUaESmif; rwwfaumif;? toD;pm;aumif;

zG,f/
99/ tumuGJuGJ usmusm&J&J? tuGJpHkrS idkufpdkufus/

(usmusm&J&J-aumif;aumif;eD&J)
tajz - pyg;yif/
tajz - iSufaysmzl;/
107/ tyifxufutoD;? toD;xufu tyif/
100/ tNcDav;acsmif; ow0g? qDrpm;bJ rvm;yg/
tajz - eE&myif? emewfyif/
tajz - armfawmfum;/
108/ tbdk;rkwfqdwfjzL wpfjynfvHk;udk auR;a&vl/

(rkwfqD;-rkwfqdwfarG;? auR;a&-auR;arG;wJh)
101/ tNcDav;q,f igvlus,f/

tajz - uif;/
tajz - qef
102/ tNcD0g0g vSoEm? tacgi;vHk;csHK yef;rsdK;pHk? em&D

odwwf a,musfm;jrwf/
109/ tbdk;ouvyf &DrpGwf/

tajz - ydef;zuf/
tajz - Muufz/
110/ trdNrDxJu tbawmif&if;om;? rGD;vma&om;

psmefESifhvm;/ (tb-tz? rGD;-arG;zGm;? psmefeefY
vm;-psmefeJYoGm;)
103/ tawmifpdrf;jymiSuf tacgif;NrDrSm0Suf/

tajz - iSufaysmyif/
tajz - ajryef;wk (ajrtdk;aq;wH)? 0g;dk;? rD;cddk;/
104/ tawmifuyJ pdwfruGJ? tawmifujzL pdwfrwl/

tajz - usD;uef;? AsdKif;/
300
tajz - igd k U td r f u tysd K r? rqif a v;vS

qifav;vS
111/ trsufwpf&m apmoEm? azmfygr&D? igyef;yD;/

tajz - eE&moD;/
(igdkU-igwdkY? av;-vnf;)
112/ trsufvnf;rjzpf tqpfvnf; r[d? armifoQif

udkifa& oHawmifrGD/
3/ uRJNcD&mrSm ig;uefom;/
(ig;uefom;-ubDvl;? NcD- ajc)
(oHawmifrGD- oHawmifa0S;)/
tajz - eifr[kwfvm; ighr,m;/
tajz - Mumdk;/
4/ csOfaygifyif ewfpifaqmufvdkY &zdkYvm;/
113/ tdk;r[d t&Dyifv,f ul;ca&/
tajz - rif;at;r &nf;pm;xm;vkdY &zdkYvm;/
tajz - rQdKU? arQmh/
(at;r- tpfr)
114/ tdrfwdkif; tdrfwdkif; 'dkif;wpfcsyf/
5/ *,dkifoD;vHk;vS yifxufus? rTD;vSwBudKifBudKif/
tajz - pH*dk;? qefaum/
(*,dkifoD;- rmvumoD;)
tajz - cspfawol reD&? vGrf;vSwBudKifBudKif/
Zrf;uyfyef;0Suf
1/ uopfyif wufcsifa&e pl;a&e/ (a&-b,f? e-eJY?ESifh)
tajz - eifhrSmvif& cspfzdkYp? vGrf;vSrjy,fEdkif/
tajz - xdktysdKudk vdkcsifa&e? &Sufawe/
6/ awmifrSocGm;? t&Gufzm;/
2/ Muyfpifxufu icHk;r? ruifav;us wifav;us/

(us-usuf)
tajz - eifhrSm &nf;pm;r[dvm;/

301
7/ y0gjzL y0gyg;? Muufom;xkyfau pGef;wwfaw/
tajz - eifeefYigeefY oabmwl/
tajz - wpf&Gmol wpf&Gmjcm;? &nf;pm;xm;au vGrf;

&a&/
13/ aowmaoQa*smif*sif/
tajz - qD;vdyfyD;yg armifoQif/
8/ yifv,fq;D oD; qHak vmufBu;D ? toD;<uu

D s&mS r&/ (<u-D
a<u)
14/ aowmaoQ wpfaxmifavmuf/

tajz - armifa,vmau odkif;acgifavmuf/
tajz - ysOfaxmiftdrfBuD; t[dkufBuD;? orD;*kPfjy

vifr&/
(armifa,-armifav;? vlysdKav;)
15/ tyifwpf&m EG,fvdfkYvm oD;cgwpfvHk;wnf;/
9/ bl;udkvdk ,mrmpdkuf
tajz - vlysdKaoQwpf&m &Gmvnfvm? &cg

wpfa,mufwnf;
tajz - ighudkvdk qdkcvdkuf/

(qdkcvdkuf-qdkvmvSnfhyg? aphpyfvSnfhyg)
16/ tumjynfh MunfhSL;SL;/
10/ rif;usD;yifrsdK rxGufvdk? &Dcsufavmif;vdkufyg/
tajz - vlysdKyefau pHy,fzl;/
(&D-a&)
tajz - ausmif;uvlysdK rxGufvkd? pmudkurf;vdkufyg/
ocsFmyef;0Suf
11/ av;axmifhyl rudkifom? axmifhrSme*g;eefY/

tajz - av;uRef;pMum ywfvdkvm? eifhrSm&nf;pm;
eefY
1/ usD;eefYo&uf a&m,SufysHvD oHk;&m0D? NcDrSm ESpfvHk;

acgif;wpfvHk;/
12/ icGufxJu y0gjzL/

302
tajz - MuufO 50-&Sdaomvlonf aiGwpfusyfvQif

7-OEIef;jzifh ckepfusyfzdk; 49-O a&mif;
wpfOusefonf/ MuufO 10-vHk;&Sdaom
olonf aiGwpfusyfvQif wpfOEief;jzifh
ckepfusyfzdk;a&mif;onf/ oHk;Ousefonf/
usD;u ZmrQaumif? o&ufoD;u ZmrQvHk;/

(usD;- Muufwla&G;? NcD-ajc? ZmrQ? tb,frQ)
tajz - usD; 75-aumif? o&ufoD; 225-vHk;/
2/ Muufr rydef NcHK (csHK)xufeD? Oonf Muufr ckepfr?
pm;onf O aMumif 12-aumif? ukefatmifupm;
wpfOxm;/
aemufwpf&ufwGif MuufOaps;
Bu;D wpfOvQif oH;k usyEf eI ;f a&mif;&onf/
wpfOusefolu oHk;usyf& oHk;Ousefolu
udk;usyf &onf/ ESpfOD;vHk; aiG 11-usyfpD
twlwl&Muonf/
tajz - 49-O/
3/ csOfaygifig;cGuf ZGef;ESpfvufudk &GDxnfh/
tajz - csOfaygifwpfcGuf ig;wpfcGufjzpf wpfcGuf
wpfacsmif;pD xnfhrnf/
6/ 0g;waxmifrSm iSufwpfaumif em;jyyg/

tajz - 0g;wpfvHk;udk axmifxm;&m iSufwpfaumif
em;ygonf/
4/ bJO ig;Oudk vlESpfa,mufpm;jy/

tajz - bJOudk wpfa,muf? ig;Oudk wpfa,mufpm;
onf/
7/ tabmif (tbGm;) uefrwpfa,mufrSm ESrf;wpfzsm

vSr;f xm;&m tusr sm; vmpm;\/ tabmif
u aomaomnHnt
H oHyifvnf; Mum;,uf
vm; (Mum;yg&JUvm;)[k ajymonf/ xdktcg
jrif o l w pf a ,muf u a&wG u f M unf h & m
uDs;ESifh zdkYwl wpfzdkY? zdkYvwfwpfzdkY? zdkYpdwf au
wpfzYkd zdaYk omfvnf; wpf&mrjynf?h tabmif
5/ vlESpfa,mufwGif wpfa,muf MuufO 50-&Sdonf/

usew
f pfa,muf MuufO 10-O &So
d nf/
aps;wl a&mif;&rnf/ twlwl cGJ&rnf/
aiGvnf; twlwl&&rnf/
303
wdkYuJhodkY wjcm;yef;pkaqmif;ol okawoDyk*dKvftcsdKU (toQif

pudE? toQifynmpm&)wdkYESifhum; tquftoG,f&xm;NyD;
jzpfonf/ ,if;yk*dKvfwdkYu if;wdkYpkaqmif;xm;aom yef;0Suf
uAsmrsm;udk pmtkyfxkwfvdku xkwfEdkif&ef MunfjzLpGmcGifhjyK
xm;NyD;vnf; jzpfonf/ pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGufom
uREkfyfwdkY qufvufBudK;yrf;&rnf jzpfownf;/
uef;rudk xnfhrS wpf&mjynfhrnf jzpfonf/

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304
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305
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306
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\/ xdktcsdefwdkifatmif iysif;xGif\ tpGrf;udk rdcifrS wpfyg;
rnfolrQ rodMuoday/
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axGtrdrSvGJ &GmolBuD;ESifhwuG aemufyg&Gmom;rsm;rm ywf
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wrGdefYcsif; rGdefYeD&vD\/ iysif;axG trIwf&yfvdkufrfS wefYvm
xdkpum;udkMum;aomtcg oQifbk&ifrm jyif;pGma'go

xGuf jrif;pD;ol&Jwpf&mudk tjyif;vTwfNyD; iysif;axGudk tck
yifzrf;vSm&rnf[k trdefYcsvD\/ odkYaomf iysif;axGudk zrf;
&efvmcaom jrif;pD;ol&Jaumif;wpf&mwGif tenf;om vuf
307
tusdK;? NcDtusdK;ESifh jyefvm&vD\/ bk&ifrSm aZmifodkYrQr,Hk
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oDqHk;vm;jcif;rSvGJ iysif;axGtm;zrf;r&bJ jzpfeDvD\/
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tm; vufavQmht,SHK;yD;&NyD; orD;awmfESifh iysif;axGudk crf;
em;BvuD;us,fpGm vufxyfvdkuf&vD\/ xdkYjyif oQifbk&if
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308
(3) ief;awmf&Snf0wK? (4) oHudk;armif;0wKdkUudk t*Fvdyfbm

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wifzdkY aumif;yga&/
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309
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310
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311
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312
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313
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314
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315
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316
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a*sav'efu &cdkifbmompum;ESifh jrefrmbmompum;udk
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326
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umrl uGJjym;jcmem;rIrSmvnf; tif;0acwfuyif &SdcJhaMumif;
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