Pali Class AShin Garudhamma

ukovum&D ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
ygVdo'´g ydkYcscsuf ed'gef;
ygVdbmomonf avmuü tNrJwnf½Sdaom bmom[k Ak'¨pmayu qdkonf/ urÇmysufaom

tcg avmuü wnf½Sdaom bmompum;rSeforQ ysuf\[k qdkEdkifonf/ odkYaomf ygVdbmomum;
rysuf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf urÇmysufonfhxJwGif ryg0ifaom jA[®mrsm;onf ygVdbmomudk
ajymqdkaeíyif jzpfonf/ urÇmjyefwnfí vlYjynfjyefay:vmaomtcgwGifvnf; urÇmOD;vlom;wdkYonf
ygVdbmomudkyif ajymqdkMuonf/
ygVdbmomonf omoemawmftm; aus;Zl;rsm;\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ygVdbmomonf
ur®0gpmvnf; [kwf\/ y#dorÇd'gÓPftm;vnf; aus;Zl;jyKwwf\/ ur®0gpmudk ygVdbmomjzifhom
½Gwf&rnf/ tjcm;bmomjzifh ½GwfvQif uHrajrmuf/ odkYjzpfí ur®0gpmr½SdvQif &[ef;cHr*Fvm
rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh bk&m;omoemawmf uG,fybdkYom ½Sdawmhonf/
þodkY omoemawmftm; aus;Zl;rsm;onfh ygVdbmomudk omoemawmftm; ypönf;av;yg;jzifh
axmufyHhvª'gef;NyD; apmifha½SmufaeMuonfh 'g,um 'g,dumrwdkY ygVdbmom wwfajrmufap&ef
þygVdo'´g ydkYcscsuf pDpOfydkYcsygonf/
þygVdo'´g½Sd oifcef;pmrsm;udk udk,fwdkifa&;om;xm;onf r[kwfyg/ ygVdo'´gusrf;jyK
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ pmtkyfrsm;rS rdrdoifay;vdkonfh yHkpHESifh udkufnDonfh pmydk'f oifcef;pmrsm;udk
xkwf,ljyojcif;om jzpfygonf/ wcsKdUoifcef;pmrsm;udk tusOf;csKH;jcif; jznfhpGufjcif; tenf;i,f
jyKjyifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfxm;ygonf/ txl;ojzifh yxrjyefpmar;yGJwGif jyXmef;cJhbl;aom i,fvwfBuD;
ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; oifcef;pmrsm;udk tajccHxm;ygonf/
þoifcef;pmrsm;udk aeYpOfrSefrSef avhvmoGm;vQif ygVdomomudk txdkuftavsmufwwfajrmuf
EdkifNyD; Ak'¨pmayudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY avhvmEdkifonfh tcGifhta&; &½SdEdkifonf/ ygVdawmf
jrefrmjyefusrf;rsm;ç ygVd t|uxm #Dum edó,pmtkyfrsm;udk zwfNyD; Ak'¨pmayudk udk,fwdkif
avhvmEdkifvmvdrfhrnf/ xdkYjyif y#dorÇd'gÓPf\ taxmuftyhHukodkvfudkvnf; &½SdNyD;om;
jzpfvdrfhrnf/ xdkÓPf&½Sdygu ygVdbmomudk oD;oefY oif,lp&m rvdkawmhyJ ygVdpum;vHk;wpfvHk;udk
tao;pdwf cGJjcrf; pdyfjzmEdkifNyD; þodkYa&;vQif rSefonfç þodkYa&;vQif rSm;onf[k qHk;jzwfEdkifatmifyif
ygVdbmom wwfuRrf;em;vnfcGifh &½Sdvdrfhrnf/
odkYjzpfí þrQ aumif;usKd;trsKd;rsKd; &½SdapEdkifaom ygVdbmomoif,ljcif;udk 'g,um
'g,dumr taygif;wdkY tywfwukwf BudK;pm;tm;xkwfEdkifygapaMumif; tmoDojyKvdkuf&ygonf/
t½Sif*½k"r®
{NyDv 13-&uf 2023-ck
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufeSm taMumif;t&m pmrsufeSm
tum&EÅ ykv’dif yk&dom'd*kdPf;pOf 1 twdwf0gusrsm; 36

emrf0dbwfrsm; jrefrmjyefqdkyHk 1 oAÁemrf ykv’difêykv’dif ],}o'´g ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;yHk 37
yk&dom'd*kdPf;½kyfNyD;yHk 2 ],} o'´gtwGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm; 38
yk&dom'd*kdPf; pnf;rsOf;rsm; 2 oAÁemrf ykv’difêykv’dif ]w}o'´g ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;yHk 39
yk&dom'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm; 3 ]w} o'´gtwGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm; 40
tum&EÅ eykv’dif pdwåm'd*kdPf;pOf 6 oAÁemrftaMumif; 41
pdwåm'd*kdPf; pnf;rsOf;rsm; 6 ed,r ^ ted,r 0gusrsm; 43
pdwåm'd*kdPf;½kyfNyD;yHk 6 oAÁemrf ykv’difêykv’dif ]{w}o'´g ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;yHk 44
pdwåm'd*kPf;0ifyk'frsm; 7 oAÁemrfykv’difêykv’dif ]£r}o'´g ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;yHk 45
ur®o'´g½kyfpOfyHk 8 ]£r} o'´gtwGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm; 47
ur®ponftwGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm; 9 oAÁemrf ykv’difêykv’dif ]uð}o'´g ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;yHk 48
ur®o'´g½kyfNyD;yHk 9 ]uð} o'´gtwGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm; 48
tmum&EÅ £w¬dvdif unm'd*dkPf;pOf 10 tar;0gusrsm; 49
unm'd*dkPf;pnf;rsOf;rsm; 10 ]emr}o'´g toHk;jyKykH 50
unm'd*kdPf;½kyfNyD;yHk 11 tm0kaomç abmç baEÅç
unm'd*dkPf;0ifyk'frsm; 12 abmaEÅmç abmwd toHk;jyKyHk 51
Bud,mtaMumif; 15 tem*wfBud,m b0dóEÅd
tmcsmwfvu©Pm 16 ½kyfpOf ^ ½kyfNyD; ^ toHk;jyKyHk 52
0wårmef0dbwf yk&dof 0kpf cGJyHk 16 e ESifh Ek ygaom Bud,mrsm; 53
uwåm;ESifhBud,mwGJyHk 18 tem*wf0gusrsm; 55
0wårmef0dbwftoHk;jyKyHk 18 Bud,mrygaom wkvswf vd*Fwf 0gusrsm; 56
bl0g'd*kdPf;"mwfrsm; 19 yHkvdifêyHkvdif *kP0g'd*kdPf; ½kyfpOf ^ ½kyfNyD;yHk 61
ypöKyÜef0gusrsm; 21 *kP0g'd*kdPf; pnf;rsOf;rsm; 62
um&ef ^0kpfudef; ^0dbwf taMumif; 28 *kP0g'd*kdPf; ½kyfNyD;yHk 62
um&uESifh tum&u 29 *kP0g'd*kdPf;0ifyk'f 63
wkrSo'´g½kyfpOf ^½kyfNyD;yHk 30 ykv’difêykv’dif *päEÅm'd*kdPf; ½kyfpOf ^ ½kyfNyD;yHk 64
trSo'´g½kyfpOf ^ ½kyfNyD;yHk 31 *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm; 62
wkrS trSo'´g twGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm; 32 ykAÁumvBud,mwnfaqmufyHk 66
wrS ^ trS qdkif&m erlem 0gusrsm; 33 wGm wGme wke wHk ypönf;rsm; qufoG,fyHk 69
tZÆwåeD twdwfBud,m ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;yHk 34 wGmypö,EÅ(wGmqHk;aompum;vHk;rsm;)twGufodzG,f 73
rmwdum
rme tEÅ ypönf;twGuf odrSwfzG,f 74 ygVdzwfpm wwd,^pwkw¬ yg&mZdu 115

rme tEÅ toHk;jyKyHk 75 ykv’dif trk½kyfpOf 116
ObçOb,ç'Gd ½kyfpOf½kyfNyD;yHkESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm; 77 eykv’dif^£w¬dvdif trk½kyfpOf 117
vdifoHk;yg; wdçpwk ½kyfpOf½kyfNyD;yHk ygVdzwfpm "m&Py&dwf yg&mZdu 119
pnf;rsOf;rsm; 79 &wåm'd*kdPf; £w¬dvdif 120
uHa[m0gusa&;yHkESifh ur®Bud,m &wåm'd*kdPf; £w¬dvdif 124
wnfaqmufyHk 81 &wåm'd*kdPf; eykv’dif 129
rl&if;"mwfodkY wAÁypönf; qufoG,fyHk 83 ykrm'd*kdPf; ykv’dif tum&EÅ 133
rl&if;"mwfodkY teD,ypönf; qufoG,fyHk 84 &mZm'd*kdPf; ykv’dif tum&EÅ 136
yÍö (5) rS t|m&o (18) txd e'g'd*kdPf; £w¬dvdif £um&EÅ 140
½kyfNyD;yHkrsm; 89 *[ywm'd*kdPf; £w¬dvif þum&EÅ 142
&wåm'd*kdPf; ykv’dif Oum&EÅ ½kyfpOf½kyfNyD;yHk 91 vdif *kdPf; um&ef tusOf;csKyfjyZ,m; 145
&wåm'd*kdPf; ykv’dif pnf;rsOf;rsm; 92 eykv’dif½kyfpOfrsm; 150
Oum&EÅ ykv’dif *kdPf;0ifyk'frsm; 93 £w¬dvdif½kyfpOfrsm; 152
ow¬m'd*kdPf; ykv’difOum&EÅ ½kyfpOf½kyfNyD;yHk 94 oAÁemrf½kyfpOfrsm; 154
ow¬m'd*kdPf; pnfrsOf;rsm; 96 emrf0dbwfrsm; yHkoEÅmefajymif;vJyHk 160
ykv’dif Oum&EÅ ydwko'´g½kyfpOfyHk 97 emrfyÍörydkif;vmypönf;rsm; 161
£w¬dvdif Oum&EÅ rmwko'´g½kyfpOfyHk 98
rmwko'´g ½kyfNyD;yHkESifh pnf;rsOf;rsm; 98 tmcsmwf ^ tmcsmwf0dbwfrsm; 164
raem*kdPf; tum&EÅ ykv’difêykv’dif½kyfpOfyHk 99 uwåm;a[m0gus 165
raem*dkPf;0ifyk'frsm; 100 uHa[m0gus 166
raem*Pm'd*kdPf;½kyfpOfyHk 101 0wårmef0dbwf 170
'kwd,raem*Pm'd*kdPf;½kyfpOfyHk 102 yÍörD0dbwf 172
omrnumv yÍörDBud,m 104 owårD0dbwf 174
omrnumv owårDBud,m 107 ya&mu©m0dbwf 176
£w¬dvdif oAÁo'´g ½kyfpOf½kyfNyD;yHk 109 [d,swåeD0dbwf 177
£w¬dvdif wo'´g ½kyfpOf½kyfNyD;yHk 111 tZÆwåeD0dbwf 178
£w¬dvdif {wo'´g ½kyfpOf½kyfNyD;yHk 113 b0dóEÅD0dbwf 179
£w¬dvdif £ro'´g ½kyfpOf½kyfNyD;yHk 114 umvmwdywåd0dbwf 180
Oyom&yk'f 181
rmwdum
edygwfyk'f 185 yÍörD0dbsw¬tusOf; 285

ormof 188 q|D0dbwsw¬tusOf; 303
tAs,Dabmormof 189 owårD0dbwsw¬tusOf; 308
ur®"m&,formof 191 tmcsmwfBud,mtquf 317
wyÜK&doformof 196 bl0g'd*kdPf; 319
A[kA®D[dormof 203 ½k"m'd*kdPf; 322
'Geformof 207 'd0g'd*kdPf; 323
w'd¨wf 210 oGm'd*kdPf; 324
typöw'd©wf 210 ud,m'd*kdPf; 326
w&wsm'sw'¨dwf 213 *[m'd*kdPf; 327
&m*g'dw'd¨wf 215 wem'd*dkPf; 328
Zmwm'dw'¨dwf 217 pk&m'd*kdPf; 329
orl[w'¨dwf 218 "mwf\tptu©&mudk a'GabmfjyKjcif; 334
Xmem'dw'¨dwf 219 emrfyk'fodkY ypönf;qufí
Oyrm ^ edódw w'¨dwf 220 Bud,mtjzpf toHk;jyKjcif; 337
wAÁ[kvw'¨dwf 221 tmcsmwfyk'frS emrfyk'fjzpfjcif; 342
yuwd ^ edAÁwå w'¨dwf 222 um½kduf0gus wnfaqmufyHk 343
0daoow'¨dwf 223 abma[mBud,m 347
tów¬dw'¨dwf 230
ocsFm ^ yl&P w'¨dwf 233 udwf 349
tAs,w'¨dwf 246 om"e 7-yg; 349
bm0w'¨dwf 249 udwfypönf;trsKd;tpm; 350
ypöKyÜEéumvduypönf; 351
um&u 250 udwfBud,m0gusa&;enf; 352
um&u ^ tum&u taMumif; 251 twDwumvduypönf; 354
yxrm0dbwsw¬tusOf; 252 wypönf; yHkpHajymif;vJyHk 355
'kwd,m0dbwsw¬tusOf; 257 wypönf;ygonfh udwfBud,m0gusrsm; 358
wwd,m0dbwsw¬tusOf; 269 wypönf;\ umv 359
pwkw¬D0dbsw¬tusOf; 276 uwåm;a[m ^ uHa[m udwfBud,m0gus 360
rmwdum
abma[m0gus 361 'kwd,mBud,m0daooejzpfyHk 381

tem*wumvduypönf; 363 yxrmBud,m0daooe 381
awumvduypönf; 365 Bud,m0daooe oHk;rsKd; 382
wóDvw¬ypönf; 366 Bud,m0daooe Bud,m0daoos
P^PGK ypönf;ygaom udwfBud,m0gusrsm; 368 uwåm; wl^rwl 383
wk ^ ½l ^ Pku ^ &dpö ypönf; 0gusrsm; 369 Bud,m0daooeyk'frsm; 384
Psypönf; ygonfh 0gusrsm; 370
aemufqufwGJ awumvduypönf; 371 emr0daooetaMumif; 387
tAs,ypönf; 373 bdEém"du&P0daooeoHk;rsKd; 389
udwfypönf;\ om"eESifhumvrsm; 374
oE¨dtaMumif; 391
o&oE¨dpnf;rsOf; 392
Bud,m0daooetaMumif; 378 AsÍÆeoE¨dpnf;rsOf; 396
Bud,m0daooetrsdK;tpm; 379 ed*¾[DwoE¨dpnf;rsOf; 398
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
1
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó
ygVdo'´g ESifh zwfpm
tum&EÅ ykv’dif yk&dom'd*dkPf;

{u0kpf A[k0kpf
yxrm yk&daom yk&dom
tmvye abmyk&do yk&dom abmaEÅm yk&dom
'kwd,m yk&doH yk&dao
wwd,m yk&daoe yk&dao[d yk&aobd
pwkw¬D yk&doó yk&domeH
yÍörD yk&doo®m yk&dorSm yk&dom yk&dao[d yk&daobd
q|D yk&doó yk&domeH
owårD yk&doo®ð yk&dorSd yk&dao yk&daook
emrf0dbwfrsm;
od a,m? tH a,m? em [d? o eH? o®m [d? o eH? o®ð ok/
0dbwf bmomjyefyHk 0dbwf bmomjyefyHk

y { od onf um; u udk p { o tm; iSg
A a,m wdkYonf wdkYum; A eH wdkYtm; wdkYiSg
wdkYu wdkYudk
tm { od tdk { r
o®m rS aMumifh atmuf xuf
A a,m tdk --- wdkY A [d wdYkrS wdYkaMumifh wdYkatmuf
wdkYxuf
'k { tH udk odkY q { o \ wGif onf udk
A a,m wdkYudk wdkYodkY A eH wdkY\ wdkYwGif wdkYonf
wdkYudk
w { em jzifh onf ESifh aMumifh o { o®ð ü wGif aMumifh
A [d wdkYjzifh wdkYonf wdkYESifh A ok wdkYü wdkYwGif wdkYaMumifh
wdkYaMumifh
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
2
yk&dom'd*dkPf;½kyfNyD;yHk
y yk&do + od = yk&daom p yk&do + o = yk&doó
a-m ó
yk&do + a,m = yk&dom yk&do + eH = yk&domeH
-m of+?> -g
tm abm yk&do + od = yk&do rD yk&do + o®m = yk&doo®m
of+?> -g> -? acs yk&do + o®m = yk&dorSm
abm yk&do + od = yk&dom rSm
of+?> -g acs yk&do + o®m = yk&dom
abmaEÅm yk&do + a,m = yk&dom -m
-m (yk&dao[d yk&daobd wwd,mESifwl)
'k yk&do + tH = yk&doH
yk&do + a,m = yk&dao q (yk&doó yk&domeH pwkw¬DESifhwl)
a- o yk&do + o®ð = yk&doo®ð
w yk&do + em = yk&daoe yk&do + o®ð = yk&dorSd
a-e rSd
yk&do + [d = yk&dao[d yk&do + o®ð = yk&dao
of+?> -a a-
y&do + [d = yk&dao[d yk&do + ok = yk&daook
of+?> -a bd of+?> -a
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
38/ okeH[dok p/ okçeHç[d 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh a½SUuo&wdkYonf 'DCodkY rsm;aomtm;jzifh ajymif;onf/
48/ o®m[do®ðeH rSmbdrSd0g/ o®m onf rSm? [d onf bd? o®ð onf rSd odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
50/ ok[doGuma&m{/ okç [d 0dbwfaMumifh a½SUu t onf a- odkY ajymif;onf/
61/ om-*arm-ao/ o0dbwfaMumifh ovm/
103/ tawmaee/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu em0dbwfonf a-e odkY ajymif;onf/
104/ aom/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu od0dbwfonf a-m odkY ajymif;onf/
107/ oAÁa,mederm{/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu yxrm a,mESifh a,mrSajymif;vmaom edonf -m odkY
ajymif;onf/ 'kwd,m a,mESifh a,mrSajymif;vmaom edonf a- odkY ajymif;onf/
108/ o®mo®ðeH0g/ tum&EÅyk'faemufu o®monf -mç o®ðonf a-odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
244/ tum&ydwm'sEÅmerm/ tmvkyfodaMumifh tum&EÅyk'f ydwkponfyk'fwdkY\ tqHk;o&onf tm(-g)
odkY ajymif;onf/
246/ tmuma&m0g/ tmvkyfodaMumifh -m onf ? odkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
3
tpDt&ifxl;
uGap0g?(arm*¾vmef) wdvd*Fawm Xmae oda,mear/ (o'éDwd) awok0k'¨d (upönf;)
1/ od 0dbwfonf a- odkYajymif;onf/ ew¬d yk&douma&? ew¬d twåuma&?
2/ yxrma,onf a- odkY ajymif;onf/ Amavp? olrdkufwdkYonf4if;? y@dawp-ynm½SdwdkYonf4if;
3/ wcgw&H a,m0dbwfonf yuwdtwdkif; aeonf/ 0ae 0gVrda*gap0 tpä aumu w&päa,m
4/ yxrma,maemif ao tu©&m vm/ a,aupd Ak'¨H o&PH *wmao/ (t|uxmwdkYu aoedygwf
[kqdk)
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
yk&daom a,musfm; wk&a*Fg? taóm jrif;

Aka'¨g bk&m; 0&ma[m? olua&m 0uf
"ar®m w&m; tapäm 0H
oHaCm oHCm upäayg vdyf
a'a0g ewf w&apäm atmif;
ema*g e*g; aomaPm? okeacg acG;
rEkaóm vl tmavmaum ta&mifç tvif;
zaPm yg;ysOf; avmaum avmu
Asa*¢m usm; edva,m tdrf
oDa[m jcaoFh tedavm av
r[ðaom uRJ pma*g pGefYBuJjcif;
yda@m qGrf; a,ma*g tm;xkwfjcif;
taw¬m teuf? tusKd; 0g,marm vkHYv
r,la&m Oa'gif; *garm ½Gm
ok*awm jrwfpGmbk&m; ed*arm ed*Hk;
oka&m ewf tm*arm tm*kH
toka&m tok&m umarm tvdk
ea&m vl MoaCm a&t,Of
O&a*g a>r aCmaom a<u;aMumfoH
ydomapm waq y#daCm a'go
ayawm Nydwåm tmoa0g toa0gw&m;
rmwa*Fg qif auma"m trsuf
oawåm? Z*Farm? ygaPm owå0g avmabm vdkcsifjcif;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
4
om&arÇm csKyfcs,fjcif; yAÁawm awmif
xarÇm wdkif ppfudkif;yAÁawm ppfudkif;awmif
ra'g rmef&pfjcif; 'g&aum uav;
rmaem armufarmfjcif; a,ma"m ppfom;
yrma'g arhavsmhjcif; trapöm trwf
rau©m aus;Zl;uef;jcif; omrdaum t½Sif? ocif
ykEéma*g ykef;nufyif 'gaom uRef
yla*g uGrf;oD;yif tmumaom aumif;uif
yeaom ydEéJyif abma*g pnf;pdrf? Opöm
toaem ydawmufyif rmaom v
prÜaum pum;yif "larm rD;cdk;
tarÁm o&ufyif ya#m t0wfykqdk;
[dEÅmavm "Ekef;yif Ca#m tdk;
wmavm xef;yif wdw¬da,m wdw¬d
Aukavm c,m;yif ,marm ,mrf
tZÆKaem axmufMuefYyif *aE¦m usrf;pm
uðokaum aygufyif omuda,m omud,? omuD0ifrif;
rE´ma&m ewfopfyif a*gwarm a*gwr
ukaE´m oif;acGyif od'äw¬m od'¨w¬
ykpdraE´m wrmyif ygVdoa'´g ygVdo'´g
u&aÍÆm oif;0if pepfopfygVdoa'´g pepfopfygVdo'´g
½kau©m opfyif ykawåm om;
oukaem? tukaem? y#daoa"m wm;jrpfjcif;
t@aZm iSuf orka'´g orkj'm
aumaÍÆm BuKd;Mum y&du©ma&m y&du©&m
yga'g ajc &axm &xm;
ra*¾g vrf; t*¾d&axm rD;&xm;
yawåm oydwf tó&axm jrif;&xm;
omraPa&m udk&if £Pomrdaum a<u;½Sif
oraPm &[ef; £Pm,daum a<u;,lol
axa&m ax&f? bkef;BuD; tm*EÅKaum {nfhonf
0d[ma&m ausmif; ukrma&m owdkYom;? rif;om;
tmp&da,m q&m apma&m olcdk;? olykef? "m;jy
odaóm wynfh tm&marm tm&mrf? NcH? ausmif;wdkuf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
5
r[m*E¨m&marm r[m*E¨m½kHausmif;wdkuf ykAÁaPSm eHeuf
u#aum vufaumuf ykAÁPSora,m eHeuftcg
AdVma&m aMumif ed,arm owfrSwfjcif;
rlodaum <uuf 0a*¾g 0*f? taygif;? tpk
ygavm apmifha½Smufol olayg [if;? yJ[if;? [if;csKd
taZm qdwf aAm"doawåm bk&m;avmif;
tZygavm qdwfausmif;om; aoavm ausmufawmif
a*gygavm EGm;ausmif;om; aumaom waumoç ESpfrdkif
uaP²m vnfyif;? vnfacsmif; 0gawm av
Moa|m EIwfcrf; oka0g Muufwla½G;
raZÑm tv,f Ovlaum ZD;uGuf
ora,m tcg aoaem pGef
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
6
tum&EÅ eyHkvdif pdwåm'd*kdPf;

{u0kpf A[k0kpf
yxrm pdwåH pdwåm pdwåmed
tmvye abm pdwå pdwåm b0EÅmed pdwåm pdwåmed
'kwd,m pdwåH pdawå pdwåmed
wwd,m pdawåe pdawå[d pdawåbd
pwkw¬D pdwåó pdwåmeH
yÍörD pdwåo®m pdwårSm pdwåm pdawå[d pdawåbd
q|D pdwåó pdwåmeH
owårD pdwåo®ð pdwårSd pdawå pdawåok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
166/ a,meH ed eyHkoau[d/ £ þ O OD Mo um&ef 5 rsKd;aemif a,m0dbwfonf &Hcg ed ajymif;onf/

167/ tawmedpöH/ eyHkvdif tum&EÅrS aemufjzpfaom a,m0dbwfonf ed odkY tNrJ ajymif;onf/
168/ oð/ tum&EÅrS aemufjzpfaom od0dbwfonf tH ( ?H ) odkY ajymif;onf/
37/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/ a,m0dbwfonf edodkY ajymif;NyD;vQif4if; odkYr[kwf
a,m0dbwfonf ausajymufNyD;vQif4if; a½SYu o&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
pdwåm'd*dkPf;½kyfNyD;yHk
y pdwå + od = pdwåH b0EÅmed pdwå + a,m = pdwåm

i ed> m
pdwå + a,m = pdwåm pdwå + a,m = pdwåmed
-m pdwåf+?> -g ed
pdwå + a,m = pdwåmed
pdwåf+?> -g ed 'k pdwå + i = pdwHå
tm abm pdwå + od = pdwå
wåf+?> -g> -? acs pdwå + a,m = pdawå
abm pdwå + od = pdwåm ed> a-
pdwåf+?> -g acs pdwå + a,m = pdwåmed
pdwåf+?> -g ed
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
7
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
pdwåH pdwf t*ø t*Fg
ukvH trsKd; ZvHçO'uH a&
bwåH xrif; trÁKZH Mum
'geH 'geç tvª ykvdeH oJ
oDvH oDv [d&nHçok0PÖH a½T
,meH ,mOf trwH edAÁmef
avmpeHçe,eH rsufpd okomeH okomef
£eH a<u; tm,k"Hçtm0k"H vufeuf
0eH awm [',H ESvHk;
"nH pyg; pD0&H ouFef;
e*&H NrKdU 0w¬H t0wf
rEÅav;e*&H rEÅav;NrKdU £Èd´,H £aÈ´
&efukefe*&H &efukefNrKdU 0'eH EIwfcrf;
[dwH pD;yGm; ygeH tazsmf
ur®H uHç trIç tvkyf b0eHçbk0eH Adrmef
aomygeH apmif;wef;ç avSum; avm[H oHç aMu;
yknH aumif;rI tvmwH rD;p
ygyH raumif;rI wk@H EIwfoD;
zvH toD;ç tusKd; t@H tk
½lyHç 0PÖH tqif; yDXH xdkifckH
om"eH NyD;apjcif; u&PH jyKjcif;ç½GwfqdkaMumif;
aomwH em; r&PH aojcif;
CmeH ESmacgif; ÓPH ÓPf
um&PH taMumif; tm&rPH tm½kH
"eHç oEÅuH Opöm t&nH awm
psmeH psmef wmPH apmifha½Smufjcif;
rlvH tjrpf p&PH tusifh
ulvHç wD&H urf; qwåH xD;
ZmvH ydkufuGef qd'´H tayguf
r*FvH r*Fvm 0g,k,meH av,mOfysH
eVdeHçevdeHçy'krH y'kr®mMum armfawmf,meH armfawmfum;
vd*ø toGif yrmPH twdkif;t½Snf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
8
wd,mrH nOfhokH;,mrf 0daooeH txl;jyKwwfonf
awrmoH oHk;v cD&H EdkY&nf
a,mZeH wpf,lZem tEéH tpm
*g0kwH wpf*g0kwf ,xmAmvH tMuif tMuif rdkufonfhtavsmuf
XmeH t&yf opöH rSef\ç rSefaompum;
t*¾H tzsm; odyÜH twwf
Oy*¾H tzsm;\teD; o,eH tdyf,m
y,weH tm;xkwfjcif; wdPH jruf
t*g&Hç a*[H tdrf 0peH pum;
pr®H ta& trÁH o&ufoD;
a*gwåH trsKd;tEG,f
emrH emrnfçtrnf
tpDt&ifxl;
od0dbwfonf a- odkY ajymif;onf/
abm*0wDemr rE´da&/ e*a& edr®daw uÍöera,/(Zmwu 2? 278)
abm*0wDemr rE´da&-abm*wDtrnf½Sdaom eef;NrKdUawmfonf/ (yxryg')
uÍöra,-a½TjzifhNyD;aom? e*a&-NrKdUudk? edr®dwH-zefqif;tyf\/ (wwd,yg')
ur® o'´gü emç oç o®mç o®ð 0dbwfwdkYü pdwåxufydkaom ½kyfyHkpH ½Sdonf/

y ur®H ur®m ur®med
tm abm ur® ur®m b0EÅmed ur®m ur®med
'k ur®H uar® ur®med
w uar®eç ur®emç ur®Kem uar®[d uar®bd
p ur®óç ur®Kaem ur®meH
rD ur®o®mçur®rSmçur®mçur®Kem uar®[d uar®bd
q ur®óç ur®Kaem ur®meH
o ur®o®ðçur®rSdçuar®çur®ed uar®ok
rSwfcsuf/ ur® uJhodkY pr®-ta&? to®-ausmufcJ? a0o®-tdrf? Cr®-aEGç aeyl? wdkYüvnf; o®ðonf ed
odkYajymif;onf/ xmrç t'¨ aemufü emç o®mç o ½SdvQif xmrç t'¨ wdkY\ t (?) onf O ( k)
odkYajymif;onf/ xmareç xmrkem? xmro®mç xmrrSmç xmrkem?xmrkaemç xmró ponf jzpf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
9
ur®ponftwGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;
66/ psvawm oó aem 0g/ £ þ O OD rSaemufjzpfaom o onf aemodkUajymif;onf/

108/ OemrSdp/ em aMumifh ykr\ tqHk; tonf tm odkYr[kwf O odkYajymif;onf/ po'´gjzifh
aemufrSm o o®m ½SdvQif ykr ur® xmr t'¨ wdkY\ tonf OodkYajymif;onf/
108/ tur®EÅó p/ aemufrSm em½SdvQif ur®\ tonf todkY4if;ç OodkY4if; ajymif;onf/ tEÅydk
jzifh emaMumifh xmr t'¨ wdkY\ tonf OodkYajymif;onf/ po'´gjzifh rC0 ,k0wdkY tonf
em ok aMumifh tmodkYajymif;onf/
164/ psvawm p/ pstrnf½Sd £ þ ESifh vtrnf½Sd O OD wdkYaemufu o®m onf em
odkYajymif;onf/
146/ jA[®awm wk o®ð ed/ jA[® aemufu o®ð onf ed odkYajymif;onf/ wkjzifh ur®ç pr®ç rk'¨ç t'¨
ponfaemufu o®ð onf ed odkYajymif;onf/
ur® + em = ur®em ur® + o = ur®Kaem

r®f+?> ? r®f+?> K aem
ur® + em = ur®Kem ur® + o®ð = ur®ed

r®f+?> K ed
ygVdtbd"mef
,k0(yk) ysKdjrpfEke,f- i,f½G,f- ol? uav;i,f? vkvifysKd vlysKd
rC0(y) odMum;? rC0yef;
xmr(yke) tm;? tpGrf;]pGrf;&nf}owåd
rk'¨(yk) OD;acgif;? xdyf(txGwftxdyf OD;xdwf vQmxdwfponf)
t'¨(yke) nDrQaomtzdkY? xuf0uf? tcsdefumv? {uefpifppf? rcRwf? t½G,f?
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
10
tmum&EÅ £w¬dvdif unm'd*kdPf;
{u0kpf A[k0kpf
yxrm unm unm unma,m
tmvye abmwd uan abmwda,m unm unma,m
'kwd,m unH unm unma,m
wwd,m unm, unm[d unmbd
pwkw¬D unm, unmeH
yÍörD unm, unm[d unmbd
q|D unm, unmeH
owårD unm, unm,H unmok
pOfrsOf;rsm;
9/ tmaCm/ £w¬dvdifudk a[maom tmtu©&mudk Ctrnfrnfh/

60/ Cawm em'DeH/ Ctrnf½Sdaom tm\ aemufü½Sdaom em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf tm, odkY
ajymif;onf/
63/ Cawp/ Ctrnf½Sdaom tm \ aemufü½Sdaom od onf a- odkYajymif;onf/
64/ e tr®m'dawm/ rdcif[k t"dyÜg,f&aom tr®ç tEéç trÁç wmw aemufü½Sdaom od onf a- odkY
rajymif;/ ( tr®ç tr®m? tEéç tEém? trÁç trÁm? wmwç wmwm [kom½kyf ½Sd\/
tar®ç tarÁç taEéç wmaw [k r½SdEdkif)
67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ C y ps v wdkY\ aemufü½Sdaom a,monf wcgw&H aysmufuG,f
oGm;onf/
165/ Cyawm o®ð,H0g/ C y wdkY\ aemuf½Sdaom o®ð onf wcgw&H ,H odkY ajymif;onf/
169/ aooawm avmyH *odyd/ od onf a-gç -gç ? H odkY rajymif;u aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
185/£w¬d,rawm tmypöa,m/ tum&EÅpum;vHk;rsm;aemufwGif £w¬dvdifyg[k ajymjy&ef -g qufay;
&rnf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
11
unm'd*dkPf;½kyfNyD;yHk
y unm + od =unm p^q unm + o = unm,

acs -g,
unm + a,m = unm unm + eH = unmeH
acs
unm + a,m = unma,m rD unm + o®m = unm,
-g,
tm unm + od = uan unm[dç unmbd (wwd,mESifhwl)
a-
unm unma,m (yxrmESifhwl)
w unm + em = unm, o unm + o®ð = unm,
-g, -g,
unm + [d = unm[d unm + o®ð = unm,H
unm + [d = unmbd ,H
bd unm + ok = unmok
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf ,m odkY ajymif;NyD; a½SUu -g onf ? odkYajymif;onf/
qm,,m-t&dyfü? ou©a&myr,m-oumcJ Oyrmjzifh? Amv'g&uvDV,m-oli,fuav;
\ pHy,fupm;jcif;jzifh/
2/ tum&EÅyk'fudk £w¬dvdif[k ajym&ef -g qufjcif;onf tNrJr[kwf/ wcgw&H -D vnf;
qufonf/ uvsmPm uvsmPD? okE´&m okE´&D? 'Dyem 'DyeD? aombPm aombPD/
3/ Oum&EÅ rmwk "Dwk yk'fwdkYudkvnf; £w¬dvdif[k ajym&ef -g qufwwfonf/
Owå&rmwm? eE´rmwm? a'0"Dwm (-g qufonfhtwGuf unm'D*dkPf;jzpfoGm;onf)
4/ obm y&dom wdkYaemufu o®ð onf wd odkYajyif;onf/ wðobmy&doawm(arm*f)
5/ o®m o®ð ü unrSm unrSd [k ½SdEdkifonf/
obm + o®ð = obwð ^ obwd y&dom + o®ð = y&dowð ^ y&dowd

bf+-g> ? wð ^wd of+-g> ? wð ^w
ã v,fwDy'rmvmusrf;u wd [kqdkonf? wJGzuf ü wð [kqdkonf/ yd#uwfpmtkyfrsm;ü wd udk
awGU&onf[k qdkonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
12
unm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
unm owdkYorD; **Fg **Fgjrpf
bdu©m xrif; em0g avS
0DPm apmif; *gxm *gxm
*D0g vnfyif; aoem ppfwyf
Zd0Sg vQm omvm p&yf
a*g"m zGwf rmvm yef;
OKum oef; a0vm tcsdef
a'gvm ykcuf ylZm ylaZmfjcif;
yyg a&tdk;pif cd¥m jrL;wl;jcif;
Zm,m r,m; ydygom a&iwfjcif;
omcg opfcuf a0'em cHpm;jcif;
tr®mç tEém trd onm rSwfom;jcif;
y&dom y&dowf apwem aphaqmfjcif;
obm yGJobif yZm owå0gtaygif;
avcg pmç pmvHk; a'0wm ewf
o'¨g ,kHMunfjcif; 0¥um iHk;
ar"mçynmç0dZÆm ÓPf Avum AsKdif;
pdEÅm BuHjcif; aozmvdum qdwfzvl;yif
rEÅm twdkiftyif vuFm vif;,mOfwdkif
wPSmç{Zmç ovmum 0g;jcrf;
wodPSm wufrufjcif; 0gvdum oJ
£päm vdkcsifjcif; odcg tarmuf
rkpäm awGa0jcif; 0domcg 0domcg
rm,m [efaqmifjcif; 0dodcg vrf;
arwåm cspfjcif; 0pm vif;av
rwåm twdkif;t½Snf 0Íößm tNrKH
odu©m tusifh Z#m qHuspf
ZCFm ajcovHk; C#m taygif;
0gpm pum; aZ|m trBuD;
qm,m t&dyf aom@m ESmarmif;
tmom tvdk 0dw@m qefYusifbuft,l
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
13
u½kPm oem;jcif; rÍÆLom aowåm
0edwm rdef;r Zwkum vif;EdkY
vwm EG,f um½kum rdk;oD;
uxm pum; okvom okvom
ed'´g tdyfaysmfjcif; 'dom t&yfrsufESm
ok"m tuFaw emomçemodum ESmacgif;
&m"m &m"eu©wf ZkPSm va&mif
0goem txHk *k[m *l
oðoyg ,if;wdkufyif þ[m tm;xkwfjcif;
ybm ta&mif vodum tap;
oDrm tydkif;tjcm; 0ok"m ajr
crm onf;cHjcif; ,EÅem0g oabFm
cwåd,m rif;orD; 'g&dum uav;r
ou©&m ausmufp&pf bm0em bm0em
ok&m ao&nf ykpäm ykpämç tar;
wkvm csdefcGif okrem jrwfav;
odvm ausmuf okrermvm jrwfav;yef;
vDvm wifhw,fjcif; Am[m vufarmif;
vmvm wHawG; od0g awmacG;
{vm oGm;&nf u#Kudum ADvHk;
arcvm cg;ywf psv’dumç
uvm tpdwf psdv’dum y&pf
0V0g jrnf;r umVum ½Snfh
tvrÁKom tvrÁKom vlwm yifhul
rlom rdkufcGuf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
14
'Gdvdif wdvdif pum;vHk;rsm;

oua#m (yk?e) vSnf; zka|m (wd) xdtyfonf
Mo'aem (yk?e) xrif; odxdavm (wd) avsmhonf
aumaom (yk?e) waumoç ESpfrdkif "edawm (wd) jyif;jyif;½Gwftyfonf
okacg (wd) csrf;om ted,arm (wd) owfrSwfjcif;r½Sdonf
'kau©m (wd) qif;&J 0kawåm (wd) qdktyfNyDç a[mtyfNyD
ta0a&m (wd) &efr½Sdonf t0kawåm (wd) rqdktyfç ra[mtyf
Amavm (wd) rdkufonfç vlrdkuf tur®aum (wd) uHr½Sdonf
y@dawm (wd) ynm½Sdonfç ynm½Sd {uur®aum (wd) wckaomuH½Sdonf
Asawåm (wd) xufjrufonf 'Gdur®aum (wd) ESpfckaomuH½Sdonf
y#dAavm (wd) pGrf;Edkifonf wdur®aum (wd) oHk;ckaom uH½Sdonf
'aVSm (wd) cdkifNrJonf tEÅa&m (wd) tjcm;ç tMum;
oDaCm (wd) vsifjrefonf *grEÅa&m (wd) tjcm;½Gm
Owåarm (wd) jrwfonf {uóa&m (wd) 1 vHk;aom o&½Sdonf
'DaCm (wd) ½Snfonf taeuóa&m (wd) rsma;om o&½Sdonf
&aóm (wd) wdkonf tayÜg(wd) tenf;i,f
oDawm (wd) at;onf ouavm(wd) tvHk;pHk
OaPSm (wd) ylonf o'daom(wd) wlonf
okauúm (wd) jzLonf to'daom(wd) rwlonf
uaPSm (wd) rJonf aCmaom(wd) jyif;jyif½Gwftyfaom
eDavm (wd) ndKonf toH½Sdonf
yDawm (wd) 0gonf taCmaom(wd) jyif;jyif½Gwftyfaom
ea0g (wd) i,fonfç opfonf toHr½Sdonf
0ka¹m (wd) BuD;onf 0gpaum(wd) a[monf
yda,m (wd) cspftyfonfç uðemarm(wd) tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;
cspfp&maumif;onf armifvSoanm(wd) armifvStrnf½Sdonf
tEk½layg (wd) avsmfonfç tEk½layg(wd) avsmufywfonf
avsmufywfonf 0aóm(ykçe) rdk;tcgüaejcif;ç rdk;cdkjcif;
a,bka,sm (wd) rsm;onf {uraEÅm(ykçe) oifhwifhavsmufywfonf
oarm (wd) nDnGwfonfç nDnmonf
oaum (wd) rdrd rSwfcsuf/ yk udk yk&dom'dtwdkif;? e udk pdwåm'd
oH0kawmçoH0ka#m (wd) ydwftyfonf twdkif;? wd udk yk&dom'd pdwåm'd unm'd
0d0a#m (wd) zGifhtyfonf twdkif; ½kyfpOfyg/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
15
Bud,mtaMumif;
Bud,mrnfyHk
ouf½SdoufrJhjzpfaom emrfyk'fç emrfpm; yk'fwdkY\ tjyKtrIwdkYudk azmfjyaomyk'fonf Bud,myk'f
rnf\/ Mud,myk'fjzpf&ef "mwfodkY ypönf;0dbwf aygif;pyfay;&onf/
yHkpHum;/ (u) ypwd [laom Bud,myk'fjzpf&ef yp"mwfodkY typönf;ESifh wd0dbwf aygif;pyf ay;
&\/
(c) 'gwaAÁm [laom Bud,myk'fjzpf&ef 'g"mwfodkY wAÁypönf;ESifh od0dbwfaygif;pyf

ay;&\/
Bud,mtrsKd;tpm;
(u) Bud,monf tmcsmwfBud,m udwfBud,m[lí ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif pm;jcif;

aomufjcif; oGm;jcif; vmjcif;paom tjyKtrIBud,mudk y"metm;jzifh a[mMum;wwfaom Bud,monf
tmcsmwfBud,mrnf\/ tmcsmwfBud,mjzpfay:&ef "mwfypönf;ESifh tmcsmwf0dbwfaygif;pyf ay;&onf/
yHkpHum;/ ,mp "mwfodkY typönf;ESifh wd0dbwf aygif;pyfay;aomtm;jzifh ,mpwd-awmif;\

[laom tmcsmwfBud,mjzpf\/
(c) pm;jcif; aomufjcif; oGm;jcif; vmjcif;paom tjyKtrIBud,mudk jyKvkyfwwfaomaMumifh

vnf;aumif;? pmoifom;wdkY\ o'´gteufwdkYü ,HkrSm;oHo,udk y,fazsmufwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;
udwfBud,mrnf\/ udwfBud,m jzpfay:&ef "mwfodkY ypönf;ESifh emrf0dbwfaygif;pyfay;&\/
(udwfypönf; roufbJ "mwfcsnf;xm;vQif ]]þ"mwfonf uwåm;a[mavovm;ç
uHa[mavovm;[k ponfjzifh ,HkrSm;bG,f½Sdonf/ ypönf;ESifhwGJaomtcg ponfod&ojzifh þ P
paom ypönf;onf wdkuf½kdufrkcstm;jzifh udwfrnf\/ udwypönf;ESifh wGJbuf&aom "mwfrsm;vnf;
ruif;&mruif;aMumif;tm;jzifh udwftrnf&Muavonf)
yHkpHum;/ Xm"mwfodkY wypönf;ESifh emrfod0dbwf aygif;pyfay;aomtm;jzifh Xdawm [laom udwf

Bud,m jzpfay:vm\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
16
tmcsmwfvu©Pm
tmcsmwfBud,monf -
(1) twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef[k umvoHk;yg;½Sd\/
(2) yxryk&dofç rZÑdryk&dofç Owåryk&dof[k yk&dofoHk;yg;½Sd\/
(3) oGm;jcif; vmjcif;paom Bud,mudk y"metm;jzifh a[mMum;wwf\/
(4) uwåKum&u ur®um&u bm0um&u [k um&u oHk;yg;½Sd\/
(5) ykv’dif eykv’dif £w¬dvdif[k vdifoHk;yg;r½Sd/
(6) {u0kpf A[k0kpf [k 0kpfESpfyg;½Sd\/
tmcsmwf0dbwfrsm;
tmcsmwf0dbwfonf-
0wårmef0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwfç owårD0dbwfç ya&mu©m0dbwfç [d,swåeD0dbwfç tZÆwåeD0dbwfç
b0dóEÅD0dbwfç umvmwdywåd0dbwf [lí ½SpfrsKd;½Sd\/
(yxri,fwef;ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef; 93-95)
0wårmef0dbwf yk&dof 0kpfcGJyHk
yXryk&dof rZÑdryk&dof Owåryk&dof
{u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf

wd ? EÅd od x rd r
yk&daom yk&dom wGH wkarS t[H r,H
emro'´g (Third Person) wkrSo'´g (Second Person) trSo'´g (First Person) [k

oHk;rsKd;½Sdonf/ wGH(oif) wkarS(oifwdkY) udk wkrSo'´g[k ac:onf/ t[H(ig) r,H(igwdkY)
udk trSo'´g[k ac:onf/ wkrSo'´g trSo'´g rS <uif;aom (yk&daom-a,musfm;? unm-
rdef;uav;? pdwå-pdwf paom) o'´gwdkYudk emro'´g [k ac:onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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wkrS o'´gonf wGH wkarS [k (2) rsKd;om½Sd\/ trS o'´gonf t[H r,H [k (2) rsKd;om½Sd\/
emro'´gum; yk&daom pdwåH unm ponfjzifh tqHk;r½Sdç ra&wGufEdkifatmif rsm;\/
*pä-oGm;+ wd-\ = *päwd-oGm;\/ *pä-oGm;+ ? EÅd-ukef\ = *päEÅd-oGm;ukef\/

*pä-oGm;+ od-\ = *päod-oGm;\/ *pä-oGm;+ x-ukef\ = *päx-oGm;ukef\/
*pä-oGm;+ rd-\ = *pämrd-oGm;\/ *pä-oGm;+ r-ukef\ = *pämr-oGm;ukef\/
rSwfcsuf/ aemufrSm rdç r ½SdvQif a½SUu ? onf -g odkYajymif;onf/
*päf + ? + rd = *pämrd *päf + ? + r = *pämr

-g -g
uwåm;a[m 0gus a&;yHk
1/ jyKvkyfol uwåm;yk'faemufü yxrm0dbwf qufoG,f&onf/

2/ uHyk'faemufü 'kwd,m0dbwf qufoG,f&onf/
3/ Bud,myk'fudk tmcsmwf0dbwf a½SUajcmufvHk;rS wckudk uwåm;\ yk&dof 0kpfESifh avsmfatmif
xm;&onf/
yHkpH/ yk&daom *grH *päwd/ a,musfm;onf ½Gm;odkY oGm;onf/

'g&aum zvH cg'wd/ uav;onf opfoD;udk pm;\/
aw Mo'eH bkÍÆEÅd/ olwdkYonf xrif;udk pm;Muonf/
wGH "eH ,mpod/ oifonf Opömudk awmif;\/
wkarS oDvH &u©x/ oifwdkYonf oDvudk apmifhukef\/
t[H Ak'¨H 0E´mrd/ uREkfyfonf bk&m;udk ½Sdcdk;\/
r,H oCH 0E´mr/ igwdkYudk oHCmudk ½Sdcdk;Mu\/

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uwåm;ESifh Bud,mwGJyHk
yk&daom *päwd/ a,musfm;onf oGm;\/ yk&dom *päEÅd/ a,musfm;wdkYonf oGm;ukef\/

uwåm; Bud,m uwåm; Bud,m
wGH *päod/ oifonf oGm;\/ wkarS *päx/ oifwdkYonf oGm;ukef\/

t[H *pämrd/ igonf oGm;\/ r,H *pämr/ igwdkYonf oGm;ukef\/
0wårmef0dbwf toHk;jyKyHk
1/ avmavmq,f jzpfaeqJudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/

*päwd-oGm;\? oGmaeqJ/ b0wd-jzpf\? jzpfaeqJ
2/ ypöKyÜefteD;jzpfaom twdwf(jzpfNyD;ump)udk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/
&mZ*[awm tm*pämrd/ &mZN*KØ[frS ,ckyif ig vmcJh\/
3/ yka&ç yk&m pum;vHk;rsm; oHk;í tem*wfjzpfrnfh udpöudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/
yka& r&mrdç 'geH a'rd/ ig raorSD tvªudk ay;awmhtHh/
yk&m r&mrdç oDvH orm"d,mrd/ igraorSD oDvudk aqmufwnftHh/
4/ tem*wfwGif {uefjzpfrnfhudpöudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/
"k0H Aka'¨g b0grd/ {uef ig bk&m;jzpfvwHh/
5/ umvoHk;yg;ESifh qufqHaom t&mudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/
AkZÑwDwd Aka'¨g/ AkZÑwd-odNyD; odqJ odvwHåU? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? Aka'¨g-Ak'¨rnf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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bl0g'd*kdPf;0if "mwfrsm;
*pä oGm; ur oGm; '"m aqmif
tm*pä vm puFr pBuøoGm; yd'[ ydwf
0E´ ½Sdcdk; twduúr vGefoGm;ç vGefMuL; eda" jr§Kyf
b0 jzpf OyouFr oGm;ç csOf;uyf awZ aoG;
yp csuf pvç pÍöv wkefvIyf &u© apmifha½Smuf
*arç Cr® ''´v awmufy tZÑm0o ae
oyÜ oGm; psm, BuH Z*Fr oGm;
£pä tvdk½Sd wk' xdk;qG y#dZ*¾ jyKpkç vkyfauR;
{o ½SmrSD; y0do 0if er udkif;nTwfç ½Sdcdk;
ed,pä Ek' y,fEkwf yoD' Munfç Munfndk
ed,r a½SmifMuOf O'´do ½Gwfjy t0[& cdk;,l
onr apmifhpnf; vdc a&; yu©E´ ysHç ajy;0if
tpä uyf0ifç ae zko xda&muf &r arGUavsmfç aysmf
Oygo qnf;uyf a[m jzpf yAÁZ ½SifjyKç &[ef;jyK
vb & tEkabm cHpm; vdc a&;
0p ajym ao t&[ xdkufwef
0o ae o, tdyf r[ ylaZmf
a&m'ç ½k' idk Xmç wd| &yfç wnf p& vSnfhvnfç usifh
tauúmo qJa&; oP²[ aumif;pGm wnf Z, atmif
Z&ç ZD,s t"da| aqmufwnf p0 pkaw
ZD, tdk yd0ç ydAç o& atmufarhç trSwf&
r&ç rD,s yg aomuf Zy ½Gwfzwf
rD, ao tw¬d ½Sd\ (to+wd) 0Z oGm;ç uyfa&muf
yóç 'u© jrifç Munfhç ew¬d r½Sd (e+to+wd) arm' 0rf;ajrmuf
awGU jAL0dç jAL ajym yarm' vGefpGm 0rf;ajrmuf
'dó xifç awGUç jriftyf [eç 0a" owf "m0 ajy;
edoD' xdkif Zka[m y[& ykwfcwfç ½kduf
,Z ylaZmf ZG[ ylaZmf !Ho udkuf
0'ç 0a' Z[m yX zwf
0ZÆç 0aZÆ ajymç qdk yZ[ y,fpGefY 0gç ,m oGm;
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a*gy apmifha½Smuf 0¹ wdk;yGm; *l[ vQKdU0Suf

tmp& usifh zv uGJ rm EIdif;csifhç jrwfEdk;
bP ajym 'r qHk;r rx vHk;axG;
*g, ou pGrf;Edkif 0au© ajymqdk
Oy*g, oDqdk a&mp awmufy 'au© Munfh
rZÆ yGwfwdkuf aomp 0rf;enf; 'dpä Munfhç ay;
OZÑ pGefU urÜ wkefvIyf
ã þ"mwfrsm;onf bl0g'd*kdPf;"mwfrsm; jzpfonf/ bl0g'd*kdPf;"mwfrsm;udk Bud,myk'fjyKvkyf&mwGif

*kdPf;rSwfoauFwtjzpf t (?) qufay;&onf/ odkYaomf tNrJwrf;r[kwf/ [d,swåeDç 0wårmef0dbwfç
owårD0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwf [laom oAÁ"mwf0dbwfESifh wGJ&müom t qufay;&onf/ ya&mu©mç
tZÆwåeDç b0dóEÅDç umvmwdywåd 0dbwf[laom toAÁ"mwf0dbwfquf&mü t rquf&/ Amvm0wm&
usrf;tqdkt& owårD0dbwfESifwGJ&mwGif 0dbwfü AsOf;wGJpyfp&m o&rsm;yg½SdNyD;jzpfí (t) qufp&m rvdk/
odkYaomf tvw¬ \ ½kyfNyD;yHk0,f tZÆwåeD toAÁ"mwfjzifh wGJaomfvnf; t qufxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
tcsKyftm;jzifh vdktyf&if t qufrnfç rvdktyf&if qufNyD; t udkyif acsysufypfrnf[kom rSwfyg/
ã bl0g'd*kdPf;ü o&0dbwfouf&mü typönf; rouf&/ Esmo/ (y'AsÍÆeed½kwådeDwd y 410)

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ypöKyÜef 0gusrsm;
1/ Aka'¨g "r®H bmowd/ bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[m\/
uwåm; uH Bud,m
2/ yk&daom unH yówd/ a,musfm;onf trsKd;orD;udk jrif\/
3/ rEkóm 0g,k,maee yk*H e*&H *päEÅd/ vlwdkUonf yk*HNrKdUodkY av,Ofjzifh oGm;ukef\/
u&P
4/ oDa[m r[ðoH cg'wd/ jcaoFhonf uRJudk pm;\/
5/ Asa*¢g 0eH y0dowd/ usm;onf awmodkY 0if\/
6/ oukPm tumoH yu©EÉÅd/ iSufwdkYonf aumif;uifodkY ysHwufoGm;Muukef\/
7/ r,la&m ½ku©o®ð tpäwd/ Oa'gif;onf opfyifü ae\/ (tm o + t + wd = tpäwd)
Moumo t pä
8/ yk&daom tr®H erwd/ a,musfm;onf tarudk ½Sdcdk;\/
10/ As *¢g 0eo®m *grH tm*päEÅd/ usm;wdkYonf awmrS ½GmodkY vmukef\/
tyg'ge
11/ yk&daom Ak'¨H 0E´wd/ a,musfm;onf bk&m;udk ½Sdcdk;\/
12/ yk&dom Ak'¨H 0EÉÅd/ a,musfm;wdkYonf bk&m;udk ½Sdcdk;ukef\/
13/ wGH tr®H 0Eód/ oifonf tarudk ½Sdcdk;\/
14/ wkarS oHCH 0E´x/ oifwdkYonf oHCmudk ½Sdcdk;Muukef\/
15/ t[H rEÅav;e*&H *pämrd/ igonf rEÅav;NrKdUodkY oGm;tHh/
16/ yk&daom bwåH ypwd/ a,musfm;onf xrif;udk csuf\/
17/ omraPa&m *gxma,m O'´dowd/ omraPonf *gxmwdkYudk ½Gwfjy\/
18/ a'a0g aZw0e0d[m&H tm*päwd/ ewfonf aZw0efausmif;odkY vm\/
19/ t[H Aka'¨ yoD'grd/ igonf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk MunfnKd\/
20/ r,H rEÅav;e*a& &rmr/ &efukefe*a& e &rmr/ igwdkYonf rEÅav;NrdKUü aysmfukef\/
&efukefNrKdUü raysmfukef/
(e onf Bud,mudk wm;jrpfaom pum;vHk; jzpfonf/ r-[k qdkvdkonf/ Oyrm- e *päwd - roGm;?
e ypwd - rcsuf? e &rmr - raysmfukef? ponfjzifh odyg)
21/ r,H ywåH vbmr/ igwdkYonf oydwfudk &ukef\/

22/ t[H Asa*¢ yómrd/ taó e yómrd/ igonf usm;wdkYudk jrif\/ jrif;wdkYudk rjrif/
23/ unma,m Ak'¨H ykayæe ,Zwd/ rdef;uav;wdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk yef;jzifh ylaZmfMuukef\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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24/ omraPa&m bwåH vbwd/ udk&ifonf qGrf;udk &\/
25/ tr®m ykwåH 'rwd/ taronf om;udk qHk;r\/
26/ yk&daom omraP&ó ygeH a'wd/ a,musfm;onf udk&iftm; tazsmf&nfudk ay;vª\/
orÜ'ge
29/ omraP&m 0eH *päEÅd/ udk&ifwdkYonf awmodkY oGmukef\/
30/ unma,m e*&H *päEÅd/ rdef;uav;wdkYonf NrdKUodkY oGm;ukef\/
31/ yk&daom &axe *grH *päwd/ a,musfm;onf &xm;jzifh ½GmodkY oGm;\/
32/ rEkóm oua#e e*&H *päEÅd/ vlwdkYonf vSnf;jzifh NrKdUodk oGm;ukef\/
33/ wGH yga'e rEÅav; e*&H *päod/ oifonf ajcjzifh rEÅav;NrKdUodkY oGm;\/
34/ a,m"m armfawmf,maee 0eH *päEÅd/ ppfom;wdkYonf armfawmf,Ofjzifh NrKdUodkY oGmukef\/
35/ r,H em0g, *grH *pämr/ igwdkYonf avSjzifh ½GmodkY oGm;ukef\/
36/ unma,m ,EÅem0g, rif;uGef; yAÁwH tm*päEÅd/ trsKd;orD;wdkYonf pufavSjzifh rif;uGef;awmifudk
vmukef\/
37/ omraPa&m oraPe o[ e*&H *päwd/ udk&ifonf &[ef;ESifhtwl NrKdUodkY oGm;\/
38/ wkarS omraPa&[d o'¨ð 0d[&x/ oifwdkYonf udk&ifwdkYESifh twl aeMuukef\/
39/ r,H rEkaó[d 0dem t*¾d&axe *grH *pämr/ igwdkYonf vlwdkYrygyJ rD;&xm;jzifh
½GmodkY oGm;ukef\/
ã ( o[=twl? o'¨ð=twl? 0dem-cGJíç MuOfíç rygyJ? ) o[ç o'¨ðç 0dem wdkYonf edygwfpum;vHk;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ 4if;pum;vHk;rsm;ESifh wGJ&aom pumvHk;rsm;udk wwd,mESifh a&;&onf/ Oyrm - oraPe
o[ - &[ef;ESifhtwl? omraPa&[d o'¨ð - udk&if;wdkYESifhtwl? rEkaó[d 0dem-vlwdkY rygyJ)
40/ 'g&aum oraPe 0owd/ uav;onf &[ef;ESifhtwl ae\/

41/ ykawåm tr®m, e*&H *päwd/ om;onf tarESifhtwl NrKdUodkY oGm;\/
ã twlwuG [k t"dyÜg,f&aom o[ o'¨ð rygaomfvnf; wwd,mESifh a&;xm;aom pum;vHk;udk

ESifhtwl [k tydkxnfhí bmomjyefEdkifonf/ xdkpum;vHk;rsKd;udk o[w¬[k ac:Muonf/
(o[w¬-ESifhtwl[k tydkxnfhbmomjyef&aom pum;vHk;) Oyrm-oraPe-&[ef;ESifhtwl?
tr®m,-tarESifhtwl/
42/ omraP&m Aka'ë o[ *grH y0doEÅd/ udk&ifwdkYonf bk&m;ESifhtwl ½GmodkY 0ifukef\/
43/ wGH oHaCe o[ 0ood/ oifonf oHCmESifhtwl ae\/
44/ t[H oHaCe o'¨ð 0g,k,maee e*&H *pämrd/ igonf oHCmESifhtwl av,Ofjzifh NrKdUodkY oGm;\/
45/ r,H rEkaó[d 0dem t*¾d&axe *grH *pämr/ igwdkYonf vlwdkYrygyJ rD;&xm;jzifh ½GmodkY oGm;\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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46/ t[H em0g, 0d[m&H e *pämrd/ yga'e 0d[m&H *pämrd/ igonf ausmif;odkY avSjzifh roGm;/
ajcjzifh oGm;rnf/
47/ t[H o[ma,e o'¨ð 'Day p&mrd/ igonf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh uRef;ay:ü vSnfhvnf\/
48/ Ak'¨ó om0um 0de,H odu©EÅd/ bk&m;\ wynfhwdkYonf 0denf;udk oifukef\? (usifhukef\)
omrd
49/ oHaCm rEkaó[d o'¨ð e 0owd/ oHCmonf vlwdkYESifh twl rae/
50/ yk&do wGH "r®H e &u©od/ tdka,musfm; oifonf w&m;udk rapmifh/
tmvkyf
51/ 0d[ma& oHaCm tw¬d/ ausmif;ü oHCmonf ½Sd\/ (þ0gusü tw¬donf tenf;udef;)
52/ *gar rEkóm tw¬d/ ½Gmü vlwdkYonf ½SdMu\/ (þ0gusü tw¬donf trsm;udef;)
ã tw¬d(½Sd\ç ½Sdukef\) ESifh (ew¬d-r½Sdç r½Sdukef) wdkYudk tenf;udef;Bud,mtaejzifhvnf;aumif;

trsm;udef; Bud,m taejzifhvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
53/ ½kau© 0gea&m ew¬d/ opfyifü arsmufonf r½Sd/ (þ0gusü ew¬donf tenf;udef;)
54/ 'Day oD[m ew¬d/ uRef;ay:ü jcaoFhwdkY r½Sdukef (þ0gusü ew¬donf trsm;udef;)
55/ Aka'¨g temxyd@duó tm&mar 0d[&wd/ bk&m;onf temxydPfolaX;\ ausmif;ü oDwif;oHk;\/
56/ temxyd@daum orPmeH yd@ygwH a'wd/ temxydPfonf &[ef;wdkYtm; qGrf;udk vª\/
57/ taEÅ0godaum tmp&d,H OyouFrwd/ teD;aewynfhonf q&mudk csOf;uyf\/
58/ tumav 0gawm 0g,wd/ tcgrJhü avonf wdkuf\/
59/ orPm "ar®e rEkaó e,EÅd/ &[ef;wdkYonf w&m;jzifh vlwdkYudk aqmifukef\/
60/ wxm*wm tm*EÅKau[d o'¨ð oar®m'EÅd/ bk&m;wdkYonf tm*EÅK&[ef;wdkYESifhtwl 0rf;ajrmufukef\/
61/ rda*g p 0gea&m p *päEÅd/ orifonf4if; arsmufonf4if; (orifESifharsmufESpfOD;vHk;) oGm;Muonf/
62/ rda*g 0g 0gea&m 0g *päwd/ orifonfjzpfap ajrmufonfjzpfap (wOD;OD;) oGm;\/
ã p ESifh 0g onf orÁEëdygwfyk'f (pum;qufpum;vHk;) rsm;jzpfMuonf/ p onf ESifhç 4if; [k

t"dyÜg,f&onf/ 0g onf aomf4if;ç jzpfapç odkYr[kwf [k t"dyÜg,f&onf/
64/ t[H Ak'¨H p "r®H p oHCH p 0E´mrd/ igonf bk&m;udk4if; w&m;udk4if; oHCmudk4if; (oHk;yg;vHk;udk)
½Sdcdk;\/
65/ rEkóm oDave "eH vbEÅd/ vlwdkYonf oDvaMumifh Opömudk &ukef\/
ã wwd,mudk aMumifh [k bmomjyefEdkifonf/
66/ omraPa&m 'gaee ywåH vbwd/ udk&ifonf 'geaMumifh oydwfudk &\/

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67/ r,H bm0em, okcH vbmr/ igwdkYonf bm0emaMumifh csrf;omudk &Muukef\/
68/ apma&m omraP&ó pD0&H t0[&wd/ olcdk;onf udk&if\ ouFef;udk cdk;\/
67/ oDa[m olu&ó *D0H qdE´wd/ jcaoFhonf 0uf\ vnfyif;udk jzwf\/
68/ a'a0g Ak'ö®ð yoD'wd/ ewfonf bk&m;ü MunfnKd\/
69/ 'g&um o,ae o,EÅd/ uav;wdkYonf tdyf,mü tdyfMuukef\/
70/ wGH "ar® &rod? t[H *gar 0d[&mrd/ oifonf w&m;ü arGUavsmf\/ igonf ½Gmü ae\/
(u) uwåm;ESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ t[H 0E´mrd/ uREkfyfonf ½Sdcdk;yg\/

2/ r,H £pämr/ uREkfyfwdkYonf tvdk½SdMu\/
3/ wGH ykpäod/ oifonf ar;\/
4/ wkarS odu©x/ oifwdkYonf oifMu\/
5/ aom *päwd/ olonf oGm;\/
6/ Aka'¨g bmowd/ bk&m;½Sifonf a[mawmfrl\/
7/ jA[®Pm £päEÅd/ ykPÖm;wdkYonf tvdk½SdMuukef\/
8/ 'g&aum uDVwd/ uav;onf upm;\/
9/ 'g&um "m0EÅd/ uav;wdkYonf ajy;Mu\/
10/ vka'´g 0"wd/ rkqdk;onf owf\/
(c) uwåm; uHESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ Aka'¨g "r®H bmowd/ bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[m\/

2/ odóm tmp&d,H ykpäEÅd/ wynfhwdkYonf q&mudk ar;Mu\/
3/ uóum a*gaP £päEÅd/ v,form;wdkYonf EGm;wdkYudk tvdk½SdMuef\/
4/ 0gPdZm rdawå £päEÅd/ ukefonfwdkYonf rdwfaqGwdkYudk tvdk½SdMuukef\/
5/ 'g&aum tm[m&H cg'wd/ uav;onf tpmudk pm;\/
6/ r,H ouúH ,Zmr/ igwdkYonf odMum;udk ylaZmfMu\/
7/ wkarS ok*wH 0E´x/ oifwdkYonf bk&m;udk ½Sdcdk;Muukef\/
8/ umaum rpäH cg'wd/ usD;onf ig;udk pm;\/
9/ a,m"m apma& 0"EÅd/ ppfom;wdkYonf olcdk;wdkYudk owfMuukef\/
10/ aAm"doawåm "r®H odu©wd/ bk&m;avmif;onf w&m;udk usifh\/
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(*) uwåm;ç uHç u½kdPf;ESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ 0gPdaZm *grH &axe *päwd/ ukefonfonf ½GmodkY &xm;jzifh oGm;\/

2/ ur®um&m ygomaP [aw¬e e,EÅd/ tvkyform;wdkYonf ausmufcJwdkYudk vufjzifh o,faqmifMu\/
3/ uóaum a*gPH auma"e 0"wd/ v,form;onf EGm;udk trsufjzifh owf\/
(C) uwåm;ç uHç orÜ'gefESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ Aka'¨g "r®H rEkómeH bmowd/ bk&m;½Sifonf w&m;awmfudk vlwdkYtm; a[mawmfrl\/

2/ t[H tm[m&H 'g&uó ''grd/ igonf tpmudk uav;tm; ay;\/
3/ r,H Mo'eH rdwåmeH ,mpmr/ igwdkYonf xrif;udk rdwfaqGwdkYtwGuf awmif;Mu\/
(i) uwåm;ç uHç tyg'gefESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ aAm"doawåm yAÁwo®m ork'´H *päwd/ bk&m;avmif;onf awmifrS ork'´&modkY oGm;\/

2/ ur®uma&m yAÁwo®m ygomPH aewd/ tvkyform;onf awmifrS ausmufcJudk o,f\/
3/ 'g&um *gro®m r*¾H "m0EÅd/ uav;wdkYonf ½GmrS vrf;odkY ajy;Mu\/
(p) uwåm;ç uHç omrdç orÜ'gefESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ t[H Mo'eH tmp&d,ó ykwåó ''grd/ igonf xrif;udk q&m\ om;tm; ay;\/
2/ Aka'¨g "r®H oHCó odómeH bmowd/ bk&m;½Sifonf w&m;awmfudk oHCmawmf\ wnfhwdkYtm;
a[mawmf\/
3/ 0gPdaZm tm[m&H uóuó a*gPmeH ''gwd/ ukefonfonf tpm;tpmudk v,form;\
EGm;rsm;tm; ay;\/
(q) uwåm;ç MoumoESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus
1/ 'g&aum ra*¾ "m0wd/ uav;onf vrf;ü ajy;vTm;\/

2/ aAm"doawåm 0ae 0owd/ bk&m;avmif;onf awmü ae\/
3/ r,H yAÁaw uDVmr/ igwdkYonf awmifü upm;Mu\/
(yxri,fwef;ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef;138-142)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
26
um&dwf0gus
um&dwf av;ypönf;/ /aP? P,? Pmay? Pmy, aemufqufav;ypönf;onf ]ap}[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/

4if;wdkYudk rl&if;"mwfodkY qufonfhtcg Pf-tEkAefonf ausaysmufoGm;NyD; a-? t,? -may? -my,?
om usefawmhNyD; rl&if;"mwf\ tpo&onf toHt½SnfodkY ajymif;oGm;onf/
yHkpH-yp(csuf) + aP(ap) + wd(\) = ygapwd-csufap\ (tcsufcdkif;\)

yp+P,+wd=ygp,wd-csufap\/
yp+Pmay+wd=ygpmaywd-csufap\/
yp+Pmy,+wd=ygpmy,wd-csufap\/
um&dwf uwåm; uH tcGJ
um&dwfypönf;rygvQif ok'¨0gus[krSwf/ ok'¨0guswkef;u ok'üwåm;onf um&dwf0gusü

uHjzpfvm\/ jrefrmvdk]uRefonf ½GmodkY oGm;\}[l&mü uRefonf[laom ok'üwåm;onf um&dwfypönf;
ygvmonfhtcg ]]ocifonf uRefudk ½Gm;odkY oGm;ap\}} [laom 0gusü ]]uRefudk}}[k uHjzpfvmonf/
ok'¨0gus/ 'gaom *grH *päwd/ 'gaom-uRefonf? *grH-½GmodkY? *päwd-oGm;\/

um&dwf0gus/ omrdaum 'goH *grH *r,wd/ omrdaum-ocifonf? 'goH-uRefudk?
*grH-½GmodkY? *r,wd-oGm;ap\/
um&dwf"mwfESifh uwåm; uH
]]omrdaum 'goH *grH *r,wd}}0gusü 'gaomonf *päwdü *rk"mwf\ uwåm;jzpfí

"mwfuwåm;rnf\/ omrdaumonf *r,wdü um&dwf P,ypönf;\ uwåm;jzpfí um&dwfuwåm;rnf\/
'goHonf xdkP,ypönf;\ uHjzpfí um&dwfuH rnf\/ um&dwfuHESifh"mwfuwåm;onf ]'go}csnf;jzpf&um;
t&rjym;awmhNyD/ "mwfuwåm; tcdkufü 0kwåuwåm;jzpfí um&dwfuHtcdkufrSm t0kwåuHjzpf&jcif;om xl;\/
xdkum&dwfypönf;\ t0kwåuH ae&mü 'kwd,m0dbwfomru wwd,m q|d0dbwfrsm;vnf; oufEdkifonf/
odkYaomf ygVdt|uxmrsm;üum; wwd,m0dbwfESifh t½Sdrsm;onf/
yHkpH/ omrdaum 'goH ^ 'gaoe ^ 'goó *grH *r,wd/

omrdaum-t½Sifonf? 'goH^'gaoe^'goó-uRefudk? *grH-½GmodkY? *r,wd-oGm;ap\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
27
rSwfcsuf/ /wwd,mESifh q|Dudk uHteufr[kwfç uwåm;teufü ouf&rnf[kvnf; 0g'wrsKd;
½Sdao;\/ xdk0g'tvdk ]'gaoeç'goó-uRefonf}[k uwåm;teuf qdk&onf/ xdkodkY uwåm;teuf qdk&mü
*r,wd0,f *rk"mwf\ uwåm;[k rSwf/ wd0dbwfu xdk'goudk ra[m/ omrrdaumudk a[maomaMumifh
]]ra[muwåm wwd,m}}qdkonfhtwdkif; wwd,mESifh xm;onf/ ]]q|Duwåm; &Hcgjim;rl uwåm; wwd,mESifh
wlNrJwnf;}}[k tqdk½SdaomaMumifh t0kwåuwåm;t&m0,f wwd,m\udkpm;vS,ftjzpfjzifh q|D0dbwfudkvnf;
oHk;pGJcGifh½Sdonf/
uHa[m um&dwf0gus
um&dwfypönf;u uHudk a[m&müum; ]]ra[muwåm wwd,mç a[m&ma[m&m yxrm}}[lonfwdkYESifh

tnD uwåm;üwwd,m um½kdufuHü yxrm0dbwfjzifh xm;&m\/ "mwfuHudk ra[maomaMumifh
"mwfuHrSmvnf; 'kwd,m0dbwfjzifh xm;&m\/ yHkpHum; - omrdaue 'gaom *grH *rmyD,aw/
omrdaue-ocifonf? 'gaom-uRefudk? *grH-½GmodkY? *rmyD,aw-oGm;aptyf\/
(tajcjyKo'´g 599-597)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
28
ygVdo'´gwGif toHk;jyKaom tac:ta0grsm;udk avhvmjcif;
um&eftaMumif;
wnfaomtcgüjzpfapç NyD;aomtcgüjzpfap t tm £ þ O OD { Mo ESifh ed*¾[dwf(-H)[laom

tu©&mwdkYwGif wvHk;vHk; qHk;vsuf½Sd\/ xdktqHk;tu©&monf um&ef(um&EÅ)rnf\/
um&efonf tum&EÅ tmum&EÅ £um&EÅ þum&EÅ Oum&EÅ ODum&EÅ {um&EÅ Moum&EÅ
ed*¾[DwEÅ[lí udk;yg;½Sd\/ xdkudk;yg;wdkYwGif Ak'¨ç "r® pom emrfonf t tu©&m tqHk;½SdaomaMumifh
tum&EÅrnf\/ unmç rmvm ponfum; tmum&EÅ? t*¾d &wåd ponfum; £um&EÅ? '@D em&D
ponfum; þum&EÅ? bdu©K pu©K ponfum; Oum&EÅ? o,rÇL ZrÁL ponfum; ODum&EÅ? baEÅ b'áEÅ
ponfum; {um&EÅ? a*g ponfum; Moum&EÅ? uð ponfum; ed*¾[DwEÅ rnfukef\/
0kpfESifhudef;taMumif;
wck ESpfck ponfjzifh ta&twGufudk azmfjyjcif;onf 0kpfrnf\/ wenf; udef;rnf\/ 0kpfonf

{u0kpf A[k0kpf[lí ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif wcknf;aom ta&twGufudk azmfjyaom 0kpfonf
{u0kfprnf/ wckxufydkaom ta&twGufudk azmfjyaom0kpfonf A[k0kpfrnf\/ A[k0kpfudk
wdkYç rsm; [k xnfhay;NyD; bmomjyef&onf/ {u0kpfudk bmomjyef&mü wdkYç rsm; [k rxnfh&/
yHkpH - yk&daom-a,musfm;onf ({u0kpf) yk&dom-a,musfm;wdkYonf (A[k0kpf)

pdwåH-pdwfonf ({u0kpf) pdwåmç pdwåmed-pdwfwdkYonf (A[k0kpf)
unm-owdkYorD;onf ({u0kpf) unmç unma,m-owdkYorD;wdkYonf (A[k0kpf)
0dbwftaMumif;
ur®um&u tp½Sdaom tjym;ESifh {u0kpftp½Sdaom tjym;tm;jzifh vdifteufudk a0zefwwfaom

aMumifh 0dbwfrnf\/ 0dbwfonf emrf0dbwf tmcsmwf0dbwf[lí ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ xdkwGif ouf½SdoufrJh
t&m0w¬Kudk rSnfhac:aom trnfemrudk a0zefpdwfjzmwwfaom 0dbwfonf emrf0dbwfrnf\/ a0zefyHk
um; - yk&do[laom emrfyk'fudk yk&daom yk&dom? yk&doH yk&dao ponfjzifh txl;xl;aom yk'frsm;jzpfatmif
a0zefwwf\/ emrf0dbwfonf emrfyk'f\ teufudkvnf; a0zefwwfao;\/ yk&do-a,musfm; [laom
teufudk t&if;xm;í a,musfm;onf a,musfm;wdkYonf a,musfm;udk a,musfm;wdkYudk ponfjzifh a0zef\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
29
oGm;jcif; vmjcif; pm;jcif; aomufjcif;paom tjyKtrlBud,mudk a0zefpdwfjzmwwfaom 0dbwf
onf tmcswf0dbwfrnf/ a0zefyHkum; - *päwd[laom tmcsmwfyk'fudk *päwd *päEÅd? *päod *päx ponf
jzifh txl;xl;aom yk'frsm;jzpfatmif a0zefwwf\/ tmcsmwf0dbwfonf teufudkvnf; a0zefwwf
ao;\/ a0zefyHkum; - *rk-oGm;jcif; [laom teufudk t&if;xm;í ol oGm;onf? olwdkYoGm;Muonf?
oif oGm;onf? oifwdkY oGm;Muonf ponfjzifh a0zef\/
emrf0dbwfonf yxrm0dbwfç 'kwd,m0dbwfç wwd,m0dbwfç pwkw¬D0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwfç q|D
0dbwfç owårD0dbwf [lí ckESpfrsKd;½Sd/ tmcsmwf0dbwfonf 0wårmef0dbwfç yÍö0dbwfç owårD0dbwfç
ya&mu©m0dbwfç [d,swåeD0dbwfç tZÆwåeD0dbwfç b0dóEÅD0dbwfç umvmwdywåd0dbwf[lí ½SpfrsKd;½Sd\/
(yxri,fwef;ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef; 33-36)
umm&u ESifh tum&u
Bud,mudk jyKwwf jzpfapwwfaom owådonf um&urnf\/ ]yk&daom r*¾H *päwd- a,musfm;onf

vrf;odkYoGm;\} [l&mü ajcaxmufudk ajr§mufum csum a½hSodkY wdk;íwdk;í aeaomtrlt&monf
Bud,mrnf\/ xdkMud,mudk a,musfm;urvkyfEdkif? a,musfm;oEÅmefrSm½Sdaom oGm;Edkifaom tpGrf;oowådu
om jyKEdkifonf/ avjzwfaeolonf roGm;Edkif/ Bud,mudk jyKwwfaomowådonfom tppftrSef um&u
rnfoonf/ odkYaomfvnf; oGm;Edkifaom owåd½Sdaom ]yk&daom-a,musfm;} udkvnf; owådudk,fpm;
um&u[k ac:&avonf/
orÁmef tmvkyf tp½Sdaom teufwdkYonf Bud,mESifh rpyfaomaMumifh tum&urnf\/ [dwf
vu©P tp½Sdaom teufwdkYonf Bud,mESifh pyfonfjzpfí Bud,m\ taMumif;jzpfaomfvnf; pifppf
Bud,m[laom tusKd;r½SdaomaMumifh tum&urnf\/ (tajcjyKo'´gum&ued'gef;aumufEIwfcsuf)
um&u 6 rsKd; 1/ onf [k bmomjyefaom uwåKum&u

2/ udk odkY [k bmomjyefaom ur®um&u
3/ ESifh jzifh [k bmomjyefaom u&Pum&u
4/ tm; iSm [k bmomjyefaom orÜ'geum&u
5/ rS atmuf xuf [k bmomjyef&aom tyg'geum&u
6/ ü rSm 0,f [k bmomjyef&aom Moumoum&u
tum&ursm; aMumifh ([dwf) ESifh (o[m'da,m*) orÁmef(\) ed'¨g&P(wGif) tdk(tmvkyf)

ywfvHk;ç wdkifwdkif(tpöEÅoHa,m*) aomfç vaomf(vu©P) pOf(tem'&d,)aomç xaom
(0daooe) pGm(Bud,m0daooe) [k bmomjyef&aom pum;vHk;rsm;onf tum&u
rsm; jzpfMuonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh um&u 6-yg;rS vGJ&if tum&u[k rSwfyg/
(pepfopfygVdo'´g-266)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
30
trSm/ zwfpm0gusrsm; zwfNyD;&if um&u tum&u cGJMunfhyg/ Oyrm - yk&daom r*¾H *päwdü
yk&daom um; uwåKum&u? r*¾H um; ur®um&u/ wGH taEée 0ood ü wGHonf uwåK
um&u? taEée um; tum&u [k ponfjzifh cGJjcm;od&ef BuKd;pm;yg/
wkrS o'´g ½kyfpOfyHk

y/ wGHç wk0H wkarSç a0g
'k/ wHç w0Hç wk0Hç wGH wkarSç wkrSmuHç a0g
w/ w,mç wG,mç aw wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g
p/ w0ç wk,SHç wkrSHç aw wkrSmuHç wkrSHç a0g
rD/ w,mç wG,m wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g
q/ w0ç wk,SHç wkrSHç aw wkrSmuHç wkrSHç a0g
o/ w,dç wG,d wkarSok
wkrS o'´g ½kyfNyD;yHk
y wkrS + od = wGHç wk0H wkrS + a,m = wkarS wkrS + a,m = a0g

a-
'k wkrS + tH = wHç w0Hç wk0Hç wGH (wkarSça0g y-a,mESifhwl) wkrS + a,m = wkrSmuH
-guH
w wkrS+em=w,m wkrS+em= w,m wkrS+em=aw
wG
wkrS + [d = wkarS[d ? wkarSbd wkrS+[d= a0g
rSf+?> a bd
p^q wkrS+o = w0ç wk,SHç aw wkrS + o = wkrSH
i
wkrS + eH = wkrSmuH wkrS + eH = wkrSH wkrS + eH = a0g
-guH i
rD wkrS + o®m= w,mç wG,m (wkarS[d wkarSbd a0g wwd,ESifhwl)
em wG
o wkrS + o®ð = w,dç wG,d wkrS + ok = wkarSok
wG rSf+?> a
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
31
trS o'´g ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ t[H r,Hç tarSç aem

'k/ rHç rrH tarSç trSmuHç aem
w/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem
p/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem
rD/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem
q/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem
o/ r,d tarSokç tao®ok
trS o'´g ½kyfNyD;yHk
y trS+od = t[H trS+a,m = r,H trS + a,m = tarS trS+a,m=aem

a-
'k trS+tH= rHç rrH trS+a,m = tarS trS+a,m=trSmuH trS+a,m=aem
a- -guH
w trS+em=r,m trS+em=ar trS + [d=tarS[d^tarSbd trS+[d=aem
rSf+?> a
p^q trS+o=rrç r,SHç rrHç ar trS+o=trSH trS+ eH = trSmuH
i -guH
trS + eH =to®muH trS+ eH = trSH trS+eH=aem
to® -guH i
o trS+o®ð = r,d trS + ok = tarSok trS + ok = tao®ok
rSf+?> a to®
o®f+?> a
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
32
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
69/ trSó rrH o0dbwådó ao/ o aMumifh trSonf oESifhtwl rr odkYajymif;onf/

70/ r,H a,mrSd yXar/ yxrm a,m aMumifh trSonf a,mESifhtwl r,H odkYajymif;onf/
88/ wkrSmrSmuH w,dr,d/ o®ð aMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf o®ðESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w,d r,d odkYajymif;onf/
89/ wG.r[H odrSd p/ odaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf odESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wGH t[H odkYajymif;onf/
(wGHt[Hpü pjzifh odESifhtwl wkrSonf wk0H odkYvnf; ajymif;ao;\/ wk0H-oifonf)
90/ w0 rr ao/ oaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf oESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w0 rr odkYajymif;onf/
91/ wk,SH r,SOö/ oaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf oESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wk,SH r,SH odkYajymif;onf/
92/ wHr.rHrSd/ tH aMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf tHESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wH rH odkYajymif;onf/
93/ w0H rrÍö e0g/ wcgw&H tHaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf tHESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w0H rrH
odkYajymif;onf/
94/ emrSd w,m r,m/ emaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf emESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; w,m r,m odkYajymif;onf/
95/ wkrSó wk0H wGrHrSd/ tHaMumifh wkrS onf tHESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; wk0H wGH odkYajymif;onf/
96/ y'awm1 'kwd,mpwkw¬Dq|Dok a0gaem/ 'kwd,m pwkw¬D q|D A[k0kpf0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf
0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; a0g aem odkYajymif;onf/
97/ awar-u0paeokp/ pwkw¬D q|D {u0kpf0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf0dbwfESifh twltpOftwdkif;
aw ar odkYajymif;onf/
98/ e tHrSd/ tHaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; aw ar odkY rajymif;yg/
99/ 0gwwda,p/ wwd,m {u0kpf0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf 0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; aw
ar odkYajymif;onf/
100/ A[k0paeok a0gaem/ wwd,mESifh yxrmA[k0kpf 0dbwfaMumifh wkrS trS wdkYonf 0dbwfESifhtwl
tpOftwdkif; a0g aem odkYajymif;onf/(A[k0paeokjzifh yxrma,mudkvnf;,l)
110/ wkrSm.arS[d emrmuH/ wkrS trS o'´gwdkYrSm aemufjzpfaom eHonf tmuHodkY ajymif;onf/
111/ 0ga,myÜXarm/ wkrS trS o'´gwdkYrSm aemufjzpfaom yxrmr[kwfaom a,monf tmuHodkY
wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
112/ oóH/ wkrS trS o'´gwdkYrS aemufü jzpfaom oonf tHokdYajymif;onf/
113/ oAÁemr.um&aw yXarm/ oAÁemrf tum&EÅrS aemufjzpfaom yXrma,monf {odkYajymif;onf/
159/ w,mw,DeH wuma&m wGwåH 0g/ w,mtjyK w,dtjyKwdkY\ wonf wGodkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
(oAÁa,medrm{? ok[doGuma&m{? trSwkrSEÅK-ponf? awok0k¹d(trSudk to®jyK) -ponfvnf; yg)
1 ]y'awm ya&oH}[k zGifhí a0g aemwdkYudk wyk'fESpfyk'faemif xm;&rnf/ ]a0g *grH *apä,smod} [k
rxm;&? ]*grH a0g *apä,smod} [k xm;yg/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
33
1/ Aka'¨g tarS 0daewd/ bk&m;onf uREfkyfwdkYudk qHk;r\/
2/ t[H wH ykpämrd/ uREfkyfonf oifhudk ar;\/
3/ wGH r,m o[ e wd|od/ oifonf uREfkyfESifhtwl r&yf/
4/ w0 tmp&da,m w,m o'¨ð bmowd/ oif\ q&monf oifESifhtwl pum;ajym\/
5/ r,H uóuawm 0g 0gPdZawm 0g tm[m&H vbmr/ uREfkyfwdkYonf v,form;xHrSjzpfap
ukefonfxHrSjzpfap tpmt[m&udk &ukef\/
ã awm [laom aemufqufudk tyg'gef0dbwftjzpf toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ yHkpH - um,awm-udk,frS/

u&PESifh tyg'ge udk &Hcg aMumifh [k bmomjyefqdkEdkifonf/ yHkpH - tm[ma&e tmAma"m
b0wd/ tpmaMumifh tem jzpfonf/ tm[m&awm r,H ZD0gr/ tpmaMumifh uREkfyfwdkY touf
½SifMu\/
6/ rr tmp&da,m wH p rH p 0daewd/ ig\ q&monf oifhudk4if; uREkfudk4if; qHk;r\/

7/ Ak'äwm p "r®awm p oHCawm p avmau tavmaum b0wd/ bk&m;aMumifh4if; w&m;aMumifh
4if; oHCmaMumifh4if; avmuü tvif;a&mifonf jzpfay:\/
8/ *gar p 0d[ma& p trSmuH o[m,m tw¬d/ ½Gmü4if; ausmif;ü4if; uREfkyfwdkY\ rdwfaqGrsm;
onf ½Sdukef\/
9/ trSmuH uma, [w¬m p yg'g p tw¬d/ igwdkY\ udk,fü vufwdkYonf4if; ajcwdkYonf4if; ½Sdukef\/
10/ trSmuH uma, auom tw¬d/ uREfkyfwdkY\ udk,fü qHyifwdkYonf ½Sdukef\/
11/ aAm"doawåm rH p rr om0au p 0daewd/ bk&m;avmif;onf uREkfyfudk4if; uREkfyf\ wynfhudk4if;
qHk;r\/
12/ w0 om0aum w,m 0dem e 0owd/ oif\ wynfhonf oifESifh uif;í rae/
13/ o[ma,m ar tm*päwd/ ig\ oli,fcsif;onf vm\/
14/ o[ma,m aw e tm*päwd/ oif\ oli,fcsif;onf rvm/
15/ tmp&da,m a0g "r®H a'aowd/ oifwdkY\ q&monf w&m;a[m\/
16/ tmp&da,m aem ur®|meH a'wd/ igwdkY\ q&monf ur®|mef;ay;\/
ã (aw? ar? a0g? aem emrfpm;yk'frsm;udk 0gus\ tpü xm;oHk;avhr½Sd/ wyk'faemufü xm;oHk;
onf/ ar o[ma,mç aw o[ma,mç a0g tmp&da,mç aem tmp&d,m [k roHk;&/ p? 0g?
{0 paom edygwfyk'fwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJívnf; roHk;&)
17/ om&dykawåm trSmuH tmp&da,m a[mwd/ om&dykMwmonf igwdkY\ q&m jzpfonf/

18/ trSmuH a*a[ tóm p a*gPm p oukPm p tw¬d/ igwdkY\tdrfü jrif;wdkYonf4if;
EGm;wdkYonf4if; iSufwdkYonf4if; ½Sdukef\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
34
twdwfBud,m
a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr þ (-D) OH (-kH)
wkrS Mo (a-g) w¬
trS £H(-ð) rSm
½kyfpOfyHk
a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr tb0D? b0D? tb0d? b0d tb0Hk? b0Hk? tb0ðok? b0ðok? tb0Hok? b0Hok
wkrS tba0g? ba0g? tb0? b0? tb0dw¬? b0dw¬? tb0kw¬? b0kw¬
tb0d? b0d
trS tb0ð? b0ð? tb0drSm? b0drSm? tb0drS? b0drS?
tb0krSm? b0krSm? tb0krS? b0krS
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
86/ u&óumowårZÆwåeDrSd/ u&f onf umof odkYajymif;onf/ u&f rSwyg;aom "mwfaemif ovmonf/
99/ oAÁawm OH £Hok/ OH (-Hk) rS £Hok (-ðok) tHok (-Hok) tmoHk (-goHk) odkY ajymif;onf/
111/ £um&m*arm toAÁ"mekurSd/ w¬ç rSm a½SUü wcgw&H £(-d)vmonf/
112/ (u) w¬ç rSm a½SUü O(-k)vmonf/
(c) Mo (a-g) onf t (?)ç £ (-d) w¬ç aw¬m odkY ajymif;onf/
(*) þ (-D) rS £ (-d) odkY? rSm rS rS odkY ajymif;onf/ (upönf;bm#D-'k? 404-405)
114/ tum&m*arm [d,swåeD tZÆwåeD umvmwdywåDok/ "mwftpü wcgw&H t (?) vmonf/
½kyfNyD;yHk
(t) bl + -D = tb0D þ ( )oauFwudk vmonf[k rSwfyg/

bf+L> a-g> ? 0f
ã t rvm&if b0D? -D rS -d odkY ajymif;&if b0d jzpfonf/
tb0f + -kH = tb0Hk tb0f + -kH > -ðok = tb0ðok

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
35
tb0f+ -kH > -Hok = tb0Hok
tb0f + a-g = tba0g tb0f + a-g> ? = tb0

tb0f + a-g> -d = tb0d
tb0f + (-d) w¬ = tb0dw¬ tb0f + (-k) w¬ = tb0kw¬

tb0f + -ð = tb0ð tb0f + (-d) rSm = tb0drSm ^tb0drS
rS
tb0f + ( -k ) rSm = tb0krSm ^tb0krS
rS
0pf(ajym) "mwfjzifh ½kyfpOfyHk

(þ) ta0gpD? ta0gpd (OH) ta0gpHk
(Mo) ta0gapm? ta0gp? ta0gpd (w¬) ta0gpdw¬? ta0gpkw¬
(£H) ta0gpð (rSm) ta0gpdrSm? ta0gpdrS? ta0gpkrSm
ta0gpkrS
(t) 0pf + -D =ta0gpD (t) 0pf + -D =t0pD (0-\ t onf MoodkYrajymif;onfhyHk)
0f+?> a-g
(t) *rf(oGm;) + -kH > -goHk = t*rmokH
(t) u&f (jyK) + a-g + -D > -d = tumod ã þ oauFwudk acszsufonf[k rSwfyg/

umo
(t) 'g + (o) -D > -d = t'god (t) [l + (o) -D > -d = ta[mod

[f+L > a-g
ã ]]b*0g {w'a0gp}}ü ta0gp NyD;yHk

(t) 0p + tm (twåaemyk'f tm0dbwf)
a0g t
ã y#dao0dw¬ç y#dao0daw¬m-rSD0JoHk;aqmifcHpm;NyD/ Moudk w¬çaw¬mjyK (upönf;bm#D 406)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
36
twdwf0gusrsm;
1/ Aka'¨g om0umeH "r®H tbmod/(bmof-a[m) bk&m;onf wynfhwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mNyD/

2/ 0gPdZm orPmeH yd@ygwH t'Hok/('g-ay;) ukefonfwdkYonf &[ef;wdkYtm; qGrf;udk vªukefNyD/
3/ 0d[ma& orPm 0de,H odu©ðok/ (odu©f-oif,l) ausmif;ü &[ef;wdkYonf 0denf;udk oif,lukef\/
4/ tmp&da,m ar *grH ,mod/ (,m-oGm;) ig\ q&monf ½GmodkY oGm;NyD/
5/ w0 ykawåm ra*¾ uDVd/ (uDVf-upm;) oif\ om;onf vrf;ü upm;NyD/
6/ wGH o[m,umeH *gar e &rd/ (&rf-aysmf) oifonf oli,fcsif;wdkY\ ½Gmü raysmfydkufcJh/
7/ wkarS trSmuH tm[m&H t'godw¬/ ('g-ay;) oifwdkYonf uREkfyfwdkYtm; tpmudk ay;ukefNyD/
8/ t[H o[m,au[d o'¨ð 'Day tp&ð/ (p&f-oGm;) uREfkyfonf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl uRef;ay:ü
vSnfhvnfcJhNyD/
9/ r,H *grawm yd@ygwH vbdrSm/ (vbf-&) uREfkyfwdkYonf ½GmrS qGrf;udk &cJhukefNyD/
10/ aAm"doawåm rEkaó 0daeod/ (0dae-qHk;r) bk&m;avmif;onf vlwdkYudk qHk;rNyD/
11/ avmau "r®ó tmavmaum tb0d/ (b0f-jzpf)
12/ 0gea&m ½kau© edoD'd/ arsmufonf opfyifay:ü xdkifNyD/ (edoD'-xdkif)
13/ tmp&da,m aw w,m o'¨ð tbmod/ oif\q&monf oifESifhtwl pum;ajymNyD/
14/ orPm *gar yd@ygwH bkÍÆðok/ (bkÍÆ-pm;) &[ef;wdkYonf ½Gmü qGrf;udk pm;ukefNyD/
15/ rEkóm omvm,H bwåH bkÍÆðok/ vlwdkYonf Z&yfü xrif;udk pm;ukef\/
16/ rEkóm wdPmed *grH [&ðok/ ([&f-aqmif) vlwdkYonf jrufwdkYudk ½GmodkY aqmifMuukef\/
17/ r,H "ar®e &rdrSm/ igwdkYonf w&m;jzifh aysmfcJhukefNyD/
18/ wkarS ra*¾ tXmodw¬/ (Xm-wnf) oifwdkYonf vrf;ü &yfwnfcJhMuukefNyD/
19/ tmp&da,m ar "ar®e om0au 0daeod/ uREfkyf\ q&monf w&m;ojzifh wynfhwdkYudk qHk;rNyD/
20/ Ak'¨ó "ar®m oD[V'Day tXmod/ bk&m;\ w&m;onf oD[dkuRef;ü wnfNyD/
21/ ukpädo®ð ar tmAma"m tb0d/ uREkfyf\ 0rf;Adkufü temonf jzpfay:cJhNyD/
22/ a*gwarm emr Aka'¨g avmau ta[mod/([l-jzpf)a*gwrrnfaom bk&m;onf avmuü jzpfay:cJhNyD/
23/ t[H 0d[ma& oraPe o[ t0oð/ igonf &[ef;ESifh twl ausmif;ü aecJhNyD/
24/ r,H w,m o[ em0g, ppfudkif;yAÁwH t*rdrSm/ igwdkYonf oifESifhtwl avSjzifh ppfudkif;awmif
odkY oGm;cJhukefNyD/
25/ wkarS Ak'ömoae oHCó pD0&H t'w¬/ ('g-ay;) oifwdkYonf bk&m;omoemü oHCmtm;
ouFef;udk vªcJhukefNyD/
26/ r,H &efukefe*&awm rEÅav;e*&H t*¾d&axe t*rdrS/ igwdkYonf &efukefNrKdUrS rEÅav;NrKdUodkY
rD&xm;jzifh oGm;cJhMuukefNyD/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
37
oAÁemrf*dkPf;0if , (tMuif) o'´g ykv’dif½kyfpOfyHk
y/ a,m a,
'k/ ,H a,
w/ a,e a,[d? a,bd
p/ ,ó a,oH? a,omeH
rD/ ,o®m? ,rSm a,[d? a,bd
q/ ,ó a,oH? a,omeH
o/ ,o®ð? ,rSd a,ok
, (tMuif) o'´g eykv’dif ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ ,H ,med
'k/ ,H ,med
(wwd,mrS pí usef;tmvHk; yHkvdefESifhwlonf)
, o'´g ykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk

y/, + od = a,m , + a,m = a,
a-g a-
'k/ , + i = ,H , + a,m =a,
a-
w/ , + em = a,e , + [d = a,[d ^ a,bd
,f+?> a- bd
p^q/ , + o = ,ó , + eH = a,oH ^ a,omeH
(o) ,f+?> a- oH ômeH
o/ , + o®ð = ,o®ð^,rSd , + ok = a,ok
rSd ,f+?> a-

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
38
, o'´g eykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ , + od = ,H , + a,m = ,med
-H ,f+?> -g ed
'k/ , + i = ,H ,med (yxrmESifhwlonf)
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
51/ oAÁemrmeH eHrSdp/ eH aMumifh oAÁemrfwdkY\ t (?) onf a- odkYajymif;onf/

113/ oAÁemr um&aw yXarm/ oAÁemrftum&EÅrS aemufjzpfaom yXrma,monf a-odkYajymif;onf/
117/ oAÁawm eH oH omeH/ oAÁemrfyk'frS aemufjzpfaom eH onf oH ^ omeH odkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
39
w (xdk) o'´g ykv’dif ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ aom ae? aw
'k/ eH? wH ae? aw
w/ aee? awe ae[d? aebd? aw[d? awbd
p/ eó? tó? wó aeoH? aeomeH? awoH? awomeH
rD/ eo®m? to®m? wo®m? erSm? wrSm ae[d? aebd? aw[d? awbd
q/ eó? tó? wó aeoH? aeomeH? awoH? awomeH
o/ eo®ð? to®ð? wo®ð? erSd? wrSd aeok? awok
w o'´g eykv’dif ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ eH? wH emed? wmed

'k/ eH? wH emed? wmed
wo'´g yHkv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk o

w t
rSwfcsuf/ w onf o odkY4if;ç e odkY4if;ç t odkY4if; ajymifEdkifyHkudk owdjyKyg/ e
y/ w + od = aom w + a,m = aw w + a,m = ae

o a- e a-
'k/ w + i = eH w + i = wH (ae?aw yxrmESifhwl)
e
w/ w + em = aee w + em = awe w + [d = ae[d? aebd
e a-e a-e ef+?> a- bd
p^q/ w + o = eó w + o = tó w + o = wó
e ó t ó ó
w + eH = aeoHâeomeH w + eH = awoH^ awomeH
e oHômeH wf+?> a- oHôme
ef+?> a-
o/ w + o®ð = eo®ð w + o®ð= to®ð w + o®ð = wo®ð w + o®ð = wrSdêrSd
e t rSd e

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
40
wo'´g eykv’dif½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ w + od = eH w + od = wH w + a,m = wmed ^ emed
e i i wf+?> -g ed e
'k/ w + i = eH w + i = wH (emed? wmed yxrmESifhwl)

e
pnf;rsnf;rsm;
123/ {wawoH awm/ od aMumifh eyHkvdefr[kwfaom {w \ wESifh w onf o odkYajymif;onf/

124/ wó 0g ew¬H oAÁw¬/ vdeftm;vHk;ü w onf e odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
125/ oo®mo®ð oHomoGwåH/ o o®m o®ð 0dbwfESifh 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmaom oH omaMumifh w onf
t odkY ajymif;onf/
tpDt&ifxl;
]]wa,m ae0 p oAÁemar[d}}jzifh oAÁemrfaemif tmç {ç tm, oHk;ck r½SdaMumif; qdkaomf
vnf; ygVdawmfü 4if;oHk;ck ½SdaMumif;awGU&onf/ oAÁ + o®m = oAÁm (oAÁm p o0wd? oAÁxm
o0wd/ oAÁmp-tvHk;pHkrSvnf;? o0wd-,dk pD;\/ oAÁxm-cyfodrf;aomtjym;tm;jzifh? o0wd-,dkpD;\)
w + o®ð = aw (wsm[H raEÅ Oyw¬a'¨g? t[H-igonf? awraEÅ-xdkrEÅmefaMumifh? Oyw¬a'¨g-cdkifrm Murf;cuf\)
, + o = ,m, (,m, aem tEkurÜm, tarS yAÁZ,D rked? aem-igwdkYtm;? ,m,tEkurÜm,-
tMuif oem;rItusKd;iSg? rked-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? tarS-uREkfyfwdkYudk? yAÁZ,D-&[ef;jyKNyD/)
eyHkvdefüvnf; oAÁemrfwdkYaemuf a,mwdkYrSajymif;aom yxrma,medonf tmç 'kwd,ma,medonf
{ odkY ajymif;Edkifonf/ , + a,m> ed> -g=,m
,m ykaAÁ aAm"dowåmeH? yv’uF0&rmbkaZ
edrdwåmed y'dóEÅd? wmed tZÆ y'dóa&/ (Ak'¨0ifygVd)
ykaAÁ-a½S;ü? aAm"dowåmeH-bk&m;avmif;wdkY\? yv’uF0&rmbkaZ-jrwfaomyv’ifzGJUacGíaeawmfrl&m
ü? ,medrdwåmed-tMuifedrdwfwdkYonf? y'dóEÅd-xifukefNyD? wmededrdwåmed-xdkedrdwfwdkYonf? tZÆ-,aeY?
y'dóa&-xifukef\/
, + a,m> ed> a-=a, (uð rmP0ó "emed a, wH ZdeaEÅm [a& tu©"kawåm) wH-oifvkvif
udk? ZdeaEÅm-Edkifonfjzpfí? a,-,med"emed-tMuifavmif;wrf;OpömwdkYudk? tu©"kawåm-trfMuL;orm;onf?
[a&-aqmif,l&m\/ rmP0ó-oifvkviftm;? wmed"emed-xdkOpömwdkYonf? uð-tb,frSmenf;/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
41
ã w o'´g yHkvdefêyHkvdef wdkwGif pwkw¬D^q|D A[k0kpfü tmoH^tmomeH [k ½SdEdkifonf/
w + eH = tmoH ^ tmomeH
t> -g oHôm
ae0goH auom 'dóEÅd? [w¬yg'g p Zmvdaem (a0óEÅ&m) tmoH-xdkuPSmZmvDwdkY\?
auom-qHyifwdkYonf? ae0'dóEÅd-rxifukef? Zmvdaem-ZmvD\? [w¬yg'gp-vufajcwdkYonfvnf;?
ae0'dóEÅd-rxifukef/
oAÁemrf[lonf/ teuftm;vHk;ESifh qufqHaom emrfyk'fudk oAÁemrf[kac:onf/ oAÁo'´g ra[mEdkif

teuf[lí r½Sd/ tvHk;pHkaoma,musfm;? tvHk;pHkaom rdef;r? tvHk;pHkaomawm?
tvHk;pHkaomawmif ponfjzifh ½SdorQteufawGudk a[mEdkif\/ , paom yk'frsm;vnf; tMuifa,musfm;?
tMuifa,musfm;? tMuifawmponfjzifh ra[mEdkifaom teufr½Sd/ þodkYvQif teuftm;vHk;ESifh qufqH
aomemrfyk'fudk oAÁemrf[k ac:onf/ oAÁemrf trnf&aom yk'fwdkYonf ]]oAÁ? uw&? uwr? £w&?
tn? tnw&? tnwr? ykAÁ? y&? ty&? 'u©dP? Owå&? t"&? ,? w? {w? £r? trk? uð?
{u? Ob? Ob,? 'Gd? wd? pwk? yÍö? wkrS? trS þ 28-yk'f paomtm;jzifh rsm;pGm½Sdonf/
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; 5)
bmomjyefyHk/ oAÁ-tvHk;pHkonf? uw&ç uwr-tb,fonf? £w&-qdkcJhNyD;rSwrsKd;wjcm;

wGJzufjzpfaom teufrsm;onf? tnH-wGJbuf[kwfonfjzpfapç r[kwfonfjzpfapç
wyg;tjcm;aomteufonf? tnw&ç tnwr-wpHkwa,mufonf? ykAÁ-a½SUXmeç ta½SUt&yf? y&-aemuf
Xmeç taemuft&yf? ty&-wyg;tjcm;aomt&yf? 'u©dP-awmif(vusfm)t&yf? Owå&-ajrmuf(vuf0J)
t&yf? t"&-atmuft&yf? ,-tMuif? wç trk-xdk? {wç £r-þ? uð-bmç b,f? {u- eHygwfwpfçtwlç
wcsKdU paomteufrsm;? Obç Ob,-ESpfckç ESpfygpHk? 'Gd-ESpf? wd-oHk;? pwk-av;? yÍö-ig;? wkrS-oif? trS-ig/
oAÁemrf 28-yk'fudk tkyfpkcGJvQif

1/ , w {w £r trk [laom wGJzufo'´gESifhtwl teufa[m ]]ya,m*0EÅ}}oAÁemrf
2/ wkrS trS w [laom wGJzufo'´grygyJ teufa[m ]]0pe}} oAÁemrf
3/ uw& uwr uð [laom ar;cGef;teufa[m ]]ykpäm}} oAÁemrf
4/ ykAÁ y& 'u©dP Owå& t"& [laom t&yfrsufESma[m ]]'dom}} oAÁemrf
5/ Ob Ob, 'Gd wd pwk yÍö [laom ta&twGuf ocsFmteufa[m ]]ocsFm}}oAÁemrf
6/ oAÁ £w& tn tnw& tnwr ty& [laom tvHk;pHkteufa[m ]]oAÁ}}oAÁemrfwdkYjzpf\/
oAÁemrf 27-yk'f
(tjcm;o'´gusrf; wdkYü yÍöudk oAÁemrfü xnfhrwGufyJ 27-yk'f[k qdkonf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
42
emremrfwdkYudk wdkuf½kduf roHk;vdkíjzpfap? arhavsmh&müjzpfap emremrfrsm;tpm; toHk;jyKaomaMumifh
oAÁemrfwdkYudkyif emrfpm;[k ac:onf/
emrfpm;onf 1/ yk*¾vemrfpm; wkr? trS? w

2/ edóeemrfpm; w? {w? £r
3/ ykpämerfpm; uð
4/ tEG,Demrfpm; ,? w [k av;rsKd;½dSonf/
vl? t&m0w¬K [laom emrfrsm;tpm; oHk;pGJonfh wkrS trS w o'´gwdkYudk yk*¾vemrfpm;

[kac:onf/ xdkvl xdkpdwf ponfjzifh rdrdESifhwGJpyfaom emrfyk'fwdkYudk nTefjyaomaMumifh ], w {w £r}
wdkYudk ed'óeemrfpm;[kac:onf/ ,if;wdkYonf rdrdESifh wGJpyfaom yk'fwdkYudk txl;jyKaomaMumifh emr0dao
oevnf; rnfukef\/ xdk ,? w? {w? £r wdkYudk tjcm;yk'fwdkYESifh rwGJpyfbJoHk;vQif yk*¾vemrfpm;?
tjcm;emrf? emrfpm;rsm;ESifh wGJpyfvQif ed'óeemrfpm;[k rSwf&rnf/ ed'óeemrfpm; (0daooe)onf
wGJpyfonfhyk'f (0daoos) ESifh vdif0kpf0dbwfwl&rnf/
yHkpH/ aom ea&m *grH *päwd/ xdkvlonf ½GmodkY oGm;\/ aom ESifh ea&m onf
0daooe 0daoosjzpfí vdif?0kpf?0dbwf wlaeonf/
om unm *grH e *päwd/ xkdrdef;uav;onf ½GmodkY roGm;/ om ESifh unm onf
vdif0kpf0dbwf wlaeonf/
wH pdwåH - xdkpdwfonf? awoH yk&domeH - xdka,musfm;wdkYtm;?
tar;0gusrsm;ü toHk;jyK&NyD;vQif tb,folonf tb,ft&mponfjzifh yk*¾Kdvf t&m0w¬Kudk

udk,fpm;jyKaomaMumifh vdiftvdkuf aum? um? uð yk'fwdkYonf ykpämemrfpm; rnfukef\/ 4if;udk tjcm;emrf?
emrfpm;rsm;ESifh wGJpyftoHk;jyKaomtcg xdkwGJyk'frsm;ESifh vdef 0kpf (udef;) 0dbwf wl&onf/
yHkpH/ aum yk&daom *päwd/ b,fa,musfm;onf oGm;oenf;/ (aum ESifh yk&daom vdif0kpf0dbwfwl)
aue ,maee tm*päod/ tb,f,Ofjzihfvmoenf;/ (aue ESifh ,maee vdif0kpf0dbwfwl)
ã emrf? emrfpm;wdkYESifh rwGJbJvnf; oHk;Edkifonf/

aum *päwd? b,foloGm;ovJ/ uH yówd? b,foludk jrifovJ- ponf
rdrdESifhwGJpyfrnfh yk'fteufodkY tpOfvdkufaom ,? w wdkYudk tEG,Demrfpm;[k qdkonf/ ed'óe

emrfpm;uJhodkY rdrdESifh,SOfwGJrnfh yk'fwdkY\ vdif udef; (0kpf) 0dbwf twdkif; ,if;udk a&;om;&rnf/ tEG,D
erfpm;ü 0gustpdwftydkifESpfck½SdNyD;vQif yxr0gusrSm ],} udkoHk;í 'kwd,0gusrSm ]w}udk oHk;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
43
, emrfpm; ygaom0gusudk ted,r0gus [kac:í w emrfpm; ygaom0gusudk ed,r0gus [k
ac:onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ted,r0gusudk a½SUrSmxm;NyD; ed,r0gusudk aemufrSmxm;í a&;wwfonf/
bmomjyefonfhtcg ted,r0gusudk OD;pGmjyefNyD; ed,r0gusudk aemufrSjyefyg/ ed,r0gusudk a½SUu
a&mufaeonfudkvnf; wcgw&H awGUEdkifonf/ odkYaomf bmomjyef&mwGif ted,r0gusuom pjyefyg/
, ^w tpHkygaom 0gusrsm;
1/ a,m "r®H yówd? aom rH yówd/ tMuifolonf w&m;udk jrif\/ xdkolonf ig(bk&m;)udk jrif
\/ a,m-tMuifolonf(rowfrSwf&ao;í ted,r[k ac:onf) "r®H yówd-w&m;udk jrif\?
owfrSwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? aom-xdkw&m;udk jrifolonf(owfrSwfNyD;í ed,r[k ac:onf)
2/ ,o®ð ora, aAm"doawåm Zm,wd? wo®ð ora, a'0g p rEkómp 'dAÁEÅd/ tMuiftcsdefü bk&m;
tavmif;onf zGm;jrif\/ xdktcsdefü ewfwdkYonf4if; vlwdkYonf4if; aysmfjrL;Muukef\/
3/ a, Aka'¨ p "ar® p oHaC p e yoD'EÅd? aw OZÑm,EÅd/ tMuifolwdkYonf bk&m;ü4if; w&m;ü4if;
oHCmü4if; rMunfnKdukef/ xdkolwdkYonf uJh&Jhukef\/
4/ ,o®m wGH ukZÑod? wo®m e bmood/ tMuifaMumifh oifonf pdwfqdk;\/ xdkaMumifh oifonf
pum;rajym/
5/ a, ygyH ua&mEÅd? aw tyg,H *päEÅd/ tMuifolwdkYonf raumif;rIudk jyKukef\/ xdkolwdkYonf i&JodkY
oGm;Muukef\/
6/ tw¬davmau orPjA[®Pm? a, {0H 0'EÅd/ tMuif(&[ef;ykPÖm;)wdkYonf þodkY ajymqdkukef\/ xdk
&[ef;ykPÖm;wdkYonf avmuü ½Sdukef\/
ted,r ed,r oabmESifh oHk;aom edygwfyk'frsm;

,xm - - wxm / tMuifuJhodkY - - xdkuJhodkY
,awm - - wawm / tMuifrS - - xkdrS
,'g - - w'g / tMuiftcg - - xdktcg
,m0 - - wm0 / tMuifrQavmuf - - xdkrQavmuf
,w¬ - - ww¬ / tMuifü - - xdkü
,Mw - - wMw / tMuifü - - xdkü
1/ ,xm wGH rnod? wxm wGH bmood/ tMuifuJhodkY oifonf xif\? xdkuJhodkY oifonf ajym
\/ (oifonf oifxifovdk ajym\)
2/ ,'g aAm"doawåm Zm,wd? w'g avmau tmavmaum OyÜZÆwd/ tMuiftcg bk&m;avmif;onf
arG;zGm;\/ xdktcg avmuü tvif;a&mifonf jzpfay:\/
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3/ ,awm pE´drol&da,m avmau OyÜZÆEÅd? wawm y|m, tmavmaum ygwkb0wd/ tMuiftcsdefrS
(pí)vESifhaewdkYonf avmuü jzpfay:ukef\/ xdktcgrS pí avmuü tvif;a&mifonfjzpfay:\/
4/ ,Mw ol&da,m 0dp&wd? wMw tmavmaum 0dZÆwd/ tMuift&yfü aeonf vSnfhvnf\? xdkt&yf
ü tvif;a&mifonf ½Sd\/
5/ ,m0 "ar®m avmau wd|wd? wm0 Aka'¨g avmau 0dZÆwd/ tMuiftrQavmuf w&m;onf avmu
ü wnf\/ xdkrQavmuf bk&m;onf avmuü ½Sd\/
6/ ,w¬ Aka'¨g 0dZÆwd? ww¬ "ar®m 'dyÜwd/ tMuift&yfü bk&m;onf ½Sd\? xdkt&yfü w&m;onf
awmufy\/
{w (þ) o'´g yHkv’dif ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ {aom {aw
'k/ {wH {aw
w/ {awe {aw[d? {awbd
p/ {wó {awoH? {awomeH
rD/ {wo®m? {wrSm {aw,d? {awbd
q/ {wó {awoH? {awomeH
o/ {wo®ð? {wrSd {awok
{wo'´g yHkvd’if ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ {wH {wmed
'k/ {wH {wmed
{wo'´g eykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ {w + od = {aom {w + a,m = {aw

o a-g a-
'k/ {w + i = {wH {w + a,m = {aw
a-
w/ {w + em = {awe {w + [d = {aw[d ^ {awbd
a-e wf+?> a-
p^q/ {w + o = {wó {w + eH = {awoH ^ {awomeH
ó wf+?> a- oHômeH
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rD/ {w + o®m = {wo®m ^ {wrSm ({aw[d^{awbd wwd,mESifhwl)
rSm
o/ {w + o®ð = {wo®ð ? {wrSd {w + ok = {awok
rSd wf+?> a-
{wo'´g eykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ {w + od = {wH {w + a,m + {wmed

i wf+?> -g ed
'k/ {w + i = {wH {w + a,m + {wmed
wf+?> -g ed
ã yHk eyHk wGif tH aMumifh {w onf {e odkY ajymif;Edkifonf/ ({eH bdu©KH "r®H tZÑmaywd)
t,H
£r (þ) o'´g ykv’dif ½kyfpOfyHk
£r te
y/ t,H £ar {
'k/ £rH £ar t
w/ taee? £rdem £ar[d? £arbd? {[d? {bd £rd
p/ £ró? tó £aroH? £aromeH? {oH? {omeH
rD/ £ro®m? £rrSm? to®m £ar[d? £arbd? {[d? {bd
q/ £ró? tó £aroH? £aromeH? {oH? {omeH
o/ £ro®ð? £rrSd? to®ð £arok? {ok
{wo'´g eykv’dif ½kyfpOfyHk

y/ £'H? £rH £rmed
'k/ £'H? £rH £rmed
£ro'´g ykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ £r + od = t,H £r + a,m = £ar

t,H a-
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46
'k/ £r + i = £rH £r + a,m = £ar
w/ £r + em = taee £r + em = £rdem
te a-e £rd
£r + [d = £ar[d^£arbd £r + [d = {[d^{bd
rf+?> a- {
p^q/ £r + o = £ró £r + o = £ró
ó t ó
£r + eH = £aroH ^ £aromeH £r + eH = {oH^{omeH
rf+?> a- oHômeH { oHômeH
rD/ £r + o®m = £ro®m £r + o®m = £rrSm £r + o®m = to®m
rSm t
(£ar[d^£arbd ? {[d^{bd wwd,mESifhwl)
o/ £r + o®ð = £ro®ð £r + o®ð = £rrSd £r + o®ð = to®ð
rSd t
£r + ok = £arok £r + ok = {ok
rf+?> a- {
£ro'´g eykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ £r+od = £'H £r + od = £rH £r + a,m = £rmed

£'H i rf+?> -g ed
y/ £r+i = £'H £r + i = £rH £r + a,m = £rmed

£'H rf+?> -g ed
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
78/ £ród'rHodok eyHkoau/ eyHkvdefü tH od 0dbwfaMumifh £r onf 0dbwfESifhtwl £'H odkY ajymif;onf/
119/ oAÁódraó0g/ ok eH [d wdkYaMumifh £r o'´gonf wcgw&H { odkYajymif;onf/
120/ tedrdemrSdp/ em aMumihf £ronf te odkY[kwf £rd odkY tNrJ ajymif;onf/
121/ teyHkouóm,HodrSd/ od aMumifh eyHkvdefr[kwfaom £r onf t,H odkY ajymif;onf/
126/ £ro'´óp/ o o®m o®ð 0dbwfESifh 0dbwfrSajymif;vmaom oH omaMumifh £r onf t odkY
wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
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47
ã £r onf t,Hç £rdç teç £'Hç tç { odkY ajymif;Edkifonfudk owdjyKyg/ t,H
£rd
£r te
£'H
t
{
tpDt&ifxl;

ã ykHvdefü o®ð aESmif;&müvnf; £r onf te odkY ajymif;onf/ £r + o®ð = terSd
te rSd
terSd ba'´ okaomaP? uð Ek Z*¢od aombaP (ZmwfygVdawmf) okaomaP-aumif;aom
cg;½Sdaom? aombaP-wifhw,fpGmaom? ba'´-½Sifr? uðEk-tb,fhaMumifh? terSd-þawmt&yfü?
uð Ek -tb,fhaMumifh? Z*¢od-&,f&oenf;/
ã eyHkvdefü yxrm a,mjzifh £rm? 'kwd,ma,mjzifh £ar [k ½SdEdkifonf/
uð (bm?b,f) ykv’dif½kyfpOfyHk

y/ aum au
'k/ uH au
w/ aue au[d? aubd
p/ uó? udó auoH? auomeH
rD/ uo®m? urSm au[d? aubd
q/ uó? udó auoH? auomeH
o/ uo®ð? udo®ð? urSd? udrSd auok
uð (bm?b,f) eykv’dif ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ uð umed
'k/ uð umed
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uð (bm?b,f) ykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ uð + od = aum uð + a,m = au
u a-g u a-
'k/ uð + i = uH uð + a,m = au
u u a-
w/ uð + em = aue uð + [d = au[dâubd
u a-e uf+?> a-
p^q/ uð + o = uó uð + o = udó uð + eH = auoH ^ auomeH
u ó ud ó uf+?> a- oHômeH
rD/ uð + o®m = uo®m uð + o®m = urSm
u u rSm
o/ uð + o®ð = uo®ðûrSd uð + o®ð = udo®ðûdrSd uð + ok = auok
u rSd ud rSd uf+?> a-
uð (bm?b,f) ykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ uð + od = uð uð + a,m = umed
uf+?> -g ed
'k/ uð + i = uð uð + a,m = umed
uf+?> -g ed
ã uð udk tH 0dbwfESifh AsÍÆaepjzifh uð\ ed*¾[wfacsNyD;? tHarm-jzifh tH udk ed*¾[wfajymif;ívnf; ½kyf

NyD;yHk jyMuonf? awokjzifh tHudk acsjcif;u ydkvG,fonf)
ã ykHvdefêykHvdef o®mü udo®m? udrSm? eykHvdef odü uH? yxrma,mü au? tHü uH? 'kwd,ma,mü au
[kaom ½kyfyHkpHrsm; ½SdEdkifonf/
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49
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
39/ AsÍÆaep/ aemufu AsOf;½SdvQif a½SUued*¾[dwfonf wcgw&H aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

178/ aoaookp/ 0rS<uif;aom ypönf;0dbwfaMumifh uðonf u odkYajymif;onf/
61/ awok0k'¨d/ ½kyfajymif;vJyHk NyD;ajrmufap&ef vdktyfovdk vkyfEdkifonf/
(usefpnf;rsOf;rsm; a½SUu oAÁemrf , ESifh wl)
zwfpm0gusrsm;
1/ wó ykawåm okeac[d o'¨ð 0eH *päd/ ol\ om;onf acG;wdkYESifh twl awmodkY oGm;NyD/
2/ ur®um&m awoH ur®H ua&mEÅd/ tvkyformwdkYonf olwdkY\ tvkyfudk jyKvkyfukef\/
3/ Aka'¨g 0d[ma& awoH "r®H uaxod/ bk&m;onf ausmif;ü olwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mNyD/
4/ trSmuH &a| apm&m rEkaó 'kóEÅd/ igwdkY\ wdkif;jynfü olcdk;wdkYonf vlwdkYudk zsufqD;ukef\/
5/ wGH wH ykpäm[d/ oifonf xdkokYudk ar;yg/
6/ trSmuH a*a[ rmvma,m e a[mEÅd/ uREfkyfwdkY\ tdrfü yef;wdkYonf r½Sdukef/
7/ wó rkac tóled b0EÅd/ xdkol\ rsufESmü rsuf&nfwdkYonf jzpfukef\/
8/ wkarS ygyged rm tu&dw¬/ oifwdkYonf raumif;rIwdkYudk rjyKMuukefvifh/
ã rm onf wm;jrpfjcif; t"dyÜg,f&aom edygwfyk'fjzpfonf/ ]r} [k bmomjyefyg/ umvmwdywådcsefí

usef0dbwftm;vHk;ESifh wGJoHk;Edkifonf/ odkYaomf [d,swåeD tZÆwåeD yÍörDwdkYjzifh wGJonfu rsm;onf/
rmedygwfESifh wGJaom [d,swåeD tZÆwåeD wdkYonf twdwfumvudkomru ypöKyÜef tem*wf umvudk
yg azmfjyEdkifavonf/
9/ aom aw[d o'¨ð bdu©Kó 0d[m&H *päd/ xdkolonf xdkolwdkYESifhtwl &[ef;\ ausmif;odkY oGm;NyD/
10/ omraP&m awoH 0w¬med t'goHk/ udk&ifwdkYonf xdkolwdkYtm; t0wfudk av;vªcJhukefNyD/
11/ tmp&da,m trSmuH [dwH ua&mwd/ q&monf igwdkY\ pD;yGm;udk jyK\/
12/ wkrSmuH rdwåm trSmuH a*a[ 0oEÅd/ oifwdkY\ rdwfaqGwdkYonf igwdkY\ tdrfü aeukef\/
13/ t,H 'g&aum wkrSmuH ykawåm ta[mod/ þuav;onf oifwdkY\om; jzpfcJhNyD/
14/ £ar odóm tmp&d,ó pD0&med a"m0EÅd/ þwynfhwdkYonf q&m\ ouFef;wdkYudk avQmfzGwfukef\/
15/ wkarS oHCó pD0&med a'x/ oifwdkYonf oHCmtm; ouFef;udk ay;vªMuukef\/
16/ {awoH orPmeH odóm trSmuH rdwåm ta[oHk/ þ&[ef;wdkY\ wynfhwdkYonf igwdkY\
rdwfaqGrsm; jzpfukefNyD/
17/ t,H yk&daom 0gPdaZm b0wd/ þa,musfm;onf ukefonfjzpfonf/
18/ wGH {aw[d a*gaP[d acwåH uood/ oifonf þEGm;wdkYESifh v,fudk xGef\/
19/ {wmed "emed b&d,m, 0w¬L a[mEÅd/ þypönf;OpömwdkYonf r,m;\ OpömwdkYonf jzpfukef\/

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20/ oraPm {awe oDave pdwåó okcH tvbd/ &[ef;onf þoDvaMumifh pdwf\ csrf;omjcif;udk &cJhNyD/
21/ wkarS £rdem Amave e 0ox/ oifwdkYonf þvlrdkufESifh raeMuukef/
22/ r,H {aw[d ykayæ[d apwd,ó ylaZr/ igwdkYonf þyef;wdkYjzifh apwDtm; ylaZmfMukef\/
23/ £arok yAÁawok ½ku©m ½k[EÅd/ þawmifwdkYü opfyifwdkYonf aygufukef\/
tar;0gusrsm;
24/ aum 'g&aum ur®H ua&mwd/ tb,f uav;onf tvkyfudk vkyfoenf;/

25/ uo®ð *gar wGH 0ood/ oifonf tb,f½Gmü aeoenf;/
26/ uo®m *grm wkarS tm*päx/ tb,f½GmrS oifwdkYonf vmMuoenf;/
27/ umed zvmed 'g&um ,mpEÅd/ tb,f toD;wdkYudk uav;wdkYonf awmif;Muukefoenf;/
28/ aum w0 tmp&da,m a[mwd/ tb,folonf oif\ q&m jzpfoenf;/
29/ auok Xmaeok wkarS 0ox/ tb,ft&yfü oifwdkYonf aeMuukefoenf;/
30/ uó ykawåm O'uH ,mpwd/ tb,fol\ om;onf a&udk awmif;oenf;/
31/ wGH umed zvmed bkÍÆod/ oifonf tb,f toD;wdkYudk pm;oenf;/
32/ au trSmuH o[m,H yóEÅd/ tb,folwdkYonf igwdkY\ rdwfaqGudk jrifMuoenf;/
33/ uwarm emr aom ½kau©m/ xdktyifonf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/
34/ t,H uð emarm/ þudk&ifonf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/
35/ t,H Ak'¨&u©dawm emr / þudk&ifonf Ak'¨&u©dw rnf\/ (tajz0gus)
ã emr onf 1? edygwf emr 2? emrf emr [k ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ 0dbwfrjrif&aom emr udk edygwfemr
[krSwfyg/ 0dbwfjrif&aom emarm? emrH udk emrfemr [krSwfyg/ edygwfemrü emr+od=emr [k od
udk acszsufí ½kyfNyD;í emr-rnf\ [kom tenf;udef; jyefyg/ emarmü emr+od=emarm? odonf Mo
okdYajymif;í emarm NyD;ojzifh uðemarm-tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;[k tenf;udef;jyefyg/ emrmü emr+a,m?
a,monf tmodkYajymif;í emrm[k NyD;ojzifh uðemrm-tb,ftrnf½Sdukefoenf;[k trsm;udef;jyefyg/uðudk
emrESifh q|DA[kAÁDormof wGJpyfvQif uðemarm? aumemarm paom yHkvdef½kyf? uðemrH? uðemrmed paom
eyHkvdef½kyf? uðemrm? umemrm paom £w¬dvdef½kyfrsm; 0dbwftm;vHküyif½Sd[k o'éDwdqdk\/ odkYaomf
uðemarm? aumemarm rSwyg;aom ½kyfyHkpHrsm; yd#uwfawmfü awGU&cJonf/(wGJzuf 115^bm#D'k-60)
ãuðonf emryk'fESifh ormofwGJonfhtcg udEémarm[k yuwdyk'ftwdkif;vnf;aumif;ç aumemarm[k
um&d,yk'ftjzpfodkY ajymif;ívnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;NyD;onfudk awGU&onf/(wdyd"mef uðyk'ftzGifh)
36/ £ar uð emrm/ þolwdkYonf tb,f trnf½SdMuoenf;/

37/ £ar omraP&m emr/ þolwdkYonf udk&ifwdkY rnf\/ (tajz0gus)
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51
38/ wGH uð emarm/ oifonf tb,f trnf½Sd oenf;/
39/ t[H armif0 emr/ uREkfyfonf armif0 rnf\/
40/ wkarS uð emrm/ oifwdkYonf tb,f trnf½SdMuoenf;/
41/ r,H orPm emr/ uREkfyfwdkYonf &[ef;wdkY rnf\/
42/ aum Aka'¨g a[mwd/ tb,folonf bk&m;jzpfoenf;/
43/ od'äwåm Aka'¨g a[mwd/ od'¨wåonf bk&m; jzpf\/
44/ aum o,wd/ tb,folonf tdyfoenf;/
45/ 'g&aum o,wd/ uav;ronf tdyf\/
46/ au *päEÅd/ tb,folwdkYonf oGm;Muukefoenf;/
47/ yk&dom *päEÅd/ a,musfm;wdkYonf oGm;Muukef\/
48/ tm0kaom omraP& - t,H 'g&aum uð emarm/ igh½Sif udk&if? þoli,fonf tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;/
49/ baEÅ Ak'¨&u©dw - t,H 'g&aum armif0 emr/ t½Sifbk&m; Ak'¨&u©dw? þuav;onf armif0 rnf\/
ã tm0kaomç abmç baEÅç abmaEÅmç abmwd wdkYonf ac:aomç jyefíxl;aom yk'frsm;jzpfonf/ i,fol
i,foludk ]tm0kaom} (igh½Sif ^ igh½SifwdkY) [kvnf;aumif;ç BuD;oludk ]baEÅ} (t½Sifbk&m; ^ t½Sifbk&m;wdkY)
[kvnf;aumif; oHk;pGJyg/ Ak'ÿ&dedAÁmefrpHrSDu BuD;BuD;i,fi,f tcsif;csif; tm0kaom[k ac:Muonf/
Ak'ÿ&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf BuD;olui,foludk tm0kaom? i,folu BuD;oludk baEÅ [k ac:a0:oHk;pGJ&onf/
tm0kaom ESifh baEÅ tenf;udef; trsm;udef; ESpfrsKd;oHk;Edkifaom edygwfyk'frsm; jzpfMuonf/ abm onf
udkvnf; tenf;udef;trsm;udef; ESpfrsKd;oHk; edygwftjzpf,lEdkifonf/ abmudk emrftjzpf,lrl yHkvdefêyHkvdef
ü ]abm} £w¬dvdefü ]abmwd} jzpfonf/ (abm-tdktcsif;ç tdktcsif;wdkY? tdkt½Sifç tdkt½SifhwdkY) (abmwd-
tdk½Sifr? (b0EÅ >abmw+(e'g'd)-D>-d+(tmvkyf) od ) abmudk emrftjzpf,lrl b0EÅ>abm+(tmvkyf) od?
[k NyD;onf/ abm yk&do ü abm um; þ abmwnf;/ abmaEÅmum; b0EÅ>abmEÅ+a,m>a-g/
(abmaEÅm-t½Sifaumif;wdkY? t½Sifaumif;wdkYonf) (bmom#Dum? wdydjrefrm wdkYrS aumufEkwfcsuf)
50/ abmwd uan - t,H 'g&dum uð emrm/ tdk owdkYorD;-þuav;ronf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/
51/ abm yk&do - t,H 'g&dum rat; emr/ tdk a,musfm; - þuav;ronf rat;rnf\/
52/ abm 'g&u - wGH uð emarm/ tdk oli,f - oifonf tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;/
53/ abm orP - t[H armifvS emr/ tdk &[ef; - wynfhawmfonf armifvSrnf\/
54/ abmwd 'g&dau - wGH uð emrm/ tdk uav;r - oifonf tb,f trnf½Sdoenf;/
55/ abm yk&do - t[H raxG; emr/ tdk a,musfm; uRefronf raxG;rnf\/
56/ abm omraP& - t,H 0d[ma&m uð emarm/ tdkudk&if - þausmif;onf tb,ftrnf½Sdoenf;/
57/ abmaEÅm orPm - t,H 0d[ma&m aZw0eH emr/ tdk &[ef;wdkY - þausmif;onf aZw0ef
rnf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
52
tem*wfBud,m
{u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr ówd óEÅd
wkrS óod óx
trS ómrd ómr

(bl-jzpfjcif;) b0dówd b0dóEÅd
b0dóod b0dóx
b0dómrd b0dómr
(*rf-oGm;jcif;) *rdówd *rdóEÅd

*rdóod *rdóx
*rdómrd *rdómr
([l-jzpfjcif;) a[ówd a[óEÅd

a[óod a[óx
a[ómrd a[ómr
ã 1/ 'g? Xm paom tmqHk;aom "mwfudkqufvQif tmudk todkYajymif;NyD; quf&onf
yHkpH - 'g> ' + ówd = 'ówd/ Xm> X + ówd = Xówd ('D|39)
2/ { qHk;aom yk'fudk wdkuf½kduf quf&onf/
yHkpH - aZ + ówd = aZówd/
3/ {rSwyg;aom o&rsm;qHk;aom "mwfodkY qufvQif ó a½SUrSm £(-d)cH quf&onf/
yHkpH - *päf+ (-d) + ó = *pädówd/
ã tem*wf umvü jzpfay:rnfh taMumif;t&mudk ajymjyvkd&mü b0dóEÅd udk toHk;jyKyg/

xdkYjyif thHMojcif;ç csD;rGrf;jcif;ç uJh&Jhjcif; t"dyÜg,fudkazmfjyaom emr ESifh wGJoHk;&mwGif b0dóEÅdonf
twdwfu tjzpftysufudkvnf; &nfnTef;azmfjyonf/
yHkpH/ (1) tem*aw arawåa,smemr Aka'¨g b0dówd/ aemiftcgü arawå,srnfaombk&m;onf yGifhvdrfhrnf/
(2) tpä&d,H taE¨memr yAÁwrma&m[dówd/ taE¨m-oluPf;onf? ormaem-jzpfygvQuf? yAÁwH-awmif

ay:okdY? tma&m[dówdemr-wufEdkifygay\? tpä&d,H-tHhMozG,faumif;aypG/ (tHhMojcif;)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
53
(3) £ar[demr uvsmP"r®m y#dZmedóEÅd/ £ar([d)-þraumif;aomw&m½SdolwdkYonf? uvsmP"r®m-
aumif;aomw&m;½SdolwdkY[lí? y#dZmedóEÅdemr-0efcHukefbd\/ (uJh&Jhjcif;)
(4) ,Mw[demr wxm*awm twDaw Aka'¨ y&dedAÁKaw qdEéyyaÍö qdEé0#Kar y&d,m'dEé0a¥
oAÁ'ku©0Dwdawå Zmwdawmyd tEkó&dówd/ ('D?2? 7)
wxm*awm-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf?,Mw[d-tMuifhaMumifhomvQif? twDaw-vGefNyD;ukefaom? y&dedAÁKaw-
y&dedAÁmefjyKNyD;ukefaom? qdEéyyaÍö-t<uif;rJhjzwftyfNyD;aom yyÍöw&m;½Sdawmfrlukefaom? qdEé0#Kar-
jzwftyfNyD;aom ur®0#f½Sdawmfrlukefaom? oAÁ'ku©0Dwd0awå-ukefaptyfNyD;aom0#fqif;&J½Sdawmfrlukefaom?
Aka'¨-bk&m;½SifwdkYudk? Zmwdawmyd-trsKd;tm;jzifhvnf;? tEkó&dówdemr-odawmfrlEdkif\/ (csD;rGrf;jcif;)
eESifhEkygaomBud,mrsm;
]e} onf wm;jrpfjcif; t"dyÜg,f&aom edygwfyk'fjzpfonf/ ]Ek} onfvnf; ar;cGef;oauFwjy
edygwfyk'fjzpfonf/ e udk r [k bmomyg/ Ek udk avm? vm;? vJ [k bmomjyefyg/
1/ tw¬d Ek1 'g&aum/ uav;onf ½Sdovm;/ (tar;)

2/ tmr . . tw¬d 'g&aum/ [kwfuJh uav;onf ½Sd\/ (tajz)
3/ *päwd Ek unm/ trsKd;orD; oGm;ovm;/
4/ tmr . . *päwd unm/ [kwfuJh . . trsKd;oGm;yg\/
5/ o,od Ek wGH/ oifonf tdyfae ovm;/
6/ tmr . . o,mrd t[H/ [kwfuJh . . uREkfyftdyfaeyg\/
7/ ypEÅd Ek 'g&duma,m/ uav;rwdkYonf csufaeMuovm;/
8/ tmr . . ypEÅd 'g&duma,m/ [kwfuJh uav;rwdkYonf csufaeMuukef\/
9/ a'aowd Ek tm0kaom Aka'¨g "r®H/ igh½Sif . . bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[movm;/
10/ tmr . . a'aowd Aka'¨g "r®H/ wifyg . . bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[mygonf/
ã tmr udk rSefyg? wifyg? [kwfuJh? tif; (tdrf;) [k bmomjyefEdkifonf/ tm0kaomç baEÅ paom
tmvkyfwdkYudk rsm;aomtm;jzifh wyk'faemifxm;avh½Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&H tpqHk;rSmvnf; xm;avh½Sd
onf/
11/ *päod Ek tm0kaom wGH *grH/ igh½Sif oifonf ½GmodkY oGm;oavm/
12/ tmr *pämrd t[H *grH/ [kwfuJh uREkfyf ½GmodkYoGm;ygonf/
1 Ekygaom Bud,mç eEkygaomBud,mwdkYudk 0gusa½SUrSm xm;&onf/ usrf;*efBuD;wdkYüum; eEkoufouf

0gusa½SUqHk;rSm awGU&\/ (pdef&wemygVdoifenf; 10)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
54
13/ ypx Ek abmwda,m . . wkarS bwåH/ t½SifrwdkY oifwdkYonf xrif;csufMuovm;/
14/ tmr ypmr r,H bwåH/ [kwfuJh uRefrwdkY xrif;csufMuygonf/

Ekjzifhar;NyD; ejzifhajzaom 0gusrsm;
15/ tw¬d Ek tm0kaom bwåH/ igh½Sif xrif;onf ½Sdovm;/

16/ ew¬d baEÅ bwåH/ t½Sifbk&m; xrif; r½Sdawmhyg/
17/ oEÅd Ek tm0kaom rEkóm/ igh½Sif vlwdkYonf ½SdMuovm;/
18/ e oEÅd baEÅ rEkóm/ t½Sifbk&m; vlwdkYonf r½SdMuyg/
19/ tod Ek wGH tm0kaom omraPa&m/ igh½Sif oifonf omraP jzpfovm;/
20/ e trSd baEÅ omraPa&m/ t½Sifbk&m; uREkfyfonf omraP r[kwfyg/
21/ ypwd Ek tm0kaom 'g&dum bwåH/ igh½Sif uav;ronf xrif; csufovm;/
22/ e ypwd baEÅ 'g&dum bwåH/ t½Sifbk&m; uav;ronf xrif; rcsuf/
23/ *päwd Ek tm0kaom wGH *grH/ igh½Sif oifonf ½GmodkY oGm;ovm;/
24/ e *pämrd baEÅ t[H *grH/ t½Sifbk&m; uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/

eEkjzifh ar;aom tar;0gusrsm;
25/ tw¬d eEk tm0kaom Aka'¨g/ t½Sifbk&m; bk&m;onf ½Sdonfr[kwfvm;/

26/ tmr baEÅç Aka'¨g tw¬d/ wifyg . t½Sifbk&m;? bk&m;onf ½Sdyg\/
27/ a'aoEÅd eEk tm0kaom Ak'¨g "r®H/ igh½Sif - bk&m;wdkYonf w&m;udk a[mMuonf r[kwfavm/
28/ tmr baEÅ Ak'¨g "r®H a'aoEÅd/ [kwfuJh .. t½Sifbk&m;? bk&m;wdkYonf w&m;ukd a[mukef\/
29/ ypwd eEk tm0kaom unm bwåH/ igh½Sif owdkYorD;onf xrif;udk csufonf r[kwfavm/
30/ e ypwd baEÅ unm bwåH/ t½Sifbk&m; owdkYorD;onf xrif;udk rcsuf/
31/ *päod eEk tm0kaom wGH *grH/ igh½Sif oifonf ½GmodkY oGm;onf r[kwfavm/
32/ e *pämrd baEÅ t[H *grH/ t½Sifbk&m; uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/
eESifhEk tMum; Bud,mxm;aom 0gusrsm;
33/ e *päod Ek wGH r*¾H/ oifonf vrf;odkY roGm;bl;vm;/

34/ tmr . . e *pämrd t[H r*¾H/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf vrf;odkY roGm;yg/
35/ e *päod Ek wGH *grH/ oifonf ½GmodkY roGm;bl;vm;/
36/ tmr . .t[H *grH e *pämrd/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
55
37/ e ypod Ek wGH bwåH/ oifonf xrif;udk rcsufblvm;/
38/ tmr t[H bwåH e ypmrd/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf xrif;udk rcsufyg/
eESifh eEktMum; Bud,mxm;aom 0gusrsm;
34/ e *päod eEk wGH *grH/ oifonf ½GmodkY roGm;onf r[kwfavm/

35/ tmr t[H *grH e*pämrd/ [kwfuJh uREfkyfonf ½GmodkY roGm;yg/
36/ e ypod eEk wGH bwåH/ oifonf xrif;udk rcsufonf r[kwfavm/
37/ tmr . . t[H bwåH e ypmrd/ [kwfuJh . . uREkfyfonf xrif;udk rcsufyg/
ã e+*päwd+eEk=roGm;onfr[kwfavm? e+tw¬d+eEk=r½Sdonfr[kwfavm? ea[mwdeEk-rjzpfonfr[kwf

avm? þodkY yk'fpOftwdkif; jrefrmjyefyg/
37/ Aka'¨g a[mwd/ bk&m;onf jzpf\/

38/ Aka'¨g e a[mwd/ bk&m;onf rjzpf/
39/ Aka'¨g a[mwd Ek/ bk&m;onf jzpfoavm/
40/ Aka'¨g a[mwd eEk/ bk&m;onf jzpfonf r[kwfavm/
41/ Aka'¨g e a[mwd Ek/ bk&m;onf rjzpfoavm/
42/ Aka'¨g e a[mwd eEk/ bk&m;onf rjzpfonf r[kwfavm/
tem*wf0gusrsm;
43/ 0odóod Ek wGH £ro®ð 0d[ma& £rH awrmoH/ oifonf þausmif;wdkufü þoHk;vywfvHk;
aeygrnfvm;/
44/ em[H 0odómrd £ro®ð 0d[ma& £rH awrmoH/ igonf þausmif;wdkufü þoHk;vywfvHk;
aevdrfhrnfr[kwf/
45/ t[H 'g&aue o'¨ð armawmf,maee rEÅav;e*&H *rdómrd/ igonf uav;ESifhtwl armfawmf
,Ofjzifh rEÅav;NrKdUodkY oGm;tHh/
46/ r,H £ro®ð 0d[ma& oHCó £rmed pD0&med 'ómr/ igwdkYonf þausmif;wdkufü oHCmtm;
þouFef;wdkYudk vªMuvdrfrnf/
47/ wkarS £ro®m 0d[m&m edu©rdóx/ oifwdkYonf þausmif;wdkufrS xGufMuvdrfhrnf/
48/ £'H pD0&H rr oEÅuH a[ówd/ þouFef;onf ig\ Opömonf jzpfvdrfhrnf/
49/ tmp&da,m trSmuH Mo0g'H 'ówd/ q&monf igwdkYtm; tqHk;trudk ay;vdrfhrnf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
56
50/ rpöK oawå aeówd/ aorif;onf owå0gwdkYudk ac:aqmifvdrfhrnf/
51/ 'g&dum uo®m oHCó tw¬m, bwåH e ypdówd/ uav;ronf tb,fhaMumifh oHCmawmf
wdkY tusKd;iSg qGrf;udk rcsufvdrfhrnfenf;/
ã tum&EÅ pum;vHk;rsm;aemuf½Sd pwkw¬D{u0kpf o onf tm, (-g,) odkY ajymif;Edkifonf/ xdkodkY

ajymif;vmaom tm,(-g,) udk iSgç tvdkYiSgç twGufç [k jrefrmjyefqdkEdkifonf/ yk&doóç
unm, wdkYvdk tm; [k jrefrmrjyef&/ tw¬+o>g,=tw¬m,/ [dw+ o>-g,=[dwm,/
okc+o>-g,=okcg,/ (tw¬m,-tusKd;iSm? [dwm,-pD;yGg;tvdkYiSm? okcg,-csrf;omtvdkYiSg)
ouúwo'´gwdkYüum; iSg [k jrefrmjyefonfjzpfapç rjyefonfjzpfap o onf tm, odkY tNrJ
ajymif;onf/ xdkYaMumifh tm, udk tm;[k jrefrmjyefEdkifonf/ earm Ak'¨g, od'¨H/ Ak'¨g,-bk½Siftm;?
aerm-½Sdcdk;yg\/ od'¨H-vdk&mqE´ NyD;ajrmufygapownf;/
xdkYjyif pwkw¬D{u0kpf o onf tH(-H) odkYvnf; ajymif;Edkifonf/ 'óe+ o> -H ='óeH
"r®ó0e+ o> -H = "r®ó0eH ('óeH-zl;jrifjcif;iSg? "r®ó0eH-w&m;emjcif;iSm)
(tajcjyK85-86)
52/ Aka'¨g auoH tw¬m, OyÜZÆwd/ Ak'önf tb,folwdkY tusKd;iSm jzpfawmf(yGifhawmf)rloenf;/

53/ Aka'¨g owåmeH tw¬m, OyÜZÆwd/ Ak'önf owå0gwdkY\ tusKd;iSm jzpfawmf(yGifhawmf)rl\/
54/ Aka'¨g auoH [dwm, okcg, OyÜZÆwd/ Ak'önf tb,folwdkY pD;yGm;tvdkYiSg csrf;omjcif;iSm jzpfawmfrloenf;/
55/ Aka'¨g a'0rEkómeH [dwm, okcg, OyÜZÆwd/ Ak'önf ewfvlwdkY\ pD;yGm;tvdkYiSg csrf;omjcif;iSm
jzpfawmfrloenf;/
56/ wGH udrw¬m, *grH *päwd/ oifonf tb,ftusKd;iSg ½GmodkY oGm;oenf;/
57/ t[H yd@m, *grH *pämrd/ igonf qGrf;tvkdYiSm ½GmodkY oGm;\/
Bud,mrygaom wkvswf vd*Fwf0gus
58/ £'H auoH bwåH/ þ[monf b,folwdkYtwGuf xrif;vJ/ (£r+od=£'H? bwå+od=bwåH)

59/ £'H tm*EÅKumeH bwåH/ þ[monf {nfhonfwdkYtwGuf xrif;yg/
ã yk'fESpfyk'fwdkY\ teuft"dyÜg,ft& ruGJjym;yJ wlrQjcif;onf wkvswfrnf\/ vdif\teufom ½Sdaom

yk'fonf vd*Fwfrnf\/ £'H t&vnf; xrif;? bwåH t&vnf; xrif;yifjzpfí ESpfyk'fvHk; t"dyÜg,f
ruGJjym;í wkvswfrnf\/ ESpfyk'fvHk;wGif yxrm0dbwfqufay;xm;í vd*Fwfvnf; rnf\/ odkYaomf
emrnfuGJatmif a½SYyk'f £'Hudk wkvswfç aemufyk'fbwåHudk vd*Fwf[k ac:onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
57
60/ t,H ukoavm emr/ þudk&ifonf ukov rnf\/(emremrf)
61/ ukoavm t,H/ ukovonf þudk&ifyJ/ (oAÁemrf)
62/ t,H &mZykawåm/ þolonf rif;om;ygyJ/ (ormofemrf)
63/ t,H 0gaoa|m/ þolonf 0gao|\ om;yJ/ (w'¨wfemrf)
64/ t,H Oy|maum/ þolonf tvkyftauR;yJ/ (udwfemrf)
65/ t,H aAm"d½kau©m/ þ[monf aAm"dyifyg/
66/ {aom ar ow¬m/ þolonf ig\ q&myg/
67/ aom rr o[ma,m/ olonf uRefawmf\ oli,fcsif;yg/
68/ {aom ar twåm/ þ[monf ig\ twåyg/
69/ earaom twåm/ þ[monf ig\ twår[kwfyg/
70/ a'Gar bdu©a0 ypö,m rdpäm'd|d,m OyÜg'g,/ (tH? 1? 86) tmom'kyÜZ[0*f/

&[ef;wdkY rSm;aomt,ludk jzpfapjcif;iSg taMumif;wdkYonf þESpfyg;wdkYwnf;/
71/ {om bdu©a0 wkvm {wH yrmPH rr om0umeH bdu©LeH ,'d'H om&dykwåarm*¾v’memwd/
(tH? 1? 87) tm,mpe0*f/
&[ef;wdkY igbk&m;\ wynfhjzpfukefaom &[ef;wdkYwGif tMuif om&dykMwmarm*¾vmefwdkYonf
½Sdukef\/ igbk&m;\ wynfhjzpfukefaom &[ef;wdkYwGif þom&dykMwmarm*¾vmefwdkYonf
csdefcGifyrm EdIif;½Sdefp&mwnf;/ wif;awmifyrm EIdif;,SOfp&mwnf;/
72/ aom {0rm[ ]] {xm,H ra*¾g t,H y#dy'g/ (tH? 1? 169) o*Fg&0okwf/
xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;onf þodkY ajym\/ vmMuukefavm? þonfum; r*fwnf;? þonfum;
tusifhwnf;/
73/ £ar "r®m tukovm/ (tH? 1? 190) auorkwådokwf/

þw&m;wdkYonf tukodkvf w&m;wdkYyJ/
74/ £wdaywH twpäH? £wdaywH tblwH/ (tH? 1? 203) tukovrlvokwf/

þtaMumif;aMumifhvnf; þtaMumif;t&monf rrSef/ þtMumif;aMumifhvnf;
þtaMumif;t&monf rrSef/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
58
75/ ur®H acwåH? 0dnmPH ADZH? wPSm aoéa[m/ (tH? 1? 224) yXrb0okwf/
uHonf v,f,majrwnf;? (uHESifhwuGjzpfaom) 0dnmPfonf rsKd;aphwnf;/ wPSmonf
a&wnf;/
76/ oGm[H jA[®P aZa|m aoa|m avmuó/ (0d? 1? 4) ed'gef;/

jA[®P xdkigonf wavmuvHk;\ tBuD;tuJwnf;/ wavmuvHk;\ tjrwfqHk;wnf;/
77/ aom ]]£'H 'ku©}}EÅd ,xmblwH tAÇnmoð/ (0d? 1? 6) ed'gef;/

xdkigonf þw&m;onf 'ku©wnf;[lí [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xdk;xGif;odcJhNyD/
78/ £'H aw wmw ok'dEé rmwk rwåduH/ (0d? 1? 19) yxryg&mZdu/

cspfom; ok'dEé? þa½TaiGOpömonf oif\ tar\ trdrS&aomOpömwnf;/
79/ wOö acg t&an ty&d*¾[dwH/ (0d? 1? 54) 'kwd,yg&mZdu/

xkdxif;jrufa&onfvnf; awmü rodrf;ydkuftyfaom xif;jrufa&ygwnf;/
80/ aom ta*¾g r[mapma&m/ a,m toEÅH tblwH Owå&drEkó"r®H Ov’ywd/(0d? 1? 115)
tMuif&[ef;onf xif½Smr½Sdaom rjzpfbl;aom psmefr*fzdkvfw&m;udk 0g<um;ajymqdk\/
xdk&[ef;onf tqdk;qHk;aom olcdk;BuD;wnf;/
81/ £'H yrmPH/ 'g twdkif;twmyJ/
82/ {aom acg tm0kaom bdu©LeH a0,sm0pöua&mwd/ &mZodu©myk'fygVd/

'g,um? þolonf &[ef;wdkY\ a0,sm0pöudk jyKay;olwnf;/
83/ t[H baEÅ t'¨daum/ ("r®y'? 1? 11) pu©Kygvaw¬&0w¬K/

t½Sifbk&m; uREkfyfonf c&D;oGm;yg/
84/ t[H 0Oösm/ ("r®y'? 1? 30) umV,u©deD0w¬K/

igonf tNrKHryJ/
85/ t,H om ,u©deD/ ("r®y'? 1? 32) umV,u©deD0w¬K/

þrdef;ronf xdk(om;ESpfa,mufudkpm;aom)bDvl;ryJ/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
59
89/ Ak'¨Ky|maum {aom/ ("r®y'? 1? 39) aumorÁu0w¬K/
þ(tmeE´m)onf (ig)bk&m;tvkyftauR;wnf;/
90/ t,H awoH bdu©LeH tnwa&m/ ("r®y'? 1? 58) om&dykwåaw¬&0w¬K/

xdk&[ef;wdkYwGif þ&[ef;onf wyg;tygtoifyJ/
92/ aZ|ykawåm ar Aka'¨g? ued|ykawåm yXrt*¾om0aum? yka&m[dwykawåm 'kwd,t*¾om0aum/

("r®y'? 1? 64) om&dykwåaw¬&0w¬K/
ig\ om;awmfBuD;u bk&m;? nDi,fom;u yxrt*¾om0u? yka&m[dwfykPÖm;om;u
'kwd,t*¾om0u/
93/ t[H wmw ukrma&m/ ("r®y'? 1? 75) eEáw¬&0w¬K/

zcif? uREkfyfonf &m[kvm rif;om;yg/
ã wmw udk zcifç tbç cspfom;ç tarmifç nDcspfç tcsif; [k bmomjyefEdkifonf/
94/ £'H awoH ok'dEé'geó zvH/ ("r®y'? 1? 365) y@dwomraP&0w¬K/

þonfum; xdk(bk&m;½Sif)wdkY\ aumif;pGmvªtyfaomtvª\ tusKd;wnf;/(edos'k502)
95/ uwar "r®m ukovm/ (tbd? 1? 17)

tb,fw&m;wdkYonf ukodkvfwdkYenf;/
96/ {uapö {0rm[Hok ]]½lyg umrmeH t*¾}}EÅd/ (oH? 1? 79)

umr*kPfwdkYwGif ½lyg½kHwdkYonf tjrwfqHk;wnf; [k þodkY tcsKdUu ajymMu\/
97/ tyÜrma'g acg r[m&mZ {aum "ar®m/ (oH? 1? 87)

rif;BuD; (ypöKyÜefwrvGef ESpfwefaomtusKd;udk ay;Edkifaom) wyg;aomw&m;qdkwm tyÜrm'yJ/
98/ rma&m t,H ygydrm/ (oH? 1? 133) þolum; ,kwfrmaom rm&fewfwnf;/
99/ t,H aw yawåm/ 'g[m oifh&Jh oydwfyJ/
100/ t,H aw Owå&moa*Fg/ 'g[m oifh&Jh {uoDyJ/

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
60
101/ ½lyH bdu©a0 tedpöH? a0'em tedpöm? onm tedpöm? ocFg&m tedpöm? 0dnmPH tedpöH/ ½lyH bdu©a0
'ku©H? a0'em 'ku©m? onm 'ku©m? ocFg&m 'ku©m? 0dnmPH 'ku©H/ ½lyH bdu©a0 tewåm? a0'em
tewåm? onm tewåm? ocFg&m tewåm? 0dnmPH tewåm/ (oH?2?18-19)
½ly (e) tedpö (wd)

a0'em (xD) 'ku© (wd)
onm (xD) tewå (wd)
ocFg& (yk)
0dnmP (e)
ã vdifoHk;yg;vHk;wGif {u0kpf A[k0kpf eSpfyg;vHk;ü tewåm [kom ½Sdonf/

(wdyd"mef tewåtzGifh)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
61
*kP0g'd*kdPf; (ykv’dif)
EÅKajymif;yHk *kP0g-*kPf½Sdol
1/ EÅK=EÅ+K> y/
? (od) *kP0g? *kP0aEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm
2/ EÅK> ? (tH?o) tm/ abm *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g abmaEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm
3/ EÅK+0dbwf 'k> / *kP0H? *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅ
-gç aEÅmç i w/
ç ?ç -g *kP0wm? *kP0aEÅe *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd
awmç wdç wmç wH p/ *kP0ó? *kP0awm? *kP0EÅó *kP0wH? *kP0EÅmeH?
rD/ *kP0wm? *kP0EÅo®m? *kP0EÅrSm? *kP0EÅm *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd
q/ *kP0ó? *kP0awm? *kP0EÅó *kP0wH? *kP0EÅmeH?
o/ *kP0wd? *kP0EÅo®ð? *kP0EÅrSd? *kP0aEÅ *kP0aEÅok
*kP0g'd*kdPf; (eykv’dif)
y/ *kP0H? *kP0EÅm? *kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed

tm/ abm *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g b0EÅmed *kP0EÅm? *kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed
'k/ *kP0H? *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅ? *kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed
(wwd,mrS pí yHkvdefESifhwl)
*kP0g'd*kdPf; ykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0g *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0aEÅm

-g EÅf+K> ? a-g
*kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0EÅm *kP0EÅK+ a,m = *kP0aEÅm
EÅf+K> ? -g aEÅm
tm/ *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g (*kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm? yxrma,mESifhwl)
-Hç ?ç -g
'k/ *kP0 EÅK + i =*kP0H *kP0EÅK + i = *kP0EÅH *kP0EÅK+ a,m = *kPaEÅ
0f+ ? ? EÅf+K> ? EÅf+K> ? -g
w/ *kP0EÅK + em = *kP0wm *kP0EÅK + em = *kP0aEÅe *kP0EÅK + [d = *kP0aEÅ[d^bd
wm EÅf+K> ? a-e EÅf+K> ?> a
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
62
p^q/ *kP0EÅK + o = *kP0ó *kP0EÅK + o = *kP0awm *kP0EÅK + o = *kP0EÅó

? ó awm EÅó
*kP0EÅK + eH = *kP0wH *kP0EÅK + eH = *kP0EÅmeH
wH EÅf+K> ?> -g
rD/ *kP0EÅK + o®m = *kP0wm *kP0EÅ+o®m= *kP0EÅo®m^*kP0EÅrSm^*kP0EÅm(*kP0aEÅ[d^bd=wl)
wm em rSm^-g
o/ *kP0EÅK + o®ð = *kP0wd *kP0EÅK + o®ð = *kP0EÅo®ð^*kP0EÅrSd^*kP0aEÅ^
wd
*kP0EÅK + ok = *kP0aEÅok
EÅf+K> ?> a-
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
43/ odrSd0g/ odaMumifh EÅK \ O onf t odkYajymif;onf/
75/ t0PÖmpa*/tmvkyf od aMumifh EÅK onf od ESifhwuG t(?) tm(-g) tH (-H) odkY ajymif;onf/
73/ tm odrSd/ yxrm od aMumifh EÅK onf od ESifhwuG tm(-g) odkY ajymif;onf/
72/ EÅó ao 0g/ od aMumifh EÅK onf o ESifhwuG EÅó odkY ajymif;onf/
71/ EÅKó aEÅm/ yxrm a,m aMumifh EÅK onf a,m ESifhwuG aEÅm odkY ajymif;onf/
42/ oAÁó 0g tH aook/ tHç o aMumifh EÅK onf t (?) odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
45/ awmwdwm oo®ðemok/ oç o®ðç em aMumifh EÅKonf 0dbwfESifhtwl tpOftwdkif; awmç wdç
wm odkYajymif;onf/
77/ eHrSd wH 0g/ eH aMumifh EÅKonf eH ESifh twl wH odkY ajymif;onf/
41/ EÅKóaEÅma,mokp/ odESifhorS wyg;aom0dbwfaMumihf EÅK \ O onf t odkY ajymif;\/ tEÅjzifh
a,m onf £ (-d) odkY ajymif;onf/
218/ trS wkrS(y)o®mem0/ o®mudk em0dbwf ajymif;vJyHktwkdif; ajymif;Edkifonf/
*kP0g'd*kdPf; eykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk

y/ *kP0EÅK + od = *kP0H *kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0aEÅm *kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0EÅd
i EÅf+K> ? ed> -g EÅf+K> ? -d
*kP0EÅK + a,m = *kP0EÅmed
EÅf+K> ?> -g ed
tm/ yxrmESifhwl
'k/ yHkvdifESifhwl/ *kPk0EÅK + a,m = *kP0aEÅ (*kP0EÅd? *kP0EÅmed yxrma,mESifhwl)
EÅf+K> ? ed> a-
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
63
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
74/ eyHkvdefwGif odaMumifh odESifhtwl EÅK onf tH(-H) odkY ajymif;onf/
*kP0g'd*kdPf;0ifrsm;
*kP0g *kPf½Sdol Av0g tm;½Sdol ,o0g ta>ct&H½Sdol

[dr0g qD;ESif;½Sdonfç[dr0EÅmawmif b*0g bkef;½SdoljrwfpGmbk&m; 0dZÆKrm vQyfppf½Sdol
owdrm owd½Sdol £'¨drm wefcdk;½Sdol AE¨Krm rdwfaqG½Sdol
tm,o®m touf½Sdol? t½Sif "e0g Opöm½Sdol okw0g tMum;tjrif½Sdol
zv0g toD;½Sdol oDv0g oDv½Sdol ynm0g ynm½Sdol
"dwdrm vHkYv½Sdol *wdrmçrkwdrmçrwdrm ynm½Sdol rkwådrm vGwfjcif;½Sdol
Zkwdrm ta&mif½Sdol od&drm toa&½Sdol [d&drm t½Suf½Sdol
xkwdrm csD;rGrf;zG,f½Sdol *P0g *kdPf;½Sdol ukv0g trsKd;½Sdol
&wdrm arGUavsmfjcif;½Sdol ,wdrm tm;xkwfjcif;½Sdol okpdrm pifMu,fjcif;½Sdol
uvdrm qHk;½kH;jcif;½Sdol Avdrm tcGeftwkyf½dSol uodrm v,fxGef;jcif;½Sdol
½kpdrm wifhw,fjcif;½Sdol Ak'¨drm ÓPf½Sdol pu©Krm rsufpd½Sdol
a[wkrm taMumif;½Sdol aowkrm wHwm;½Sdol auwkrm rSefuif;½Sdol
&m[krm &m[k½Sdol bmPkrm ta&mif½Sdonfçae
bkwå0g xrif;pm;NyD;ol {wåm0g þrQtwdkif;t½Snf½Sdonf
,m0g tMuifrQavmuf wm0g tMuifrQavmuf
twdkif;t½Snf½Sdonf twdkif;t½Snf½Sdonf
ã *kP0g-*kPf½Sdaoma,musfm;? (ykHvdeftwGuf) *kP0H-*kPf½Sdaom trsKd; (eyHkvdeftwGuf) ponfjzifh

vdiftvdkuf udkufnDatmif jrefrmjyef&rnf/
ã 0EÅK rEÅK w0EÅK wm0EÅK £rEÅK ypönf;tqHk;½Sdaom yk'ftaygif;onf *kP0g'd*kdPf;0ifrsm;jzpfonf/

odkYjzpfí þ*kdPf;0ifrsm;onf w'¨dwfemrfç udwfemrfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ([dr0g ü 0EÅK ypönf;?
owdrm ü rEÅK ypönf;? bkwå0g ü w0EÅK ypönf;? {wåm0g ü wm0EÅK ypönf;? pE´drm ü £rEÅK
ypönf; jzpfonf) tcsKyftm;jzifh pum;vHk;wGif tqHk;ü 0gç rm ygNyD; jrefrmjyefü ½Sd ygvQif
*kP0g'd*kdPf;0ifrsm;[k rSwfyg/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
64
*päEÅm'd*dkPf; ykv’dif
y *päH? *päaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm

tm abm *päH? *pä? *päm abmaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm
'k *päH? *päEÅH *päaEÅ
w *päwm? *päaEÅe *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd
p *päó? *päawm? *päEÅó *päwH? *päEÅmeH
rD *päwm? *päEÅo®m? *päEÅrSm? *päaEÅm *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd
q *päó? *päawm? *päEÅó *päwH? *päEÅmeH
o *päwd? *päEÅo®ð? *päEÅrSd? *päaEÅ *päaEÅok
*päEÅm'd*dkPf; eykv’dif
y *päH? *päEÅH *päEÅm? *päEÅd? *päEÅmed

tm abm *päH? *pä? *päm b0EÅmed *päEÅm? *päEÅd? *päEÅmed
'k *päH? *päEÅH *päaEÅ? *päEÅd? *päEÅmed
*päEÅm'd*dkPf; ykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk
y *pä EÅ + od = *pä = *päH *päEÅ+od= *päaEÅm

i a-m
*pä EÅ +a,m= *päaEÅm *päEÅ +a,m= *päEÅm
EÅK aEÅm -g
tm *pä EÅ + od= *päHç *päç *päm (*päaEÅm? *päEÅm yxrma,mESifhwl)

EÅK -Hç ? ç -g
'k *päEÅ + tH = *päEÅH *päEÅ +a,m= *päaEÅ

a-
w *pä EÅ + em = *päwm *päEÅ + em = *päaEÅe

EÅK wm a-e
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
65
*pä EÅ + [d = *päaEÅ[d ^ bd
EÅf +? > a-
p^q *päEÅ + o = *päEÅó *pä EÅ + o = *päawm

ó awm
*pä EÅ + eH = *päwH *pä EÅ + eH = *päEÅmeH

EÅK wH EÅf +? > -g
rD *päEÅ + o®m = *päEÅo®m^rSm^*päEÅm *pä EÅ + o®m = *päwm (*päaEÅ[d^bd wl)

EÅK em
o *päEÅ + o®ð = *päEÅo®ð^rSd^*päaEÅ *pä EÅ + o®ð = *päwd

EÅ wd

*pä EÅ + ok = *päaEÅok
EÅf +? > a-
*päEÅm'd*dkPf; eykv’dif ½kyfNyD;yHk
y *pä EÅ+ od = *päH *päEÅ + od = *päEÅH

i i
*päEÅ + a,m = *päEÅm *pä EÅ + a,m = *päEÅmed
ed> -g EÅf +? > -g ed
tm *päH? *pä? *päm (yHkvdefESifhwl) *päEÅm? *päEÅmed (yxrma,mESifhwl)
'k *päEÅ + tH = *päEÅH *päEÅ +a,m= *päaEÅ *pä EÅ + a,m = *päEÅmed

a- EÅf +? > -g ed
(wwd,mrSpí useftm;vHk; ykv’difESifhwl)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
66
tpDt&ifxl;
*kP0g'd*dkPf;
1/ yHkvdefü yxrma,mESifhwuG EÅKonf tm (-g) odkY ajymif;onf/

{x wkarS tm0kaom oDv0g a[mx/
pu©Krm tEüm a[mEÅd/
2/ eyHkvdefü a,m udk £(-d)odkajymif;jcif;rSm *kP0EÅd ponfh 0EÅK ypönf;ü tyÜu jzpfonf/ (v,fwD)
*päEÅm'd*kdPf; psOf;rsOf;rsm;
135/ odrSd *päEÅm'DeH EÅoa'´g tH/ aemufu od ½SdvQif *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'fwdkY\ EÅonf tH odkY
ajymif;onf/
136/ aoaook EÅK0/ *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'fwdkYaemuf odrSwyg;aom 0dbwf½SdcJhvQif *kP0g'd*dkPf;\
EÅK ajymif;vJyHktwdkif; ajymif;vJrnf/
191/ abm a*wk/ * od aMumifh b0EÅonf abm odkY ajymif;onf/
(*kP0g'd*kdPf; pOf;rsOf;rsm;ESifhvnf; qdkifonf)
*päEÅm'd*kdPf;½kyfxl;rsm;
1/ yHkvdefü tHç o wdkYaMumifh EÅ onf tç o odkY ajymif;onf/ (oajymif;yHkpH yHkpH r&ao;)

,H ,H [d &mZbZwdç oEÅH0g ,'d0g toH/
oDv0EÅH 0doDvH0gç 0oH waó0 *päwd/
udpömEkMuAÁó ua&,s/
2/ yHkvdefü od aESmif;&mwGif EÅ onf tm odkYajymif;onf/ yHkpH-r[m? t&[m
*päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifrsm;
yd0aEÅm aomufol ypaEÅm csufol ZmeaEÅm odol

ua&maEÅm jyKol b0aEÅm t½Sif oaEÅm olawmfaumif;
t&[aEÅm &[EÅm r[aEÅm BuD;ol ^ jrwfol
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
67
ã o'éDwdü abmua&mEÅ[k ½SdaomaMumifh ua&mEÅ\ tmvkyfodwGif ½kyfpOf&mü abmua&mEÅç ua&mEÅm
[k yk&dom'd*kdPf;twdkif; ½kyfpOfyg/
yHkvdef ua&mEÅ ½kyfpOfyHk
y u&H ua&maEÅm ua&mEÅm ua&maEÅm

tm abmua&mEÅ ua&mEÅm abmaEÅm ua&mEÅm ua&maEÅm
'k ua&mEÅH ua&maEÅ
w ua&mwm ua&maEÅe ua&maEÅ[d ua&maEÅbd
p ua&mawm ua&mEÅó ua&mwH ua&mEÅmeH
rD ua&mwm ua&mEÅo®m
ua&mEÅrSm ua&mEÅm ua&maEÅ[d ua&maEÅbd
q ua&mawm ua&mEÅó ua&mwH ua&mEÅmeH
o ua&mwd ua&mEÅo®ð
ua&mEÅrSd ua&maEÅ ua&maEÅok
ã b0awm0g abmaEÅm *a,memao/ (arm*¾vme) tmvkyfodESifh a,moHkvHk;ç em o wdkYaMumifh b0EÅ

onf abmEÅ odkYajymif;onf/
abmonf tenf;trsm; ESpfrsKd;jzpfEdkifaom edygwfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ abm-udk tdk[k4if;
t½Sif[k4if; bmomjyefEdkifonf/ baEÅ-vnf; tenf;trsm; ESpfrsKd;jzpfEdkifaom edygwfjzpfonf/ t½Sif[k
bmomjyefEdkifonf/ t½Sif[k bmomjyefEdkifaom b'EÅç b'ÉÅ [k vnf; ½Sdao;\/ xdkyk'frsm;onf
yk&dom'd *kdPf;0ifyk'frsm; jzpfonf/ tdkt½Sif[k bmomjyefEdkifaom tmvkyfodjzifh b'aEÅç b'áEÅ wdkYum;
edygwfwnf;/ yxrma,mjzifh b'aEÅ vnf; ½SdEdkifonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
68
ã tEÅqHk;aom yk'frsm;onf *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifrsm; jzpfonf/ tmcsmwf"mwfudk EÅ qufay;vQif *päEÅm'd*kdPf;
jzpfonf/ tmcsmwf"mwfudk rme qufay;vQif yk&dom'dç pdwåm'dç unm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/
zwfpm0gusrsm;
1/ {uH or,H b*0g a'a0ok 0d[&wd wm0wðaook yg&dpäwåurlav y@KurÁvodvm,H/ wMw

acg b*0g a'0geH wm0wðomeH tbd"r®uxH uaxod/ (bd?|?1?78)
2/ b*0g yO§H ykpäwd ]] wH uð rnx bdu©a0 ½lyH edpöH 0g tedpöH 0g}}wd/ tedpöH baEÅ/ ,H yemedpöH
'ku©H 0g wH okcH 0gwd/ 'ku©H baEÅ/ (bd?|?1?98)
3/ [E´ 'ged bdu©a0 tmrEÅ,mrd a0g? 0,"r®m ocFg&m? tyÜrma'e orÜma'x/ ('D?|?1? 16)
4/ {uH or,H b*0g tEÅ&m p &mZ*[H tEÅ&m p emVE´H t'¨ger*¾y#dyaEém a[mwd r[wm bdu©K
oHaCe o'¨ð yÍörawå[d bdu©Koaw[d? okydÜa,myd y&dAÁmZaum tEÅ&m p &mZ*[H tEÅ&m p
emVE´H t'¨ger*¾y#dyaEém a[mwd o'¨ð taEÅ0godem jA[®'awåe rmPa0e? wMw ok'H okyÜda,m
y&dAÁmZaum taeuy&d,ma,e Ak'¨ó t0PÖH bmowd? "r®ó t0PÖH bmowd? oHCó
t0PÖH bmowd? okyÜd,ó ye y&dAÁmZuó taEÅ0goD jA[®'awåm rmPa0g taeuy&d,ma,e
Ak'¨ó 0PÖH bmowd? "r®ó 0PÖH bmowd? oHCó 0PÖH bmowd/ 'D? 1? yg? 1
5/ awe acg ye ora,e oÍöa,m emr y&dAÁmZaum &mZ*a[ y#d0owd r[wd,m y&dAÁmZu
y&dom, o'¨ð/ "r®y'? |? 1? 57
6/ bdu©a0 £awm {ue0kwduayÜ 0dyóDemr b*0g avmau O'yg'd/ "r®y'? |? 1? 61

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
69
ã Bud,mwckxuf ydkíygaom0gusü a½S;OD;pGmjzpfaomBud,mrsm;ukd ykAÁumvBud,m [kac:\/ 4if;
ykAÁumvBud,mü rl&if;pmvHk;("mwf)udk ]]wGm? wGme? wke? ,? pö}}wdkYudk qufay;&onf/
]]wGm? wGme? wke? ,? pö}}wdkYudk íç NyD;íç NyD;aemuf [k jrefrmjyef&onf/
yHkpHrsm; - aZwd-atmif\/ aZwGm-atmifjrifí? atmifjrifNyD;í? atmifjrifNyD;aemuf

aewd-,laqmif\/ aewGm-,laqmifí
a[mwd-jzpf\/ [kwGm-jzpfí
a'wd-ay;\/ 'wGm-ay;í
Xmwd-&yf\/ XwGm-&yfí
cg'wd-cJpm;\/ cg'dwGm-cJpm;í
rkÍöwd-vTwf\/ rkÍödwGm-vTwfí
tm'gwd-,l\/ tm'g,-,lí
O|mwd-x\/ O|m,-xí
(u) Aka'¨g ra*¾ XwGm *gr0goDeH "r®H tbmod/ bk&m;onf vrf;ü &yfí ½Gmom;wdkYudk w&m;udk a[mNyD/
(c) uóum ygomaP edoD'dwGm tm[m&H bkÍÆðok/ v,form;wdkYonf ausmfzsmay:ü xdkifí tpmudk
pm;ukefNyD/
(*) t[H 0d[m&H *pädwGm Ak'¨ó yd@ygwH t'goð/ uREfkyfonf ausmif;odkY oGm;í bk&m;tm; qGrf;udk vªcJhonf/
(C) uóum wdPH tm'g, 0eawm *grH tm*rHok/ v,form;wdkYonf jrufudk,lí awmrS ½GmodkY
vmMuukefNyD/
(i) oraPm rEkómeH "r®H bmodwGm 0d[m&H t*rmod/ &[ef;onf vlwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mí
ausmif;odkY oGm;NyD/
ã tvdkqE´ &nf½G,fcsufudk azmfjy&ef rl&if;pmvHk;("mwf)odkY wHk qufay;&onf/ wHk udk iSg? tvdkYiSg? &ef [k
jrefrmjyef&onf/
yHkpHrsm; - ,mwd-oGm;\/ ,mwHk-oGm&ef Xmwd-&yf\/ XmwHk-&yf&ef

a'wd-ay;\/ 'gwHk-ay;&ef 0owd-ae\/ 0odwHk-ae&ef
bkÍÆwd-pm;\/ bkÍÆdwkH-pm;&ef *g,wd-oDqdk\/ *g,dwHk-oDqdk&ef
*rwd-oGm;\/ *rdwHk-oGm;&ef vbwd-&\/ vbdwHk-&&ef
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
70
wGm wGme wke wHk ypönf;rsm; qufoG,fyHk
1/ tçqHk;onfh "mwfudk wGmqufvQif £(-d) cHí qufyg/ yHkpH cg'dwGm-cJpm;í? ypdwGm-csufí
2/ "mwftm;vHk;aemufu wGm onf , (odkYr[kwf) ,meodkY ajymif;Edkifonf/

ypdwGm=ypd, ypdwGm=ypd,me qdE´dwGm=qdE´d, qdE´dwGm=qdE´d,me
, ,me , ,
ypd,ç ypd,meç csufí/ qdE´d,çqdE´d,me-jzwfí/ AkZÑd,ç AkZÑd,me-odí/ udPd,ç udPd,me-
a&mif;í? u&d,ç u&d,me-jyKí/ apm&d,ç apm&d,me-cdk;í/
3/ tmçqHk;onhf "mwfaemufu wGm onf ,odkYajymif;NyD; ausaysmufoGm;Edkifonf/

tbdnmç tbdnm,-odí? y#docFgç y#docFg,-qifjcifí? (,çaysmufvQif tbdnmç y#docFg?
,çraysmufvQif tbdnm,ç y#docFg, jzpfonf)
4/ pçqHk;"mwfç eçqHk;"mwfç u&-"mwfç £-"mwfaemuf wGmqufvQif wcgw&H wGmonf "mwf\

tqHk;Asnf;tu©&mESifhtwl pö odkY ajymif;onf/
pqHk;"mwf yp(usuf) ypö? ypöd,? ypödwGm-&ifhusufí (yp+wGm=ypö)

rkp(vGwf) 0drkpö? 0drkpödwGm-vGwfajrmufí? (rkp+wGm=0drkpö)
eqHk;"mwf tm[pö-xdí (tm+[e+wGm)? Oy[pö-uyfa&mufí (Oy+[e+wGm)?

tm[EÅm-xdkufí(tm+[e+wGm)? Oy[EÅm-uyfa&mufí^n§Of;qJí(Oy+[e+wGm)
u&-"mwfyHkpH ouúpö-t½kdtaojyKí? (oH+u&+wGm? ed*¾[dwfonf uodkYajymif;onf)

t"dudpö-tOD;jyKí^pGJí(t"d+u&+wGm)
£-"mwfyHkpH taypö-zJí(ty+£+wGm)? Oaypö-uyfí?zJí(Oy+£+wGm)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
71
5/ (u) 'g "mwfodkY £(-d)cHí wGm qufvQif 'g-\ tm(-g)onf £,(-d,)odkYajymif;onf/
yHkpH Oyg'd,dwGm-pGJvrf;í?(Oy+tm+'g+,+wGm) orm'd,dwGm-aqmufwnfí(oH+tm+'g+,+wGm)
(c) 'g "mwfodkY £(-d) rcHbJ wGm qufvQif wGm onf £,(-d,)odkYajymif;onf/
yHkpH Oyg'd,-pGJvrf;í? orm'd,-aqmufwnfí
6/ od-"mwfodkY wGmqufvQif wGmonf , odkYajymif;NyD; od rS £(-d)onf tm(-g)odkYajymif;onf/

yHkpH edóm,-trSDjyKí(ed+od+wGm) Oyedóm,-trSDjyKí(Oy+ed+od+wGm)
7/(u) 'do(jrif)-"mwfodkY wGmç wGme qufvQif wGmç wGmerS wonf aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

yHkpH- 'doGmç 'doGme-jrifí ('do+wGm='doGm ? 'do+wGme='doGme)
(c) 'do-"mwfodkY wGm qufvQif 'dorS oESifhwGmonf |mç |KodkYajymif;NyD; 'dorS'donf 'odkYajymif;onf/
yHkpH '|mç '|K-jrifí/ 'd o + wGm= '|m ^ '|K
' |m ^ |K
(*) 'do "mwfodkY wHkç wAÁ qufvQif 'dorS oESifh wAÁrS o onf | odkYajymif;oonf/
yHkpH '|KH-jrifjcif;iSg? '|AÁH-jriftyf\/ ('do + wHk = '|KH) ('do + wAÁ + od = '|AHÁ)
' | wf+-Hk ' | i
8/
(u) rqHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif rESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf r® odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
ykHpHrsm; Mouúr®-zJí(Mo+urk+wGm)? tbd&r®-arGUavsmfí (tbd+&rk+wGm)?
tm*r®-vmí^pGJí^taMumifjyKí(tm*rk+wGm)
(c)[qHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif [ESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf ,S odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
yHkpHrsm; tm½k,-wufí^wufpD;í (tm+½k[+wGm)? Mo*,S-oufí(Mo+*[+wGm)
(*) ' qHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif 'ESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf ZÆ odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
yHkpHrsm;? OyorÜZÆ-a&mufí^jynfhpHkapí (Oy+oH+y'+wGm)? qdZÆ ^qdZÆdwGm-jywfí(qd'+wGm)
(C) bqHk;aom"mwfodkY wkeç wGmeç wGm qufvQif rESifh wkeç wGmeç wGm onf AÇ ^'¨g odkY wcgw&H
ajymif;onf/
yHkpHrsm;? tm&bdwGm ^ tm&AÇ ^ tm&'¨g - tm;xkwfí (tm+&b+wGm)
OyvAÇ ^ Oyv'¨g-&í (Oy+vb+wGm)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
72
(i) "qHk;"mwfodkY wGm wGmequfvQif "ESifhwGm^wGmeonf tpOftwdkif; '¨g ^ '¨ge odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
yHkpHrsm;? 0d'¨g^0d'¨ge-ypfí^xGif;íâzmufí?(0d"+wGm^wGme) Ak'¨gÂk'¨ge-odí (Ak"+wGm^wGme)

tusOf;csKyfrSwf&ef

wke^wGme
r+wG m=r® [+wGm=,S '+wGm=ZÆ
udkvnf;,l
b+wG m=AÇ ^'¨g "+wGm^wGme='¨g^'¨ge
zwfpm0gusrsm;
7/ Ak'¨gp emr "r®H a'aoEÅm o&PoDvyAÁZÆm'DeH Oyedó,H MoavmauwGm tZÑmo,0aoe "r®H

a'aoEÅd? wo®m wH 'd0oH ow¬m wó Oyedó,H MoavmauwGm "r®H a'aoaEÅm tEkykAÁduxH
uaxod/ ao,sxd'H¿ 'geuxH oDvuxH o*¾uxH umrmeH tm'De0H Moum&H oHudavoH aeu©r®
tmedoHoH yumaowd/ wH okwGm r[mygavm uk#KrÁdaum pdaEÅod ]]y&avmuH *päEÅH ykwå"Dwa&m 0g
bmwa&m 0g abm*g 0g emEk*päEÅd? o&D&rÜd twåem o'¨ð e *päwd? uð ar C&m0gaoe yAÁZdómrD}}wd/
aom a'oem y&da,momae ow¬m&H OyouFrdwGm yAÁZÆH ,mpd/ ("r®?y?|?4? edos?y?14)
ar-ightm;? 0g-ig\? C&m0gaoe-tdrf,maxmifjcif;jzifh? uð-bmtusKd;½SdtHhenf;/
yAÁZdómrd-&[ef;jyKtHh/
ã ao,sxd'H=ao,sxm(edygwf)+£'H/ao,sxm-uJhodkY? tb,fuJhodkYenf;[lrlum;
ao,sxd'H(edygwf) as fallows
ã uð ar C&m0gaoe ü uð onf tusKd;r½Sdjcif;t"dyÜg,f (edyÜa,mZew¬? ed(r)+ya,mZe(tusKd;)+

tw¬(t"dyÜg,f)udk jyonf/ tusKd;r½Sdaomtvkyfudk (C&m0gaoe-[k) wwd,mjzifha&;onf/
8/ tvH 0uúvd? uð aw £rdem ylwduma,e 'da|e? a,m acg 0uúvd "r®H yówd? aom rH
yówd? a,m rH yówd? aom "r®H yówd? "r®H [d 0uúvd yóaEÅm rH yówd? rH yóaEÅm "r®H
yówd/ (oH?2?98)
0uúvd-0uúvd? tvH-roifh? aw-oifhtm;? 'da|e-jriftyfaom? £rdemylwduma,e-þykwfaom
udk,fjzifh? uð-tb,ftusKd;½SdtHhenf;/ tusKd;r½Sdaomtvkyfudk ]]£rdem ylwduma,e 'da|e}}[k wwd,mjzifh
a&;onf/
ã tvH (edygwf) udk yk'ftp yk'ftqHk;ü xm;&onf/ tv,fü rxm;&/ (wdyd"mef)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
73
wGmypö,EÅ (wGmqHk;aom pum;vHk;rsm;) twGuf odrSwfzG,f
½lyod'¨dusrf;u wGmqHk;aom yk'frsm;onf edygwfyk'f[k qdkonf/ ykAÁumvBud,m0daooeç

ty&umvBud,m0daooeç ormeumvBud,m0daooeç vu©Pç [dwf t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjy&ef wGmç
wGmeç wke ypönfrsm; qufay;&onf/
aom ur®H umwkeç uwGme 0gç uwGm 0g *päwd/ aom-xdkolonf? ur®H-trIudk? uwke-
NyKNyD;í? 0g-wenf;? uwGme-jyKNyD;í? 0g-wenf;? uwGm-jyKNyD;í? *päwd-oGm;\/
0guswckwGif Bud,m ESpfrsKd;yg½SdNyD; a½SUBud,mu a½S;ujzpfESifhvQif xdkBud,mudk NyD;í[k jref

rm jyef&rnf/ Oyrm-ypdwGm bkÍÆwd (csufNyD;í+pm;\) [l&mü csufjcif;Bud,mu a½S;OD;pGmjzpfESifhí
pm;jcif;Bud,mu aemufrSjzpfaom t&mrsKd;wnf;/ xdkYjyif ypdwGmESifh bkÍÆwdwGif bkÍÆwd um; t"duBud,m
wnf;/ ypdwGmum; ]]csufNyD;rSpm;onf}}[k pm;jcif;Bud,mudk txl;jyK&aom 0daooeBud,mrQom jzpf onf/
xdkYaMumifh ypdwGm[laom Bud,mrsdK;udk ]]ykAÁumvBud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/ (ykAÁumv-a½S;umvüjzpfí?
+Bud,m0daooe-y"meBud,mudktxl;jyKaomyk'f)
wGmypönf;ygaom Bud,m\teufu aemufrSjzpfvQif ]]ty&umvBud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/

Oyrm-'Gg&H yd'[dwGm edu©rd? 'Gg&H-wHcg;udk? yd'[dwGm-ydwfawmhrnfjzpfí? edu©rd-xGufNyD/ þü ydwf
jcif; Bud,mu aemufrSjzpf\/ xGufjcif;Bud,mu t&ifjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh yd'[dwGmudk ]]ty&umv
Bud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/
Bud,mESpfckvHk; NydKifwljzpfaomt&mü wGmypö,EÅyk'fudk ]]ormeumvBud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/

Oyrm-'a@m "uúpö ywwd/ 'a@m-'kwfonf? "uúpö-"uf"ufrnfí? ywwd-us\/ þü "uf"uf
rnfjcif;Bud,m;ESifh usjcif;Bud,monf wNyKdifeufjzpfavonf/ xdkYaMumifh "uúpö udk ]]ormeumv
Bud,m0daooe}}[k ac:onf/
wGm(ypönf;)udk vu©P(rSwfom;aMumif;) t"dyÜg,fESifh jrefrmjyefqdkEdkifonf/ jrefrmvdk aomf [k

t"dyÜg,f&\/ Oyrm-okwGm Zmedómr/ okwGm-Mum;&ukefaomf? Zmedómr- od&ukeftHh/ þü ]okwGm}
udk rSwfom;aMumif;jzpfí vu©P[k ac:&avonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
74
wGm(ypönf;)udk a[wk(taMumif;) t"dyÜg,fESifh jrefrmjyefqdkEdkifonf/ jrefrmvdk aMumifh [k
t"dyÜg,f&\/ Oyrm-CwH yd0dwGm AvH a[mwd/ CwH-axmywfudk? yd0dwGm-aomuf&jcif;aMumifh? AvH-
tm;onf? a[mwd-jzpf\/ þü yd0dwGm udk tm;½Sdjcif;taMumif;jzpfí [dwf[k ac:&onf/
(aqmif) ykAÁm.y&? ormeESifh? vu©P? a[wk? ig;cktw¬? ouftyfpG? wkeçwGmeçwGm/

(tajcjyKo'´g? 328-329)
tEÅ? rme ypönf;twGuf odrSwfzG,f
tEÅ? rme wdkYonf yd#uwfygVdusrf;wdkYü toHk;wGifus,faom ypönf;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ypöKyÜef

twdwf tem*wf umvokH;yg;vHk;udk nTefjyEdkifonf/ odkYaomf ypöKyÜefudk nTefjyonfh pum;vHk;tjzpf
toHk;jyKonfu rsm;onf/ rme? tEÅ eSpfrsKd;vHk;udk vu©Pteuf(aomf) a[wkteuf(aMumifh)jzifhvnf;
jyefqdkEdkifonf/
ypöKyÜefteufjyefqdkyHk
o&rmaem a&m'wd/ o&rmaem - atmufarhqJaomolonf? a&m'wd-idk\/ þü idkaeonfhtcsdef0,f

uGJaeol (odkYr[kwf) aoqHk;oludk atmufarhjcif;Bud,m rNyD;qHk;ao;bJ ypöKyÜefjzpfaeao;aomaMumifh
]]o&rmaem]}[k ygVdpD&onf/ *päaEÅm *PSmwd/ *päaEÅm-oGm;aeqJolonf? *PSmwd-,l\/ enf;wlyif/
*pärmaemç *päaEÅm *PSmwd/ *pärmaemç *päaEÅm-oGm;pOf? *PSmwd-,l\/ oGm;pOf[k qdkaomf
vnf; (um&uüvmaom) tem'&teufrsKd;r[kwf/ oGm;pOf oGm;cdkuf oGm;wkef; [k ypöKyÜefBud,m xif½Sm;
atmifay;aom teufwnf;/
vu©PteufjyefqdkyHk
*päaEÅm bm&'GgaZm aom? t'ó tpöKwH £oð/ bm&'GGgaZm-bm&'GgZtEG,fjzpfaom?
aom-xdkZlZumykPÖm;onf? *päaEÅm-qufvufíoGm;vaomf? tpöKwH-tpöKwrnfaom? £oð-&aohudk?
t'ó-awGU&NyD/ *päaEÅmü tEÅonf ypöKyÜefumvESifh ]aomf} [k ay;&aom vu©Pteufudk jyqdk\/
[dwfteufjyefqdkyHk
o&rmaem a&m'wd/ o&rmaem-atmufarhjcif;aMuifh? a&m'wd-idk\/ 'óaEÅm tm[/ 'óaEÅm-
jyvdk onf\tjzpfaMumifh? tm[-qdk\/ þü tEÅrmeonf [dwfteufudk jyqdk\/
tcsKyftm;jzifh tEÅç rme awGUvQif ]]*pärmaemç *päaEÅm-oGm;pOf ^ oGmjcif;aMumifh ^ oGm;vaomf^

oGm;qJaom}} [k ponfjzifh jyefqdkEdkifonfudk rSwfom;&m\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
75
rmeonf tmcsmwf twåaemyk'fESifh wl\/ tEÅonf y&óyk'fESifhwl\/ tEÅonf y&óyk'f
xHk;pHtwdkif; uwåm;teufü ouf\/ rmeonf twåaemyk'f xHk;pHtwdkif; uwåm;uHabm teufoHk;rsKd;
vHk;ü ouf\/ wd-paom tmcswf0dbwfaESmif;&mü t-paom 0du&Pypönfrsm;vnf;ouf&ouJhodkY
þy&óyk'ftwåaemyk'frnfaom tEÅ rme aESmif;&müvnf; ]t} paom 0du&Pypönf;rsm; ouf&\/
xdkYaMumifh bl0g'd"mwfaemifjzpfvQif ]t} 0du&P? ½k"m'd"mwfaemifjzpfvQif ed*¾[DwykAÁ ]t} 0du&P?
'd0g'd"mwfaemifjzpfvQif ],} 0du&Pypönf; ouf&rnf ponfjzifh odyg/
*pärmaem^*päaEÅm ½kyfNyD;yHk/ *rf + (bl0g'd) ? + rme + od / *rf + (bl0g'd) ? + tEÅ + od

päf a-m päf a-m
xdkYjyif twåaemyk'fudk y&óyk'fjyefouJhodkY twåaemyk'frnfaom rmeudk y&óyk'f tEÅvnf;jyKEdkif

onf/ þum; ½lyod'¨dtvdkwnf;/ ]torEkbmoEÅó-Ówfur®0gpmjzifh rqdkqHk;rtyfaom &[ef;\}[k
oHCab'u odu©myk'fponfü awGU&onf/
rme tEÅ wdkYonf olwdkYudk,fwdkifvu©Pteuf [dwfteufudk a[maomaMumifh 0dbwfa[mbdkY&m

vu©P [dwfteuf r½Sdawmh&um; vd*Fw¬udk xGef;jyaom yxrm0dbwfjzifhvnf; vu©P [dwf teuf
udk ay;Edkifonf/ ]]*päaEÅm t'ó=oGm;vaomf awGU&NyD? 'óaEÅm tm[=jyvdkjcif;aMumifh qdkNyD}}ponf
wnf;/
rme tEÅ qHk;aomyk'fwdkYonf 0daoosESifh wGJMu&aom tyÜ"me 0daooeyk'f jzpfMu&um;
0daoosyk'f\ vdif0kpf0dbwftm;avsmfpGmjzpfMu&onf/ (upönf;bm#D'k 487-489)
rmetEÅtoHk;jyKyHk
(1) ypöKyÜefudwfBud,mrsm;udk emr0dooeyk'frsm;uJhodkY toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
(u) t'óm acg b*0g OyuH 'l&awm tm*päEÅH/ bk&m;onf ta0;rS vmaeaom Oyuudk jrifNyD/
(c) 0d[m&H *päEÅm rEkóm ra*¾ b*0EÅH yóðok/ ausmif;odkYoGm;aom vlwdkYonf vrf;ü bk&m;udk
awGUjrifukefNyD/
(*) 0ae 0oEÅm bdu©L orxH p 0dyóeH p bma0EÅd/ awmü aeukefaom &[ef;wdkYonf orxudk
vnf;aumif; 0dyóemudkvnf;aumif; yGm;ukef\/
(C) ra*¾ uDVEÅm 'g&um b*0EÅH e*&H y0doEÅH yóðok/ vrf;ü upm;ukefaom oli,fwdkYonf
NrKdUodkY 0ifvmaom bk&m;udk jrifukefNyD/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
76
(2) ypöKyÜefudwfBud,mudk 0gusü ty"meBud,myk'ftjzpf toHk;jyKaomtcg y"meBud,mESifh uwåm;wlvQif
uwåm;0dbwfjzifhom xm;&onf/ jyKvkyfpOf jyKvkyfaeqJtcg[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/
(u) b*0g om0w¬d,H 0d[&aEÅm £rH ZmwuH uaxod/ bk&m;onf om0w¬dNrKdUü aepOf þZmwfudk
a[mcJh\/
(c) t[H e*&H *päaEÅm tEÅ&mra*¾ {uH ½ku©H t'óH/ uREkfyfonf NrKdUodkY oGm;pOf vrf;c&D;ü opfyif
wyifudk jrifNyD/
(3) 0gusü ypöKyÜefudwfBud,mESifh y"meBud,mwdkY uwåm;rwlvQif ypöKyÜefBud,mESifh 4if;\ uwåm;yk'fwdkYonf

Moumo0dbwfjzifh taersm;\/ y"meBud,m\ tcsdefumvudk owfrSwfjyaomaMumifh bm0vu©P
[kvnf; ac:\/
(u) jA[®'awå &ZÆH uma&aEÅ aAm"doawåm jA[®Pukav edAÁwåd/ jA[®'wåonf rif;jyKvwfaomf bk&m;
avmif;onf jA[®PrsKd;ü jzpfcJh\/
(c) aAm"doawå Zm,rmae blrd urÜd/ bk&m;avmif; arG;zGm;vwfaomf ajrBuD;onf wkefvIyfcJh\/
ab'pdEÅmvmyHkpHrsm;
(u) wd|aEÅm^wd|rmaem-&yfqJonf? [kwGm-jzpfí? ua&mwd-jyK\/ (0wårmefumv? uwåm;a[myHkpH)

(c) t[H-igonf? 0dbm0,H(0dbm0,aEÅm)xifpGmjyvwHhonf? [kwGm-jzpfí? u&dómrd-jyKaytHh/(tEÅ\
tem*wfumva[myHk? 0dbm0,Hü tEÅrS EÅudk tHjyK)
(*) XD,rmeH-XDvwHhjcif; (tem*wfumvü abmteufyHkpH)
(C) r,m-igonf? bnrmeH-qdktyfvwHhaompum;udk? wkarS-oifwdkYonf? okPdóx-em&ukefvwHh/
(bnrmeHum; okPdóx[laom tem*wfBud,mudkaxmufítem*wfumvü uHa[myHkpH? þodkY
aemufBud,maxmufí twdwftem*wfa[mEdkifyHkudk upöm,eom&ü ]]udwm "mwGw¬orÁaE¨ç a[mEÅd
umvaEÅ&oGyd}}[k qdkonf)
rSwfcsuf/ udwfBud,mESifhtmcswfBud,mwdkYwGif tmcswfBud,monf y"mevdk&if;jzpfonf/ bmaMumifhenf;

udwfBud,monf j'yfudka[mojzifh emrfyk'fwGifyg0if&í tmcswfonfom tqHk;owfBud,meufudk a[maom
aMumifhwnf;/ xdkaMumifh aemuftmcswfBud,mudkvdkufí rmetEÅ ypö,EÅyk'fwdkYu twdwftem*wfumvudk
a[mMu&onf/ (ab'pdEÅmbm#D 349)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
77
'Gd(2) rS pwk(4) txd *Pef;ocsFmrsm;
Obç 'Gd - ESpfckç ESpfa,muf (vdifoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\/ trsm;udef;om½Sdonf)
y ^ 'k Oabm? Oab y ^ 'k a'G? 'ka0

w ^ rD Oabm[dçbd? Oab[dçbd w ^ rD 'GD[d? 'GDbd? 'Gd[d?bdç? 'ka0[d^bd
p ^q ObdEéH p ^q 'GdEéH? 'k0dEéH
o Oabmok? Oabok o 'GDok? 'Gdok? 'ka0ok
Ob ½kyfNyD;yHk
y^'k Ob + a,m = Oabm ^ Oab

a-mâ-
w^rD Ob + [d = Oab[d^bd Oab[d = Oabm[d^bd

bf+? > a- bf+a-> a-m
p^q Ob + eH = ObdEéH
-dEéH
o Ob + ok = Oabok Oabok = Oabmok
bf+? > a- bf+a-> a-m
'Gd ½kyfNyD;yHk
y^'k 'Gd + a,m = a'G ? 'ka0

a'Gç 'ka0
w^rD 'Gd + [d = 'GD[d^bd 'Gd + [d = 'ka0[d^bd

'Gf+-d> -D 'ka0
p^q 'Gd + eH = 'GEéH 'Gd + eH = 'k0dEéH

(e)vm 'k0d -dEéH
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
78
o 'Gd + ok = 'DGok 'Gd + ok = 'ka0ok
'Gf+-d> -D 'ka0
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
16/ aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ eH aMumifh 'Gd pwk tp t|m&otqHk; yk'fwdkYaemif evm/
35/ Obm'dawmerdEéH/ ObESifh a'GrSajymif;vmaom 'k0d aemuf½Sd eHonf £EéHodkYajymif;onf/
38/ okeH[dokp/ okç eHç [d wdkYaMumifh a½SUuo&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
50/ ok[doGuma&m{/ ok [d ok aMumifh tonf {odkYajymif;onf/
61/ awok0k'¨d jzifh Oab[dü {onf a-modkYajymif;onf/
81/ a,mok 'GdEéH a'Gp/ a,m aMumifh 0dbwfESifhtwl 'Gdonf a'Gç 'ka0 odkYajymif;onf/
eH aMumifh a'Gonf 'k0dodkYajymif;onf/
po'´gjzifh [d ok aMumifh 'Gdudk 'ka0jyKonf/ (v,fwDy'rmvm)
154/ wawma,mearmwkü wkjzifh a,monf a-m odkYajymif;onf/
Ob,(ESpfck ESpfa,muf) ½kyfpOfyHk
ykv’dif eykv’dif £w¬dvdif

y^'k Oba,m? Oba, y^'k Oba,m? Ob,med y^'k Oba,m? Ob,mçOb,ma,m
w^rD Oba,[d^bd w^rD Oba,[d^bd w^rD Ob,m[d^bd
p^q Oba,oH?Oba,omeH p^q Oba,oH?Oba,omeH p^q Ob,moH? Ob,momeH
o Oba,ok o Oba,ok o Ob,mok
ã yHkvdifü Ob,H (tH0dbwf) Oba,e(em) Ob,ó(o) eyHkvdifü Ob,H(od+tH) £w¬dvdifü

Ob,H(tH) Ob,m,(em?o?o®m?o®ð) [laom {u0kpfudef;vnf; ½SdEdkifonf/ (ed½kwåd'DyeDygXf ESm-124)
ã Ob, onf ESpfckwdkY\ taygif;udk azmfjy\/ Ob onf ESpfckwdkY\ tpdwfudk azmfjy\/

(v,fwDy'rmvmusrf; y ESm 276)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
79
wd (oHk;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk
ykv’dif eykvd’if £w¬dvdif

y^'k wa,m y^'k wDPd y^'k wdaóm
w^rD wD[d^bd? wd[d^bd w^rD wD[d^bd? wd[d^bd w^rD wD[d^bd? wd[d^bd
p^q wdPÖH? wdPÖEéH p^q wdPÖH? wdPÖEéH p^q wdóEéH
o wDok? wdok o wDok? wdok o wDok? wdok
pwk (av;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk
ykv’dif eykv’dif £w¬dvdif

y^'k pwåma&m?pwka&m y^'k pwåm&d y^'k pwaóm
w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd
pwkAÇd pwkAÇd pwkAÇd
p^q pwkEéH p^q pwkEéH p^q pwóEéH
o pwlok? pwkok o pwlok? pwkok o pwlok? pwkok
½kyfNyD;yHk
ykH wd + a,m = wa,m eyHkvdef wd + a,m = wDPd £w¬dvdef wd + a,m= wdaóm
wd+ eH = wdPÖHçwdPÖEéH wd+ eH =wdóEéH

-dPÖHç -dPÖEéH (óH)vmç ó+-H>e
yHk pwk + a,m = pwåma&m eyHkvdef pwk+ a,m=pwåm&d £w¬dvdif pwk+a,m= pwaóm
pwk + a,m = pwka&m
wf+K> K& a-m
pwk + [d = pwkAÇd pwóEéH(wdóEéHESifhwl)

bd(A)vm
pwk+eH = pwkEéH
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
80
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
16/ aemp'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ po'´gjzifh wd pwkaemif óH vm/

27/ Mooa&p/ pjzifh a,maMumifh O onf O& odkYajymif;onf/
36/ £PÖrdPÖEéH wd[docsFm[d/ wd aemufu eH onf £PÖHç £PÖEéHodkY ajymif;onf/
82/ wd pwkEéH wdaóm pwaóm wa,m pwåma&m wDPd pwåm&d/ yHkvdefü wdESifha,monf wa,mç
pwkESifa,monf pwåm? eyHkvdefü wdESifha,monf wDPdç pwkESifha,monf pwåm&d? £w¬dvdifü
wdESifha,monf wdaómç pwkESifha,monf pwaómodkY ajymif;onf/
zwfpmrsm;
9/ em[H bdu©a0 tnH {u"r®rÜd orEkyómrd? a,e tEkyÜEém 0g ukovm"r®m OyÜZÆEÅd? OyÜEém 0g
tukovm "r®m y&d[m,EÅd? ,x,d'H bdu©a0 tyÜrma'g/ tyÜrwåó bdu©a0 tEkyÜEém ap0 ukovm
"r®m OyÜZÆEÅd? OyÜEém p tukovm "r®m y&d[m,EÅDwd/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-10)
10/ {uyk*¾avm bdu©a0 avmau OyÜZÆrmaem OyÜZÆwd A[kZe[dwm, A[kZeokcg, avmumEk urÜm,
tw¬m, [dwm, okcg, a'0rEkómeH/ uwarm {uyk*¾avm¿ wxm*awm t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g?
t,H acg bdu©a0 {uyk*¾avm avmau OyÜZÆrmaem OyÜZÆwd A[kZe[dwm, A[kZeokcg, avmumEk
urÜm, tw¬m, [dwm, okcg, a'0rEkómeH/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-21)
11/ a'Grmed bdu©a0 okcged/ uwrmed a'G¿ *d[dokcÍö yAÁZdwokcÍö/ £rmed acg bdu©a0 a'G okcged/
{w'*¾H bdu©a0 £aroH 'GdEéH okcgeH ,xd'H yAÁZdwokcEÅd/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-79)
12/ a'Gar bdu©a0 "r®m/ uwar a'G¿ [d&D p MowyÜÍö/ £ar acg bdu©a0 a'G "r®mwd/
(tH? 1? yg? ESm-82)
13/ a'Grm bdu©a0 tmom 'kyÜZ[m/ uwrm a'G¿ vmbmom p ZD0dwmom p/ £rm acg bdu©a0
a'G tmom 'kyÜZ[mwd/ (tH? 1? yg? ESm-86)
½Sif;vif;csuf
ã rsOf;wm;xm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;udk Munfhyg/ ]a'G}onf vdifoHk;yg;ü yHkpHwljzpfí okcged(eyHkvdif) "r®m (yHkvdif) tmom
(£w¬dvdef) emrf (Noun) wdkY\ 0doaoe(Adjective) jzpfaomfvnf; yHkpHrajymif;yJ wyHk;pHwnf; jzpfaeonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
81
uHa[m0gus a&;om;yHk
1/ uwåm;udk wwd,mESifh a&;yg/
2/ uHudk yxrmESifha&;yg/
3/ rl&if;"mwfodkY -D, ^, qufNyD; twåaemyk'f0dbwfjzifh Bud,mudk wnfaqmufyg/
ur®Bud,mwnfaqmufyHk
twåaemyk'f 6-vHk;
(Third Person) aw - taEÅ?
(Second Person) ao - a0S?
(First Person) { - arS/
*päD,aw-oGm;tyf\/ *päD,aEÅ-oGm;tyfukef\/
*päD,ao-oGm;tyf\/ *päD,a0S-oGm;tyfukef\/
*päDa,-oGm;tyf\/ *päD,marS-oGm;tyfukef\/
½Sif;jycsuf/ uwåm;0gus (Active Voice) ü yk&daom r*¾H *päwd [k uwåm;yk'fudk yxrmjzifh uHyk'fudk
'kwd,mjzifh a&;&\/ uHa[m0gus (Passive Voice) ü ]yk&daoe}[k uwåm;udk wwd,mESifh
]ra*¾g} [k uHudk yxrmESifh a&;&onf/ Bud,mü uwåm;a[m0guswGif *päwd-oGm;\ [k jrefrmjyef
&NyD; uHa[mwGif *päD,aw-oGm;tyf\ [k ]tyf}qdkaom pum;vHk; xnfhí jrefrmjyef&onf/ tyftpm;
xdkufç oifh pum;vHk;rsm;udkvnf; toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
aw-taEÅ paom tmcsmwf0dbwfrsm;udk uwåm;a[mwkef;u uwåm;yk'fESifh csdefn§da&;&onf/

uHa[mürl uHyk'fESifh csdefn§da&;&rnf/ uHyk'fu (First Person) jzpfrl aw - taEÅ udk oHk;yg? (Second
Person) jzpfrl ao - a0S udk oHk;yg? (Third Person) jzpfrl { - arS udk toHk;jyKyg/
uHa[m0gusü uHESifh Bud,monf tenf;çtenf;csif;? trsm;çtrsm;jcif; wlnD&rnf/ uwåm;um;
tenf;jzpfjzpf trsm;jzpfjzpf aeEdkifonf/ Bud,mESifh uHudkom (Person) 0dbwf udkufatmif n§dyg/
uwåm;um; (Person) oHk;rsKd; oifhovdk aeEdkifonf/
uHa[m0gusyHkpH
u/ yk&daoe ra*¾g *päD,aw/ C/ yk&daoe wkarS *päD,a0S/

c/ yk&daoe r*¾g *päD,aEÅ/ i/ yk&daoe t[H *päDa,/
*/ yk&daoe wGH *päD,ao/ p/ yk&daoe r,H *päD,marS/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
82
u/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? ra*¾g-vrf;udk? *päD,aw-oGm;tyf\/
c/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? r*¾g-vrf;wdkYudk? *päD,aEÅ-oGm;tyfukef\/
*/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? wGH-oifvrf;udk? *päD,ao-oGm;tyf\/
C/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? wkarS-oif;vrf;wdkYudk? *päD,a0S-oGm;tyfukef\/
i/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? t[H-igvrf;udk? *päDa,-oGm;tyf\/
p/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? r,H-igvrf;wdkYudk? *päD,marS-oGm;tyfukef\/
uwåm; 6rsKd;ç uH 1 rsKd;
u/ yk&daoe ra*¾g *päD,aw/ c/ yk&dao[d ra*¾g *päD,aw/

*/ w,m ra*¾g *päD,aw/ C/ wkarS[d ra*¾g *päD,aw/
i/ r,m ra*¾g *päD,aw/ p/ tarS[d ra*¾g *päD,aw/
------- r*¾g *päD,aEÅ/

------- wGH *päD,ao/
------- wkarS *päD,a0S/
------- t[H *päDa,/
------- r,H *päD,marS/
trSm/ yk&daoe paom uwåm; 6rsKd;udk tvJtvSnfxm;Edkifaomfvnf; uHESifh Bud,mwdkYudkum; ]ra*¾g

*päD,aw} [kom xm;&yHkudk Munfhí - r*¾g *päD,aEÅ/ - wGH *päD,ao/ - wkarS *päD,a0S/
- t[H *päDa,/ - r,H *päD,marS/ wdkYüvnf; yk&daoepaom uwåm; 6rsKd;wGif tvdk½Sd&m
uwåm;udk xm;Edkifonf[k rSwfyg/
zwfpmrsm;
u/ unm, bwåH ypöaw/ trsKd;orD;onf xrif;udk csuftyf\/

c/ Aka'ë "ar®m a'oD,aw/ bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[mtyf\/
*/ w,m bwåmed ypöaEÅ/ oifonf xrif;wdkYudk csuftyfukef\/
C/ r,m 'gaee abm*g vAÇaEÅ/ igonf 'geaMumifh pnf;pdrfwdkYudk &tyfukef\/
i/ wkarS[d oDave okcged vAÇaEÅ/ oifwdkYonf oDvaMumifh csrf;omwdkYudk &tyfukef\/
p/ oraP[d bm0em, edAÁmeH ygyD,aw/ &[ef;wdkYonf bm0emaMumifh edAÁmefodkY a&muftyff\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
83
q/ y@daw[d 0dem Amav[d 0d[ma&m tm*päD,aw/ ynm½SdwdkYonf vlrdkufwdkYESifh cGJí ausmif;odkY
vmtyf\/
Z/ tarS[d oHCó 'gemed 'D,aEÅ/ igwdkYonf oHCmtm; tvªwdkYukd vªtyfukef\/
ps/ odaó[d tmp&d,ó qwåH "m&D,aw/ wynfhwdkYonf q&mtm; xD;udk aqmiftyf\/
n/ Aka'ë a'0rEkómeH "ar®m a'oD,aw/ bk&m;onf ewfvlwdkYtm; w&m;udk a[mtyf\/
#/ odaó[d tmp&d,awm odyÜH O*¾,Saw/ wynfhwdkYonf q&mhxHrS twwfudk oif,ltyf\/
X/ Aka'ë owåmeH tw¬m, "ar®m a'oD,aw/ bk&m;onf owå0gwdkY\ tusKd;iSg w&m;udk a[mtyf\/
!/ r,m yd@m, *garm *päD,aw/ igonf qGrf;tvdkYiSg ½GmodkY oGm;tyf\/
¡/ yk&dao[d tm*EÅKumeH bwåH 'D,aw/ a,musfm;wdkYonf {nfhonfwdkYtm; qGrf;udk ay;vªtyf\/
(ygVdodu©m 43-46)
ã twåaemyk'f0dbwfwdkYonf y&óyk'f0dbwfodkY wcgw&H ajymif;vJEdkifí 'D,wd-ay;tyf\? ]]a'oD,wd-

a[mtyf\? *päD,wd-oGm;tyf\}} ponfjzifh y&óyk'f0dbwfyHkpHjzifhvnf; awGUedkifonf/
aw *päD,wd taEÅ *päD,EÅd

ao *päD,od a0S *päD,x
{ *päD,mrd arS *päD,mr
ã uHa[m0guswGif rl&if;"mwfodkY udwfypönf;ac: wç wAÁç teD,ç aw,sç rsm; qufí uHa[m

Bud,mjyKvkyfEdkifonf/ udwfBud,mwGif emrf0dbwfqufay;&onf/ odkYjzpfí uHa[m udwfBud,monf uH
yk'fESifh vdif0kpf0dbwfwl&onf/
]w} udk tyfNyD[k jrefrmjyef&onf/ ]]wAÁç teD,ç aw,s}} wdkYudk tyfonfç xdkufonfç oifhonf
[k jrefrmjyef&onf/
rl&if;"mwfodkY wAÁ qufyHk
(u) AsOf;qHk;aom rl&if;"mwfudk £(-d) cHí qufyg/
yHkpHrsm; cg'wd? cg'dwAÁ? pm;oifh\? pm;xdkuf\? pm;tyf\/

pdaEÅwd? pdEdÅwAÁ? BuHpnftyf\? BuHpnfxdkuf\? BuHpnfoifh\/
ykpäwd? ykpädwAÁ? ar;tyf\? ar;oifh\? ar;xdkuf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
84
(c) tm-ponfh o&rsm; qHk;onfh rl&if;"mwfodkY wdkuf½kdufqufyg/
yHkpHrsm; y[m,wd? y[mwAÁ? y,ftyf\/

Xmwd? XmwAÁ? &yftyf\/
ygwd? ygwAÁ? aomuftyf\/
aewd? aewAÁ? aqmiftyf\/
aZwd? aZwAÁ? atmiftyf\/
(*) AsOf;qHk;onfh rl&if;"mwfodkY wAÁquf&mwGif &Hcg wAÁrS wESifh "mwf\tqHk;AsOf;onf yHkpHajymif;vJ

oGm;Muonf/
yHkpHrsm; zkowd? azm|AÁ? awGUxdtyf\/ (zko+wAÁ)

|
*rwd? *EÅAÁ? oGm;tyf\/ (*r+wAÁ)
E
0pwd? 0wåAÁ? ajymtyf\/ (0p+wAÁ)
w
rl&if;"mwfodkY teD, qufyHk
yHkpHrsm; cg'wd? cg'eD,H-pm;tyf

ylaZwd? ylZeD,H-ylaZmftyf
&rwd? &reD,H-ESpfouftyf
0gusyHkpH u/ w,m tbd"ar®m odu©dwaAÁm/ oifonf tbd"r®mudk oifoifhonf/

c/ tarS[d y@dwm ao0dwAÁm/ uREkfyfwdkYonf ynm½SdwdkYudk rSD0J(aygif;azmf)oifhMuonf/
]tbd"ar®m}[laom uHyk'fonf yk&daomuJhodkY yHkvdef yxrm {u0kpf 0dbwfjzpfí ]odu©dwaAÁm}

[laom udwfBud,mvnf; yk&daomuJhodkY yHkvdef yxrm {u0kpf 0dbwfjzpf&onf/ ]w,m}um; uHa[m0gusü
ygaom uwåm;jzpfí wwd,mjzpf&onf/
]y@dwm}[laom uHonf yk&domuJhodkY yHkvdef yxrm A[k0kpf 0dbwfjzpfí ]ao0dwAÁm}[laom
udwfBud,mvnf; yHkvdef yxrm A[k0kpf 0dbwfjzpf&onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
85
ã jyKvkyfol uwåm; r½SdyJESifhvnf; rl&if;"mwfodkY wAÁqufí ur®Bud,m wnfaqmufEdkifonf/
4if;Bud,myHkpHonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ]pdwåH}uJhodkY eyHkvdef {u0kpf0dbwfjzifh taersm;onf/
yHkpH/ {0H ZmedwAÁH-þodkY odtyf\/

{0arwH '|AÁH-þt&mudk þodkY rSwftyf\/
ã wAÁ? teD, qufaom yk'frsm;udk emr0daooe tjzpfjzifh toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh teD,

qufaomyk'frsm;udk emr0daooetjzpfjzifhom toHk;rsm;onf/
yHkpH/ 1? y@dawm ao0dwAÁH yk*¾vH ao0wd/ ynm½Sdonf rSD0Jxdkufaomyk*¾Kdvfudk rSD0J\/

2? t[H 'óeD,H tm&r®PH yómrd/ igonf vSyaom tm½kHudk jrif\/
ã wAÁ? teD, qufaom yk'frsm;udk wcgw&H emrfyk'ftjzpfjzifhvnf; toHk;jyKonf/
yHkpH/ *[ywd cg'eD,H abmZeD,H y#d,ma'wd/ ol<u,fonf cJbG,f abmZOfudk pD&if\/
zwfpmrsm;
u/ pwåma&m £ar yk*¾vm e ao0dwAÁm/ av;rsKd;ukefaom þyk*¾KdvfwdkYudk rrSD0Jtyfukef/

c/ wD[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm Amavm a0'dwaAÁm/ &[ef;wdkY oHk;yg;aom w&m;wdkYESifh jynfh
pHkoludk vlrdkuf[k odtyf\/
*/ w,m £ro®ð *gar e 0odwAÁH/ oifonf þ½Gmü raetyf/
C/ tarS[d {0H e pdEÅdwAÁH/ uREkfyfwdkYonf þodkY rBuHpnftyf/
i/ oraP[d £ar pwåma&m "r®m ZmedwAÁm/ &[ef;wdkYonf þav;yg;aomw&m;wdkYudk odtyf
ukef\/
p/ wa,m £ar "r®m y@daw[d y[mwAÁm/ þw&m;oHk;yg;wdkYudk ynm½SdwdkYonf y,ftyfukef\/
(wuúodkvfydkYcscsuf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
86
q/ r,m yknH uwHç e ygyH/ igonf aumif;rIudk jyKtyf\? raumif;rIudk rjyKtyf/
Z/ yk&daoe 0d[ma&m uawm/ a,musfm;onf ausmif;udk aqmufvkyftyf\/
ps/ yk&daoe omvm uwm/ a,musfm;onf Z&yfudk aqmuftyf\/
n/ yk&daoe a*[H uwH/ a,musfm;onf tdrfudk aqmuftyf\/
#/ yk&dao[d 0d[ma&m uawm/ a,musfm;wdkYonf ausmif;udk aqmuftyf\/
X/ yk&dao[d omvm uwm/ a,musfm;wdkYonf Z&yfudk aqmuftyf\/
!/ yk&dao[d a*[H uwH/ a,musfm;wdkYonf tdrfudk aqmuftyf\/
¡/ yk&daoe 0d[m&m uwm/ a,musfm;onf ausmif;wdkYudk aqmufvkyftyfukef\/
P/ yk&daoe omvma,m uwma,m/ a,musfm;onf Z&yfwkYdudk aqmuftyfukef\/
w/ yk&daoe a*[med uwmed/ a,musfm;onf tdrfwdkYudk aqmuftyfukef\/
x/ yk&dao[d 0d[m&m uwm/ a,musfm;wdkYonf ausmif;wdkYudk aqmuftyfukef\/
'/ yk&dao[d omvma,m uwma,m/ a,musfm;wkYdonf Z&yfwkYdudk aqmuftyfukef\/
"/ yk&dao[d a*[med uwmed/ a,musfm;wkdYonf tdrfwdkYudk aqmuftyfukef\/
(yxrBuD;wef; ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef;)
14/ wa,mar bdu©a0 r'g/ uwar wa,m¿ a,mAÁera'g tma&m*sra'g ZD0dwra'g/ (tH?1?yg?145)
15/ wdaóm £rm bdu©a0 orÜ'g/ uwrm wdaóm¿ o'¨gorÜ'g oDvorÜ'g ynmorÜ'g/ £rm
acg bdu©a0 wdaóm orÜ'gwd/ (tH?1?yg?291)
16/ wDPdrmed bdu©a0 y@dwynwåmed oyÜK&doynwåmed/ uwrmed wDPd¿ 'geH bdu©a0 y@dwynwåH
oyÜK&doynwåH/ yAÁZÆm bdu©a0 y@dwynwåm oyÜK&doynwåm/ rmwmydwleH bdu©a0 Oy|meH y@dwynwåH
oyÜK&doynwåH/ (tH?1?yg?149)
17/ wD[d bdu©a0 ta*F[d orEém*awm rdawåm ao0dwaAÁm/ uwar[d wD[d¿ 'k'´'H ''gwd? 'kuú&H
ua&mwd? 'ku©rH crwd/ £ar[d acg bdu©a0 ta*F[d orEém*awm rdawåm ao0dwaAÁm/
(tH?1?yg?289)
½Sif;vif;csuf
ã rsOf;wm;xm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;udk Munfhyg/ ]r'g} yHkvdifemrfjzpfí 4if;\ 0daooeudk wa,m[k yHkvdefyHkpHjzifh

a&;onf/ ]orÜ'g}onf £w¬dvdifjzpfí 4if;\ 0daooeudk ]wdaóm}[k £w¬dvdefyHkpHjzifh a&;onf/ ]ynwåmed}onf
eyHkvdef jzpfí 4if;\ 0daooeudk ]wDPd} [k eyHkvdefyHkpHjzifh a&;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
87
18/ wD[d bdu©a0 Xmae[d oa'¨g yoaEém a0'dwaAÁm/ uwar[d wD[d¿ oDv0EÅmeH 'óeumarm
a[mwd? o'¨r®H aomwkumarm a[mwd? 0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&H tZÑm0owd rkwåpma*g
y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm ,mpa,ma*g 'geoH0dbm*&awm/ £ar[d acg bdu©a0 wD[d Xmae[d
oa'¨g yoaEém a0'dwaAÁm/ (tH?1?yg?149)
19/ wdaóm £rm bdu©a0 0k¹kda,m/ uwrm wdaóm¿ o'¨g0k¹kd oDv0k¹kd ynm0k¹kd/ £rm acg bdu©a0
0k¹kda,mwd/ (tH?1?yg?291)
20/ *E¨Zmwokwå
txacg tm,o®m tmeaE´m a,e b*0g awEkyouFrd? OyouFrdwGm b*0EÅH tbd0ga'wGm

{urEÅH edoD'd? {urEÅH edodaEém acg tm,o®m tmeaE´m b*0EÅH {w'a0gp ----
wDPdrmed baEÅ *E¨Zmwmed? a,oH tEk0gwHa,0 *aE¨m *päwd aem y#d0gwH/ uwrmed wDPd¿
rlv*aE¨m om&*aE¨m ykyæ*aE¨m? £rmed acg baEÅ wDPd *E¨Zmwmed? a,oH tEk0gwHa,0 *aE¨m *päwd
aem y#d0gwH/ tw¬d Ek acg baEÅ udÍöd *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd?
tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwDwd/
tw¬meE´ udÍöd *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd
*aE¨m *päwDwd/ uwrÍö ye *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd?
tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwDwd/
£"meE´ ,o®ð *gar 0g ed*ar 0g £w¬D 0g yk&daom 0g Ak'¨H o&PH *awm a[mwd? "r®H
o&PH *awm a[mwd? oHCH o&PH *awm a[mwd? ygPmwdygwm y#d0d&awm a[mwd? t'dEém'gem
y#d0d&awm a[mwd? umarokrdpämpm&m y#d0d&awm a[mwd? rkom0g'g y#d0d&awm a[mwd? ok&mar&,
rZÆyrm'|mem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? oDv0g a[mwd uvsmP"ar®m? 0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&H
tZÑm0owd rkwåpma*g y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm ,mpa,ma*g 'geoH0dbm*&awm/
wó 'domok orPjA[®Pm 0PÖH bmoEÅd ]]tokuo®ð emr *gar 0g ed*ar 0g £w¬D 0g

yk&daom 0g Ak'¨H o&PH *awm a[mwd? "r®H o&PH *awm a[mwd? oHCH o&PH *awm a[mwd?
ygPmwdygwm y#d0d&awm a[mwd? t'dEém'gem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? umarokrdpämpm&m y#d0d&awm
a[mwd? rkom0g'g y#d0d&awm a[mwd? ok&mar&, rZÆyrm'|mem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? oDv0g a[mwd
uvsmP"ar®m? 0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&HtZÑm0owd rkwåpma*g y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm
,mpa,ma*g 'geoH0dbm*&awm}}wd/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
88
a'0wmydó 0PÖH bmoEÅd ]]tokuo®ð emr *gar 0g ed*ar 0g £w¬D 0g yk&daom 0g Ak'¨H
o&PH *awm a[mwd? "r®H o&PH *awm a[mwd? oHCH o&PH *awm a[mwd? ygPmwdygwm
y#d0d&awm a[mwd? t'dEém'gem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? umarokrdpämpm&m y#d0d&awm a[mwd? rkom0g'g
y#d0d&awm a[mwd? ok&mar&, rZÆyrm'|mem y#d0d&awm a[mwd? oDv0g a[mwd uvsmP"ar®m?
0d*wrvrapäa&e apwom t*g&H tZÑm0owd rkwåpma*g y,wygPd a0go*¾&awm ,mpa,ma*g
'geoH0dbm*&awm}}wd/ £'H acg wH tmeE´ *E¨ZmwH? ,ó tEk0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwd? y#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m
*päwd? tEk0gwy#d0gwrÜd *aE¨m *päwDwd/

e ykyæ*aE¨m y#d0gwarwd?
e pEéH w*&rv’dum 0g/
owÍö *aE¨m y#d0gwarwd?
oAÁm 'dom oyÜK&daom y0g,wDwd/ (tH?1?yg?226)
21/ pwåm&drmed bdu©a0 o*F[0w¬Led/ uwrmed pwåm&d¿ 'geH ay,s0ZÆH tw¬p&d,m ormewåwm
£rmed acg bdu©a0 pwåm&d o*F[0w¬LeDwd/ (tH?1?yg?341)
22/ pwl[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm ,xmbwH edu©dawåm {0H ed&a,/ uwar[d pwl[d¿
ygPmwdygwD a[mwd? t'dEém'g,D a[mwd? umarok rdpämpm&D a[mwd? rkom0g'D a[mwd/ £ar[d
acg bdu©a0 pwl[d "ar®[d orEém*awm ,xmbwH edu©dawåm {0H ed&a,/ (tH?1?yg?382)
23/ pwåma&mar bdu©a0 yk*¾vm oaEÅm oH0dZÆrmem avmuo®ð/ uwar pwåma&m¿ ½lyyÜyrmaPm?
½lyyÜoaEém aCmoyÜrmaPm aCmoyÜoaEém? vlcyÜrmaPm vlcyÜoaEém? "r®yÜrmaPm "r®yÜoaEém/
£ar acg bdu©a0 pwåma&m yk*¾vm oaEÅm oH0dZÆrmem avmuo®ðEÅd/ (tH?1?yg?382)
24/ pwaóm £rm bdu©a0 tmbm/ uwrm pwaóm¿ pE´mbm ol&d,mbm t*¾gbm
ynmbm/ £rm acg bdu©a0 pwaóm tmbm/ {w'*¾H bdu©a0 £rmoH pwkEéH tmbmeH
,'d'H ynmbmwd/ (tH?1?yg?456)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
89
yÍö(5) rS t|m&o(18) txd *Pef;ocsFmrsm;
y^'k yÍö
w^rD yÍö[d
p^q yÍöEéH
o yÍöok
(vdifoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\)
½kyfNyD;yHk
y^'k yÍö + a,m = yÍö w^rD yÍö + [d = yÍö[d

Íöf+ ? ? Íöf+?> ?
p^q yÍö + eH = yÍöEéH o yÍö + ok = yÍöok

Íöf+?> ? (E)vm Íöf+?> ?
q-6? owå-7? t|-8? e0-9? 'o-10? {um'o-11? 'Gg'o-12? aw&o-13? pk'ó-14?

yEé&o-15? aomVo-16? owå&o-17? t|m&o-18? þ ocsFmwdkYonf yÍöESifh ½kyfpOfyHkç ½kyfNyD;yHk
tm;vHk;wlMuonf/
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
16/ aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ eH aMumifh 'Gd pwk tp t|m&otqHk; yk'fwdkYaemif evm/
39/ yÍöm'De rwåH/ ok eH [d wdkYaMumifh yÍö rS t|m&owdkifaom ocsmF*Pef;rsm;\ ]t} onf
a-odkY ajymif;roGm;&ef ]t}odkYajymif;onf/ (aocsmatmifjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf)
83/ yÍöm'De ruma&m/ a,m ESpfvHk;aMumifh yÍö rS t|m&owdkifaom ocsmF8Pef;rsm;\ ]t}onf
a,mESifhtwl ]t}odkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
90
zwfpmrsm;
25/ abmZeH bdu©a0 ''rmaem 'g,aum y#d*¾g[umeH yÍö Xmemed a'wd/ uwrmed yÍö¿ tm,Hk
a'wd? 0PÖH a'wd? okcH a'wd? AvH a'wd? y#dbmeH a'wd/ (tH?2?yg?35)
26/ yÍödrmed bdu©a0 umv'gemed/ uwrmed yÍö¿ tm*EÅKuó 'geH a'wd? *rduó 'geH a'wd?
*dvmeó 'geH a'wd? 'kAÇdau© 'geH a'wd? ,med wmed e0oómed e0zvmed? wmed yXrH oDv0aEÅok
ywd|maywd/ £rmed acg bdu©a0 yÍö umv'gemeDwd/ (tH?2?yg?35)
27/ yÍödrm bdu©a0 orÜ'g/ uwrm yÍö¿ o'¨gorÜ'g oDvorÜ'g okworÜ'g pm*orÜ'g ynm
orÜ'g/ £rm acg bdu©a0 yÍö orÜ'gwd/ (tH?2?yg?46)
28/ yÍödar bdu©a0 puFar tmedoHom/ uwar yÍö¿ t'¨geu©arm a[mwd? y"meu©arm a[mwd?
tyÜgAma"m a[mwd? todwH yDwH cg,dwH om,dwH or®m y&drmPH *päwd? puFrm"d*awm orm"d
pd&|dwdaum a[mwd/ £ar acg bdu©a0 yÍö puFar tmedoHomwd/ (tH?2?yg?24)
29/ yÍödrmed bdu©a0 Xmemed orÜóEÅm rmwmydwa&m ykwåH £päEÅd ukav Zm,rmeH/ uwrmed yÍö¿
bawm 0g aem b&dówd? udpöH 0g aem u&dówd? ukv0Haom pd&H Xówd? 'g,ZÆH y#dyZÆdówd?
tx 0g ye aywmeH umvuFwmeH 'u©dPH tEkyÜ'ówDwd/ £rmed acg bdu©a0 yÍö Xmemed
orÜóEÅm rmwmydwa&m ykwåH £päEÅd ukav Zm,rmeEÅd/ (tH?2?yg?37)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
91
&wåm'd*kdPf;
ykv’dif Oum&EÅ
bdu©K (&[ef;) ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ bdu©K bdu©L? bdu©a0g

tm/ abm bdu©K abmaEÅm bdu©L? bdu©a0? bdu©a0g
'k/ bdu©KH bdu©L? bdu©a0g
w/ bdu©Kem bdu©L[d? bdu©Lbd? bdu©K[d? bdu©Kbd
p/ bdu©Kó? bdu©Kaem bdu©LeH? bdu©KeH
rD/ bdu©Ko®m? bdu©Kem bdu©L[d? bdu©Lbd? bdu©K[d? bdu©Kbd
q/ bdu©Kó? bdu©Kaem bdu©LeH? bdu©KeH
o/ bdu©Ko®ð? bdu©KrSd? bdu©Lok? bdu©Kok
½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ bdu©K + od = bdu©K bdu©K + a,m = bdu©L bdu©K + a,m =bdu©a0g

bdu©f+K> L bdu©f+K> ? a0g
tm/ bdu©K? bdu©L? bdu©a0g (yxrm ESifhwl) bdu©K + a,m = bdu©a0
bdu©f+K> ? a0
'k/ bdu©K + ? H> -H = bdu©KH bdu©L? bdu©a0g (yxrmESifhwl)
w/ bdu©K + em = bdu©Kem bdu©K + [d = bdu©L[d^bd bdu©K + [d = bdu©K[d^bd

bdu©f+K> L
p^q/ bdu©K + o = bdu©Kó bdu©K + o = bdu©Kaem bdu©K + eH = bdu©LeH
ó aem bdu©f+K> L
bdu©K + eH = bdu©KeH
rD/ bdu©K + o®m = bdu©Ko®m bdu©K + o®m = bdu©KrSm bdu©K + o®m = bdu©Kem
rSm em
(bdu©L[d?bd? bdu©K[d?bd wwd,mESifhwl)
o/ bdu©K + o®ð = bdu©Ko®ð bdu©K + o®ð = bdu©KrSd bdu©K + ok = bdu©Lok

bdu©K + ok = bdu©Kok rSd bdu©f+K> L
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
92
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
169/ aooawm avmyH *odyd/ tH Mo tm odkY rajymif;vJaom tmvkyf odç vd*Fw¬ od onf aysmuf
uG,foGm;onf/
67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ Cypsv1wdkYrS pum;vHk;aemufu a,monf aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
65/ tuw&óm vawm ,Gmvyeó a0a0g/ yHkvdef Oum&EÅ aemufu tmvkyf a,monf
a0ç a0g odkYajymif;onf/
68/ vawm a0guma&mp/ yHkvdef OÔD qHk;onfh pumvHk;aemufu a,m onf a0g odkYajymif;onf/
um&o'´gydkjzifh a,m onf aemodkYajymif;onf/ a[wkaemçZEÅKaem yHkpH/
(65-okwf tpDt&ifrS <uif;orQ tmvkyf yxrm 'kwd,m a,mwdkYudk
þokwfu a0g-omjyKonf/ a0-rjyK)
46/ a0a0gok avmp/ a0ç a0g aMumifh O onf t odkY ajymif;onf/
31/ tHarmed*¾[DwH psvay[d/ psvy aemuf tHonf ed*¾[dwfodkY ajymif;onf/
38/ okeH[dokp/ okç eHç [d 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh a½SUu o&onf 'DCodkY ajymif;onf/
rajymif;onfh tcgvnf;½Sdonf/
66/ psvawm oó aem 0g/ psv2 wdkY aemufu o onf aem odkYajymif;onf/
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ vaemufu tHonf eHodkYajymif;onf/
yHkpH/ t[H 0aE´ r[m0D&H Ak'¨rm'dpöAE¨KeH/ ('D-2? yg? 229)

t[H-igonf? r[m0D&H-vHk;vBuD;awmfrlaom? tm'dpöAE¨KeH-aerif;\ aqGawmmfjzpfawmfrlaom? Ak'¨H-
bk&m;udk? 0aE´-½Sdcdk;yg\/
2/ a,m udk a0gçaem rjyK&mü a,maMumifh O onf t odkY ajymif;onf/ a[wa,mç ZEÅa,m ponf
jzpf\/ (v,fwDy'rmvmusrf; ywGJ 127)
yHkpH/ taZÆ0 wH uk½ka,m ygy,mwk/ (Zm 2? 308) ygü uk½ka,m[k½Sd/ ed½kwåd(108)ü

uk&a,mûk½ka,m ESpfrsKd; jyonf/ taZÆ0-,aeYüyif? wH-xdk0d"l&trwfudk? uk½ka,mûk&a,m-
uk½kwdkif;wdkYodkY? ygy,mwk-a&mufapavm/ (ZmwuygVdr[medygwfedos 'k ESm 65)
1/ £w¬dvdif tm qHk;onfh pum;vHk;udk (4if;wdkY\tmudk) ]]C}} [kac:onf/ £w¬dvdif £þ OOD qHk;onhfpum;vHk;

rsm;udk (4if;wdkY\ £þOODudk) ]]y}} [kac:onf/ yHkvdef eyHkvdef £ þ qHk;aompum;vHk;rsm;udk (4if;wdkY\
£þudk) ]]ps}} yHkvdef eyHkvdef O OD qHk;aompum;vHk;rsm;udk (4if;wdkY\ O ODudk) ]]v}} [kac:onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
93
Oum&EÅyHkvdif *kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
bdu©K &[ef; y#K vdr®mol omEk awmifxdyfjyif

bmPk aerif; &m[k tok&def auwk wHcGef^rSefuif;
y*Fk qGHUtol OpäK BuH odE¨K orkj'm
£"k rD;pm a0VKâ0Pk 0g; ae½kâr½k jrif;rkd&fawmif
*k½k q&m a[wk taMumif; aowk wHwm;
rpöK aorif; AE¨K rdwfaqG owåK &efol
um½k vuform; ½k½k qwfowå0g u#päK ZGef;
uk½k uk½kwdkif;
ã *k½ko'´g0,f a,m0dbwfudk vawma0guma&m p ü um&o'´gjzifh aemjyKí *k½kaem[k ½kyfrsm;ydk\/

a[wko'´g0,f a,m0dbwfjzifh a[wka,m[k ydk\/ ZEÅKo'´güum; ZEÅKa,mç ZEÅKaem [k ESpf½kyfydk\/
(wGJbuftajcjyKo'´g 88)
zwfpmrsm;
30/ txacg ax&meH bdu©LeH {w'a[mod ]]uw¬ Ek acg r,H "r®Íö 0de,Íö o*Fga,,smrm}}wd
txacg ax&meH bdu©LeH {w'a[mod]]&mZ*[H acg r[ma*gp&H y[lwaoemoeH? ,EéLe r,H
&mZ*a[ 0óH 0oEÅm "r®Íö o*Fga,,smrm? e tan bdu©L &mZ*a[ 0óH Oy*apä,sK}}EÅd/

(oDvu©E¨0*¾t|uxm-6)
31/ pwl[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm bdu©K tyPÖuy#dy'H y#dyaEém a[mwd? a,medpó tm&'¨g
a[mwd tmo0geH c,m,/ uwar[d pwl[d¿ £" bdu©a0 bdu©K oDv0g a[mwd? A[kókawm
a[mwd? tm&'¨0D&da,m a[mwd? yn0g a[mwd? £ar[d acg bdu©a0 pwl[d "ar®[d orEém*awm
bdu©K tyPÖuy#dy'H y#dyaEém a[mwd? a,medpó tm&'¨g a[mwd tmo0geH c,m,mwd/

(tH? yg? 1? 388)
32/ {0H ar okwH -- {uH or,H b*0g om0w¬d,H 0d[&wd aZw0ae temxyd@duó tm&mar/
wMw acg b*0g bdu©L tmraEÅod ]]bdu©a0g}}wd/ ]]b'aEÅ}}wd bdu©L b*0awm ypöaómoHk/
(tH? yg? 2? 1)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
94
tajccHajymif;vJyHk
1/ow¬+K> mç od ow¬m'd*kdPf;
2/ow¬+K> ?ç eH ykv’dif Oum&EÅ
3/ow¬+K> m& ow¬K (bk&m;) ½kyfpOfyHk
y ow¬m ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)1

tm abmow¬ç ow¬m abmaEÅm ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)
'k ow¬m&Hç (ow¬KH ) ow¬ma&m (ow¬ma&)
w ow¬m&mç ow¬Kem ow¬ma&[dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd
p ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH
rD ow¬Ko®m2çow¬KrSmçow¬m&mçow¬Kem ow¬ma&[dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd
q ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH
o ow¬Ko®ðç ow¬KrSdç ow¬&d ow¬ma&okç ow¬Lok
y ow¬K + od = ow¬m ow¬K + a,m = ow¬ma&m

ow¬f+ K> m ow¬f+ K> m& a-m
ow¬K + a,m = ow¬m
m
tm ow¬K + od =ow¬ ow¬K + od = ow¬m
ow¬f+K> m> ? ow¬f+ K> m
(ow¬ma&m? yxrma,mESifwl)
'k ow¬K + tH = ow¬m&H ow¬K + tH = ow¬KH
-H
(ow¬ma&m? yxrma,mESifwl) ow¬K + a,m = ow¬ma&
ow¬f+ K> m& a
w ow¬K + em = ow¬Kem ow¬K + em = ow¬m&m

ow¬f+ K> m& m
ow¬K + [d = ow¬ma&[d^bd
ow¬f+ K> m &
&f+?> a ow¬K + [d = ow¬L[d ^ bd
ow¬f+K> L
1 v,fwDy'rmvmjyô'éDwdjy ½kyfydk
2 v,fwDy'rmvmjy ½kyfydk
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
95
p^q ow¬K + o = ow¬K ow¬K + o = ow¬Kó
ow¬f+ K> K ó

ow¬K + o = ow¬Kaem ow¬K + eH = ow¬m&meH
aem ow¬f+ K> m &
&f+?> m
ow¬K + eH = ow¬meH ow¬K + eH = ow¬LeH

ow¬f+K > ? > m ow¬f+ K> L

rD ow¬K + o®m = ow¬Ko®m ow¬K + o®m = ow¬KrSm
rSm

ow¬K + o®m = ow¬KeSm ow¬K + o®m = ow¬m&m
em ow¬f+K> m& em > m
(ow¬ma&[d^bd? ow¬L[d^bd wwd,mESifhwl)
o ow¬K + o®ð = ow¬Ko®ð ow¬K + o®ð = ow¬KrSd

rSd
ow¬K + o®ð = ow¬&d
ow¬f+ K> m & -d
?
ow¬K + ok = ow¬ma&ok ow¬K + ok = ow¬Lok

ow¬f+ K> m & ow¬f+ K> L
&f+?> a
ow¬KESifh½kyfpOfyHkâjymif;vJyHkwlaom pum;vHk;rsm;
ow¬K(omo+&w¬K)bk&m; uwåK(u&+wk)jyKvkyfol bwåK(b&+&dwk)vif(t½Sifocif)

0w¬K(0'^0p+wk)ajymqdkwwfol aewk(eD+wk) âewåK-aqmifwwfol
ewåK (ew+&dwk)-ajr; "mwk("m+wk)aqmifwwfol
ã ]]wk}}onf jyKvkyfwwfol[laom(uwåm;) t"dyÜg,fudk jyonf/

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
96
tpDt&ifxl;
ã uwåKç cwåK-trwf? trwfa[m uwåKç cwåK wdkY\ tmvkyfodonf {odkYajymif;í uawåç cawå [k
½SdEdkifonf/ *odaMumifh uwåK\ Oonf tm&odkYajymif;í uwåm&[kvnf; ½SdEdkifonf/ aewåKaemufu
o®ðonf {odkYajymif;í aeawå[kvnf;½SdEdkifonf/
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
148/ ow¬Kydwm'DerSm odo®ð odavmaygp/ odaMumifh ow¬Kydwk ponfwdkY\ tqHk; Oonf tmodkYajymif;
NyD; odonf aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
149/ tanoGm&wåH/ odrSwyg;aom 0dbwfaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf tm&odkYajymif;onf/
150/ 0g eHrSd/ eHaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf wcgw&H tm&odkYajymif;onf/
151/ ow¬KewåÍö/ eHaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf t odkYajymif;onf/
152/ Ooo®ð oavmaygp/ oaMumifh ow¬K ydwkwdkY\ tqHk;Oonf O odkY xyfajymif;onf/ ovnf;
aysmufuG,foGm;onf/ Oxyfajymif;jcif;jzifh cdkifNrJoGm;í tm&odkY rajymif;awmhay/
154/ wawma,mearmwk/ OrS ajymif;vmaom tm&rSaemuf a,monf MoodkY ajymif;onf/
155/ wawmo®drd/ tm&aemufu o®ð onf £odkYajymif;onf/ (wawmjzifhtm&aemufr[kwfaom o®ðudk
vnf; £odkYajymif;onf? bk0dç 'd0d)
156/ emtm/ tm& aemufu em onf tm odkY ajymif;onf/
157/ tma&m&órDuma&/ o®ð onf £odkYajymif;u tm&\ tmonf t odkYajymif;onf/
107/ oAÁa,mederm{/ tm{ okwfcGJjzifh tm&aemufu yxrma,monf tmç 'kwd,ma,monf
{odkYajymif;oonf/
66/ psvawm oó aem 0g/ psv wdkY aemufu o onf aem odkYajymif;onf/
218/ trS wkrS(y)o®mem0/ o®mudk em0dbwf ajymif;vJyHktwkdif; ajymif;Edkifonf/
ã emç eH ESpfvHk;? aygif; 0dbwfoHk;rsKd;aMumifh O onf tm&odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/ oESpfvHk; od

wdkYaMumifh Oonf tm&odkYrajymif;/ usef0dbwf½SpfrsKd;aMumifh Oonf tm&odkY tNrJajymif;onf/
xdkYaMumifh ]] oHk;aMumifh0duyf? oHk;aMumifhvyf? ½Spf&yftm&NrJ }} [k 0dok'¨g½kHq&mawmfqdkonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
97
ykv’dif Oum&EÅ
ydwk (tb) ½kyfpOfyHk
y ydwm ydwa&mç (ydwm)

tm abmydwç ydwm abmaEÅm ydwa&m (ydwm)
'k ydw&H (ydwkH) ydwa&m (ydwa&)
w ydw&mç ydwkem ydwa&[dç ydwa&bd ydwl[dç ydwlbd
p ydwkç ydwkaemç ydwkó ydw&meHç ydwmeHç ydwleH
rD ydwko®mçydwkrSmçydw&mçydwkem ydwa&[dç ydwa&bd ydwl[dç ydwlbd
q ydwkç ydwkaemç ydwkó ydw&meHç ydwmeHç ydwleH
o ydwko®ðç ydwkrSdç ydw&d ydwa&okç ydwlok
ã ½kyfajymif;vJyHkrSm ]]ydwk\ OrSmajymif;vmaom tm&\ tmonf todkY ajymif;½kHom}} xl;\/ usef

tmvHk; ow¬K ESifhwl\/
ydwkESifh½kyfpOfyHkâjymif;vJyHkwlaompum;vHk;rsm;
ydwk (yg+&dwk) tb bmwk (bZ^bmo+&mwk) tpfudkç nD

Zmrmwk (Ze+&dwkçZerSeonfrodkYajymif;) om;ruf
ydwkponftwGufpOf;rsOf;
158/ ydwm'DerodrSd/ odrSwyg;aom0dbwfaMumifh ydwkponfwdkY\ tm&\ tm-onf t-odkYajymif;onf/
(usefpnf;rsOf;rsm;rSm ow¬Ktwdkif; jzpfonf)
tpDt&ifxl;
ã 1/ awmypönf;aMumifh ydwk\ Oonf £odkYajymif;onf/ ydwdawm (tzbufrS)

2/ ormofüvnf; ydwk\ ydwk\ Oonf £odkYajymif;onf/ ydwdyau©m (tzbuf)
3/ ydwkaemufu em'd{u0kpf ig;vHk;onf ,modkYajymif;onf/ aywsm
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
98
£w¬dvdif Oum&EÅ
rmwk (tar) ½kyfpOfyHk
y rmwm rmwa&m
tm abmwd rmwç rmwm abmwda,m rmwa&m
'k rmw&H (rmwHk) rmwa&m (rmwa&)
w rmw&mç rmwk,mç rmwa&[dç rmwa&bdç rmwl[dç rmwlbd
p rmwkç rmwkóç rmwk,mç rmw&meHç rmwmeHç rmwleH
rD rmw&mç rmwk,mç rmwa&[dç rmwa&bdç rmwl[dç rmwlbd
q rmwkç rmwkóç rmwk,mç rmw&meHç rmwmeHç rmwleH
o rmwko®ðç rmwkrSdç rmw&dç rmwk,mç rmwk,H rmwa&okç rmwlok
(ed½kwåd'DyeDygXf-114)
ã "Dwkç 'k[dwk (orD;) ewåK (ajr;rdef;uav;) ponfwdkYwdkYudk rmwkuJhodkY ½kyfpOfyg/ ajr;rdef;ra[m

ewåKü tm&\ tmudk trajymif;yJ ewåma&mç ewåm&H[k jzpfonf/
tpD&ifxl;
1/ rmwkü emç o(2)ç o®mç o®ð {u0kpf ig;vHk;ü rwsm? o®ðü rwsH [k½SdEdkifonf/
2/ ydwkü emç o(2)ç o®mç o®ð {u0kpf ig;vHk;ü aywsm? o®ðü aywsH [k½SdEdkifonf/
3/ tmvkyfodonf {odkY ajymif;onf/ tpä&d,H eE´rmaw? eE´rmaw-eE´r,fawmf? tpä&d,H-
tHhMozG,f½SdaypG?
½kyfajymif;yHk
rmwk + em = rmwk,m rm wk + em = rwsm

,m r+ m wf+ K ,m
?
yd wk + em = aywsm
y+-d> a w+ K ,m
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
61/ yawm,m/ yaemufu emç oç o®mç o®ð onf ,modkYajymif;onf/
61/ awok0¹d/ rmwkü wk\ Oonf aysmufuG,foGm;NyD; rm\ tonf todkYajymif;onf/
165/ Cyawmo®ð,H0g/ Cyaemufu o®ðonf ,HodkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
99
raem*kdPf; tum&EÅ ykvd’if ^ eykv’dif
od reHç raem remç remed

tm abm reç rem abmaEÅm remç remed
'k reHç raem raeç remed
w raeeç reom rae[dç raebd
p reóç reaom remeH
rD reo®mç rerSmç rem rae[dç raebd
q reóç reaom remeH
o reo®ðç rerSdç reodç rae raeok
ã raem o'´gonf yk&dom'd*kdPf;xuf tHç emç oç o®ð wdkYüom xl;onf/ usef0dbwfrsm;

yk&dom'd*kdPf;ç pdwåm'd*kdPf;wdkYESifh wlonf[k rSwfyg/
½kyfajymif;yHk
re + tH = raem re + em = reom
a-m (o) m
re + o = reaom re + o®ð = reod
(o) a-m (o) -d
pOf;rsOf;rsm;
130/ raem*Pm'dawm o®ðemerdtm/ raem*Pm'd*dkPf;o'´gwdkYrS aemufjzpfukefaom o®ð em wdkYonf

tpOftwdkif; £ tm odkYajymif;onf/
131/ oó.apm/ raem*Pm'd*dkPf;o'´gwdkYrS aemufjzpfukefaom o tH wdkYonf Mo odkYajymif;onf/
133/ ooa&0g.*arm/ aemufo&aMumifh raem*Pm'd*dkPf;o'´gwdkYrS aemufü vdktyfvQif o-vmyg/
132/ {awo.arm avmay/ 0dbwfausNyD;aomf raem*kdPf;o'´gwdkY tqHk;tonf MoodkYajymif;onf/
(132-pOf;rsOf;onf ormofç w'¨dwfyk'frsm; twGufom jzpfonf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
100
raem*kdPf;vu©Pm
1/ emç oç o®ð ü tpOftwdkif; omç aomç od qHk;aom pum;vHk;(yk'f)½Sdjcif;

2/ Bud,mESifh,SOf&m &Hcg MotqHk;½Sdjcif;(0apm okwGm? raem wGm? reH OwGm)
3/ ormofç w'¨dwfodkY a&mufvQif tv,frSm Moa&muf&jcif; þt*FgoHk;yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaom *kdPf;onf
raem*kdPf;rnf\/
(ed,H) omç aomç od yg? ud&d,m Mo? tv,f Mo? raem*kdPf;[kod/ (v,fwDy'rmvm? y-76)
raem*kdPf; ykv’dif *kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
0apm-pum; 0a,m-t½G,f awaZm-rD;ç wefcdk;

wayg-tusifh apawm-pdwf warm-trdkufarSmif
ta,m-oH(ow¬K) oda&m-OD;acgif; ya,m-a&ç EdkY&nf
oa&m-a&tdkif Oa&m-&ifbwf &a[m-rsufuG,f
ta[m-aeY&uf qaE´m-tvdkç wPSmç qEápwoduf
,aom-ta>ct&HçtausmftaZm
ã raem*kdPf;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh eyHkvdefjzpfonf/ ykHvdefvnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfí pdwåm'd*kdPf;

yk&dom'd*kdPf;rsm;uJhodkY ½kyfpOfESifh ½kyfajymif;vJyHkudk em;vnfyg/
ã (OD;awZ uJhodkY emrnfa[m awZç ,oç qE´ wdkYonf ykHvdefyk&dom'd*kdPf; jzpfonf/ ysufjcif;
t"dyÜg,f½Sdaom 0,ç BuD;yGm;jcif;ç ukokdvfaumif;rI t"dyÜg,f½Sdaom t,ç o&½SpfvHk;udk qdkvdkaom
o& wdkYonf ykvdefyk&dom'd*kdPf;jzpfonf/ &a[m onf edygwfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf)
(tajcjyKo'´gwGJbuf-53)
ã em? o®m 0dbwfae&mü ]]aom}}awGUu raem*kdPf;[k rrSwfESifh/

tw¬aom-teuftmjzifh? AsÍÆeaom-o'´gtm;jzifh? okwåaom-okwftm;jzifh? Oyg,aom-
Oyg,fwrsOftm;jzifh? oAÁaom-tvHk;pHktm;jzifh? Xmeaom-wcPjcif;tm;jzifh? 'DCaom-tvsm;(t½Snf)
rS)? Mo&aom-twGif;rS?
pOf;rsOf;rsm;
54/ aom 0g/ tum&EÅyk'f aemufu emonf aom odkYajymif;onf/
55/ 'DaCma&[d/ 'DC Mo& o'´gwdkY aemufu o®monf aomodkY ajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
101
raem*Pm'd*kdPf;
raem*Pm'd*kdPf;onf raem*kdPf;vu©PmoHk;yg;wGif (u) yk&dom'd*kdPf; pdwåm'd*kdPf;xuf eHygwf

wpf ½kyfyHkpHom ydkaom*dkPf; (c) eHygwf ESpf ESifh oHk; ½kyfyHkpHom ydkaom*kdPf;[k eSpfrsKd;½Sd\/
(u) yxr raem*Pm'd*kdPf; ½kyfpOfyHk
y AdvH Advmç Advmed

tm abm Advç Advm b0EÅmed Advmç Advmed
'k AdvH (]]Adavm}}[k r½SdEdkif) Advmç Advmed
w Adaveç Advom Adav[dç Adavbd
p Advóç Advaom AdvmeH
rD Advo®mç AdvrSç Advm Adav[dç Adavbd
q Advóç Advaom AdvmeH
o Advo®ðç AdvrSdç Adavç Advod Adavok
yxr raem*Pm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
AdvH-wGif;? AvH-tm;ç tpGrf;ç ppfonfAdkvfygç tmPm? 'arm-qHk;rjcif;? 0ga[m-qif,mOfpaom

,mOfç twif;½Spfq,fudk ac:aom wpf0g[? xmarmç xmrH-tm;ç tpGrf;? Za&m-tzsm;a&m*g? Z&m-
tdkjcif;? y'H-yk'fç edAÁmefç ajcç ajc&m? rkcH-rsmufESmç cHwGif;
ã þyk'frsm;wGif ed*¾[dwfqHk;aomyk'frsm;udk pdwåm'd*kdPfuJhodkYç MoqHk;aomyk'frsm;udk yk&dom'd*kdPf;uJhodkYç

tmqHk;aom yk'fudk unm'd*kdPf;uJhodkY ½kyfpOfç ½kyfajymif;yHkudk odyg/ emç oç o®ð ü omç aomç od
½kyfydkrsm;xnfhyg/ xdkYjyif xmarm xmrH 0,f em-ü xmraomç xmrkem? o-ü xmrkaem? o®m-ü
xmrkem [k eHygwfwpf raem*kdPf;vu©Pm½kyftjyif xyfí ydkygao;onf/
xmro'´g ykv’dif½kyfpOfyHk
y xmarm xmrm
tm abm xmrç xmrm abmaEÅm xmrm
'k xmrH xmar
w xmareç xmromç xmrkemç xmraom xmar[dç xmarbd
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
102
p xmróç xmraomç xmrkaemç xmrmeH
rD xmro®mç xmrrSmç xmrmç xmrkem xmar[dç xmarbd
q xmróç xmraomç xmrkaemç xmrmeH
o xmro®ðç xmrrSdç xmarç xmrod xmarok
(eyHkvdefxmro'´gudk pdwåm'd*kdPf;twdkif;pOfNyD; ½kyfydkrsm;xnfhyg)
xmr + em = xmraom
aom
xmrkaemç xmrkem ponfudk ur®twdkif; odyg/ pmrsufESm 9-udk jyefMunfhyg/
(c) 'kwd, raem*Pm'd*kdPf; ½kyfpOfyHk
y tmayg tmyg
tm abm tmyç tmyg abmaEÅm tmyg
'k tmyHç tmayg tmay
w tmaye (]tmyom}[k r½Sd) tmay[dç tmaybd
p tmyó (]tmyaom}[k r½Sd) tmygeH
rD tmyo®mç tmyrSmç tmyg tmay[dç tmaybd
q tmyó (]tmyaom}[k r½Sd) tmygeH
o tmyo®ðç tmyrSdç tmay (]tmyod}[k r½Sd) tmayok
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
tmayg-a&? o&a'g-o&'Owkç ESpf? 0ga,m-av? &aZmç&ZH-jrLrIef
(&ZH udk eyHkvdef pdwåm'd*kdPf;pOf&NyD; usefyk'frsm;ukd yk&dom'd*kdPf;twdkif; pOf&onf)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
103
zwfpm
30/ pwl[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm t&d,om0aum oAÁ'k*¾wdb,H orwduúaEÅm a[mwd/
uwar[d pwl[d ¿
£" bdu©a0 t&d,om0aum Aka'¨ ta0pöyoma'e orEém*awm a[mwd ]]£wdyd aom
b*0g t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g 0dZÆmp&PorÜaEém ok*awm avmu0d'l tEkwåa&m yk&do'r®om&xd ow¬m
a'0rEkómeH Aka'¨g b*0g}}wd/
"ar® ta0pöyoma'e orEém*awm a[mwd ]]oGmu©mawm b*0wm "ar®m oE´d|daum tumvd
aum {[dyódaum Moyae,sdaum ypöwåH a0'dwaAÁm 0dnL[D}}wd/
oHaC ta0pöyoma'e orEém*awm a[mwd ]]okyÜ#dyaEém b*0awm om0uoHaCmç
OZkyÜ#dyaEém b*0awm om0uoHaCmç Ó,y#dyaEém b*0awm om0uoHaCmç omrdpdyÜ#dyaEém
b*0awm om0uoHaCmç ,'d'H pwåm&d yk&do ,k*ged t|yk&doyk*¾vm {o b*0awm om0uoHaCm
tm[kaea,smç yg[kaea,smç 'u¨daPa,smç tÍÆvdu&PDa,mç tEkwå&H yknau©wåH avmuóm}}wd/
t&d,uaEÅ[d oDav[d orEém*awm a[mwd tca@[d tqda'´[d toAav[d tur®mao[d
bkZdaó[d 0dnLyoaw¬[d ty&mra|[d orm"doH0wåedau[d/ £ar[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm
t&d,om0aum oAÁ'k*¾wdb,H orwduúaEÅm a[mwd/ (oH-3? 'k*¾wdb,okwf-317)
cufqpfpum;vHk;t"dyÜg,f
oH'd|du(wd) oH+'do+w=oH'd|+Pdu?
t&d,(wd)t&-Ps jrwfaom?olawmfaumif; udk,fwdkif awGUEdkifaom w&m;
om0u(yk) emMum;ol? wynfh tumvdu(wd) e+umvdu? tcgrvifh
orwduúEÅ(wd) oH+twd+ur+w(wDudwf) tusKd;ay;wwfaom
aumif;pGm vGefajrmufonf {[d(yÍörD) vmavmh? {wd(0wårmef)oGm;\? a&muf\
ta0pö(Bud0d) odí? ynmjzifhouf0ifí {[d-yódu(wd)vmMunfhyg[k tpD&if cHxdkufonf
yom'(yk)y+o'+P? Munfjcif;? MunfnKdjcif; ypöwåH (ed) rdrdudk,fwdkifç rdrdoEÅmefüç toD;toD;
orEém*w(wd)oH+tEk+tm*w? jynfhpHkonf 0dnL (yk) ynm½Sd
t&[(wd) t&[+t? xdkufaom okyÜ#dyEé (wd) aumif;pGm usifhtyfonf
or®m(ed) aumif;pGm? rSefpGm OZkyÜ#dyEé (wd) ajzmifhaom tusifh½Sdonf
orÁK'¨(wd) oH+Ak"+w?(wDudwf)udk,fwdkifodonf Ó,yÜ#dyEé (wd) edAÁmeftvdkYiSm usifhtyfonf
0dZÆm(xD) 0d'+,? todÓPf omrdpdyÜ#dyEé (wd) ½kdaorIESifh avsmfatmifusifhonf
p&P(e)p&+,k? tusifh? oGm;jcif;? ajc? ajcz0g; tm[kae,s(wd)tm+[k+teD,=ta0;rSaqmifí
ok*w(wd)ok+*w? aumif;aomtvm;½Sdonf ay;vªjcif;udk cHxdkufonf
avmu(yk)avmu+t? vlYjynf? bHkoHk;yg; yg[kae,s(wd)yg[ke+aP,s={nfhonfzdkYtvªudk
'r®(wd) 'r+,? qHk;rxdkufaomol cHxdkufonf
om&xd(yk) om&+&xd? qifjrif;ponfudk oifjyol 'u©daP,s(wd)'u©dPm+aP,s=jrwfaomtvªudk
oGmu©mw(wd)ok+tm+cg+w? cHxdkufonf
aumif;pGma[mMum;tyfaom tÍÆvdu&PD,(wd)tÍÆvd+u&PD,=vuftkyfcsDjcif;iSg
xdkufonf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
104
omrnumv
yÍörDBud,m
wckckvkyfzdkY apcdkif;vdkonfhtcgç wdkufwGef;onfhtcgç qkawmif;onfhtcgç qkay;onfhtcg

ponfwdkYü þyÍörDBud,mudk toHk;jyKonf/ þyÍörDBud,monf ypöKyÜef twdwf tem*wfumvwdkYwGif
umvwckckudkom rnTefjy/ umvomrefudkom nTefjyonf/ odkYjzpfí umvoHk;yg;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf[k
,lq&rnf/
a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr wk tEÅK
wkrS [d x
trS rd r
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr bkÍÆwk bkÍÆEÅK
wkrS bkÍÆ? bkÍÆm[d bkÍÆx
trS bkÍÆmrd bkÍÆmr
tpDt&ifxl;
1/ taemif [d wcgw&H ausaysmuf? yHkpH-bkÍÆ
2/ [dç rdç r a½SUu t> tm ajymif;? ykpH-bkÍÆm[d? bkÍÆmrd? bkÍÆmr
yHkpHrsm; 1/ ua&mwk ukovH/ ukovH-ukodkvfudk? ua&mwk-jyKygavm/

2/ okcH aw a[mwk/ aw-oifhtm;? okcH1-csrf;omonf? a[mwk-jzpfygapownf;/
3/ t[H okcD b0grd/ t[H-igonf? okcD-csrf;om½Sdonf? a[mrd-jzpf&ygvdk\/
4/ wkarS 'ku©m rkpöx/ wkarS-oifwdkYonf? 'ku©m-qif;&JrS? rkpöx-vGwfajrmufMuygap/
5/ wkarS okcdwm a[mx/ wkarS-oifwdkYonf? okcdwm-csrf;omjcif;½SdMuukefonf?
a[mx-jzpfMuygapukefownf;/
6/ b0gba0 t[H t,H okrermvm0 yd,m a[mrd/
b0gba0-b0wdkif;b0wdkif;ü? t[H-igonf? t,H okrermvm0-þjrav;yef;uJhodkY?
yd,m2-cspfp&maumif;olonf? b0grd-jzpf&ygvdk\/
1 okcôkcdw(wd) csrf;om? okcD(yk) csrf;omol? okcD(wd) csrf;omjcif;½Sdonf

2 yd,(wd)cspftyfaom? yd,(yk) cspftyfaomolç vifç wufrç wuf? yd,(e) cspftyfaomt&m?
yd,m(xD) cspftyfaomr,m;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
105
arwåmydkY
taem"d
(1) oaAÁ owåm ta0&m a[mEÅK? tAsmyZÆm a[mEÅK? teDCm a[mEÅK? okcD twåmeH y&d[&EÅK (arwåm)/
'ku©m rkpöEÅK (u½kPm)/ ,xmv'örÜwådawm rm 0d*päEÅK (rk'dwm) ur®óum (Oayu©m)/
(2) oaAÁ ygPm . . ./
(3) oaAÁ blwm . . ./
(4) oaAÁ yk*¾vm . . ./
(5) oaAÁ twåbm0y&d,myEém . . ./
Mo"d
(6) oAÁm £w¬da,m . . ./
(7) oaAÁ yk&dom . . ./
(8) oaAÁ t&d,m . . ./
(9) oaAÁ te&d,m . . ./
(10) oaAÁ a'0g . . ./
(11) oaAÁ rEkóm . . ./
(12) oaAÁ 0dedygwdum ta0&m a[mEÅK? tAsmyZÆm a[mEÅK? teDCm a[mEÅK? okcD twåmeH
y&d[&EÅK (arwåm)/ 'ku©m rkpöEÅK (u½kPm)/ ,xmv'örÜwådawm rm 0d*päEÅK (rk'dwm)
ur®óum (Oayu©m)/
yk&w¬drm, 'dom, ypädrm, 'dom, Owå&m, 'dom, 'u©dPm, 'dom,ç yk&w¬drm,
tEk'dom, ypädrm, tEk'dom, Owå&m, tEk'dom, 'u©dPm, tEk'dom, a[|drm, 'dom,
Oy&drm, 'dom, oaAÁ owåm (y) oaAÁ 0dedygwdum (y) ur®óum/ (edos oN*Ø[fbm#D 650)
ygVd-jrefrm tbd"mef
a[mEÅK-jzpfMuygap ygP(yk) xGufouf0ifouf½Sdaom 0dedygwdu(wd) tyg,fbHkom;
t-a0&(wd) &efr½Sdonf owå0g Mo"d(y) ydkif;jcm;jcif;
t-AsmyZÆ(yk?e)pdwfqif;&Jjcif;r½Sdol blw(yk?e) cE¨mig;yg;xif½Sm;jzpfol taem"d(e+Mo"d) (wd) tydkif;tjcm;
teDC(wd) qif;&Jr½Sdol yk*¾v(y) yk*¾Kdvf? owå0g r½Sdaom
y&d+[&-aqmif twåbm0+y&d,myEé(wd) twåabmü yk&w¬dr(wd) ta½SUjzpfaom
'ku©(e)qif;&J tusKHk;0ifol Owå&(wd) ajrmuft&yfjzpfaom
rkpö-vGwf t&d,(wd) t&d,m 'u©dP(wd) awmift&yfjzpfaom
,xmv'örÜwåd(xD)-&NyD;pnf;pdrf te&d,(e+t&d,) (wd) ykxkZOf ypädr(wd)taemuft&yfjzpfaom
0d*pä-ukefcef;çuif;aysmufçysufpD; a'0(y) ewf 'dom(£)t&yfrsufESm
ur®+ou=ur®óu(wd) rEkó(y)vl tEk'dom(£)taxmifht&yf
uHomvQif udk,fydkifOpöm½Sdol £w¬d(£) rdef;r
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
106
ig;yg;oDv cH,laqmufwnfyHk
t[H baEÅ wdo&aPe o[ yÍöoDvH "r®H ,mpmrd tEk*¾[H uwGm oDvH a'x ar baEÅ/
('kwd,rÜd - -) (wwd,rÜd - -)
, r[H 0'grdç wH 0a'x/ tmr baEÅ/
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd/
"r®H o&PH *pämrd/
oHCH o&PH *pämrd/ 'kwd,rÜd ----? wwd,rÜd/
o&P*reH y&dykPÖH/ tmr baEÅ/
ygPmwdygwm a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

t'dEém'gem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
umarok rdpämpm&m a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
rkom0g'g a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
ok&mar&,rZÆyrm'|mem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
£'H ar yknH tmo0u©,H 0[H a[mwk/ £'H ar oDvH edAÁmeó ypöa,m a[mwk/
(tmo0u©,m0[H-[kvnf;½Sdonf/ Ak'¨bmomvufpGJ ywGJ-125)
wdo&aPe o[ yÍöoDvH "r®H om"kuH uwGm tyÜrma'e orÜma'x/ tmr baEÅ/
edos &wemh*kPf&nf 197-244
ygVd-jrefrm tbd"mef
wd(3-vdif)oHk; 'kwd,(wd)ESpfckajrmuf yd(ed)vnf; rdpäm(As)rSm;,if;

o&P(e)udk;uG,f&m wwd,(wd)oHk;ckajrmuf y&dykPÖ(wd)jynfhpHkNyD tmpm&(e)tusifh
o[(As)wuGoDv(e) oDv?tavh?tusifh twdygw(yk) vsifpGm rkom(As)rSm;aompum;
yÍö(wdvdif)5 0'(blçpk)ajymqdk usapjcif;?owfjcif; 0g'(yk)ajymjcif;
"r®-usifh0wf?odu©myk'f tmr(As)0efcHjcif;?[kwfuJh t'dEé(wd)ray;tyfaom ok&m(£)csuft&uf
,mp(bl)awmif; baEÅ(ed)t½Sifbk&m; tm'ge(e),ljcif; ar&,(yk)yef;ponfa&mt&uf
tEk*¾[(yk)csD;ajr§mufjcif; earm(As)½Sdcdk;jcif;(onfûdk) umr(yk)vdkcsifp&m rZÆ(e)t&uf
yrm'(yk)arhjcif; Xme(e)taMumif;?wnfjcif; a0&rPD(£)a½SmifMuOfjcif; odu©my'(e)usifh0wf?odu©myk'f
orm'd,-aumif;pGm tmo0(yk)tmoa0w&m; tm0[^0[(wd)½Gufaqmif om"kuH(ed)aumif;pGm
aqmufwnf c,(yk)ukefjcif; edAÁme(e)Nidrf;jcif; orÜma'-jynfhpHkap
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
107
omrnumv
owårDBud,m
wckckvkyfzdkY olwyg;tm; cGifhjyKonfhtcgç BuHpnfawG;awmrIudk azmfjyonfhtcgç ponfwdkYü

þowårDBud,mudk toHk;jyKonf/ þowårDBud,monfvnf; ypöKyÜef twdwf tem*wfumvwdkYwGif
umvwckckudkom rnTefjy/ umvomrefudkom nTefjyonf/ odkYjzpfí umvoHk;yg;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf[k
,lq&rnf/
a,m8 {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr {,s {,sKH
wkrS {,smod {,smx
trS {,smrd {,smr
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emr *apä,sç *apä *apä,sKHç *päKH
wkrS *apä,smodç *apä *apä,smx
trS *apä,smrdç *apä *apä,smr
tpDt&ifxl;

{,sç {,smodç {,smrd > { ajymif;? ykpH-*apä
{,sKH > OH ajymif;? ykpH-*päKH
owårDtoHk;jyKyHk
cGifhjyKjcif;/ wGH *grH *apä,smod/

wGH-oifonf? *grH-½GmodkY? *apä,smod-oGm;csifoGm;awmh/
BuHqjcif;/ t,H t&[m ba0,s/
t,H-þolonf? t&[m-&[EÅmonf? ba0,s-jzpfavmuf&m\/
qkawmif;jcif;/ t[H Aka'¨g ba0,sH/
t[H-igonf? Aka'¨g-bk&m;onf? ba0,sH-jzpf&ygvdk\/
wdkufwGef;âwmif;yefjcif;/ rmP0H tZÑmay,smod/
(wGH-oifonf) rmP0H-vkvifudk? tZÑmay,smod-o&ZÑm,fapygavm?
(pmcsay;ygavm)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
108
ygVdzwfpm
yxryg&mZdu arxke"r® odu©my'
a,m ye bdu©K bdu©LeH odu©momZD0ormyaEém odu©H typöu©m, 'kAÁvsH tem0duwGm arxkeH

"r®H y#daoa0,s? tEÅraom wd&dpäme*wm,yd? yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/
ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef
odu©m (£) tusifh omZD0(wd)o+tmZD0 touf½Sdonf ormyEé(wd)aumif;pGma&muftyfonf

ypöu©m,(Bud?0d)ywd+tm+cg+wGm 'kAÁvs(e)'kAÁv+, tm;enf;aomtjzpf tm0duwGm(Bud?0d) tm0d+u&+wGm
y,fçpGefYçcs í arxke(e)arxkefrSD0Jjcif; xifpGmjyKí
"r®(yk)tusifh y#d+ao0-rSD0J tEÅraom(As) tEÅ+£r+aom
yg&mZdu (wd) omoemrS toH0go(wd) &[ef;aumif;ESifhaygif; (£onftajymif;) t,kwfqHk;tm;jzifh
qHk½IH;aptyfol?yg&mZduusol cGifh r½Sdol
'kwd,yg&mZdu t'dEém'ge odu©my'
a,m ye bdu©K *grm 0g t&nm 0g t'dEéH ax,socFgwH tm'da,,s? ,xm½lay t'dEém'gae

&mZmaem apm&H *a[wGm [ae,sKH 0g AaE¨,sKH 0g yAÁmaZ,sKH 0g ]] apma&mod Amavmod rlaVSmod
axaemoD}} wd wxm½lyH bdu©K t'dEéH tm'd,rmaem t,rÜd yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/
(0denf;i,fav;apmifygXf-ESm 4)
ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef
ax,s (e) cdkjcif; ocFgw (wd) qdktyfonf tm'd, (tm+'g+,) ,l

,xm½ly (wd) tMuifodkYoabm½Sdaom &mZm (yk) rif; apm& (yk) cdk;ol
wxm½ly (wd) tMuifodkYoabm½Sdaom *a[wGm(*[+wGm),lí [e(bl)owfjcif;ç n§if;qJjcif;
AE¨-(bl?pk) wkwfaESmifjcif; Amv(wd) vlrdkuf?i,f½G,fol axe(wd)olcdk;
yAÁmaZ,sKH(y+0Z+aP+{,sKH) tod (to+od) jzpf\ rlVS (wd) awGa0ol? vlrdkuf
xGufoGm;ap y&d+bmo-uJh&Jh?qJa&;?Budrf;armif;
ã ax,socFgwH ü ed*¾[dwf(ao;ao;wif)onf yxrm od0dbwfrS ajymif;vmonf/ odkYaomf jzifh [k

bmomjyef&rnf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
109
£w¬dvdef oAÁemrf½kyfpOfrsm;
oAÁo'´g^,o'´g ½kyfpOfyHk

y oAÁm oAÁmç oAÁma,m
tm abmwd oaAÁ abmwda,m oAÁmç oAÁma,m
'k oAÁH oAÁmç oAÁma,m
w oAÁm, oAÁm[dç oAÁmbd
p oAÁm,ç oAÁóm oAÁmoHç oAÁmomeH
r oAÁm, oAÁm[dç oAÁmbd
q oAÁm,ç oAÁóm oAÁmoHç oAÁmomeH
o oAÁm,Hç oAÁóH oAÁmok
(þ½kyfpOfü trsm;pkrSm unm'd*kdPf;ESifh wl\/ oAÁómç oAÁmoHç oAÁmomeHç oAÁóH om xl;\)

(,-o'´gonf oAÁESifh ½kyfpOf½kyfNyD;yHk tukefwlonf/ okdYaomf tmvkyfyHkpH rygonfomxl;\)
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
128/ Cyawm o®ð omeH oHom/ Cytrnf½Sdaom oAÁemrfwdkY aemufu o®ðç o 0dbwfwdkYonf
tpOftwdkif; wcgw&H oHç o wdkY ajymif;onf/
11/ oHomaoGu 0paeok p/ {u0kpf0dbwf oH om tjyKaMumifh o vm/
15/ aCm&óH/ {u0kpfjzpfukefaom oHç om tjyKwdkYaMumifh Ctrnf½Sdaom tmonf todkYajymif;onf/

½kyfajymif;vJyHk
oAÁ m + o = oAÁóm oAÁm + eH = oAÁmoH

? (o) om oH
oAÁm + eH = oAÁmomeH oAÁ m + o®ð = oAÁóH

omeH ? (o) oH
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
110
8 yg;oDv cH,laqmufwnfyHk
t[H baEÅ wdo&aPe o[ t|*ForEém*wH OaygoxoDvH "r®H ,mpmrd? tEk*¾[H uwGm

oDvH a'x ar baEÅ/ 'kwd,rÜd . . . . / wwd,rÜd . . . . . /
, r[H 0'grdç wH 0a'x/

tmr baEÅ
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd/

"r®H o&PH *pämrd/
oHCH o&PH *pämrd/ ('kwd,rÜd .../ wwd,rÜd.../)
o&P*reH y&dykPÖH/
tmr baEÅ/
1/ ygPmwdygwm a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

2/ t'dEém'gem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
3/ tjA[®p&d,m a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
4/ rkom0g'g a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
5/ ok&mar&,rZÆyrm'|mem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
6/ 0dumvabmZem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
7/ epö *Dw 0g'dw 0dolu 'óe rmvm*E¨ 0davye "m&P r@e
0dbloeXmem a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/
8/ Opömo,e r[mo,em a0&rPdodu©my'H orm'd,mrd/

£'H ar yknH tm0ou©,H 0[H a[mwk/
£'H ar oDvH edAÁmeó ypöa,m a[mwk/
wdo&aPe o[ t|*ForEém*wH OaygoxoDvH "r®H om"kuH uwGm tyÜrma'e orÜma'x/

tmr baEÅ/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
111
ygVd-jrefrm tbd"mef
t|*F+orEém*w (wd) Oaygox+oDv(e) OykofoDv tjA[®+p&d,(e) rjrwfaomtusifh

8-yg;aom t*FgESifh jynfhpHkaom 0dumv+abmZe(e) aevGJtcgpm;jcif; epö(e) ujcif;
*Dw(e)aw;?oDcsif;?oDcsif;qdkjcif; 0g'dw(e)BuKd;wyfwl&d,m? wD;rIwfjcif; 0dolu(e) yGJobif
'óe(e) ('óe+o0e) rmvm(xD) yef; *E¨(yk) eHYom
0d½ly{uaoof=Munfh½I 0davye(e) eHomjzifhvdrfjcif;ç "m&P(e?xD)yefqifjcif;?0wfqifjcif;
em;axmifjcif; (om&w¬#D) vdrf;p&meHYom r@e(e)vufaumufponfjzifh
0dbloe(xD?e) wefqmqifjcif;ç 0dbloe+Xme(e)wefqmqifjcif;taMumif; cE¨mudk tvSqifjcif;? rdwfuyfjc,fjcif;
tqifwefqm Opöm+o,e(e) (vuf½Spfopfxuf) r[m+o,e(e)jrwfaomtdyf&mae&m
jrifhaomtdyf&mae&m o,e(wd)ausmif;? tdyf,m? ae&m
]]rmvm"m&P-yef;trsKd;rsKd;yefjcif;? *E¨r@e-eHYomjypfjzifh edrfh&mt&yfjynfhNzKd;atmifzdkYjcif;? 0davye0dbloe-ta&mifwif

aq; a&arT;eHYomqD rsufESmacsaygif'gwdkYudk vdrf;usHjc,fvS,fjcif;}}[k wGJpyfyg/
(½kyf½Sifusihf0wf 21? &wemh*kPf&nf 234)
£w¬dvdef
oAÁemrf wo'´g ½kyfpOfyHk

{u0kpf A[k0kpf
y/ om emç ema,mç wmç wma,m

'k/ eHç wH emç ema,mç wmç wma,m
w/ em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd
p/ wdómçwómçeómçtóm
wdóm,çwóm,çeóm,çtóm, emoHç emomeHç wmoHç wmomeH
em,ç wm,
rD/ em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd
q/ wdómçwómçeómçtóm
em,ç wm,
o/ wdóHç wóHç eóHç tóHç em,Hç wm,H emokç wmok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
112
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
11/ oHomaoGu 0paeok p/ {u0kpf0dbwf oH om tjyKaMumifh o vm/
12/ {wdrmord/ {u0kpf0dbwf oHomtjyKaMumifh {wmç £rmwdkY\ tmonf £odkYajymif;onf/
13/ wóm 0g/ {u0kpf0dbwf oHomtjyKaMumifh wm\ tmonf £odkYajymif;onf/
14/ wawm oó óm,/ ]wm {wm £rm}wdkY aemufu o onf óm, wdkY ajymif;onf/
15/ aCm&óH/ {u0kpf0dbwf oH om tjyKaMumifh Ctrnf½Sdaom tmonf &óajymif;onf/
60/ Cawm em'DeH/ Ctrnf½Sdaom tm\ aemufü½Sdaom em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf tm, odkY
ajymif;onf/
oGm;onf/
123/ {wawoH awm/ od aMumifh eyHkvdefr[kwfaom {w \ wESifh w onf o odkYajymif;onf/
124/ wó 0g ew¬H oAÁw¬/ vdeftm;vHk;ü w onf e odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
125/ oo®mo®ð oHomoGwåH/ o o®m o®ð 0dbwfESifh 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmaom oH omaMumifh w onf
t odkY ajymif;onf/
185/ £w¬d,rawm tmypöa,m/ tum&EÅpum;vHk;rsm;aemufwGif £w¬dvdifyg[k ajymjy&ef -g qufay;
&rnf/
y/ w + m + od = om w + m + a,m = wm w + m + a,m = wma,m

o w + m + a,m = em w + m + a,m = ema,m
e e
'k/ w + m + i = wH w + m + i = eH (trsm;udef; yxrmESifhwl)

e
w/ w + m + em = wm, w + m + em = em,
m, e m,
rD/ w + m + [d = wm[d^bd w + m + [d = em[d^bd

e
p^q/ w + m + o = wdóm w + m + o = wómêóm^tóm
-d (o)om e^t ? (o)om
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
113
w + m + o = wdóm, w + m + o = wóm,êóm,^tóm,
-d óm, e^t ? óm,
w + m + o = wm,êm, w + m + eH = wmoH^wmomeH
e m, oHômeH
w + m + eH = emoHêmomeH
e oHômeH
o/ w + m + o®ð = wm,H w + m + o®ð = em,H

,H e ,H
w + m + ok = wmok w + m + ok = emok
e
£w¬dvdef
oAÁemrf {wo'´g ½kyfpOfyHk

{u0kpf A[k0kpf
y/ {om {wmç {wma,m

'k/ {wH {wmç {wma,m
w/ {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd
p/ {wm,ç {wdómç {wdóm, {wmoHç {wmomeH
rD/ {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd
q/ {wm,ç {wdómç {wdóm, {wmoHç {wmomeH
o/ {wm,Hç {wdóH {wmok
(½kyfajymif;yHk w o'´gtwdkif; odyg)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
114
£w¬dvdef
oAÁemrf £r o'´g ½kyfpOfyHk

{u0kpf A[k0kpf
y/ t,H £rmç £rma,m

'k/ £rH £rmç £rma,m
w/ £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd
p/ £rm,ç tómç tóm,
£rdómç £rdóm, £rmoHç £rmomeH
rD/ £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd
q/ £rm,ç tómç tóm,
o/ £rm,Hç tóHç £rdóH £rmok
y/ £rm + od = t,H
t,H
p^q/ £r + m + o = tóm
t ? (o) om
(usef½kyfajymif;yHkrsm;udk £w¬dvdif w o'´gtwdkif; odyg)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
115
wwd,yg&mZdu rEkó0d*¾[ odu©my'
a,m ye bdu©K oÍödpö rEkó0d*¾[H ZD0dwm a0ga&may,s ow¬[m&uH 0gçó y&da,ao,s?

r&P0PÖH 0g oH0aPÖ,s? r&Pm, 0g orm'ay,s ]]tarÇm yk&do uð wk,Sdrdem ygyaue 'kZÆD0dawe?
rwH aw ZD0dwm aoa,sm}}wd/ £wd pdwåraem pdwåouFayÜg taeuy&d,ma,e r&P0PÖH 0g
oH0aPÖ,s? r&Pm, 0g orm'ay,s? t,rÜd yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/
ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef
oÍödpö(Bud?0d)(oH+pdw+wGm)aumif;pGmaphaqmfí rEkó(yk) vl 0d*¾[(yk) cE¨mudk,f

a0ga&may,s(0d+t0+½k[+aP+{,s)cGJtHh ZD0dw(e) touf ow¬(e) vufeuf
[m&u(wd)aqmifwwfaom r&P(e)aojcif; 0PÖ(yk) *kPfaus;Zl;
y&da,ao,s(y&d+£o+{,s)½SmtHh ygyu(wd),kwfrmaom 'kZÆD0dw(e)raumif;aom
oH0aPÖ,s(oH+0PÖ+aP+{,s)csD;rGrf;^xif½Sm;jytHh rw(e)aojcif; touf½Sifjcif;
orm'ay,s(oH+tm+'g+Pmay+{,s) aumif;pGm,laptHh aoa,sm(t) jrwf\
pdwåouFyÜ(yk)pdwfüjzpfaom tBuH taeu(wd)rsm;aom
y&d,m,(y) taMumif;? tvSnfh? tBudrf
pwkw¬yg&mZdu Owå&drEkó"r® odu©my'
a,m ye bdu©K tebdZmeH Owå&drEkó"r®H twåKyem,duH tvr&d,ÓP'óeH ork'gpa&,s

]]£wd Zmemrd? £wd yómrD}}wd? wawm tya&e ora,e orEk*¾g[D,rmaem 0g torEk*¾g[D,rmaem
0g tmyaEém 0dok'¨gayau©m {0H 0a',s ]]tZmear0 tm0kaom t0pH Zmemrd tyóH yómrdç wkpäH
rkom 0dvyd}}EÅd? tnMw t"drmem? t,rÜd yg&mZdaum a[mwd toH0gaom/
ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef
rEkó"r®(yk) ukovur®yx 10-yg; tbdZme(e)odjcif; Owå&d(wd)vGefaom

twåKyem,du(wd)twå+Oyem,du tvH+t&d,+ÓP'óe(wd) wawm(As)xdkrS?xdkYaMumifh
rdrdü uyfaqmifí pGrf;Edkifaom t&d,mÓPftjrif½Sd ty&(wd)tjcm;? wyg;
ork'gpa&,s(oH+O+tm+p&+{,s) ajymjytHh tmyEé(wd) tm+y'+w?a&mufol tnMw(As)MuOfí
orEk*¾g[D,rme (oH+tEk+*[+aP+,+rme) t"drme(yk)&NyD[kxifjcif; wkpä(wd)qdwfokOf;aom
ppfaq;tyfaomf rkom(As)rkom;
0dok'¨(wd)0d+ok"+w? pifMu,faom 0dvyð(0d+vy+£H)ajymqdkNyD
tayu©(wd)ty+£u©+t? tvdk½Sdaomôl t0pH(t+0p+tZÆwåeD t rS
tHajymif;) ajymcJhNyD
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
116
ykv’dif trk (xdk^þ) o'´g
½kyfpOfyHk
y tokç trk trl
'k trHk trl
w trkem trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd
wwd,mrS
p trkaem1ç trkóç t'kó trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH
owårDxd
rD trko®mç trkrSmç trkem trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd A[k0kpftm;vHk;
q trkaemç trkóç t'kó trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH vdifoHk;yg;üwl
o trko®ðç trkrSd trlokç trkok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;/ 37/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/ a,m0dbwfond edodkY ajymif;NyD;vQif4if;

odkYr[kwf a,m0dbwfonf ausajymufNyDvQif4if; a½SYu o&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
67/ Cyawmp a,meH avmayg/ Cypsv pum;vHk;aemufu a,monf
aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
79/ trkóm'Hk/ eyHkvdifü tHç od wdkYaMumifh trk onf tHç od ESifh twl t'Hk odkY
ajymif;onf/ (tvdkufuif;okwf? oaMumifhvnf; t'kHajymif;Edkif ao;onf)
122/ trkó armoH/ od aMumifh eyHkvdifr[kwfaom trk \ r onf o odkY
ajymif;onf/
127/ oAÁawm aum/ yk'ftm;vHk;aemufü u tu©&m xyfa&;Edkifonf/
½kyfNyD;yHk
trk + od = tok trk + od = trk trk + a,m = trl

rf> of+K r+K> L
trk + ?H = trHk trk + a,m = trl

H rf+K> L
trk + em = trkem trk + [d = trl[d^bd trk[d? trkbd

rf+K> L
(p^q) trk + o = trkó trk + o = t'kó trk + o = trkaem

ó t'kH(ed*¾[dwfacs) aem
1 v,fwDy'rmvmjy? psvawm oó aem 0g jzifh pD&if?
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
117
trk + eH = trloH^trlomeH trk + eH = trkoH^trkomeH
rf+K> L oHômeH oHômeH
trk + o®m = trko®mç trkrSmç trkem1 trk + [d = trl[d^bd trk+[d= trk[d^bd

rSmêm rf+K> L
trk + o®ð = trko®ð^trkrSd trk + ok = trlok trk + ok = trkok

rSd rf+K> L
eykv’dif trk (xdk^þ) o'´g

½kyfpOfyHk
y t'kHç trHk trlç trled

'k t'kHç trHk trlç trled
trk + od = t'Hk trk + od = trHk trk + a,m = trl trk + a,m =trled
t'kH ? H> . rf+K> L rf+K> L ed

trk + ? H = t'kH trk + ? H = trHk
t'Hk H
£w¬dvdif trk (xdk^þ) o'´g

½kyfpOfyHk

y tokç trk trlç trka,m
'k trHk trlç trka,m
w trk,m trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd
p trk,mç trkóm trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH
rD trk,m trl[dç trlbdç trk[dç trkbd
q trk,mç trkóm trloHç trlomeHç trkoHç trkomeH
2
o trk,mçtrkóHçtrk, H trlokç trkok
1 v,fwDy'rmvmjy
2 v,fwDy'rmvmjy
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
118
trk + od = tok trk + od = trk trk + a,m = trl trk + a,m = trka,m
rf>of+K rf+K> L
trk + ? H = trHk (trl? trka,m yxrmESifhwl)

H
trk + em = trk,m trk + [d = trl[d^trlbd
,m rf+K> L
(p^q) trk + o = trk,m trk + o = trkóm trk + eH = trloH^trlomeH

,m (o)om rf+K> L oHômeH
trk + o®ð = trk,m^trk,H trk + o®ð = trkóH trk + ok = trlok

,m^,H (o)oH rf+K> L
ã tok trk wdkYaemuf u tu©&mqufí tokaumç tokuHç tokum? trkaumç trkuHç trkum
ponfjzifh yk&dom'd*dkPf; pdwåm'd*kdPf; unm'd*kdPf; wdkYtwdkif; ½kyfpOf&rnf/
ã tok-þrnfaom a,musfm;onf[k teufay;½kd;½Sd\/ trko'´gonf 'l&w¬jzpfaomaMumifh ]]xdktrnf

½Sdaom a,musfm;onf}}[k ay;jcif;omvQif ,kwåw&/ (v,fwDy'rmvm y 248)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
119
"m&Py&dwfawmf
Ak'¨geH ZD0dwó e ouúm auepd tEÅ&ma,m umwHk? wxm ar a[mwk/
twDwHao Ak'¨ó b*0awm tyÜ#d[wHH ÓPH? tem*wHao Ak'¨ó b*0awm tyÜ#d[wH

ÓPH? ypöKyÜEéHao Ak'¨ó b*0awm tyÜ#d[wH ÓPH/
£ar[d wD[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm oAÁH um,ur®H ÓPykAÁ*FrH ÓPmEky&d0wåH?
oAÁH 0pDur®H ÓPykAÁ*FrH ÓPmEky&d0wåH? oAÁH raemur®H ÓPykAÁ*FrH ÓPmEky&d0wåH/
£ar[d q[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm ew¬d qE´ó [med? ew¬d "r®a'oem,
[med? ew¬d 0D&d,ó [med? ew¬d 0dyóem, [med? ew¬d orm"dó [med? ew¬d 0drkwåd,m [med/
£ar[d 'Gg'o[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm ew¬d '0g? ew¬d &0g? ew¬d tzk#H?
ew¬d a0*g,dwwåH? ew¬d tAsm0#raem? ew¬d tyÜ#docFgEkayu©m/
£ar[d t|m&o[d "ar®[d orEém*wó Ak'¨ó b*0awm earm owåEéH or®morÁK'¨geH/
ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef
ouúm(As)pGrf;Edkif\(Bud,mtaejzifhoHk;onf) '0g(As) jrL;wl;jcif;

oauúmwd(Bud)ou+Mo+wd? pGrf;Edkif\ &0g(£)vGJvGJacsmfacsmfjyKjcif;
twDw+tHo=twDwHo(yk) vGefNyD;aomtzdkY zk#(wd) z& ^zko+w=ysHUESYHâwGUxd
t+yÜy#d[w^#(wd)rydwfyifrwm;qD;tyfaom tzk#(wd)reSHYrxdrjynfhaom
ykAÁ*Fr(wd)a½SUoGm;jzpfaom a0*g,dw(e)taqmwvsifjyKvkyfjcif;
tEky&d0wå(wd) (tEk+y&d+0wk+w) Asm0#(wd)0d+tm+0#+t^0d+tm+0&+w
tpOfvdkufwwfaom tm;xkwf^vHkYvâMumifhMujyKaomôl
[med(£)[m+ed=,kwfjcif; y#docFge(e)ywd+oH+cg+,k=pl;prf;qifjcifjcif;
a'oem(£)a[mawmfrljcif; tyÜ#docFge(e)rqifjcifjcif;(arm[)
0drkwdå(£) zvormywf?udavomrSvGwfjcif;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
120
&wåm'd*dkPf; (£w¬dvdef)
(u) £um&EÅ
(c) Oum&EÅ
(*) ODum&EÅ
(u) £um&EÅ
y &wåd &wåDç &wåda,mç &awsm

tm abmwd &wåd abmwda,m &wåDç &wåda,mç &awsm
'k &wåð &wåDç &wåda,mç &awsm
w &wåd,mç &wsm &wåD[dç &wåDbdç &wåd[dç &wådbd
p &wåd,mç &wsm &wåDeHç &wådeH
rD &wåd,mç &wsm &wåD[dç &wåDbdç &wåd[dç &wådbd
q &wåd,mç &wsm &wåDeHç &wådeH
o &wåd,mç &wsm &wåDokç &wådok
&wåd,Hç &wsHç &awåm
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
41/ AsÍÆaem p 0doanma*g/ ]]ya&m0g oa&m}}jzifh ed*¾[dwfaemufu o&ausNyD;aomf AsOf;ESpfvHk;rS

wvHk;jzpfonf/]]po'´gjzifh}}AsOf;oHk;vHk;½SdvQif AsOf;wlESpfvHk; rS tpvHk; aysmufonf/
8/ aw £w¬dcsm ayg/ £w¬dvdif um&EÅ £ þ O OD wdkYudk y [k emrnfhay;onf/
17/ trm yawm o®ðo®meH 0g/ yrnfaom £þ rS aemuf o®ðo®monf tpOftwdkif; tH tm odkY ajymif;
onf/ em ESifh o vnf; tm odkY ajymif;onf/
18/ tm'dawm Mo p/ tm'd ESifh &wåd o'´gaemif o®ð onf Mo odkYajymif;onf/
21/ y onó p/ 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmonfh Mo tm tH o&aMumifh £ þ onf , odkY ajymif;onf/
33/ taCm &ó aru0pe a,moGydp/ {u0kpf0dbwf a,m0dbwfaMumifh Cr[kwfaom 'DConf
&óodkYajymif;onf/ od0dbwfaMumifhum; &óodkYrajymif;/
37/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/ a,m0dbwfond edodkY ajymif;NyD;vQif4if; odkYr[kwf
a,m0dbwfonf ausajymufNyD;vQif4if; a½SYu o&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
oGm;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
121
61/yawm ,m/ ytrnf½Sdaom £0PfO0PfrS emçpaom {u0kpf0dbwfig;vHk;wdkYonf ,m-odkY ajymif;onf/
193/ psvyg &óH/ *odaMumifh psvy rnfaom þOD wdkYonf &óodkYajymif;onf/
£w¬dvdef £um&EÅ &wåd ½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ &wåd + od = &wåd
&wåd + a,m = &wåD &wåd + a,m = &wåda,m
wåf+-d> -D
&wåd + a,m = &awsm
wåf+-d> -s a-m
tm/ (yxrmESifhwl)
'k/ &wåd + tH = &wåð &wåD &wåda,m &awsm (yxrmtrsm;udef;ESifhwl)

-H
w^rD/ &wåd + emô®m = &wåd,m &wåd + emô®m = &wsm

,m wåf+-d> -s m
&wåd + [d = &wåd[d^bd &wåd + [d = &wåD[d^bd

bd wåf+-d> -D
p^q/ &wåd + o = &wåd,m &wåd + o = &wsm &wåd+eH=&wådeH &wåd+ eH=&wåDeH

,m wåf+-d> -s m wåf+-d> -D
o/ &wåd + o®ð = &wåd,H &wåd + o®ð = &wsH &wåd + o®ð = &wåð

,H wåf+-d> -s ? H ? H> -H
&wåd + o®ð = &awåm &wåd+ok=&wådok &wåd+ ok= &wåDok

a-m wåf+-d> -D
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
122
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
&wåd-nnfh rwd-odjcif; embd-csuft&yf aAm"d-odjcif;

cEÅd-onf;nnf;cHjcif; ,k0wd-tysKd Moo"d-aq; ygVd-ygVdyk'ftpOf
od'¨d-NyD;pD;jcif; £'¨d-wefcdk; udwåd-ausmfaZmjcif; ,kwåd-toifh,kwdå
t*kFvd-vufacsmif; 'kE´Kbd-pnfBuD;
(c) Oum&EÅ
y/ ,m*k ,m*lç ,m*ka,m

tm/ abmwd ,m*k abmwda,m ,m*lç ,m*ka,m
'k/ ,m*kH ,m*lç ,m*ka,m
w/ ,m*k,m ,m*l[dç ,m*lbdç ,m*k[dç ,m*kbd
p/ ,m*k,m ,m*leHç ,m*keH
rD/ ,m*k,m ,m*l[dç ,m*lbdç ,m*k[dç ,m*kbd
q/ ,m*k,m ,m*leHç ,m*keH
o/ ,m*k,mç ,m*k,H ,m*lokç ,m*kok
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
,m*k-,m*k(,ufref;) "mwk-"mwfoabm a"Ek-EGm;r ''´K-ayG;çn§if;

u@K-,m;em ua&Pk-qifr &ZÆK-BuKd; oók-a,mu©r rdef;r
yd,*kF-ysOf;ryif OVK-Mu,fwm&m

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
123
(c) ODum&EÅ
y/ 0"l 0"lç 0"ka,m

tm/ abmwd 0"k abmwda,m 0"lç 0"ka,m
'k/ 0"Hk 0"lç 0"ka,m
w/ 0"k,m 0"l[dç 0"lbd
p/ 0"k,m 0"leH
rD/ 0"k,m 0"l[dç 0"lbd
q/ 0"k,m 0"leH
o/ 0"k,mç 0"k,H 0"lok
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
0"l-acR;r?rdef;r ZrÁL-oajyyif prl-ppfonf

o&bl-wufwl o&Al-rudk#fç o&zl upäL-0Jem
okbl-aumif;aom (vSaom) rsufcHk;
0grl½l-wifhw,faom aygif½Sdaom rdef;r
em*emol½l-qif\ESmarmif;uJhodkY t&if;wkwfí tzsm;ao;vsuf vHk;aom aygif½Sdaom rdef;r
okwEl-wifhw,faom udk,f½Sdaom rdef;r
tm/ 0"l + od = 0"k 0"l + ?H = 0"kH

"f+L>K "f+L>K -H
w/ 0"l + em = 0"k,m
"f+L>K ,m
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
124
&wåm'd*dkPf; (ykv’dif)

(u) tmum&EÅ (C) O
(c) £um&EÅ (i) OD
(*) þum&EÅ (p) Mo

(u) tmum&EÅ (om-acG;) om> ome
y om omç omaem
tm a[1 oç om a[ omç omaem
'k oHç omeH aoç omae
w omem(aoe)2 omae[dç omaebd (om[d? ombd)
p omó(oó? om,) omeH
rD omem(oo®m?orSm?om) omae[dç omaebd (om[d? ombd)
q omó(oó) omeH
o omae(oo®ð?orSd?ao) omaeok (tajcjyKo'´gwGJzuf-82)
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
34/ e odo®dr eyHkoumed/ odaMumifh eyHkvdifr[kwfaom £w¬dvdif ykv’dif 'DCo&onf &óodkYrajymif;/
106/ [d0dbwådrSdp/ [d0dbwfaMumifh ykr\ tqHk;tonf tme odkYjymif;onf/ pjzifh 0dbwftm;vHkaMumifh
rC0,k0wdkY\ tqHk;tonf &Hcg tmeodkYajymif;onf/
½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ om + od = om om + a,m = om
of+m>? m
tm/ om + od = oç om om (yxrma,mESifhwl)
of+m>?> m>?
'k/ oH+ ?H = oH om om + ?H = omeH
of+m>?>me
(usef½kyfajymif;yHkudk enf;,lí odyg)

1 a[ (tmvkyfedygwf? {u0kpfç A[k0kpf ESpfrsKd;&Edkif) tdk?[,f?[Jh?(olawmfaumif;? uGRefr) (a[-tzGifh ygVdy' "mef)
2 v,fwDy'rvm 113
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
125
(c) £um&EÅ (t*¾d-rD;)
y t*¾dç t*¾ded t*¾Dç t*¾a,m

tm abm t*¾d abmaEÅm t*¾Dç t*¾a,m
'k t*¾ð t*¾Dç t*¾a,m
w t*¾dem t*¾D[dç t*¾Dbdç t*¾d[dç t*¾dbd
p t*¾dóç t*¾daem t*¾DeHç t*¾deH
rD t*¾do®mç t*¾drSmç t*¾dem t*¾D[dç t*¾Dbdç t*¾d[dç t*¾dbd
q t*¾dóç t*¾daem t*¾DeHç t*¾deH
o t*¾do®ðç t*¾drSd t*¾Dokç t*¾dok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
44/ t*¾dóded/ odaMumifh t*¾d\ tqHk;£onf £edodkYajymif;onf/

45/ a,moG uw&aóm apsm/ a,mwdkYaMumifh yifudk,f&ópstrnf½Sd £o&onf todkYajymif;onf/
t*¾d + od = t*¾ded
*¾f+-d>-ded
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
t*¾d-rD; tm'd-tp Asm"d-tem ra[od-bk&m;½Sif

£od-&aoh £od-&aoh&[ef; *P²d-txHk;tzGJUçcufqpf rked-bk&m;½Sif
ukpäd-0rf; tod-oefvsuf ygPd-vuf t[d-a>r
udrd-ydk;avmuf t&d-&efol Ówd-aqGrsKd; Avd-tcGeftwkwf
twdxd-{nfhonf
ã t*¾ded vdk £ed ajymif;onfh½kyfonf t*¾düom ½Sdonf/ tm'dponfü tm'ded[k r½Sd/

ã tm'd ½kyfpOfwGif o®ðü ]]tm'dawm Mop}}okwfjzifh tm'daemuf o®ðudk tH Mo ajymif;í tm'do®ðçrSd
tjyif tm'ð tma'g ESpf½kyfydkonf/
ã £od rked wGif tmvkyfodü Cawpokwf pnf;rsOf;t& odonf {odkYajymif;í £ao rkae [k
½SdEdkifonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
126
(*) þum&EÅ ('@D-'kwf½Sdol)
y '@D '@Dç '@daem

tm abm '@d abmaEÅm '@Dç '@daem
'k '@ðç '@deH '@Dç '@daem
w '@dem '@D[dç '@Dbd
p '@dóç '@daem '@DeH
rD '@do®mç '@drSmç '@dem '@D[dç '@Dbd
q '@dóç '@daem '@DeH
o '@do®ðç '@drSdç '@ded '@Dok
pnf;rsOf;
173/ eHpsawm uw&óm/ jyKjyifNyD;aom ps&órSaemuf tHonf eHodkYajymif;onf/

174/ a,meaem/ jyKjyifNyD;aom ps&órSaemuf a,mwdkYonf aemodkYajymif;onf/
175/ o®ðed/ jyKjyifNyD;aom ps&órSaemuf o®ðonf edodkYajymif;onf/
*kdPf0ifyk'frsm;
'@D-'kwf½Sdol *PD-*kdPf;q&m oHCD-oHCOuú| omrD-t½Sifocif

*grD-oGm;avh½Sdol a,m*D-tm;xkwfjcif;½Sdol a&m*D-a&m*g½Sdol okcD-okc½Sdol
'ku©D-'ku©½Sdol pm&D-usifhavh½Sdol pm*D-pGefYusJavh½Sdol
'gXD-tpG,f½Sdaom a>rçjcaoFh? usifpG,f½Sdol
*grPD-½GmolBuD;ç tBuD;tcsKyf
ukovD-ukodkvf½Sdolç usef;rmol
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
127
(C) Oum&EÅ (bdu©K-&[ef;) (pmrsufESm 88-rSm Munfhyg)
(i) ODum&EÅ (o,rÇL-q&mr½SdbJtvdktavsmufjzpfEdkifaombk&m;)
y o,rÇL o,rÇLç o,rÇKa0g

tm abm o,rÇK abmaEÅm o,rÇLç o,rÇKa0g
'k o,rÇKH o,rÇLç o,rÇKa0g
w o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dç o,rÇLbd
p o,rÇKóç o,rÇKaem o,rÇLeH
rD o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dç o,rÇLbd
q o,rÇKóç o,rÇKaem o,rÇLeH
o o,rÇKo®ðç o,rÇKrSd o,rÇLok
*kdPf0ifyk'frsm;
0wåbl-0wåtok&mudk vGrf;rdk;Edkifaom jA[®m orÇL-aumif;pGmjzpfol

ybl-tpdk;&ol 0dbl-txl;jzpfonf
y&mbdbl-olwyg;ukd vGrf;rdk;Edkifol oAÁnL-tvHk;pHkudkodol
a0'*l-r*fÓPfjzifh edAÁmefa&mufol 0dnL-ynm½Sd
o[bl-wuGjzpfonf
ã tbdblç 0wåblç orÇLç yblç 0dblç y&mbdbl wdkYudk o,rÇL twdkif; ajymif;yg/ oAÁnL a0'*l
0dnL ponfwdkYü a,mwdkYonf a0godkYrajymif;yJ aemodkYajymif;onf/ o[blü a,mwdkYonf a0gçaem
ESpfrsKd;vHk; ajymif;onf/

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(p) Moum&EÅ (a*g-EGm;)
a*g> *g0ç*0
y a*g *ga0gç *a0g
tm a[ a*g abmaEÅm *ga0gç *a0g
'k *0Hç *g0Hç *g0Hk *ga0gç *a0g
w *ga0eç *a0e a*g[dç a*gbd
p *g0óç *0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH
rD *g0o®mç *g0rSmç *g0g
*0o®mç *0rSmç *0g a*g[dç a*gbd
q *g0óç *0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH
o *g0o®ðç*g0rdSç *ga0
*0o®ðç *0rSdç *a0 *ga0okç *a0okç a*gok
pnf;rsOf;
22/ *g0ao/ oaMumifh a*g\ Moonf tm0 odkYajymif;onf/

23/ a,mokp/ a,mç emç o®mç o®ðç ok wdkYaMumifh a*g\ Moonf tm0 odkYajymif;onf/
24/ t0HrSdp/ tH aMumifh a*g\ Moonf tm0^t0 odkYajymif;onf/ a,mç emç oç o®mç o®ðç ok
wdkYaMumifh a*g\ Moonf t0 odkYajymif;onf/
25/ tm0ók0g/ tHaMumifh tm0\ tonf OodkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
26/ wawme-rH ywdrSm-vkawå p ormao/ywdo'´gaMumifh tvkwåormofü a*gaemufu eHonf
tHodkYajymif;onf/ a*g\ Moonf t0odkY ajymif;onf/ ormofr[kwf&mwGifvnf; eHonf tHodkY
ajymif;í a*g\ Movnf; t0odkYajymifEdkifonf/
29/ a*gPeHrSd0g/ eHaMumifh a*gonf a*gPodkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
30/ ok[demokp/ ok [d em 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh a*gonf a*gPodkY ajymif;onf/ eHçokç[dçem wdkYtjyif
odponfh 0dbwfwdkYaMumifhvnf; a*gonf a*gPodkYajymif;onf/ (tusOf;tm;jzifh 0dbwftm;vHk;aMumifh
a*gonf a*gPodkY ajymif;Edkifonf[k rSwfyg) eHaMumifh a*gonf *kodkYajymif;onf/
16/ aem p 'Gg'dawm eHrSd/ a*g aemufu eH\ a½SU evm/
ã a*gP-o'´gjzifhpOf&mü yk&dom'd*kdPf;twdkif;pOfyg/ odkYaomf a*g\ um&d, rjzpfoifh/

*kP"mwf-jzifhomNyD;oifhonf[k y'rmvmqdkonf/
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&wåm'd*dkPf; (eyHkvdif)

(u) £um&EÅ (C) ODum&EÅ
(c) þum&EÅ (i) Moum&EÅ
(*) Oum&EÅ
(u) £um&EÅ (t|d-t½dk;)
y t|d t|Dç t|Ded

tm a[ t|d a[ t|Dç t|Ded
'k t|ð t|Dç t|Ded
w t|dem t|D[dç t|Dbd
p t|daemç t|dó t|DeH
rD t|do®mç t|drSmç t|dem t|D[dç t|Dbd
q t|daemç t|dó t|DeH
o t|do®ðç t|drSd t|Dok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
166/ a,meH ed eyHkoau[d/ £ þ O OD Mo um&ef 5 rsKd;aemif a,m0dbwfonf &Hcg ed ajymif;onf/

37/ a,mok uwedum&avmayok 'DCH/ a,m0dbwfond edodkY ajymif;NyD;vQif4if; odkYr[kwf
a,m0dbwfonf ausajymufNyDvQif4if; a½SYu o&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
t|d-t½kd; tu©dçtpäd-rsufvHk;
ow¬d-aygif 0g&d-a&
'"d-EdkY"rf; oyÜd-axmywf

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(c) þum&EÅ (okcum&D-csrf;omudkjyKavh½Sdaom'ge)
y okcum&dd okcum&Dç okcum&Ded

tm a[ okcum&dd a[ okcum&DDç okcum&Ded
'k okcum&ð okcum&Dç okcum&Ded
w okcum&ddem okcum&D[dç okcum&Dbd
p okcum&ddaemç okcum&dó okcum&DeH
rD okcum&ddo®mç okcum&ddrSmç
okcum&dem okcum&D[dç okcum&Dbd
q okcum&ddaemç okcum&dó okcum&DeH
o okcum&ddo®ðç okcum&ddrSd okcum&Dok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;

34/ e odo®dr eyHkoumed/ odaMumifh eyHkvdifr[kwfaom £w¬dvdif ykv’dif 'DCo&onf &óodkYrajymif;/
(odaMumifh eyHkvdif 'DCo&onf &óodkY ajymif;onf[k qdkvdkonf)
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
okcum&D-csrf;omudk jyKavh½Sdaom 'ge

oDC,m,D-vsifjrefpGm oGm;avh½Sdaom pdwf
ã okcum&D-csrf;omudk jyKavh½Sdaom a,musfm;? oDC,m,D-vsifjrefpGm oGm;avh½Sdaoma,musfm;

[k jrefrmjyefvQif yHkvdif '@Dtwdkif;pOf&rnf/

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(*) Oum&EÅ (tm,k-touf)
y tm,k tm,lç tm,led

tm abm tm,k b0EÅmed tm,lç tm,led
'k tm,Hk tm,lç tm,led
w tm,kem (tm,kom) tm,l[dç tm,lbd
p tm,kaemç tm,kó tm,leH
rD tm,ko®mç tm,krSmç tm,kem tm,l[dç tm,lbd
q tm,kaemç tm,kó tm,leH
o tm,ko®ðç tm,krSd tm,lok
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
tm,k-touf pu©K-rsufpd 0ok-(a½TçaiG)&wem 'g½k-opfom;

r"k-ysm;&nf trÁK-a& wdyk-ovGJrnf;(cJykyf) [d*kF-½Sdef;cdk
od*Fkç od*¾K-csif; rwåK-&ufwuf 0w¬K-wnfae&m Zwk-csdwf
omvk-MumpG,f tók-rsuf&nf zvk-tqpf AdE´K-taysmuftvHk;
ã em0dbwfü om qHk;aom yHkpHonf tm,ktwGufom jzpfonf/ tjcm;*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;ü r½Sd/ pu©K

ponfü pu©Kem[k wpf½kyfom ½Sdonf/ pu©Kom[k r½Sd/
ã tm,konf ykvd’ifvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ ykv’difjzpfu bdu©K twdkif; ½kyfpOf&onf/
ã trÁKü o®ðonf ed odkY ajymif;NyD; trÁKed[k ½SdEdkifonf/ (v,fwDy'rmvm y 155)

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(C) ODum&EÅ (a*gMwbl-a*gMwbkpdwf)
y a*gMwbk a*gMwblç a*gMwbled

tm abm a*gMwbk b0EÅmed a*gMwblç a*gMwbled
'k a*gMwbHk a*gMwblç a*gMwbled
w a*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dç a*gMwblbd
p a*gMwbkóç a*gMwbkaem a*gMwbleH
rD a*gMwbko®mça*gMwbkrSmça*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dç a*gMwblbd
q a*gMwbkóç a*gMwbkaem a*gMwbleH
o a*gMwbko®ðç a*gMwbkrSd a*gMwblok
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
"r®nL-w&m;udkodaom ÓPf
tbdbl-vTrf;rdk;aom(ÓPfçpdwf)
(p) Moum&EÅ (pdwå*k-qef;Mu,faom EGm;aMumifç EGm;usm;½Sdaom trsKd;)
y pdwå*k pdwå*lç pdwå*led

tm abm pdwå*k b0EÅmed pdwå*lç pdwå*led
'k pdwå*kH pdwå*lç pdwå*led
w pdwå*kem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd
p pdwå*kóç pdwå*kaem pdwå*leH
rD pdwå*ko®mç pdwå*krSmç pdwå*kem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd
q pdwå*kaemç pdwå*kó pdwå*leH
o pdwå*ko®ðç pdwå*krSd pdwå*lok
ã pdwå-qef;Mu,faom+a*g-EGm;=pdwåa*g-qef;Mu,faomEGm;½Sdol/ ]]pdwåa*g}}onf pum;vHk;ESpfck

aygif;pyfxm;aom ormofpum;vHk;jzpfonf/ ygVdo'´gxHk;pHt& ]]pdwåa*g}}onf ]]pdwå*k}}[k MorS OodkY
ajymif&onf/ ]]pdwåa*g}}onf rl&if;jzpfNyD; ]]pdwå*k}}onf ajymif;vJNyD;yHkpH jzpfonf/ rl&if;udk Munfhí
MoqHkonfh pum;vHk;[k ajymEdkifovdk ajymif;vJNyD;yHkpHMunfhí OqHk;onfh pumvHk;[kvnf; ajymEdkifonf/
odkUaomf ½kyfajymif;vJyHk avhvmonftcg rl&if;pum;vHk;tjzpf ]]pdwå*k}} [k OqHk;onfh pum;vHk;tjzpfESifh
avhvm&onf/
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ykrm'd*kdPf; ykv’dif tum&EÅ
ykr (a,musfm;) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf

y ykrmç ykarm ykrmaemç ykrm
tm a[ ykrHç ykrç ykrm abmaEÅm ykrmaem ykrm
'k ykrmeHç ykrH ykrmaemç ykar
w ykrkemçykrmemçykare ykrmae[dç ykrmaebdç ykar[dç ykarbd
p ykrkaemç ykró ykrmeH
rD ykrkemç ykro®mç ykrrSmç ykrm ykrmae[dç ykrmaebdç ykar[dç ykarbd
q ykrkaemç ykró ykrmeH
o ykrmaeç ykro®ðç ykrrSdç ykar ykrmaeokç ykarokç ykrmok
ã rsOf;wm;xm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;onf yk&dom*dkPf;twdkif; jzpfonf/
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
101/ ykrEÅóm odrSd/ odaMumifh ykrç rC0ç ,k0ç t'¨ wdkY\ tonf 0dbwfESifhtwl tmodkY ajymif;onf/
102/ trmvyaeu0pae/ tmvkyf{u0kpf od0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tHodkY
ajymif;onf/
103/ ormao p 0dbmom/ ykrESifh tjcm;pumvHk; ESpfck aygif;pyf&mwGifvnf; tmvkyf {u0kpf od
0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tHodkY &Hcg ajymif;onf/
(a[ £w¬dykrH=tHajymif;yHk? a[ £w¬dykrç £w¬dykrm=trHajymif;onfhyHk)
104/ a,moGm aem/ a,m0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tmaemodkY ajymif;onf/
105/ tmae o®ðrSd 0g/ o®ð0dbwfaMumifh 0dbwfESifhwuG ykr\ tqHk;tonf tmaeodkY &Hcg ajymif;onf/
106/ [d0dbwådrSdp/ [d0dbwfaMumifh ykrtqHk;tonf tmaeodkYajymif;onf/ 0dbwftm;vHk;aMumifh rC0
,k0ponfwdkY\ tqHk;tonf tmeodkY &Hcg ajymif;onf/
107/ oko®d rm0g/ ok0dbwfaMumifh ykrtqHk;tonf &Hcg tmodkY ajymif;onf/
108/ OemrSd p/ emçoço®maMumifh ykrçur®çxmrçt'¨ wdkY\ tonf O (odkYr[kwf) tmodkY ajymif;onf/
109/ tur®EÅó p/ po'´gjzihf em ok aMumifh rC0 ,k0 wdkY\ tqHk;tudk tmjyK/
½kyfajymif;vJyHk
y/ ykr + od = ykrm ykr + a,m = ykrmaem
rf+? > m rf+? > tmaem
tm/ ykr + od = ykrH 'k/ ykr + ?H = ykrmeH
rf+? > ?H rf+? > tme
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w/ ykr + em = ykrkem ykr + em = ykrmem ykr + [d = ykrmae[d
rf+? > K rf+? > tm rf+?>tmae

p^q/ ykr + o = ykrkaem o/ ykr + o®ð = ykrmae ykr + ok = ykrmaeok
rf+?>K aem rf+? >tmae rf+?>tmae
ã ,k0 \ tonf (u) rajymif;bJvnf;aumif; (c) tmeodkY ajymif;ívnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd;½SdEdkifonf/
(u) ,k0 (vlysKd) ykv’dif½kyfpOf

y/ ,k0g ,k0gç ,k0gaem
tm/ abm ,k0ç ,k0g abmaEÅm ,k0gç ,k0gaem ,k0> ,k0ge
'k/ ,k0H ,ka0ç ,k0gaem
w/ ,ka0eç ,k0gem ,ka0[dç ,ka0bd
p/ ,k0ó ,k0geH
rD/ ,k0o®mç ,k0rSmç ,k0g ,ka0[dç ,ka0bd
p/ ,k0ó ,k0geH
o/ ,k0o®ðç ,k0rSdç ,ka0 ,ka0okç ,k0gok
y/ ,k0 + od = ,k0g ,k0 + a,m = ,k0gaem ,k0 + emôk = ,k0gem^,k0gok

0f+? > m tmaem 0f+?>m
(usef½kyfrsm; yk&dotwdkif; odyg)
(c) ,k0 (vlysKd) ykv’dif½kyfpOf

y/ ,k0gaem ,k0gem
tm/ abm ,k0geç ,k0gem abmaEÅm ,k0gem
'k/ ,k0geH ,k0gae
w/ ,k0gaee ,k0gae[dç ,k0gaebd
p/ ,k0geó ,k0gemeH
rD/ ,k0geo®mç,k0gerSmç,k0gem ,k0gae[dç ,k0gaebd
q/ ,k0geó ,k0gemeH
o/ ,k0geo®ðç ,k0gerSdç ,k0gae ,k0gaeok
ã odpaom tvHkpHkaom 0dbwfaMumifh ,k0\ tudk tmeajymif;í yk&dotwdkif; ajymif;vJ&onf/

rC0(oMum;)udkvnf; ,k0twdkif; ½kyfpOf ½kyfajymif;onf/
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t'¨ (tcsdefumv^c&D;) ykv’dif½kyfpOf

y/ t'¨g t'¨gaem
tm/ abm t'¨ç t'¨g abmaEÅm t'¨gaem
'k/ t'¨geH t'¨gaem
w/ t'¨Kem t'¨gae[dç t'¨gaebd t'¨> t'¨ge
p/ t'¨Kaem t'¨geH
rD/ t'¨Kem t'¨gae[dç t'¨gaebd
q/ t'¨Kaem t'¨geH
o/ t'ëdç t'¨gae t'¨gaeokç t'¨gok
ã tH0dbwfjzifh t'¨geHç [d0dbwfjzifh t'¨gae[dç o®ð0dbwfjzifh t'¨gae wdkYü t'¨\ tonf tmeodkY
ajymif;onf/ o®ð0dbwfjzifh t'ëdü o®ðonf edodkY ajymif;onf/ usef½kyfrsm;onf ykrtwdkif; jzpfonf/
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&mZm'd*kdPf; ykv’dif tum&EÅ
&mZ (rif;) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf

y &mZm &mZmaem
tm abm &mZç &mZm abmaEÅm &mZmaem
'k &mZmeHç &mZH &mZmaem
w &nmç &mZdemç &maZe &mZl[dç &mZlbd? &maZ[dç &maZbd
p &anmç &mZdaem &nHç &mZleHç &mZmeH
rD &nm &mZl[dç &mZlbd? &maZ[dç &maZbd
q &anmç &mZdaem &nHç &mZleHç &mZmeH
o &anç &mZded &mZlokç &maZok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
84/ &mZó &anm &mZdaem ao/ oaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &anm &mZdaemodkY ajymif;onf/
85/ &nH eHrSd 0g/ eHaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &nHodkY ajymif;onf/
86/ emrSd &nm 0g/ emaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &nmodkY ajymif;onf/
87/ o®ðrSd &an &mZded/ o®ðaMumifh &mZonf 0dbwfESifhtwl &anç &mZdedodkY ajymif;onf/
00/ &mZódemrSd(arm*¾vmefusrf;)emaMumifh &mZ\ tonf £odkYajymif;onf/
118/ &mZó &mZk okeH[dok p/ okçeHç[d wdkYaMumifh &mZonf &mZkodkY wcgw&Hajymif;onf/
137/ jAwåoc&mZm'dawm trmeH/ jA[®ç twåç ocç &mZ wdkYaemufu tHonf tmeHodkY ajymif;onf/
138/ osmp/ jA[®ç twåç ocç &mZ wdkY aemufu odonf tmodkY ajymif;onf/
139/ a,mermaem/ jA[®ç twåç ocç &mZ wdkY aemufu a,mwkdYonf tmaemodkY ajymif;onf/
140/ ocawm pm a,maem/ oc aemufu a,mwkdYonf tma,m (odkYr[kwf) aemodkY ajymif;onf/
141/ o®d ar/ oc aemufu o®ðonf {odkY ajymif;onf/
142/ jA[®awm *ó p/ jA[® aemufu (tmvkyfod) *od onf {odkY ajymif;onf/
143/ ocEÅód aem em eH aook/ (a,mrSajymif;vmonfh) aemç emç eH o 0dbwfwdkYa½SUu oc\
tonf £odkYajymif;onf/
143/ tma&m [drSd 0g/ [daMumifh oc\ tonf wcgw&H tm&odkYajymif;onf/
144/ oke rHok0g/ okç eHç tH 0dbwfwdkYaMumifh oc\ tonf wcgw&H tm&odkYajymif;onf/
145/ jA[®awmwk o®ð ed/ jA[®ç ur®ç pr®ç rk'¨ç t'¨ wdkYaemufu o®ðonf edodkYajymif;onf/
146/ OwåH oemok/ oç emç eH wdkYaMumifh jA[®\ tonf OodkYajymif;onf/
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160/ twåaEÅm [do®d rewåH/ [dç ok 0dbwfaMumifh twå\ tonf teodkYajymif;onf/
161/ wawm o®ðed/ twåaemufu o®ðonf edokdY ajymif;onf/
162/ oóaem/ twåaemufu oonf aemokdY ajymif;onf/
163/ o®mem/ twåaemufu o®monf emokdY ajymif;onf/
½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ &mZ + od = &mZm &mZ + a,m = &mZmaem 'k/ &mZ + tH = &mZmeH

tm tmaem tmeH
w/ &mZ+em = &nm &mZ + em = &mZdem &mZ + [d =&mZl[d

&nm Zf+?> -d &mZk (Zf+K> L)
p^q/ &mZ+o =&anm^&mZdaem &mZ+eH = &nH &mZ + eH =&mZleH

&anm^&mZdaem &nH &mZk (Zf+K> L)
rD/ &mZ + o®m = &nm &mZ + o®ð = &an^&mZded &mZ + ok =&mZlok

&nm em &an^&mZded &mZk (Zf+K> L)
(usefonfh ½kyfajymif;yHkrsm;onf yk&dom'd*kdPf;twdkif; jzpfonf)

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jA[® (jA[®m) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf

y jA[®m jA[®maem
tm a[ jAa[® abmaEÅm jA[®maem
'k jA[®meHç jA[®H jA[®maem
w jA[®Kem jAa[®[dç jAa[®bd
p jA[®Kaemç jA[®ó jA[®LeHç jA[®meH
rD jA[®Kem jAa[®[dç jAa[®bd
q jA[®Kaemç jA[®ó jA[®LeHç jA[®meH
o jA[®ed jAa[®ok

½kyfNyD;yHk
tm jA[® + od = jAa[® w jA[® + em = jA[®Kem

a- [®f+?> K
o jA[® + o®ð = jA[®ed
ed
twå (twåç rdrdudk,f) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf

y twåm twåmaem twå> twåe
tm abm twåç twåm abmaEÅm twåmaem
'k twåmeHç twåH twåmaem
w twåemç tawåe twåae[dç twåaebd
p twåaem twåmeH
rD twåem twåae[dç twåaebd
q twåaem twåmeH
o twåed twåaeokç tawåok

½kyfNyD;yHk
w twå + [d = twåae[d
wåf+?> ?e
ef+?> a
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ã tmwkr (udk,fç rdrdudk,f) udkvnf; yxrmç tmvkyfç 'kwd,mü twåESifhtwl ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;í
wwd,mrSpí owårDtxd yk&doESifhtwl ½kyfpOf^½kyfNyD;yg/
oc (taqGcifyGef;ç rdwfaqG) ykv’dif ½kyfpOf

y ocg ocgaemç ocga,mç ocdaem
oc> ocdçocg& tm abm ocç ocgç oac abmaEÅm ocgaemç ocga,mç ocdaem
'k ocgeHç ocg&Hç ocH ocgaemç ocga,mç ocdaem
w ocdem ocga&[dç ocga&bdç oac[dç oacbd
p ocdaemç ocdó ocDeHç ocg&meHç ocgeH
rD ocdem ocga&[dç ocga&bdç oac[dç oacbd
q ocdaemç ocdó ocDeHç ocg&meHç ocgeH
o oac ocga&okç oacok
½kyfNyD;yHk
y oc + a,m = ocga,m oc + a,m = ocdaem

-ga,m cf+?> -d aem
'k oc + ?H = ocg&H oc + em = ocdem

cf+?> -g& cf+?> -d
w oc + [d = ocga&[d p^q oc + o = ocdó

cf+?> -g& cf+?> -d ó
&f>?>a
oc + o = ocDeH o oc + o®ð = oac

cf+?> -d> -D eH a
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e'g'd*kdPf;
£w¬dvdif þum&EÅ
e'D (jrpf) ½kyfpOf
y e'D e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)

tm abmwd e'd abmwda,m e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)
'k e'ðç e'd,H e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm)
w e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dç e'Dbd
p e'd,m (eZÆm) e'DeH
rD e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dç e'Dbd
q e'd,m (eZÆm) e'DeH
o e'd,mç e'd,Hç eZÆH e'Dok
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
17/ trm yawm o®ðo®meH 0g/ yrnfaom £þ rS aemuf o®ðo®monf tpOftwdkif; tH tm odkY ajymif;
onf/ em ESifh o vnf; tm odkY ajymif;onf/
21/ y onó p/ 0dbwfrS ajymif;vmonfh Mo tm tH o&aMumifh £ þ onf , odkY ajymif;onf/
61/ yawm,m/ yrnfaom £þ OODaemufu em o o®m o o®ð wdkYonf ,modkYajymif;onf/
oGm;onf/
172/ tH,rDawm yonawm/ yrnfaom þaemufu tHonf ,H odkYajymif;onf/
193/ psvyg &óH/ *odaMumifh psvy rnfaom þOD wdkYonf &óodkYajymif;onf/
217/ ,0wH wve'um&meH AsÍÆemed pvÚZ um&wåH/ ,tu©&m½Sdukefaom wçvçeç' wdkYonf
tpOftwdkif; pçvçÚçZ odkY ajymif;onf/ (ajymif;NyDvQif a'Gabmf jzpfoGm;onf)
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½kyfNyD;yHk
y/ e'D + a,m = eaZÆm 'k/ e'D + ? H =e'd,H

'f+-D> -s ='s> Z> ZÆ a-m 'f+-D> -d ,H
w/ e'D + em =e'd,m e'D + em = eZÆm

'f+-D> -d ,m 'f+-D> -s ='s> Z> ZÆ m
o/ e'D + o®ð =e'd,H e'D + o®ð = eZÆH

'f+-D> -d ,H 'f+-D> -s ='s> Z> ZÆ ?H
*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;
e'D-jrpf £w¬Dç em&D-rdef;r ukrm&Dç w½kPD-tysKd jA[r®PD-ykPÖm;r

ocD-rdwfaqGr rmwkvmeD-ta': od&D-Muufoa& abmwD-t½Sifr
*g0D-EGm;r 'goD-uRefr ykx0Dç yx0D-ajr
*päwDç*päEÅD-c&DoGm;aomrdef;r *kP0wDç*kP0EÅD-*kPf½Sdaomrdef;r
ã *kP0g'd*kdPf;0ifyk'fç *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;udk þqufay;u e'g'd*kdPf;0ifrsm; jzpfoGm;Muonf/

ã aZÆm ZÆm ZÆH yHkpHrsm;onf e'DtwGufomjzpfí usef*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm; ½kyfpOf&mwGif aZÆm ZÆm ZÆHrsm;
csefí pOf&rnf/
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*[ywm'd*kdPf;
£w¬dvdif þum&EÅ
*[ywmeD (tdrf½Sifr) ½kyfpOf
y *[ywmeDD *[ywmeDDç *[ywmeda,m

tm abmwd *[ywmed abmwda,m *[ywmeDç *[ywmeda,m
'k *[ywmeðç*[ywmed,H *[ywmeDç *[ywmeda,m
w *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dç *[ywmeDbd
p *[ywmed,m *[ywmeDeH
rD *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dç *[ywmeDbd
q *[ywmed,m *[ywmeDeH
o *[ywmed,mç *[ywmed,H *[ywmeDok
*dkPf;0ifyk'frsm;
bdu©KeD-&[ef;r &mZdeD-rdzk&m;(rif;uawmf) '@deD-'kwf½Sdaomrdef;r

aygu©&PD-a&uef ,u©deD-bDvl;r y&pdwå0d'leD-olrsm;pdwfudkodEdkifaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
(13) 0gya&mto½lyg/ ½kyfoGifrwlaom o&rsm;awGUqHkvQif &Hcg aemufo&aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

(16) ykaAÁmp/ aemufo&ausNyD;aomf a½SU&óo&onf wcsKdU 'DCodkYajymif;onf/
(40) ywdódeDrSd/ £eDaMumifh ywd\ tqHk;£onf todkY ajymif;onf/
(&8) w'¨dw ormo udwum emrH 0g wa0 wkem'Dok p/ w'¨dwfyk'f ormofyk'f udwfyk'fwdkYudk
emrfyk'ftjzpf owfrSwfEdkifonf/ owfrSwfNyD;&if emrf0dbwfqufay;EdkifNyD/ wGmç wHk ponf qHk;onfh
pum;vHk;wkYudk emrftrnfay;p&mrvdk/ edygwfyk'fjzpfí wdkuf½kduf emrf0dbwfqufay;Edkifonf/
(188) ywd bdu©K &mZD-um&-aEÅ[d £eD/ £w¬dvdefü ywdç bdu©Kç &mZç þum&EÅo'´gç 0d'l paom
ODum&EÅo'´gç ,u© paom tum&EÅo'´gwdkYaemif £eD qufay;&onf/
(60) uGpm'drZÑKwå&meH 'DC&óm ypöa,ok p/ aemufü ypönf;aESmif;onf jzpfapç raESmif;onf
jzpfap yk'f\ tptv,ftqHk;wdkYü 'DC &ó jyKEdkifonf/
(61) awok 0k'¨davmyg-*r 0dum& 0dy&Dwm-a'om p/ yk'f\ tptv,ftqHk;wdkYü tcsKdUt&mü 0k'¨djyK
jcif; azmufjyefjcif; ajymif;jyefjzpfjcif; tma'ojyKjcif;rsm; jzpfEdkifonf/
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½kyfNyD;yHk
*[ywd + -deD = *[ywmeD + od = *[ywmeD bdu©K + -deD = bdu©KeD

wf+-d> -? -deD -deD
-g
&mZ + -deD = &mZdeD '@D + -deD = '@deD

Zf+ ? @f+-D
y&pdwå0d'l + -deD = y&pdwå0d'leD ,u© + -deD = ,u©deD
aygu©PD (a&uef) ½kyfpOf
y aygu©&PD aygu©&PDç aygu©&Pda,mç aygu©&anm

tm abmwd aygu©&Pd abmwda,m aygu©&PDç aygu©&Pda,mç aygu©&anm
'k aygu©&Pðç aygu©&Pd,H aygu©&PDç aygu©&Pda,mç aygu©&anm
w aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm aygu©&PD[dç aygu©&PDbd
p aygu©&Pd,mçç aygu©&nm aygu©&PDeH
rD aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm aygu©&PD[dç aygu©&PDbd
q aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm aygu©&PDeH
o aygu©&Pd,mç aygu©&nm
aygu©&Pd,Hç aygu©&nH aygu©&PDok
½kyfNyD;yHk
aygu©&(Mumça&)+-D(½Sd)= aygu©&D + -deD = aygu©&PD + od = aygu©&PD

&f+-D> ? ef> -Pf+-D
aygu©&PD + a,m = aygu©&anm aygu©&PD + emçoço®mçoço®ð> m=aygu©&anm

Pf+-D> s=Psf> Ú> n a-m Pf+-D> s=Psf> Ú> n
aygu©&PD + o®ð> -H=aygu©&nH

Pf+-D> s=Psf> Ú> n
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£w¬dvdifa[mo'´g
£w¬dvdefa[mo'´grsm;jzpfaMumif; azmfjy&ef rl&if;pum;vHk;rsm;ü tmç þç £eD qufay;&onf/
(1) tzdktr ESpfrsKd;t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjyEdkifonfh pum;vHk;rsm;udk trt"dyÜg,fESifh ajymqdkoHk;EIH;vdkonfh

tcg rsm;aomtm;jzifh þ (-D) qufay;&onf/ yHkpH -okec(acG;xD;çacG;r) olu&(0ufxD;ç0ufr)
ruú#(arsmufxD;çarsmufr) ,u©(bDvl;txD;çtr) / okecD(acG;r) olu&D(0ufr) ruú#D(arsmufr)
,u©D(bDvl;r) odkYaomf wcgw&H £eD(-deD)vnf; qufay;wwfonf/ yHkpH - ,u©deD (bDvl;r)
(2) P0ç Pduç aP,sç Pç EÅç EÅKç qufxm;onfhyk'frsm;ü þ(-D)qufay;&onf/
P0 = rme0D (xD) tysKdr rme0(yk)vlysKd

Pdu=em0duD (xD) avSolBuD;uawmf em0du (yk) avSolBuD;
aP,s=a0eaw,sD (xD) *VKefr\orD; a0eaw,s (yk) *VKef
PD=a*gwrD (xD) a*gwrD rdzk&m; a*gwr (yk) a*gwrzk&m;
EÅ=*päEÅD (xD) oGm;aomrdef;r *päEÅ (yk) oGm;aoma,musfm;
EÅK=*kP0EÅD (xD) *kPf½Sdaomrdef;r *kP0EÅ (yk) *kPf½Sdaoma,musfm;
(3) tum&EÅ 0daooeyk'faemufrSm tm (-m) qufay;&onf/
tbd½lyg unm/ eDvm rmvm/ aombem 0"l/

tbd½ly (wd) wifhw,faom
eDv (wd) nKdçpdrf;ndKaom
aombe (wd) wifhw,faom
(4) *[ywm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;jzpfaom £çþçOçOD qHk;onfhyk'fü £eD (-deD) qufay;&onf/

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*kdPf; vdif um&ef

*kdPf; vdif um&ef
raem y ? e t
yk&dom'd y t
*kP0g'd y ? e O
ykrm'd y t
*päEÅm'd y ? e ? £ t
&mZm'd y t
ow¬m'd y ? £ O
pdwåm'd e t
&wåm'd y ? e ? £ tm £ þ O OD Mo
unm'd £ tm
e'g'd £ þ
*[ywm'd £ þ
oAÁ y ? e ? £ ? tvdif t tm
vdif um&ef
ykHvdif um&ef = t tm £ þ O OD Mo
eykHvdif um&ef = t £ þ O OD Mo
£w¬dvdif um&ef = tm £ þ O OD Mo
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ykv’dif½kyfpOfrsm;
tum&EÅ (yk&dom'd*dkPf;) tum&EÅ(raem*kdPf;)

y yk&daom yk&dom y raem rem
tm abmyk&doçyk&dom abmaEÅm yk&dom tm abm reçrem abmaEÅm rem
'k yk&doH yk&dao 'k reHçraem rae
w yk&daoe yk&dao[d^bd w raeeçreom rae[d^bd
p^q yk&doó yk&domeH p^q reóçreaom remeH
rD yk&doo®mçyk&dorSmçyk&dom yk&dao[d^bd rD reo®mçrerSmçrem rae[d^bd
o yk&doo®ðçyk&dorSdçyk&dao yk&daook o reo®ðçrerSdçraeçreod raeok
tum&EÅ (ykrm'd*dkPf;) tum&EÅ (ykrm'd*dkPf;)

y ykrmçykarm ykrmaemç ykrm y ,k0g ,k0gç ,k0gaem
tm a[ ykrHçykrçykrm abmaEÅm ykrmaemçykrm tm abm ,k0ç,k0g abmaEÅm ,k0gç,k0gaem
'k ykrmeHçykrH ykrmaemçykar 'k ,k0H ,ka0ç ,k0gaem
w ykrkemçykrmemçykare ykrmae[dçbdçykar[dçbd w ,ka0eç,k0gem ,ka0[dç,ka0bd
p^q ykrkaemçykró ykrmeH p^q ,k0ó ,k0geH
rD ykrkemçykro®mçykrrSmçykrm ykrmae[dçbdçykar[dçbd rD ,k0o®mç,k0rSmç,k0g ,ka0[dç,ka0bd
o ykrmaeçykro®ðçykrrSdçykar ykrmaeokçykarokçykrmok o ,k0o®ðç,k0rSdç,ka0 ,ka0okç,k0gok
tum&EÅ (ykrm'd*dkPf;) tum&EÅ (&mZm'd*dkPf;)

y ,k0gaem ,k0gem y &mZm &mZmaem
tm abm ,k0geç,k0gem abmaEÅm ,k0gem tm abm &mZç&mZm abmaEÅm &mZmaem
'k ,k0geH ,k0gae 'k &mZmeHç &mZH &mZmaem
w ,k0gaee ,k0gae[dç,k0gaebd w &nmç&mZdemç&maZe &mZl[dçbd?&maZ[dçbd
p^q ,k0geó ,k0gemeH p^q &anmç &mZdaem &nHç &mZleHç &mZmeH
rD ,k0geo®mç,k0gerSmç,k0gem ,k0gae[dç,k0gaebd rD &nm &mZl[dçbd?&maZ[dçbd
o ,k0geo®ðç,k0gerSdç,k0gae ,k0gaeok o &anç &mZded &mZlokç &maZok
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tum&EÅ (&mZm'd*dkPf;) tum&EÅ (&mZm'd*dkPf;)
y jA[®m jA[®maem y twåm twåmaem
tm a[ jAa[® abmaEÅm jA[®maem tm abm twåçtwåm abmaEÅm twåmaem
'k jA[®meHç jA[®H jA[®maem 'k twåmeHç twåH twåmaem
w jA[®Kem jAa[®[dçbd w twåemç tawåe twåae[dçbd
p^q jA[®Kaemç jA[®ó jA[®LeHç jA[®meH p^q twåaem twåmeH
rD jA[®Kem jAa[®[dçbd rD twåem twåae[dçbd
o jA[®ed jAa[®ok o twåed twåaeokçtawåok
tum&EÅ (&mZm'd*dkPf;)
y ocg ocgaemçocga,mçocdaem
tm abm ocçocgçoac abmaEÅm ocgaemçocga,mçocdaem
'k ocgeHç ocg&Hç ocH ocgaemçocga,mçocdaem
w ocdem ocga&[dçbdçoac[dçbd
p^q ocdaemç ocdó ocDeHçocg&meHçocgeH
rD ocdem ocga&[dçbdçoac[dçbd
o oac ocga&okçoacok
tum&EÅ (*kP0g'd*dkPf;)
y *kP0g? *kP0aEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm
tm abm *kP0H? *kP0? *kP0g abmaEÅm *kP0EÅm? *kP0aEÅm
'k *kP0H? *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅ
w *kP0wm? *kP0aEÅe *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd
p^q *kP0ó? *kP0awm? *kP0EÅó *kP0wH? *kP0EÅmeH?
rD *kP0wm? *kP0EÅo®m? *kP0EÅrSm? *kP0EÅm *kP0aEÅ[d? *kP0aEÅbd
o *kP0wd? *kP0EÅo®ð? *kP0EÅrSd? *kP0aEÅ *kP0aEÅok
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tum&EÅ(*päEÅm'd*kdPf;)
y *päH? *päaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm
tm abm *päH? *pä? *päm abmaEÅm *päEÅm? *päaEÅm
'k *päH? *päEÅH *päaEÅ
w *päwm? *päaEÅe *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd
p^q *päó? *päawm? *päEÅó *päwH? *päEÅmeH
rD *päwm? *päEÅo®m? *päEÅrSm? *päaEÅm *päaEÅ[d? *päaEÅbd
o *päwd? *päEÅo®ð? *päEÅrSd? *päaEÅ *päaEÅok
tmum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y om om
a[ oçom a[ om
'k oH ao
w aoe om[dçbd
p^q oóçom, omeH
rD oo®mçorSmçom om[dçbd
o oo®ðçorSdçao omok (v,fwDemrfy'rmvm-113)
£um&EÅ(&wåm'd*kdPf;) þum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y t*¾dç t*¾ded t*¾Dçt*¾a,m y '@D '@Dç '@daem
tm abm t*¾d abmaEÅm t*¾Dçt*¾a,m tm abm '@d abmaEÅm '@Dç'@daem
'k t*¾ð t*¾Dç t*¾a,m 'k '@ðç '@deH '@Dç'@daem
w t*¾dem t*¾D[dçbd?t*¾d[dçbd w '@dem '@D[dçbd
p^q t*¾dóçt*¾daem t*¾DeHç t*¾deH p^q '@dóç '@daem '@DeH
rD t*¾do®mçt*¾drSmçt*¾dem t*¾D[dçbd?t*¾d[dçbd rD '@do®mç '@drSmç '@dem '@D[dçbd
o t*¾do®ðç t*¾drSd t*¾Dokç t*¾dok o '@do®ðç '@drSdç '@ded '@Dok
ã yHkvdif £Oum&efü wrSoxd A-wGif &órS 'DCajymif;í 'DC &ó yHkpHESpfrsKd;½Sdonf/

þODum&efü wrSowxd A-wGif 'DCom½Sdonf/ a,moHk;vHk;üvnf; 'DCyHkpH½Sdonf/
ã ykH eyHk xD ü £ þ O OD (MorSajymif; O)um&efwdkYwGif wrSoxd {-0,f &óom½Sdonf/
ã yHk eykH xD ü £þOODaemuf tHonf ed*¾[dwfodkYajymif;onf/ &óom½Sdonf/
ã yHk eyHk xDü tç tm um&EÅaemuf tHonf rajymif;yJ ½Sdonf/
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Oum&EÅ (ow¬m'd*kdPf;)
y ow¬m ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)
tm abmow¬ç ow¬m abmaEÅm ow¬ma&m (ow¬m)
'k ow¬m&Hç (ow¬KH ) ow¬ma&m (ow¬ma&)
w ow¬m&mç ow¬Kem ow¬ma&,dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd
p ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH
rD ow¬Ko®mçow¬KrSmçow¬m&mçow¬Kem ow¬ma&[dç bdç ow¬L[dç bd
q ow¬Kç ow¬Kaemç ow¬Kó ow¬m&meHç ow¬meHç ow¬LeH
o ow¬Ko®ðç ow¬KrSdç ow¬&d ow¬ma&okç ow¬Lok
Oum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;) ODum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y bdu©K bdu©L? bdu©a0g y o,rÇL o,rÇLço,rÇKa0g
tm abm bdu©K abmaEÅm bdu©Lçbdu©a0çbdu©a0g tm abm o,rÇK abmaEÅm o,rÇLço,rÇKa0g
'k bdu©KH bdu©L? bdu©a0g 'k o,rÇKH o,rÇLço,rÇKa0g
w bdu©Kem bdu©L[dçbd?bdu©K[dçbd w o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dçbd
p^q bdu©Kóçbdu©Kaem bdu©LeH? bdu©KeH p^q o,rÇKóço,rÇKaem o,rÇLeH
rD bdu©Ko®mçbdu©Kem bdu©L[dçbd?bdu©K[dçbd rD o,rÇKo®m^rSm o,rÇKem o,rÇL[dçbd
o bdu©Ko®ðçbdu©KrSd? bdu©Lokçbdu©Kok o o,rÇKo®ðço,rÇKrSd o,rÇLok
Moum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y a*g *ga0gç *a0g

tm a[ a*g abmaEÅm *ga0gç *a0g
'k *0Hç*g0Hç*g0Hk *ga0gç *a0g
w *ga0eç*a0e a*g[dçbd
p^q *g0óç*0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH
rD *g0o®mç*g0rSmç*g0g
*0o®mç*0rSmç*0g a*g[dçbd
o *g0o®ðç*g0rdSç*ga0
*0o®ðç*0rSdç*a0 *ga0okç*a0okça*gok
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eykv’dif½kyfpOfrsm;
tum&EÅ pdwåm'd*kdPf;
y pdwåH pdwåm pdwåmed
tm abm pdwåçpdwåm b0EÅmed pdwåm pdwåmed
'k pdwåH pdawå pdwåmed
w pdawåe pdawå[dçbd
p^q pdwåó pdwåmeH
y pdwåo®m pdwårSm pdwåm pdawå[dçbd
o pdwåo®ð pdwårSd pdawå pdawåok
tum&EÅ *päEÅm'd*kdPf; tum&EÅ *kP0g'd*kdPf;

y *päHç*päEÅH *päEÅmç*päEÅmed y *kP0Hç*kP0EÅH *kP0EÅmç*kP0EÅmedç*kP0EÅd
tm a[*päHç*päç*päm *päEÅmç*päEÅmed tm a[*kP0Hç*kP0ç *kP0EÅmç*kP0EÅmedç*kP0EÅd
'k *päEÅH *päaEÅç*päEÅmed *kP0g
'k *kP0EÅH *kP0aEÅç*kP0EÅmedç*kP0EÅd
(wwd,mrSpí usef ykv’difESifhwlonf)
(wwd,mrSpí usef ykv’difESifhwlonf)
ã ½lyod'¨dtvdk to'¨gyk'fudk tmum&EÅeyHkvdif[kqdkonf/ tESifho'¨gudk aygif;pyfNyD; to'¨g[k

ormofyk'fjzpfvmonf/ o'¨gr½SdaomtrsKd;[kqdkvdkonf/ ormofjzpfNyD;aomtcg to'¨g-[k toH½SnfrS
to'¨-[k toHwdkodkY ajymif;oGm;onf/ toHwdkajymif;NyD;rS to'¨Hç to'¨gç to'¨ged-[k pdwåESifhtwlwl
*kdPf;pOf&onf/ xdkodkYjzpfí o'éDwdusrf;u to'¨-udk tmum&EÅ[k rqdkyJç tum&EÅ[k qdkonf/
£um&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;) þum&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;)

y t|d t|Dçt|Ded y okcum&d okcum&Dç okcum&Ded
tm a[ t|d a[ t|Dçt|Ded tm a[ okcum&dd a[ okcum&Dçokcum&Ded
'k t|ð t|Dç t|Ded 'k okcum&ð okcum&Dç okcum&Ded
w t|dem t|D[dçbd w okcum&dem okcum&D[dçbd
p^q t|daemçt|dó t|DeH p^q okcum&daemçokcum&dó okcum&DeH
rD t|do®mçt|drSmçt|dem t|D[dçbd rD okcum&ddo®mçrSmçokcum&dem okcum&D[dçbd
o t|do®ðçt|drSd t|Dok o okcum&do®ðçokcum&drSd okcum&Dok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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Oum&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;) ODum&EÅ (&wåm'd*dkPf;)
y tm,k tm,lç tm,led y a*gMwbk a*gMwblça*gMwbled
tm abm tm,k b0EÅmed tm,lç tm,led tm abm a*gMwbk b0EÅmed a*gMwblça*gMwbled
'k tm,Hk tm,lç tm,led 'k a*gMwbHk a*gMwblça*gMwbled
w tm,kem tm,l[dçbd w a*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dçbd
p^q tm,kaemçtm,kó tm,leH p^q a*gMwbkóça*gMwbkaem a*gMwbleH
rD tm,ko®mçrSmç tm,kem tm,l[dçbd rD a*gMwbko®mçrSmça*gMwbkem a*gMwbl[dçbd
o tm,ko®ðçtm,krSd tm,lok o a*gMwbko®ðça*gMwbkrSd a*gMwblok
Moum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)
y pdwå*k pdwå*lç pdwå*led

tm abm pdwå*k b0EÅmed pdwå*lç pdwå*led
'k pdwå*kH pdwå*lç pdwå*led
w pdwå*kem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd
p pdwå*kóç pdwå*kaem pdwå*leH
rD pdwå*ko®mç pdwå*krSmç pdwå*kem pdwå*l[dç pdwå*lbd
q pdwå*kaemç pdwå*kó pdwå*leH
o pdwå*ko®ðç pdwå*krSd pdwå*lok
ã eyHkvdifü £ þ O OD (MorSajymif; O)um&efwdkYwGif A[k0kpf0,f 'DCom½Sdonf/

ã eyHkvdif yxrm od0dbwfü &óom½Sdonf/ yHkvdif £w¬dvdif yxrm od ü rl&if;twdkif;½Sdonf/
ã yHkvdif eyHkvdif £w¬dvdif tmvkyfodü &óom½Sdonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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£w¬dv’dif½kyfpOfrsm;
tmum&EÅ (unm'd*kdPf;) £um&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y unm unmçunma,m y &wåd &wåDç&wåda,mç&awsm
tm abmwduan abmwda,m unmçunma,m tm abmwd&wåd abmwda,m&wåDç&wåda,mç&awsm
'k unH unmçunma,m 'k &wåð &wåDç&wåda,mç&awsm
w unm, unm[d unmbd w &wåd,mç&wsm &wåD[dçbdç&wåd[dçbd
p^q unm, unmeH p^q &wåd,mç&wsm &wåDeHç&wådeH
y unm, unm[d unmbd rD &wåd,mç&wsm &wåD[dçbdç &wåd[dçbd
o unm,çunm,H unmok o &wåd,mç&wsm &wåDokç &wådok
&wåd,Hç&wsHç&awåm
þum&EÅ(e'g'd*kdPf;) þum&EÅ(*[ywm'd*kdPf;)
y e'D e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm) y *[ywmeD *[ywmeDDç*[ywmeda,m
tm abmwde'd abmwda,me'Dçe'da,m(eaZÆm) tm abmwd *[ywmed abmwda,m *[ywmeDç
'k e'ðçe'd,H e'Dç e'da,m (eaZÆm) *[ywmeda,m
w e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dçbd 'k *[ywmeðç*[ywmed,H *[ywmeDç
p^q e'd,m (eZÆm) e'DeH *[ywmeda,m
rD e'd,m (eZÆm) e'D[dçbd w *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dçbd
o e'd,mçe'd,H (eZÆH) e'Dok p^q *[ywmed,m *[ywmeDeH
rD *[ywmed,m *[ywmeD[dçbd
o *[ywmed,mç*[ywmed,H *[ywmeDok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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Oum&EÅ(&wåm'd*kdPf;) Oum&EÅ(ow¬m'd*kdPf;)
y ,m*k ,m*lç ,m*ka,m y rmwm rmwa&m
tm abmwd,m*k abmwda,m,m*lç,m*ka,m tm abmwd rmwçrmwm abmwda,m rmwa&m
'k ,m*kH ,m*lç,m*ka,m 'k rmw&H(rmwHk) rmwa&m (rmwa&)
w ,m*k,m ,m*l[dçbdç ,m*k[dçbd w rmw&mç rmwk,mç rmwa&[dçbdçrmwl[dçbd
p^q ,m*k,m ,m*leHç,m*keH p^q rmwkçrmwkóçrmwk,m rmw&meHçrmwmeHçrmwleH
rD ,m*k,m ,m*l[dçbdç ,m*k[dçbd rD rmw&mçrmwk,mç rmwa&[dçbdçrmwl[dçbd
o ,m*k,mç,m*k,H ,m*lokç,m*kok o rmwko®ðçrmwkrSdçrmw&dç
rmwk,mç rmwk,H rmwa&okç rmwlok
ODum&EÅ(&wåm'd*kdPf;) Moum&EÅ (&wåm'd*kdPf;)

y 0"l 0"lç 0"ka,m
tm abmwd0"k abmwda,m 0"lç0"ka,m y a*g *ga0gç *a0g
'k 0"Hk 0"lç 0"ka,m tm a[ a*g abmaEÅm *ga0gç *a0g
w 0"k,m 0"l[dçbd 'k *0Hç*g0Hç*g0Hk *ga0gç *a0g
p^q 0"k,m 0"leH w *ga0eç*a0e a*g[dçbd
rD 0"k,m 0"l[dçbd p^q *g0óç*0ó *0Hç a*geHç *kEéH
o 0"k,mç0"k,H 0"lok rD *g0o®mç*g0rSmç*g0g
*0o®mç*0rSmç*0g a*g[dçbd
o *g0o®ðç*g0rdSç*ga0
*0o®ðç*0rSdç*a0 *ga0okç*a0okça*gok
ã £w¬dvdifa*gESifh ykv’difa*gonf ½kyfpOfwlonf/
ã £w¬dvdif £ç O um&efwkdYü wrSoxd A-wGif &órS 'DCajymif;í 'DC &ó yHkpHESpfrsKd;½Sdonf/

tmç þç OD um&efwdkYü wrSoxd A-wGif 'DCom½Sdonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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oAÁemrf½kyfpOfrsm;
ykv’dif(oAÁ) eykv’dif(oAÁ)
y oaAÁm oaAÁ y oAÁH oAÁmed
tm abm oAÁçoAÁm abmaEÅm oaAÁ tm abm oAÁçoAÁm b0EÅmed oAÁmed
'k oAÁH oaAÁ 'k oAÁH oAÁmed
w oaAÁe oaAÁ[d^bd w oaAÁe oaAÁbd^bd
p^q oAÁó oaAÁoHçoaAÁomeH p^q oAÁó oaAÁoHçoaAÁomeH
rD oAÁo®mçrSm oaAÁ[d^bd rD oAÁo®mçrSm oaAÁ[d^bd
o oAÁo®ðçoAÁrSd oaAÁok o oAÁo®ðçoAÁrSd oaAÁok
£w¬dv’dif(oAÁ)
y oAÁm oAÁmçoAÁma,m ã uw&ç uwrç £w&ç tnç tnw&ç
tm abmwd oaAÁ abmwda,m oAÁmçoAÁma,m tnwr wdkYonf ykv’dif eykv’difü oAÁESifh
'k oAÁH oAÁmçoAÁma,m ½kyfpOf tvHk;pHkwlonf/ £w¬dvdifwGif oço®ðü
w oAÁm, oAÁm[dçbd uw&ponf\ tonf £odkYajymif;í
p^q oAÁm,çoAÁóm oAÁmoHçoAÁmomeH uw&dómç uw&dóH ponfjzifh oAÁxuf
rD oAÁm, oAÁm[dçbd ½kyfpOfydkonf/
o oAÁm,HçoAÁóH oAÁmok
£w¬dv’dif(ykAÁ)
ykv’dif(ykAÁ) y ykAÁm ykAÁmçykAÁma,m
y ykaAÁm ykaAÁçykAÁm tm abmwd ykaAÁ abmwda,m ykAÁmçykAÁma,m
tm abmykAÁçykAÁm abmaEÅm ykaAÁçykAÁm 'k ykAÁH ykAÁmçykAÁma,m
'k ykAÁH ykaAÁ w ykAÁm, ykAÁm[dçbd
w ykaAÁe ykaAÁ[d^bd p^q ykAÁm,çykAÁóm ykAÁmoHçykAÁmomeH
p^q ykAÁó ykaAÁoHçykaAÁomeH rD ykAÁm, ykAÁm[dçbd
rD ykAÁo®mçrSmçykAÁm ykaAÁ[d^bd o ykAÁm,HçykAÁóH ykAÁmok
o ykAÁo®ðçykAÁrSdçykaAÁ ykaAÁok
ã ykAÁ eykv’dif½kyfpOfyHkrSm oAÁtwdkif;om jzpfonf/ y&ç ty&ç 'u©dPç Owå&ç t"& wdkYudkvnf; ykAÁ
twdkif; ½kyfpOf&onf/ odkYaomf 'u©dPç Owå& \ £w¬dvdif½kyfpOf&mwGif o®ðü o®ðonf tm,odkYvnf;
ajymif;í 'u©dPm,ç 'u©Pm,Hç 'u©dPóH? Owå&m,ç Owå&m,Hç Owå&óH [k jzpfonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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ã , onf vdifoHk;yg;vHk;ü oAÁESifh tvHk;pHk wlonf/
ykv’dif (w) eykv’dif (w)
y aom aeçaw y eHçwH emedçwmed
'k eHçwH aeçaw 'k eHçwH emedçwmed
w aeeçawe ae[dçbdçaw[dçbd
p^q eóçtóçwó aeoHçaeomeHç wwd,mrSpí ykv’difESifhwl
awoHçawomeH
rD eo®mçto®mçwo®mçerSmçwrSm ae[dçbdçaw[dçbd
o eo®ðçto®ðçwo®ðçerSdçwrSd aeokçawok
£w¬dvdif (w)
y om emç ema,mç wmç wma,m
'k eHç wH emç ema,mç wmç wma,m
w em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd
p^q wdómçwómçeómçtóm
em,ç wm,
rD em,ç wm, em[dç embdç wm[dç wmbd
o wdóHçwóHçeóHçtóH
em,Hç wm,H emokç wmok
ykv’dif ({w) £w¬dvdif ({w)

y {aom {aw y {om {wmç {wma,m
'k {wH {aw 'k {wH {wmç {wma,m
w {awe {aw[dçbd w {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd
p^q {wó {awoHç{awomeH p^q {wm,ç{wdómç
rD {wo®mç{wrSm {aw[dç{awbd {wdóm, {wmoHç{wmomeH
o {wo®ð? {wrSd {awok rD {wm, {wm[dç {wmbd
o {wm,Hç {wdóH {wmok
eykv’dif ({w)
y {wH {wmed
'k {wH {wmed
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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ykv’dif (£r) eykv’dif (£r)
y t,H £ar y £'H? £rH £rmed
'k £rH £ar 'k £'H? £rH £rmed
w taee? £rdem £ar[dçbd?{[dçbd
p^q £ró? tó £aroHç£aromeH? wwd,mrSpí ykv’difESifhwl
{oHç{omeH
rD £ro®m? £rrSm? to®m £ar[dçbd?{[dç{bd
o £ro®ð? £rrSd? to®ð £arokç{ok
£w¬dvdif (£r)
y t,H £rmç £rma,m
'k £rH £rmç £rma,m
w £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd
p^q £rm,çtómçtóm,
rD £rm, £rm[dç £rmbd
o £rm,HçtóHç£rdóH £rmok
ykv’dif (trk) £w¬dvdif (trk)

y tokçtrk trl y tokçtrk trlçtrka,m
'k trHk trl 'k trHk trlçtrka,m
w trkem trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd w trk,m trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd
p^q trkóçt'kó trloHçtrlomeHç p^q trk,mçtrkóm trloHçtrlomeHç
trkoHçtrkomeH trkoHçtrkomeH
rD trko®mçtrkrSmçtrkem trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd rD trk,m trl[dçbdçtrk[dçbd
o trko®ðçtrkrSd trlokçtrkok o trk,mçtrkóHçtrk,H trlokç trkok
eykv’dif (trk)
y t'kHçtrHk trlç trled
'k t'kHç trHk trlç trled
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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ykv’dif (uð) £w¬dvdif (uð)
y aum au y um umçuma,m
'k uH au 'k uH umçuma,m
w aue au[dçbd w um, um[dçumbd
p^q uóçudó auoH? auomeH p^q um,çuóm umoHçumomeH
rD uo®mçurSm au[dçbd rD um, um[dçbd
o uo®ðçudo®ðçurSdçudrSd auok o um,Hç uóH umok
eykv’dif (uð)
y uð umed
'k uð umed
ã {u-1çtwlçtwlr½Sdç tazmfryg ({u0kpfyHkpHom½Sd)

ykv’dif ({u) eykv’dif ({u) £w¬dvdif ({u)
y {aum y {uH y {um
'k {uH 'k {uH 'k {uH
w {aue w {aue w {um,
p^q {uó p^q {uó p^q {um,ç{udóm
rD {uo®mçrSm rD {uo®mçrSm rD {um,
o {uo®ðçrSd o {uo®ðçrSd o {um,Hç{udóH
ã {u-wyg;wjcm; (A[k0kpfyHkpHom½Sd)
ykv’dif (A) eykv’dif (A) £w¬dvdif (A)
y {au y {umed y {umç{uma,m
'k {au 'k {umed 'k {umç{uma,m
w {au[d^bd w {au[d^bd w {um[d^bd
p^q {auoHômeH p^q {auoHômeH p^q {uoHç{umomeH
rD {au[d^bd rD {au[d^bd rD {um[d^bd
o {auok o {auok o {umok
ã {uonf a&maESmjcif;ç tjrwfç trSef teufudk azmfjyu yk&dom'dçpdwåm'dçunm'd*kdPfwdkYtwdkif;

½kyfpOf&rnf/ (tajcjyKo'´gwGJzuf 112-113)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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Obç 'Gd - ESpfckç ESpfa,muf (vdifoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\/ trsm;udef;om½Sdonf)
y ^ 'k Oabm? Oab y ^ 'k a'G? 'ka0

w ^ rD Oabm[dçbd? Oab[dçbd w ^ rD 'GD[d? 'GDbd? 'Gd[d?bdç? 'ka0[d^bd
p ^q ObdEéH p ^q 'GdEéH? 'k0dEéH
o Oabmok? Oabok o 'GDok? 'Gdok? 'ka0ok
Ob,(ESpfck ESpfa,muf) ½kyfpOfyHk
yHkvdef eyHkvdef £w¬dvdef

y^'k Oba,m? Oba, y^'k Oba,m? Ob,med y^'k Oba,m? Ob,mçOb,ma,m
w^rD Oba,[d^bd w^rD Oba,[d^bd w^rD Ob,m[d^bd
p^q Oba,oH?Oba,omeH p^q Oba,oH?Oba,omeH p^q Ob,moH?Ob,moH
o Oba,ok o Oba,ok o Ob,mok
wd (oHk;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk

y^'k wa,m y^'k wDPd y^'k wdaóm
w^rD wD[d^bd? wd[d^bd w^rD wD[d^bd? wd[d^bd w^rD wD[d^bd? wd[d^bd
p^q wdPÖH? wdPÖEéH p^q wdPÖH? wdPÖEéH p^q wdóEéH
o wDok? wdok o wDok? wdok o wDok? wdok
pwk (av;ck) ½kyfpOfyHk

y^'k pwåma&m?pwka&m y^'k pwåm&d y^'k pwaóm
w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd w^rD pwl[d^bd?pwk[d^bd
pwkAÇd pwkAÇd pwkAÇd
p^q pwkEéH p^q pwkEéH p^q pwóEéH
o pwlok? pwkok o pwlok? pwkok o pwlok? pwkok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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yÍö(5) rS t|m&o(18) txd *Pef;ocsFmrsm;
y^'k yÍö
w^rD yÍö[d
p^q yÍöEéH
o yÍöok
(vdefoHk;yg;vHk;½kyfpOfwl\)
wkrS (tvdif) ½kyfpOfyHk

y wGHç wk0H wkarSç a0g
'k wHç w0Hç wk0Hç wGH wkarSç wkrSmuHç a0g
w w,mç wG,mç aw wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g
p^q w0ç wk,SHç wkrSHç aw wkrSmuHç wkrSHç a0g
rD w,mç wG,m wkarS[dç wkarSbdç a0g
o w,dç wG,d wkarSok
trS (tvdif) ½kyfpOfyHk
y/ t[H r,Hç tarSç aem

'k/ rHç rrH tarSç trSmuHç aem
w/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem
p/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem
rD/ r,mç ar tarS[dç tarSbdç aem
q/ rrç r,SHç trSHç rrHç ar trSmuHç to®muHç trSHç aem
o/ r,d tarSokç tao®ok
ã trS wkrSwdkYonf tvdif? 'Gd rS t|m&o txd ocFsm *Pef;rsm;onf oHk;vdifqdkaomfvnf;

½kyfaerajymif;aomaMumifh tvdif[kyif qdkEdkifonf/ (v,fwDy'rmvmemrfydkif;)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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emrf0dbwfrsm; yHkoEÅmef ajymif;vJyHk

od Mo? tH? tm? {? acs
a,m tm? ed? tmaem? tma,m? aem? Mo? a0g? aZÆm? {? £? a0? acs
tH Mo? eH? tmeH? AdE´K? ,H
em {e? om? wm? tm,? tm? ZÆm? a,m? aom
[d bd
o ó? tm,? ,m? aom? aem? tm? ZÆm? tH? w¬H? awm
eH wH? omeH? oH? tH? £EéH? £PÖH? £PÖEéH
o®m rSm? tm,? tm? em? wm? ,m? ZÆm
o®ð rSd? {? ed? ,H? tm,? tH? od? óH? wð? wd? ,m? £? Mo? tm? ZÆH
(pepfopfygVdo'´g 93-94)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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emrfyÍörydkif;vmypönf;rsm;
]awm Mw x "d 0 [ð [H [ " [dÍöeH 'g 'gpeH 'ged &[d "kem} þ 15 ypönf;udk
oAÁemrfyk'frsm;odkY quf&onf/ þypönfrsm;onf 0dbwfuJhodkY jzpfaomaMumifh þypönf;rsm; qufxm;aom
yk'fudk yk'f&m0ifatmif odçpaom0dwfrsm; rquf&awmh/ 0dbwfeufrsm;udk þypönf;rsm;u a[mEdkifonf/
q,fhig;ypönf;wGif awmypönf;onf yÍörDpaom udk;eufrSm oufonf/ [dÍöeH 'gpeH 'g 'ged &[d
"kem wdkYonf tcsdefumvjy owårDüoufonf/ usefypönf;wdkYonf ae&mjy owårDteufüoufonf/
oAÁemrf quf&rnfypönf; yHkpH 0dbwfeuf

oAÁemrfrSeforQ awm oAÁawm yÍörD (rS)
oAÁ(tvHk;pHk) Mw x "d 'g oAÁawm oAÁw¬ oAÁ"d oAÁ'g (o'g) owårD (ü)
,(tMuif) Mw x [ð 'g ,awm ,Mw ,w¬ ,[ð ,'g /
w(xdk) Mw x [ð 'g 'ged wawm wMw ww¬ w[ð w'g w'ged /
{w(þ) Mw x {awåm tawm tMw {w¬ tw¬ /
£r(þ) [ " &[d 'ged "kem £awm £[ £" {w&[d £'ged t"kem /
Mw x 0 [ð [H ukawm ukMw ukw¬ uG uk[ð uk[H u[H
uð(tb,f) /
[dÍöeH 'gpeH 'g &[d uk[dÍöeH uk'gpeH u'g u&[d
oAÁawm-tvHk;pHkrS
ukawm-tb,ft&yfrS? tb,ft&yfwdkYrS (yÍörDeuf) ({u0kpf A[k0kpf ESpfeufoifh)
tcsdefumvjy
u'g-b,ftcgü? oAÁ'g-tvHk;pHkaomtcgü? tn'g-tjcm;aomtcgü? {u'g-wyg;aomtcgü?
,'g-tMuiftcgü? uk'gpeH-w&Hwcgü? w'gedç w'g-xdktcgü
{w&[dç t"kemç £'ged-þtcgüç ,cktcgü? o'g-tvHk;pHkaomtcgü? uk[dÍöeH-w&Hwcgü
ae&mjy
ukMw ukw¬ uw¬-tb,ft&yfü tb,ft&yfwdkYü? oAÁ"d-tvHk;pHküç tvHk;pHkwdkYü
uG-tb,ft&yfüç tb,ft&yfodkY? uk[ðç uk[H-tb,ft&yfüç tb,ft&yfwdkYü
w[ðç w[H-xdkt&yfüç xdkt&yfwdkYü? £[ç£"-þt&yfüç þt&yfwdkYü
,[ð-tMuift&yfüç tMuift&yfwdkYü?
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
162
ã 15 ypönf;wGif awmypönf;onf rS? udk? aMumifh? onf? tm;jzifh? wGif? ü? [lí? \? [k udk;euf½Sd
\/ Mw ESifh x onf ü? onf? udk? odkY? rS? \? wGif-[k ckESpfeuf½Sd\? usefypönf;rsm;um;
ü-[laom teufüomjzpf\/ (pepfopfygVdo'´g-95)
awmypönf; udk;euf
(1) wawm-xkdausmif;onf (vd*Fw¬)

tedpöawm-tedpö[lí (þü awmypönf; vd*Fw¬üouonf? [líum; awmypönf;aemufü ausae
aom £wdo'´g\ teufwnf;/
(2) wawm(awe 0d[ma&e)xdkausmif;onf (t0kwåuwåm;teuf)
(3) tEÅ&ma, taooawm-t<uif;r½Sdukefaom tEÅ&,fwdkYudk (uHteuf)
(4) &mZawm0g-rif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;
(5) £awm-þt&yfrS (yÍörD0dbwf tyg'efteufac: t0"dteuf)
(6) y&awm-olwyg;\? Obawm-ESpfbuf\ (omrdteuf)
(7) tedpöawm-tedpötm;jzifh (wwd,m0daooeteuf)
(8) tm'dawm-tpü (owårD^bkr®w¬ teuf)
(9) umrm0p& ukovawm-umrm0p&ukodkvf emru©E¨mav;yg;wdkYwGif (ed'¨g&Pteuf)
Mw x ckepfeuf
(1) ,Mw (,m ormywåd) tMuiformywfonf (|eD 251) (yXrmteuf)

(2) ,Mw[demr(,Hemr)-tMumif&[ef;BuD;odkY ('kwd,w¬)
(3) ,Mw-tMuif&[ef;BuD;onf? zmvD,dóEÅdemr-cGJtyfcGJEDifukefwHkbd\/ (wwd,w¬)
(4) oAÁw¬-tvHkpHkrS (yÍörDteuf)
(5)wMw-xdk\(omrdteuf)
(6) oAÁMwç oAÁw¬-tvHk;pHkü
(7) oAÁMwç oAÁw¬-tvHk;pHkwGif
(upönf;bm#D y 274-276)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
163
pnf;rsnf;rsm;
176/ udó u a0 p/ 0ypönf;aMumifh uðo'´gonf uodkYajymif;onf/

177/ uk [ð[Hokp/ [ðç[Hypönf;wdkYaMumifh uðo'´g uk-odkY ajymif;onf/
178/ aoaook p/ 0ypönf;rS <uif;aom 0dbwfypönf;wdkYaMumifhvnf; uðo'´g u-odkYajymif;onf/
179/ Mwawmaxokp/ Mwypönf; awmypönf; xypönf;wdkYaMumifh uðo'´gonf ukodkYajymif;onf/
180/ oAÁaó.wóm.uma&m 0g/ awmypönf; xypönf;aMumifh tvHk;pHkaom {wo'´gonf todkY
0duyfajymif;onf/
181/ aMw edpöH/ Mwypönf;aMumifh tvHkpHkaom {wo'´g t-odkY tNrJajymif;onf/
182/ {awmaxokp/ awmypönf; xypönf;aMumifh tvHk;pHkaom {wo'´gonf {-odkY ajymif;onf/
183/ £ród xH'ged[awma"ok p/ xHç 'gedç [ç awmç " ig;ypönf;wdkYaMumifh £ronf £odkY
ajymif;onf/
183/ t "kemrSd p/ "kemypönf;aMumifh tvHk;pHkaom £ro'´g t-odkYajymif;onf/
184/ {w &[drSd p/ &[dypönf;aMumifh tvHk;pHkaom £ro'´g {w-odkYajymif;onf/
208/ oAÁ aom 'grSd 0g/ 'gypönf;aMumifh oAÁo'´g 0duyf o-odkYajymif;onf/
ajymif;vJyHk
uð > uç uk
{w > tç {
£r > £ç tç {w
oAÁ > o
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
164
tmcsmwf
uwåm; uH[lonfrSm emrf\qdkif&mjzpfonf/ Bud,mum;tmcsmwf\ qdkif&mjzpf\/ ygVdudk pDuHk;
EIef;zGJU&mü uH uwåm; Bud,mwdkYom tcsKyftjcm y"meaywnf;/ (179-tjcjyK)
tmcsmwfBud,m wnfaqmuf&mwGif tmcsmwf0dbwfudk toHk;jyK&rnf/ tmcsmwf0dbwfonf
0wårmef0dbwfç yÍörD0dbwfç owårD0dbwfç ya&mu©m0dbwfç [d,swåeD0dbwfç tZÆwåeD0dbwfç
b0dóEDÅ0dbwfç umvmwdywåd0dbwf [lí ½SpfrsKd;½Sd\/ wrsKd;wrsKd;ü 12-vHk;pD ½Sd\/ a½SU 6-vHk;udk
y&óyk'f[k emrnfrSJYí aemuf 6-vHk;udk twåaemyk'f[k emrnf rSJYavonf/ a½SU 6-vHk;wGifvnf; a½SUqHk;
2-vHk;udk a½SUqHk;uxm;aomaMumifh yXrykk&dof[k ac:onf/ tv,f 2-vHk;udk tv,frSmxm;aomaMumihf
rZÑdryk&dof[k ac:onf/ aemufqHk; 2-vHk;udk aemufqHk;usaomaMumifh Owåryk&dof[k ac:onf/
twåaemyk'f aemuf 6-vHk;udkvnf; y&ótwdkif; 2-vHk;pDudk yXr rZÑdr Owår[k ac:yHk odyg/ ]]yk&do}}
onf jynfhpHkjcif;[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ yk'fwckckonf 0dbwfrygvQif rjynfhpHkao;ç tmcsmwf0dbwfygrS
jynfhpHkonf/ xdkYaMumifh tmcswf0dbwfudk yk&do(yk&dof)[k rSnfhac:onf/
tmcsmwf0dbwf 8-rsKd;wGif wrsKd;wrsKd;ü 0dbwf 12-vHk;½SdaomaMumifh tmcsmwf0dbwf 96-vHk;½Sd\/
xdkwGif y&óyk'f 48-vHk;ç twåaemyk'f 48-vHk;½Sd\/ tmcswf0dwbf 96-vHk;udk yXr rZÑdr Owåryk&dof
oHk; rsKd;jzifh cGJjcm;vQif yXryk&dof-32? rZÑdryk&dof-32? Owåryk&dof-32 jzpf\/
tmcswf0dbwf 8-rsKd;
0wårmem
wd tEÅd od x rd r aw taEÅ ao a0S { arS
yÍörD
wk tEÅK [d x rd r wH tEÅH ók a0Sg { tmrao
owårD
{,s {,sKH {,smod {,smx {,smrd {,smr {x {&H {axm {,sma0Sg {,sH {,smarS
ya&mu©m
t O { w¬ t rS w¬ a& aw¬m a0Sg £ arS
[d,swåeD
tm OK Mo w¬ t rSm w¬ w¬KH ao 0SH £H rSao
tZÆwåeD
þ OH Mo w¬ £H rSm tm OK ao 0SH t arS
b0dóEÅD
ówd óEÅd ówd óx ómrd ómr óaw óaEÅ óao óa0S óH ómarS
umvm
óm óHok aó óx óH ómrSm óx óðok óao óa0S óð ómrao
wdywåd
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
165
tenf;qHk; uwåm;ESifhBud,m ESpfrsKd;ygaom pum;&yfESifh uwåm;ç uHç Bud,m oHk;rsKd;ygaom
pum;&yfudk 0gus[k ac:onf/ 0gusonf uwåm;a[m0gus (Active Voice) uHa[m0gus (Passive
Voice) [k ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ uwåm;a[m0gusü uwåm;udk yxrm0dbwfjzifh a&;&onf/ uHudk 'kwd,mjzifh
a&;&onf/ uHa[m0gusü uHudk yxrm0dbwfjzifh a&;&onf/ uwåm;udk wwd,m0dbwfjzifh a&;&onf/
uwåm;ae&m uHae&mwGif a&;&rnfh pum;vHk;rsm;onf emro'´gç (Third Person) wkrSo'´gç

(Second Person) trSo'´gç (First Person) [k oHk;rsKd;½Sd\/ xdkwGif ]] oif }} [k t"dyÜg,f&aom
pum;vkH;rsm;udk wkrSo'´g[k ac:onf/ ]] ig }} [k t"dyÜg,f&aom pum;vHk;rsm;udk trSo'´g[k ac:onf/
oif ESifh ig rSwyg; a,musfm;(yk&do) trsKd;orD;(unm) pdwf(pdwå) aumif;rI(ukov) opfyif(½ku©)
ponhf pum;vHk;rsm;udk emro'´g[k ac:onf/
uwåm;a[m0gus
uwåm;a[m 0gusü uwåm;onf emro'´g jzpfygu Bud,mudk yxryk&dof ( wdç tEÅd )

ponfjzifh a&;&onf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu wd-jzifh a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf trsm;jzpfygu tEÅd-
jzifh a&;&rnf/
yHkpH/ yk&daom-a,musfm;onf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päwd-oGm;\/

(uwåm;)emro'´g tenf;udef; uH yxryk&dofBud,m tenf;udef;
yk&dom-a,musfm;wdkYonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päEÅd-oGm;ukef\/

(uwåm;)emro'´g tenf;udef; uH yxryk&dofBud,m trsm;udef;
uwåm;a[m 0gusü uwåm;onf wkrSo'´gjzpfygu Bud,mudk rZÑdryk&dof ( odç x ) jzifh

a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu od-jzifhç trsm;jzpfygu x-jzifh a&;&rnf/
yHkpH/ wGH-oifonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päod-oGm;\/

(uwåm;)wkrSo'´g tenf;udef; uH rZÑdryk&dofBud,m tenf;udef;
wkarS-oifwdkYonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *päx-oGm;ukef\/

(uwåm;)wkrSo'´g trsm;udef; uH rZÑdryk&dofBud,m trsm;udef;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
166
uwåm;a[m 0gusü uwåm;onf trSo'´gjzpfygu Bud,mudk Owåryk&dof ( rdç r ) jzifh
a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu rd-jzifhç trsm;jzpfygu r-jzifh a&;&rnf/
yHkpH/ t[H-igonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *pämrd-oGm;\/

(uwåm;)trSo'´g tenf;udef; uH Owåryk&dofBud,m tenf;udef;
r,H-igwdkYonf r*¾H-vrf;udk *pämr-oGm;ukef\/

(uwåm;)trSo'´g trsm;udef; uH Owåryk&dofBud,m trsm;udef;
ã uwåm;a[m 0gusü
1/ uwåm;udk yxrmESifh a&;yHk
2/ uHudk 'kwd,mESifh a&;yHk
3/ uwåm;ESifh Bud,mudk tenf; trsm;ç o'´g yk&dof udkufnDatmif a&;yHk wdkYudk
owdjyKyg/
uHa[m0gus
uHa[m 0gusü uHonf emro'´g jzpfygu Bud,mudk yxryk&dof ( wdç tEÅd ) ponfjzifh
a&;&onf/ uwåm;onf tenf;jzpfygu wd-jzifh a&;&rnf/ uwåm;onf trsm;jzpfygu tEÅd-jzifh
a&;&rnf/uHa[mBud,mudk rl&if;"mwf (*päf-ponf) + -D, odkYr[kwf , (uHa[moauFwjyypönf;) +
tmcsmwf0dbwf (wdç tEÅdponf) jzifh a&;&onf/
yHkpH - *päf-oGm; + -D,-tyf + wd-\ = *päD,wd-oGm;tyf\

rl&if;"mwf uHa[mypönf; tmcswf0dbwf
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf ra*¾g-vrf;udk *päD,wd-oGm;tyf\/

uwåm; (uH) emro'´g tenf;udef; Bud,m tenf;udef;
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf r*¾g-vrf;wdkYudk *päD,EÅd-oGm;tyfukef\/

uwåm; (uH) emro'´g trsm;udef; Bud,m trsm;udef;
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf wGH-oifvrf;udk *päD,od-oGm;tyf\/

uwåm; (uH) wkrSo'´g tenf;udef; Bud,m tenf;udef;
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf wkarS-oifvrf;wdkYudk *päD,x-oGm;tyfukef\/

uwåm; (uH) wkrSo'´g trsm;udef; Bud,m trsm;udef;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
167
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf t[H-igvrf;udk *päD,mrd-oGm;tyf\/
uwåm; (uH) trSo'´g tenf;udef; Bud,m tenf;udef;
yHkpH/ yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf r,H-igvrf;wdkYudk *päD,mr-oGm;tyfukef\/

uwåm; (uH) trSo'´g trsm;udef; Bud,m trsm;udef;
ã uHa[m 0gusü
1/ uHudk yxrmESifh a&;yHk
2/ uwåm;udk wwd,mESifh a&;yHk
3/ uHESifh Bud,mudk tenf; trsm;ç o'´g yk&dof udkufnDatmif a&;yHk wdkYudk owdjyKyg/
ã a[m&m a[m&m yXrm/ / Bud,monf uwåm;udk a[maom Bud,mç uHudk a[maom

Bud,m[k 2-rsKd;½Sd\/ uwåm;udk a[m&mü uwåm;udk yxrm0dbwfjzifh ygVdpD&onf? yHkpHum;-]]yk&daom
*päwd}}wnf;/ uHudk a[m&müvnf; uHudk yxrm0dbwfjzifhyif ygVdpD&onf? yHkpHum;-]]ra*¾g *päD,wd}}
wnf;/ xdkodkY a[m&mü Bud,mESifhuwåm;ç Bud,mESifhuHwdkYonf {u0kpf A[k0kpfcsif; (rsm;aomtm;jzifh)
wlMu&onf/
ã ra[muwåm-wwd,mç uHrSm 'kwdESifh/ / Bud,mu ra[mtyfaom t0kwåuwåm;udk

wwd,m0dbwfjzifh ygVdpD&rnf? yHkpHum;-]]yk&daoe *päD,wd/}} wnf;/ Bud,monf ra[mtyfaom
t0kwåuHudk 'kwd,m0dbwfjzifh ygVdpD&rnf/ yHkpHum;-]]r*¾H *päwd}} wnf;/ þuJhodkY ra[mtyfaom uH
uwåm;wdkYrSm Bud,mESifh {u0kpfcsif; A[k0kpfcsif; wlMuonfjzpfap rwlMuonfjzpfap aeEdkifavawmhonf/
ã ra[morQ t0kwåü o'óHk;oG,f 0kpfESpfoG,f/ / ra[mtyfaom t0kwå uH uwåm;wdkYü

emr wkrS trS[laom o'´ 3-rsKd;udkvnf;aumif;ç {u0kpf A[k0kpf 2-rsKd;udkvnf;aumif; vJvS,fí
tqifhqifh oGif;Edkif onf/ (tajcjyKo'´g-188)
emra,m* {u0kpf
uwåm;a[m 6-0gus uHa[m 6-0gus
yk&daom r*¾H *päwd/ yk&daoe ra*¾g *päD,wd/
yk&daom ra*¾ *päwd/ yk&dao[d ra*¾g *päD,wd/
yk&daom wH *päwd/ w,m ra*¾g *päD,wd/
yk&daom wkarS *päwd/ wkarS[d ra*¾g *päD,wd/
yk&daom rH *päwd/ r,m ra*¾g *päD,wd/
yk&daom tarS *päwd/ tarS[d ra*¾g *päD,wd/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
168
uwåm;a[m 6-0gus teufay;yHk
yk&daom-a,musfm;onf? r*¾H-vrf;udk? ra*¾-vrf;wdkYudk? wH-oifvrf;udk? wkarS-oifvrf;wdkYudk?

rH-igvrf;udk? tarS-igvrf;wdkYudk? *päwd-oGm;\/
uHa[m 6-0gus teufay;yHk
yk&daoe-a,musfm;onf? yk&dao[d-a,musfm;wdkYonf? w,m-oifonf? wkarS[d-oifwdkYonf?

r,m-igonf? tarS[d-igwdkYonf? ra*¾g-vrf;udk? *päD,wd-oGm;\/
emra,m* A[k0kpf

yk&dom r*¾H *päEÅd/ yk&daoe r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
yk&dom ra*¾ *päEdÅ/ yk&dao[d r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
yk&dom wH *päEÅd/ w,m r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
yk&dom wkarS *päEÅd/ wkarS[d r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
yk&dom rH *päEÅd/ r,m r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
yk&dom tarS *päEÅd/ tarS[d r*¾g *päD,EÅd/
wkrSa,m* {u0kpf

wGH r*¾H *päod/ yk&daoe wGH *päD,od/
wGH ra*¾ *päod/ yk&dao[d wGH *päD,od/
wGH wH *päod/ w,m wGH *päD,od/
wGH wkarS *päod/ wkarS[d wGH *päD,od/
wGH rH *päod/ r,m wGH *päD,od/
wGH tarS *päod/ tarS[d wGH *päD,od/

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
169
wkrSa,m* A[k0kpf

wkarS r*¾H *päx/ yk&daoe wkarS *päD,x/
wkarS ra*¾ *päx/ yk&dao[d wkarS *päD,x/
wkarS wH *päx/ w,m wkarS *päD,x/
wkarS wkarS *päx/ wkarS[d wkarS *päD,x/
wkarS rH *päx/ r,m wkarS *päD,x/
wkarS tarS *päx/ tarS[d wkarS *päD,x/
trSa,m* {u0kpf

t[H r*¾H *pämrd/ yk&daoe t[H *päD,mrd/
t[H ra*¾ *pämrd/ yk&dao[d t[H *päD,mrd/
t[H wH *pämrd/ w,m t[H *päD,mrd/
t[H wkarS *pämrd/ wkarS[d t[H *päD,mrd/
t[H rH *pämrd/ r,m t[H *päD,mrd/
t[H tarS *pämrd/ tarS[d t[H *päD,mrd/
trSa,m* A[k0kpf

r,H r*¾H *pämr/ yk&daoe r,H *päD,mr/
r,H ra*¾ *pämr/ yk&dao[d r,H *päD,mr/
r,H wH *pämr/ w,m r,H *päD,mr/
r,H wkarS *pämr/ wkarS[d r,H *päD,mr/
r,H rH *pämr/ r,m r,H *päD,mr/
r,H tarS *pämr/ tarS[d r,H *päD,mr/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
170
tmcsmwftESpfcsKyf
(1)0wårmef
wdç tEÅd? odç x? rdç r? awç taEÅ? aoç a0S? {ç arS/
y&óyk'f twåaemyk'f
a,m* {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf
emr *päwd? *apä *päEÅd? *päa& *päaw *päaEÅ?*päa&
wkrS *päod? *apä *päx *päao *päa0S
trS *pämrd?*apä *pämr *apä *pämarS
tpDt&ifxl; 1/ wdç odç rd > { ajymif;? ykpH-*apä

2/ rdç r \ a½SYu t > tmajymif; ykpH-*pämrd? *pämr
3/ *½ka½S;½Sd &ó\aemuf tEÅdç taEÅ > a& ajymif; ykpH-*päa&
ã *päcsnf; qdkvQif ]]*pf+q}}[k toHjzpf\/ *pf-um; *½kç q-um; &ównf;/ þodkY *½ka½S;½Sdaom
&óaemif yXryk&dof A[k0kpfjzpfaom tEÅd ESifh taEÅ udk a&jyKí *päa&[k jzpf\/ 0wårmefomru
b0dóEÅDü óEÅd óaEÅ wdkYrS EÅd aEÅ wdkYudkvnf; a&jyKí b0dóa& ponfjzpf\/ (½lyod'¨dbm#D 'k 349)
1/ (u) jzpfaeqJudk ajymqdka&;om;yHk

yg#vdykwåH *päwd/
om0w¬d,H y0dowd/
0d[&wd aZw0ae/
(c) jzpfaeqJrS tNrJ &yfpJoGm;onfudk ajymqdka&;om;yHk

t[H rHoH e cg'grd/ (t&ifupm;ayrJh cka&maemifyg rpm;awmh)
(8) qufvufjzpfaerIudk ajymqdka&;om;yHk

t[H abm rHoH cg'grd/ (oufoufvGwf rpm;ol? pm;NyD;ç pm;qJç pm;vwåHY)
£[ rv’m ,kZÆEÅd/ (tNrJwrf; rxdk;ayrJh rMumrMumxdk;onf)
(yg#vdykwåH-yg#vdykwfjynfodkY?*päwd-oGm;\?om0w¬d,H-om0w¬djynfodkY?y0dowd-(qGrf;tvdkYiSg)0if\?aZw0ae-
aZw0ef ausmif;ü? 0d[&wd-ae\ t[H-igonf? rHoH-tom;udk? ecg'grd-rpm;yg/ abm-tarmif? t[H-ig-
onf? rHoH-tom;udk? cg'grd-pm;yg\/ £[-þt&yfü? rv’m-vufa0SYorm;wdkYonf? ,kZÆEÅd-xdk;owfMuukef\)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
171
2/ jzpfNyD;umpESifh jzpfcgeD;udk ajymqdka&;om;yHk
ukawm b0H tm*päwd? yg#vdykwåawm tm*pämrd/ (jzpfNyD;ump)
uk[ð *päod? om0w¬d,H *pämrd/ (jzpfcgeD;)
r,H bPmr/ (jzpfcgeD;)
(b0H-t½Sifonf? ukawm-tb,ft&yfrS? tm*päwd-vmcJhygoenf;? yg#vdykwåawm-yg#vdykwfjynfrS? tm*päwd-
vmcJhyg\/ uk[ð-tb,ft&yfodkY? *päwd-oGm;rvdkYvJ? om00w¬d,H-om0w¬djynfodkY? *pämrd-oGm;rvdkY)
3/ ,m0 yka& yk&moHk;NyD; jzpfvmrnfudk ajymvdkaomtcg oHk;yHk

,m0g[H tm*pämrd? wm0 £a"0 a[m[d/ (igvmonfhwdkifatmif þae&myif ae&pf)
"r®Íö 0de,Íö o*Fg,mrç yka& 'dyÜwd t"ar®m/ (t"r®rxGef;um;rSD "r®0de,udk o*Fg,emwifMupdkY)
yk&m 0ówd a'a0g(rdk;r½GmrSD) £ar 'aEÅ qdE´ç yk&m r&mrd (raorSD þtpG,fwdkYudk jzwf,lyg)
{,smodç yk&m [nmrd ( towfrcH&cif vdkufcJhyg)
4/ {uefjzpfrnfh t&mç rvGJraoG jzpfrnfht&mç umvoHk;yg;ESifh oufqdkifonhft&mudk ajymyHk
ed&,H Ele *pämrd? ew¬d ar {w¬ oHoa,m(i&JodkY pifppf oGm;&rnf? þudpöü igtwGuf
oHo,r½Sd)
"k0H Aka'¨g b0gr[H (rcRwf ig bk&m; jzpfvdrfhrnf)
reom ap y'ka|e bmowd 0g ua&mwd 0g(ysufaompdwfjzifh wu,f ajymonfjzpfap jyKvkyf
onfjzpfap)
5/ u'gç u&[dESifh jzpfvmrnfudk ajymvdk&mü wcgw&H 0wårmefoHk;
u'g *päwd (b,fawmhoGm;rvJ)
u&[d *päwd^ u'g *rdówd/ (b,fawmh oGm;rvJ)
u'g um0dEéH yómrd/ (b,ftcgü AdóEdk;udk jrif&ygtHhenf;)
u&[d ouF&H 'u©mrd (b,ftcgrS ra[oG&udk jrif&ygtHhenf;)
6/ tar;t"dyÜg,fjy uðç uw&ç uwrESifh &vdkonfudk ar;&mü wcgw&H 0wårmefoHk;

uwa&mûwarm bdu©H *PSmwd^*PSdówd (tb,folonfxrif;udk ,lvdkvwHåUenf;)
aum bdu©H &mwd^&mówd (tb,folonf xrif;udk ,lvdk vwåHUenf;)
7/ tvdk½Sdtyfaom xrif;ponfjzifh NyD;pD;jcif;udk odtyf&m0,f (aMumif;usKd;qufjy&m0,f) wcgw&H

0wårmefoHk;
a,m tEéH ''gwd^'gówd? aom o*¾H ,mwd^,mówd (xrif;ay;olonf ewfjynfa&mufvwåHU)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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8/ awmifhwonfudk ajymvdk&mü twdwf ypöKyÜef tem*wf 0dbwfrsm; oHk;Edkifonf
a'a0g ap t0ód^0ówd^0ódówd? r,H 0ydrSm^0ygr^0ydómr (rdk;½GmNyD;^½GmqJ^½GmvwåHUjzpfvQif

igwdkY pdkufysKd;NyD;^ pdkufysKd;qJ^ pdkufysKd;vwåHYjzpfrSmyJ)
9/ tar;udk eEkêÊkjzifh ar;NyD;jyefajz&mü twdwfteuf 0wårmefouf
eekykHpH/ tumod u#H a'0'wå? eEk ua&mrd abm
eyHkpH/ tumod u#H a'0'wåç e ua&mrd abmç emumoð 0g/
EkyHkpH/ tumod u#H a'0'wå? t[H Ek ua&mrdç t[H Ek umoð 0g/
(a'0'wå-a'0'wf? u#H-oifzsmudk? tumod-jyKNyD;avm(,ufNyD;avm) abm-t½Sif? ua&mrdeEk-jyKNyD;
r[kwfygavm/ eua&mrdêmumoð-rjyK&ao;bl;vm;(jyKNyD;ygNyD[lvdk) 0dbwfuGJaomfvnf;teufwl/
ua&mrdEk^tumoðEk-NyKNyDr[kwfvm;)
11/ qdkif&mteufudk jypGrf;Edkif&mü twdwfteuf 0wårmefouf

t,H w'g e b0wd/ (w'g-xdktcgü? t,H-þab;onf? eb0wd-rjzpfEdkifygNyD)
(2) yÍörD
wkç tEÅK? [dç x? rdç r? wHç tEÅH? ókç a0Sg? {ç tmrao?
emr bkÍÆwk bkÍÆEÅK bkÍÆwH bkÍÆEÅH
wkrS bkÍÆ? bkÍÆm[d bkÍÆx bkÍÆók bkÍÆa0Sg
trS bkÍÆmrd bkÍÆmr bkaÍÆ bkÍÆmrao
tpDt&ifxl; 1/ taemif [d wcgw&H ausaysmuf? yHkpH-bkÍÆ

2/ [dç rdç r a½SUu t> tm ajymif;? ykpH-bkÍÆm[d? bkÍÆmrd? bkÍÆmr
3/ wkç [d > { ajymif;? aom ba0-jzpfapownf;? wGH ba0-jzpfavm/
apcdkif;jcif;/ ua&mwk ukovH/ okPmwk ar baEÅ oHaCm/ *grH *päwk abm 'ged/
awmif;wjcif;/ okcH aw a[mwk oAÁ'g/ t[H okcD b0grd/
usdefpmqdkjcif;/ {udum o,ae aowk? ,m aw tarÁ t0g[&d (pGyfpGJcH&í r[kwfaMumif;jyqdkjcif;)
usdefqJjcif;/ wH tEkAE¨wk r[ðoD/ tu©,H a[mwk aw b,H/ rk'¨g zvwk owå"m/
awmif;jcif;/ ''g[d y0&H *ZH/ ''g[d ar *gr0&H/
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qufpyfar;jcif;/ udEéK abm tbd"r®H 0g okaPmrdç O'g[k 0de,H 0g okaPmrd/ uð abm a0'H
t"d,mrdç O'g[k wuúH t"d,mrd/ (½kd;½kd;tar;r[kwfç udpöESpfck qufpyfar;jcif;)
qkawmif;jcif;/ t,H okrermvm0 yd,m a[mrd b0gba0/ £rH [w¬ð 0DwyDawe oav’e
0dZÑmaywGm ZD0dwu©,H ygaywGm qAÁPÖ&o®ð 0doZÆaEÅ ,ru'aEÅ tm[&maywHk
orw¬m a[mrd/
awmif;yefjcif;/ a'aowk baEÅ b*0g "r®H/

jynGef;pDpOfpDrHjcif;/ {0H yknH ua&mwk abm/
t"d|mefjyKjcif;/ £[ yAÁawm a[mwk/
ac:iifjcif;/ tm*päwk b0H/
yifhzdwfjcif;/ {w¬ edoD'wkç £'H tmoeH/ t"d0gaowk ar bwåHç b*0g oGmwem, wH/
cGifhjyKjcif;/ ykpäwk b0H yÚ§H/
tcsdefwefaMumif;ajymjyjcif;/ umavm a'0 r[m0D&ç OyÜZÆ rmwkukpäd,H/
(ukovH-ukodkvfudk? ua&mwk-jyKygavm/ baEÅ-t½Sifbk&m;? oHaCm-oHCmawmfonf? ar-wynfhawmf

\ pum;udk? okPmwk-em;axmifawmfrlyg/ abm-atmif? 'ged-,cktcgü? *grH-½GmodkY? *päwk-oGm;yg/ aw-
oifhtm;? okcH-csrf;omonf? oAÁ'g-tcgcyfodrf;? a[mwk-jzpfygaponf;? ,m-tMuifolronf? aw-oif\?
tarÁ-o&ufoD;wdkYudk? t0g[&d-cdk;[lNyD? om-xdko&ufoD; cdk;olronf? {udum-wpfa,mufwnf;? o,ae-
tdyf&mü? aowk-tdyf&ygapom;/ wH-oifhudk? r[ðoD-uRJronf? tEkAE¨wk-vdkufygapownf;? aw-oifhtm;?
b,H-ab;onf? tu©,H-rukefEdkifonf? a[mwk-jzpfygapownf;/ rk'¨g-OD;acgif;onf? owå"m-ckESpfpdwf?
zvwk-uGJygapownf;/ y0&H-jrwfaom? *ZH-qifudk? ''g[d-ay;awmfoem;rlyg/ ar-uRefawmfrsKd;tm;? *gr0&H-
½Gmpm;qkudk? ''g[d-ay;awmfrlyg/ abm-t½Sif? tbd"r®H0g- tbd"r®mudkrlvnf;? okaPmrd udEéK-em&rSmavm?
O'g[k-odkYr[kwf? 0de,H0g-0denf;udkrlvnf;? okaPmrd udEéK-em&rSmavm/ abm-t½Sif? a0'H-aA'ifudk?
t"D,mrduð-oif&rSmavm? O'g[k-odkYr[kwf? wuúH-wufusrf;udk? t"D,mrduð-oif&rSmavm/ b0gba0-
b0wdkif;ü? t,H okrermvm0-þjrav;yef;uJhodkY? yd,m-cspfp&mhowdkYorD;onf? a[mrd-jzpf&ygvdk\? £rH[w¬ð-
þqifudk? 0DoyDawe-tqdwfvl;aom? oav’e-rQm;jzifh? 0dZÑmaywGm-ypfcGif;apí? ZD0dwu©,H-toufukefjcif;odkY?
ygaywGm-a&mufapí? qAÁPÖ&o®ð-ta&mifajcmufrsKd;udk? 0doZÆaEÅ-vTwfukefaom? ,ru'aEÅ-tpG,ftpHkwdkYudk?
tm[&maywHk-aqmifapjcif;iSg? orw¬m-pGrf;Edkifolonf? a[mrd-jzpf&ygvdk\/ baEÅ-jrwfpGmbk&m;? b*0g-
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? "r®H-w&m;udk? a'aowk-a[mawmfrlyg/ abm-tarmif? yknH-aumif;rIudk? {0H-þodkY?
ua&mwk-jyKyg/ £[-þt&yfü? yAÁawm-awmifBuD;onf? a[mwk-ay:aygufygapownf;/ b0H-t½Sif?
tm*päwk-<uawmfrlyg/ £'H-þum;? tmoeH-ae&mwnf;? {w¬-þae&mü? edoD'wk-xdkifawmfrlyg/ baEÅ-
jrwfpGmbk&m;? oGmwem,-eufjzefqGrf;twGuf? ar-wynfhawmf\? bwåH-qGrf;udk? t"d0gaowk-vufcHawmfrlyg/
b0H-t½Sifonf? yÚ§H-jyóemudk? ypäwk-ar;awmh/ r[m0D&-vHkYvBuD;jrwfaom? a'0-tavmif;awmfewfom;?
umavm-tcsdefwefygNyD? rmwkukpäd,H-r,fawmh0rf;ü? OyÜZÆ-jzpfawmfrlyg)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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(3)owårD
{,sç {,sKH? {,smodç {,smx? {,smrdç {,smr? {xç {&H? {axmç {,sma0Sg? {,sHç {,smarS/
emr 'daAÁ,sç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,sKH 'daAÁx 'daAÁ&H
wkrS 'daAÁ,smodç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,smx 'daAÁaxm 'daAÁ,sma0Sg
trS 'daAÁ,smrdç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,smr 'daAÁ,sHç 'daAÁ 'daAÁ,smarS
tpDt&ifxl;

{,sç {,smodç {,smrdç {,sH > { ajymif;? ykpH-'daAÁ
{,s> tm ajymif;? ykpH-u,d&m ("r®y' | y 40)
{x> rS { tm ajymif;? ykpH-u,d&mx
{,smr> {,smrkç {rk ajymif;? ykpH-r,H b0a,smrkçba0rk-jzpfukef&m\/(o'óHcdyftajz)
1/ rm yrm' rEk,kaÍÆx/ {,smx ü ,sm-acs/

2/ aom[H tZÆ uxH 0ZÆH/ (r 1 414) {,smrdó trma'aom p/ (½l) {,s udk tHjyK/
aom[H-xdkjA[®mjzpfaomigonf? tZÆ-,aeY? uxH0ZÆH-tb,fudk qdk&mtHhenf;/
3/ edAÁmya,-Nidrf;apNyD/ {,smod-udk {jyK/ owårDonf umvoHk;yg; a[monf/ ("r®y' #D 95)
owårDtoHk;jyKyHk
cGifhjyKjcif;/ wGH *grH *apä,smod/

BuHqjcif;/ t,H t&[m ba0,s/
ar;jcif;/ uð Ek abm "r® raZÑ,sHç O'g[k 0de,H taZÑ,sH?
(½kd;½kd;tar;r[kwf? t&m0w¬KESpfck qufpyfar;jcif;)
qkawmif;jcif;/ y&'g&H e *apä,s/
cGifhawmif;jcif;/ vab,sm [H baEÅ b*0awm oEÅdau yAÁZÆHç vab,sH OyorÜ'H/
wdkufwGef;âwmif;yefjcif;/ rmP0H tZÑmay,smod/
enf;ay;^pDrHjcif;/ *grH abm {0H *apä,s/
ac:iifjcif;/ £" b0H edoDa',s/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
175
yifhzdwfjcif;/ *gro®ð b0H bkaÍÆ,s/
pGrf;Ekdifjcif;/ aum £rH 0dZ#a, Z#H/
xdkufwefjcif;/ b0H cvk &ZÆH ua&ûa&,s/
apcdkif;jcif;/ *gruH baP *apä^*apä,smod/
tcsdefwefjcif;/ ,'d oHCó ywåuv’Hç oHaCm OaygoxH ua&,s/
csD;rGrf;jcif;/ yAÁwryd bdaE´,s/ q[d bdu©a0 "ar®[d orEém*awm bdu©K tyd
[dr0EÅH yAÁw&mZH y'gav,s? aum ye 0ga'g q0g, t0dZÆm,/
(wk0H-oifonf? *grH-½GmodkY? *apä,smod-oGm;vdkoGm;awmh/ t,H-þolonf? t&[m-&[EÅmonf?

ba0,s-jzpfavmuf&m\? abm-t½Sif?"r®H-okwftbd"r®mudk? taZÑ,sHuðEk-o&ZÑ,f&rSmygavm? O'g[k-
odkYr[kwf? 0de,H-0denf;udk? taZÑ,sHuðEk-o&ZÑ,f&rSmygavm? y&'g&H-olYr,m;udk? e*apä,s-roGm;&vdk? baEÅ
t½Sifbk&m;? t[H-wynfhawmfonf? b*0awm-jrwfpGmbk&m;\? oEÅdau-txHü? yAÁZÆH-½Siftjzpfudk? vab,sH-
&csifyg\? OyorÜ'H-&[ef;tjzpfudk? vab,sH-&csifyg\/ rmP0H-vkvifudk? tZÑmay,smod-o&ZÑm,fapygavm
(pmcsay;ygavm)/ abm-tarmif? *grH-½GmodkY? {0H-þodkY? *apä,s-oGm;&m\/ b0H-t½Sifonf? £"-þae&mü?
edoDa',s-xdkifvSnfhygavmh/ b0H-t½Sifonf? *gro®ð-½Gmü? bkaÍÆ-pm;ygavm/ aum-tb,folonf? £rHZ#H-
þt½IyftaxG;udk? 0dZ#a,-ajz½Sif;pGrf;EdkifygtHhenf;/ b0H-t½Sifonf? cvk-pifppf? &ZÆH-rif;tjzpfudk? ua&
(ua&,s)jyKxdkuf\/ baP-armif;rif;? *gruH-½Gmi,fodkY? *apä(*apä,smod)oGm;prf;avm/
oHCó-oHCm\(uHonf)? ywåuv’H-avsmufywfaomtcg½Sdonf? ap(,'d)tu,fíjzpftHh?
{0Howd-þodkY jzpfvaomf? OaygoxH-Oykofudk? ua&-jyK&m\?0g-jyKcsdefwefygNyD/ yAÁwryd-awmifudkvnf;?
bdaE´,s-cGJEdkif&m\/ bdu©a0-&[ef;wdkY? q[d-ajcmufyg;ukefaom? "ar®[d-w&m;wdkYESifh? orEém*awm-
jynfhpHkaom? bdu©K-&[ef;onf? [dr0EÅH-[dr0EÅmrnfaom? yAÁw&mZHtyd-awmifrif;udkvnf;? y'gav,s-
cGJEdkif&mao;\? q0g,-,kwfnHhaom? t0dZÆm-t0dZÆmü? 0ga'g-azmufcGJEdkif\ [k txl;qdkzG,fpum;onf?
aumyetw¬d-tb,frSm½SdawmhtHhenf;? ew¬d{0-r½Sdawmhonfom)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
176
(4) ya&mu©m
tç O? {ç w¬? t1ç rS? w¬ç a&? aw¬mç a0Sg? £2ç arS/
tpDt&ifxl;
w¬ç a&ç aw¬mç rSç arS AsOf;0dbwfaESmif;&mü £vm/ yHkpH-Abl0dw¬ç Abl0da& ponf

emr Abl0 Abl0k Abl0dw¬ Abl0da&
wkrS Abla0 Abl0dw¬ Abl0daw¬m Abl0da0Sg
trS Abl0 Abl0drS Abl0d Abl0darS
jzpfNyD;onfudk arhavsmhjcif;/ t[H 0dvvmyH ud&/ t[H pum&H ud&/ t[H Abl0H ud&/
rod[efaqmifjcif;/ em[H uvda*F Z*gr/ (aejcif;\taMumif;&if;udkygzHk;onf/
½kd;½kd;zHk;&mü ]]em[H t0oð}} raebl;yg[k tZÆwåeDoHk;)
olwyg;ajymoH wqifhMum;&jcif;/ aom tm[ ud&/ wGH Abla0 ud&/ {0H ud& ayg&mPm[k/
(t[H-igonf? 0dvvmyHud&-a&mif;&rf;ajymrdowJh/ t[H-igonf? pum&Hud&-jyKvkyfrdowJh/ t[H-

igonf? Abl0H ud&-jzpfNyDwJh/ t[H-igonf? uvda*F-uvd*Fwdkif;wdkYudk? eZ*gr-roGm;bl;ra&mufbl;yg/
aom-xdlolonf? tm[ ud&-qdkowJh/ wGH-oifonf? Abla0ud&-jzpfNyDwJh/ {0H-þodkY? ayg&mPm-
a½S;q&mwdkYonf? tm[kud&-qdkukefowJh)
1 tH (upönf;o'´gBuD;ygXf 222)
2 £H (upönf;o'´gBuD;ygXf 222)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
177
(5) [d,swåeD
tmç OD? Moç w¬? tç rSm? w¬ç w¬KH? aoç 0SH? £Hç rSao/

emr tb0gçb0g? tb0lçb0l tb0w¬çb0w¬? tb0w¬KHçb0w¬KH?
tb0ç b0ç tb0kçb0k tb0xçb0x1
wkrS tba0gçba0gçtb0çb0ç tb0w¬çb0w¬ tb0aoçb0ao? tb00SHçb00SH?
tb0dçb0d tb0xçb0x
trS tb0ç b0 tb0rSmçb0rSmç tb0ðç b0ð? tb0rSaoçb0rSao?
tb0rSçb0rS
tpDt&ifxl;

1/ "mwftpü tvm? yHkpH-tb0g ponf
2/ tmç OD> tç O yHkpH-tb0ç tb0k ponf
3/ Mo > tç £ yHkpH-tb0ç tb0d ponf
4/ w¬> x yHkpH-tb0x
5/ rSm > rS yHkpH-tb0rS
,refaeYn oef;acgiftcgrSpí(raeYupí) a½S;jzpfaom twdwfu tjzpftysufudk

ajymqdka&;om;vdkonfhtcg [d,swåeD oHk;&onf/
aom t*rm r*¾H/ aw t*rl r*¾H/
(aom-xdkolonf? r*¾H-vrf;udk? t*rm-oGm;NyD/ aw-xdkolwdkYonf? r*¾H-vrf;udk? t*rl-oGm;ukefNyD)
1 pdef&wemygVdoifenf; twGJ 1? ESm- 177

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
178
(6) tZÆweD
þç OHç Moç w¬ç £Hç rSm? tmç OKç aoç 0SHç tHç arS?
emr tb0Dç b0D? tb0Hkçb0Hk tb0gçb0g? tb0lç b0l
tb0dç b0dç tb0ðokçb0ðok tb0dw¬çb0dw¬? tb0kç b0k
tb0Hokç b0Hok
wkrS tba0gçba0gçtb0çb0ç tb0dw¬çb0dw¬ tb0daoçb0dao? tb0d0SHçb0d0SH?
tb0dçb0d tb0kw¬çb0kw¬
trS tb0ðç b0ð tb0drSmçb0drSmç tb0ç b0? tb0darSçb0darS?
tb0drSçb0drS tb0Hç b0H
tb0krSmçb0krSm
tb0krSç b0krS
tpDt&ifxl; 1/ "mwftpü tvm? yHkpH-tb0D ponf

2/ þ> £ç aus yHkpH-b0d? t[k([laemufrSþacs? [lü&ójyK ½l-295)
2/ OH > £Hokç tHok yHkpH-tb0ðokç tb0Hok ponf
3/ Mo > tç£çodçw¬çaw¬mçaus yHkpH-b0çb0dçb0od(udvdw¬1çrndaw¬mçt'gçt[k)
4/ rSm > rS yHkpH-tb0drS
5/ tm > w¬> x yHkpH-tb0dw¬?
6/ tm > t yHkpH-ta0gp
6/ OD > O yHkpH-tb0k
7/ tH > t yHkpH-tb0
7/ £Hç tH> tm yHkpH-tZÑ*g2(ayw|-100ü]t[H t[k}[k trSa,m*jzihfvnf;½Sd)
8/ Mo> £> { yHkpH-edAÁm,a,-Nidrf;apNyD ("r®y'bm#D y 95)
,aeY(,ckjzpfNyD;ptcsdefrS)pí (av;oacsFESifhurÇmwpfodef;Mumapumrl) vGefavorQ twdwf
taMumif;udk ajymvdk&mü tZÆwåeDjzifh a&;onf/ [d,swåeDESifh tZÆwåeDudk ]rm} edygwfESifhwGJa&;u ypöKyÜef
twdwf tem*wf umvoHk;yg;vHk; bmomjyefEdkifonf/ ykHpH rm*rm-roGm;ESifh ([d,swåeD) rm*rD-roGm;
ESifh (tZÆwåeD) twdwfrSmvnf;roGm;NyDç ypöKyÜefvnf; roGm;qJç tem*wfrSmvnf; roGmvwHhç b,fumv
rSmrS roGm;[k qdkvdkonf/ ]rm} udk yÍörD0dbwfESifhvnf; wGJa&;Edkifonf/ yHkpH-rm*päm[d-roGm;ygESifh/
1 ed½kwåd'DyeD 374-375/ ('geH t'g wk0H/ Zm 2? 322/ rm abmwd ukydwm t[k/ Zm 2? 335)
2 tZÑwåeD, rmwårð 0g tH 0g/ (o'éDwd) wPSmeH c, rZÑ*g/ pdwåH-onf? wPSmeH-wdkY\? c,H-ukefaMumif;jzpfaom
t&[wår*f t&[w¬zdkvfudk? tZÑ*g-&NyD/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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(&) b0dóEÅD
ówdç óEÅdç óodç óxç ómrdç ómr? óawç óaEÅç óaoç óa0Sç óHç ómarS/
emr *pädówd *pädóEÅdç *pädóa& *pädóaw *pädóaEÅç *pädóa&
wkrS *pädóod *pädóx *pädóao *pädóa0S
trS *pädómrd *pädómr *pädóH *pädómarS
tpDt&ifxl; 1/ EÅdç aEÅ > a& yHkpH-*pädóa& ponf
toHk;jyKyHk
1/ aemiftem*wf jzpfysufrnfhtaMumif;t&mudk ajymqdka&;om;vdkaomtcg
2/ *&[(uJh&Jhjcif;t"dyÜg,f&aom)emrESifhwGJNyD; twdwfutaMumif;t&mudk ajymvdk&mtcg
3/ 0drS,(tHhMojcif;t"dyÜg,f&aom)emrESifhwGJNyD; twdwfutaMumif;t&mudk ajymvdk&mtcg
4/ twdwfu tjzpftysufudk ,Mw[d-emr-ESifh thHMopGm ajymvdk&mtcg
5/ twdwfu tjzpftysufudk uxH[d-emr-ESifh uJh&Jhjypfwif ajymvdk&mtcg wdkYü b0dóEÅDudk toHk;jyKonf/
1-yHkpH? aom *pädówd? aw *pädóEÅd/ aom-xdkolonf? *pädówd-oGm;vwHh? aw-xdkolwdkYonf? *pädóEÅd-
oGm;ukefvwHh/
2-yHkpH? £ar [d emr uvsmP"r®m y#dZmedóEÅd? £ar([d)þraumif;aomw&m;½SdolwdkYonf? uvsmP"r®m-
aumif;aomw&m;½dSolwdkY[lí? y#dZmedóEÅdemr-0efcHukefbd\/
3-yHkpH? tpä&d,H taE¨m emr yAÁw rma&m[dówd? taE¨m-oluPf;onf? (ormaem-jzpfygvsuf) yAÁwH-
awmifay:odkY?tma&m[dówdemr-wufEdkifygay\? tpä&d,H-tHhMozG,faumif;avpG?
4-yHkpH? ,Mw[d emr onD Zm*a&m yÍörwåmed ou#owmed edóm,edóm, twduúEÅmedae0'u©wd, e ye
aomówd/
,Mw[d(a,m[d)tMuiftmVm&&aohonf? onDormaem-onm½Sdoljzpfygvsuf? Zm*a&m-Edk;aeygvsuf?
edóm,edóm,-rdrdudk uyfíuyfí? twduúEÅmed-vGefoGm;ukefaom? yÍörwåmed ou#owmed-vSnf;ig;&mwdkYudk?
ae0'u©wdemr-jrifvnf;rjrifvdkuf? eyeaomówdemr-Mum;vnf;rMum;vdkuf? wó-xdktmVm&aoh\? oEÅ0d[m
a&e-NidrfoufaomaeaMumif;ormywfjzifh?wH0d[&PH-xdkaejcif;onf? tpä&d,H0wabm-tHhMozG,faumif;avpG/
5-yHkpH? uxH [d emr wGH armCyk&do {0H oGu©maw "r®0dea, O'&ó um&Pm yAÁZdóod/(0d3 73)
armCyk&do-tcsnf;ESD;a,musfm;? uxH[demr-tb,fhaMumifhomvQif?wGH-oifonf? {0H-þodkY? oGu©m
aw-aumif;pGma[myftyfaom? "r®0dea,-okwftbd"r®m0denf;[laomomoemü? O'&ó-0rf;\? um&Pm-
taMumif;aMumifh? yAÁZdóodemr-&[ef;jyK&oenf;/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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(&) umvmwdywåd
ómç óHokç aóç óxç óHç ómrSm? óxç óðokç óaoç óa0Sç óðç ómrSao/
emr t*pädómç *pädóm t*pädóHokç *pädóHok t*pädóxç*pädóx t*pädóðokç*pädóðok
t*pädóç *pädó
wkrS t*pädaóç *pädaó t*pädóxç *pädóx t*pädóaoç*pädóao t*pädóa0Sç*pädóa0S
t*pädóç *pädó
trS t*pädóHç*pädóH t*pädómrSmç*pädómrSm t*pädóðç *pädóð? t*pädómrSaoç
t*pädómrSç *pädómrS *pädómrSao
tpDt&ifxl;

1/ óm > ó yHkpH-t*pädó ponf
2/ aó > ó yHkpH-t*pädó ponf
3/ ómrSm > ómrS yHkpH-t*pädómrS ponf
jzpfoifhonft&m rjzpfyJ tcsdefvGefoGm;onfht&mudk ajymvdk&mwGif umvmwdywåd0dbwfudk

toHk;jyKonf/
(u) aom ap wH ,meH tvbdóm? t*pädóm/ (c) aw ap wH ,meH tvbdóHok?

t*pädóHok/
(*) oap araCm e 0aó,sç Mo'eH typdóm/ (C) aom ap yXr0a, yAÁZdó?
t&[m tb0dóm1/
(aom-xdkolonf? wH ,meH-xdk,mOfudk? ap tvbdóm-tu,fí&tHh? t*pädóm-oGm;Edkifavmuf&mNyD/
aw-xdkolwdkYonf? wH ,meH-xdk,mOfudk? ap tvbdóHok-tu,fí&ukeftHh? t*pädóHok-oGm;Edkifavmufukef&mNyD/
araCm-rdk;onf? oap e 0aó,s-r½GmcHhygrl? Mo'eH-xrif;onf? typdóm-usufavmuf&mNyD/ aom-
xdkolaX;om;onf? yXr0a,-yxrt½G,fwkef;u? apyAÁZdó-tu,fí &[ef;jyKcJhtHh? t&[m-&[EÅmonf?
tb0dóm-jzpfavmuf&mNyD/)
1 Bud,mwdyEéxm;&mü ESpf0gus½Sdwwfonf/ ESpf0gusvHk; umvmwdywådoHk;Edkifovdkç yÍörD owårD b0dóEÅDrsm;ESifhvnf;

wGJoHk;onf/ (C)ü a½SU0gus½Sd yAÁZdó onf wGJbuftaejzifhomygjcif;jzpfonf? aemuf0gus½Sd tb0dóm onfom
Bud,mwdyEéjzpfonf/ tjcm;0grsm;üvnf; þodkYcsnf;wnf;/ (upönf; bm#D 'k 318? ½lbm#D'k 392)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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Oyom&yk'f
emrfyk'f tmcsmwfyk'fwdkYESifh wGJzufí ,if;yk'fwdkYteufudk (1) rGrf;rH (2) jyifqif (3) jc,frIef;
aom yç y&m paom ESpfq,faom yk'fwdkYudk Oyom&yk'f[k ac:onf/
tmcswfyk'fteufudk rGrf;rHyHk emrfyk'fteufudk rGrf;rHyHk
tbd0E´mrd=tvGef½kdaopGm½Sdcdk;yg\/ Oy**ø=jrpf\teD;tem;/Oy+**Fg(jrpf)
tbd+0E´(½Sdcdk;)+rd ywdaomwH=a&qef/ywd+aomw(a&tvsOf)
O*¾päwd=wuf\/ O+*rk(oGm;)+wd tbd"r®=vGefuJxl;jrwfaomw&m;/
Oav’mau,smx=armhMunfhMuavmh/ tbd+"r®(w&m;)
O+avmu(Munfh){,smx
Moavmau[d=iHkYMunfhavmh/t0+avmu+[d emrfyk'fteufudk jyifqifyHk
tmcswfyk'fteufudk jyifqifyHk O'är®m="r®tppfr[kwf/ O+"r®("r®tppf)

OAÁdea,m=0denf;tppfr[kwf/
y&maZwd=½IH;\/ y&m+Zd(atmif)wd O+0de,(0denf;tppf)
tm*päwd=vm\/ tm+*rk(oGm;)wd
yauúmowd=ac:\/ y+uko(qJqdk)wd emrfyk'fudk jc,frIef;yHk
zaóm=awGUxdjcif;
tmcswfyk'fudk jc,frIef;yHk oræaóm=awGUxdjcif;/ oH+zó(awGUxdjcif;)
vbwd=&\/ y#dvbwd=&\/
y#d+vb(&)+wd
a0a'wd=cHpm;\/oHa0a'wd=cHpm;\/
oH+0d'(cHpm;)+wd
ã "mwfçemrfudkuyf? tw¬udkjc,f? yk'fudkjc,f? ESpfoG,fOyom/

csD;jr§ifhyJhjyif? wm;jrpfvQif? oHk;tifteufrSm/
(o'óHcdyf)
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Oyom&yk'fteufrsm;
1/ y = tjym;? tp? jy|mef;jcif;? tpdk;&jcif;? twGif;üjzpfjcif; -- ponf

ynm-tjym;tm;jzifh odwwfaomw&m;(y+Ó=odjcif;) 0dyÜuwH-píjyKtyf tNyD;rowfao;aom
tvkyf(0d+y+u&=jyK+w) yPDwH-jy|mef;onf\tjzpfodkY aqmiftyf\/ rGefjrwf\/
(y+eD=aqmif+w) ybl-tpdk;&ol(y+bl=jzpf) yu©dwåH-xnfhoGif;tyf\/ (y+cdy=ypfvTwf+w)
2/ y&m = qkwf,kwfjcif;? qHk½IH;jcif; -- ponf

y&mba0g-ysufpD;jcif;(y&m+b0=jzpfjcif;) y&mZdawm-½IH;aptyf\(y&m+Zd=atmif+w)
y&mroeH-oHk;oyfjcif;(y&m+ro=oHk;oyf+,k)
3/ ed = t<uif;tusefr½Sd? xGufoGm;jcif;? xkwfaqmifjcif;? wm;jrpfjcif;? r½Sdjcif; -- ponf

ed&0aooH-t<uif;tBuHr½Sdatmif(ed+t0aoo=<uif;usefaom) ed,smwd-xGufajrmuf\
(ed+,m=oGm;+wd) ed'¨g&P-xkwfaqmifjcif;(ed+"m&P=aqmifjcif;) ed0ga&wd-wm;jrpf\
(ed+0&=ydwfqdkY+aP+wd) edr®u©duH-ysm;aumifr½Sd(ed+ru©dum=ysm;aumifç,ifaumif)
4/ eD = y,fxkyfjcif;? wm;jrpfjcif; -- ponf

eD[&wd-y,fxkyf\(eD+[&=aqmif+t+wd) eD0&P-wm;jrpfwwfaomw&m;(eD+0&=ydwfqdkY+,k)
5/ O = wdk;wufjcif;? txuftrI? jy|mef;jcif;? pGrf;Edkifjcif; -- ponf

O*¾päwd-txufodkYwuf\(O+*rk=oGm;+wd) O|dawm-x\(O+Xm=&yf+w) Owåarm-jrwfol
(O+wr=wefqmqifç,HkrSm;çcspfzG,fjyK) Oó[wd-pGrf;Edkif\(O+o[=onf;cHçvTrf;rdk;çtm;xkwf+
t+wd)
6/ 'k = rwifhw,fjcif;ç r½Sdjcif;ç rjynfhpHkjcif; -- ponf

'k*¾aE¨m - rwifhw,faom teYH ('k+*E¨=teYH) 'kóDavm=oDvr½Sdol('k+oDv=oDv)
'koóH-aumufpyg;rjynfhpHkjcif;('k+oó=aumufpyg;)
7/ oH = aygif;jcif;? aumif;pGm? tusOf;csKH;jcif; -- ponf

oE¨d-aygif;pyfjcif;(oH+"m=aqmifçay;çarG;jrL+£) orm"d-aumif;pGmtm½kHü xm;wwfaomw&m;
(oH+tm+"m+£) ormaom-yk'fwdkYudkcsKH;jcif;(oH+to=xif½Sm;½SdçoGm;çxGef;yç,lçypfy,fçpm;+P)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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8/ 0d = txl;? qefYusifbuf? r,SOfjcif; -- ponf
0drkwåd=txl;ojzifh vGwfajrmufjcif;(0d+rkp=vGwfuif;jcif;+wd) 0d0ga'g=qefYusifbufajymqdkjcif;
(0d+0'=ajymqdkjcif;+P) 0dyÜ,kawåm=r,SOfaomw&m; (0d+y+,kZ=,SOf+w)
9/ t0 = atmuftzdkY? uif;jcif;? vTrf;rdk;jcif;? cdkjcif; -- ponf

t0u©dwåH=atmufodkYcstyfaom (t0+cdy=ypfvTifh+w) MorkuúOyg[aem=cRwftyfaomzdeyf½Sdol
(Mo+rkp=vGwfuif;çpGefYvTwf+w) t0Zmee=txifao;jcif;(t0+Ó=odjcif;+em+,k)
t0[ma&m=cdk;jcif; (t0+[&=,l+P)
10/ tEk = tpOfvdkufjcif;? rjywfpJjcif;? wlrQjcif; -- ponf

taEGwd=tpOfvdkuf\(tEk+£=oGm;ça&muf+wd) tEkoa,m=tpOfrjywfudef;0yfaomudavom
(tEk+od=wnfrSD+t) tEk½lyH=avsmf\(tEk+½ly=oabm)
11/ y&d = xuf0ef;MuOf? ydkif;jcm;jcif;? a½SmifMuOfjcif; -- ponf

y&d0kawm=xuf0ef;usifapmifha½SmufçNcH&Htyf\(y&d+0&=ydwfqdkY+w) y&daÚ,sH=ydkif;jcm;íodtyf\/
(y&d+Ó=odjcif;+Ps) y&d[&wd=a½SmifvTJ\/ (y&d+[&=aqmif,l+wd)
12/ t"d = tvGeftuJ? tpdk;&ol? vTrf;rdk;jcif;? o&ZÑm,fjcif; -- ponf

t"doDvH=vGefuJaomoDv(t"d+oDv=oDv) t"dywd=tBuD;tuJ(t"d+ywd=tBuD;tuJ)
t"db0wd=vTrf;rdk;\(t"d+b0=jzpf+wd) t"Daw=½GwftHoif,l\(t"d+£+aw)
13/ tbd = a½S;½Ijzpfjcif;? txl;? tvGeftuJ? txuftrI -- ponf

tbduúrwd=a½S;½I(a½SUodk)oGm;\(tbd+urk=oGm;çESpfouf+t+wd) tbd"ar®m=xl;uJaomw&m;
(tbd+"r®) tbd0ówd=tvGef½Gm\ (tbd+0ók=rdk;½Gm+t+wd) tbd½k[wd=wuf\
(tbd+½k[=jzpf+wd)
14/ ywd=y#d =rSDjcif;? qefYusifbuf? tpm;ay;jcif;? wm;jrpfjcif;? wlrQjcif;? xdk;xGif;íodjcif;-ponf

ypöu©H=pu©Kpaom£aÈúdkrSDaomÓPf^rsufarSmuf (ywd+tu©=pu©Kpaom£aÈ´) ywdaomwH-a&
\ qefYusifbuf(ywd+aomw=a&tvsOf) ywd''gwd=tpm;ay;\(ywd+'g=ay;+wd)
ywdao"eH=wm;jrpfjcif;(y#d+od"k=oGm;+,k)
y#da0a"m=xdk;xGif;íodjcif; (y#d+0d"=azmufxGif;çuGJjym;çpD&if+P)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
184
15/ ok = wifhw,fjcif;? aumif;pGm? jynfhpHkjcif; -- ponf
ok*aE¨m=wifhw,faomteHY (ok+*E¨=teHY) ok*awm=aumif;pGm<uoGm;awmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;
(ok+*w=oGm;jcif;) okbdu©H=xrif;\jynfhpHkjcif; (ok+bdu©m=xrif;)
16/ tm = a½S;½Ijzpfjcif;? tydkif;tjcm;? ysHUESYHjcif;? a&mufjcif;? vdkvm;jcif; -- ponf

tm*päwd=vm\(tm+*pä=oGm;+wd) tmyAÁwH=awmifwdkifatmif(awmiftxd) (tm+yAÁw=awmif)
tmukrm&H ,aom upö,eó=upönf;ax&f\ tausmftaZmonf uav;i,fwdkifatmif
jzpfonf/ (tm+ukrm&=uav;i,f) tmyaEém=a&muf\ (tm+y'=oGm;^cdkifcHh)
tmucFg=vdkvm;jcif;(tm+ucF=vdkjcif;^,HkrSm;)
17/ twd = omvGef(ausmfvGef)jcif;? vGefoGm;jcif;? uJvGef? tvGef -- ponf

twda&mpwd=omvGefwifhw,f\(twd+½kp=wifhw,f+t+wd) twDawm=vGefíjzpf\
(twd+£=jzpf+w) tpöEÅH=tydkiftjcm;udk vGef\ (twd+tEÅ=tydkif;tjcm;)
twdukovH=tvGefvdr®m\(twd+ukov=vdr®m) twd0k'¨d=tvGefBuD;jcif;(twd+0k'¨d=BuD;)
18/ tyd = csD;ajr§mufjcif;? uJh&Jhjcif;? ar;jcif; -- ponf

ar½krÜd-jrif;rkd&fawmifudkaomfvnf;? 0ded0dZÑdwGm=xdk;azmufí? *apä,s=oGm;Edkif&m\/
tydtrSmuH y@dwu=igwdkY\ynm½SdBuD;(pufqkyftyfaom ynm½Sd)
baEÅ-t½Sifbk&m;? bdu©H-qGrf;udk? tydvbdw¬-&ygukef\avm/
19/ ty = uif;jcif;? uJh&Jhjcif;? a½SmifMuOfjcif; -- ponf

tyrmaem=uif;aomrme½Sd\(ty+rme) ty*aAÇm-ewfjynfy#doaE¨rSuif;ol(ty+*AÇ=y#doaE¨)
,kwfnHhaom y#doaEäejcif;½Sdol?
0gPdZm-ukefonfwdkYonf? tyomvm,-uif;wJudka½SmifvTJukefí? tm,EÅd-vmukef\/
20/ Oy = csOf;uyfjcif;? teD;uyf? a&mufjcif;? toifh? txufüjzpfjcif;? tvGef -- ponf

OyedoDa',s=uyfíxdkiftHh(Oy+eDoDa',s=xdkiftHh) Oye*&H=NrKdUteD;(Oy+e*&=NrKdU) Oyywådawm=
toifhtm;jzifh(Oy+y'=oGm;+wd+awm)
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; 28-32)

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185
edygwfyk'f
0gus\ tpçtv,fçtqHk; wae&m&mrSaeí rdrda[mvdkaom teuft"dyÜg,fudk emrfyk'f

Bud,myk'fwdkYESifhwGJzufí nTefjyaom pç yd tp½Sdaom yk'fwdkYonf ]]edygwfyk'f}}wdkYrnf\/
,if;edygwfyk'fESifh Oyom&yk'fwdkYonf vdifoHk;yg;0dbwfckESpfoG,fESifh qufoG,faomfvnf;
rlv½kyfoGiftaetxm; ajymif;vJrIr½Sdojzifh ]]tAs,yk'f}}vnf; rnf\/
ykHpHrsm;
(u) rm rH baEÅ emaox = t½Sifbk&m; wynfhawmfr(\pnf;pdrf)udk rzsufqD;Muygukefvifh/
þü ]rm}[laom edygwfyk'fonf 0gus\tpüwnfvsuf rdrda[mvdkaom wm;jrpfjcif;teufudk

]emaox} [laom Bud,myk'fESifh wGJzufí nTefjyonf/
(c) cDPmoa0g ye ZD0daw 0g r&aP 0g Oayu©aum0 a[mwd/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfonfum;

touf½Sifjcif;üjzpfap aojcif;üjzpfap (rkef;çcspf rjyK) vspfvsL½Ionfom jzpf\/
þü ]yeç {0} edygwfyk'fwdkYonf 0gus\tv,fuaeí emrfyk'frsm;ESifhwJGzufNyD; rdrdwdkY a[mvdkaom

]qefYusifbufteuf} ]ydkif;jcm;uefYowfjcif;} teufrsm;udk a[mukef\/
(*) yknu&PH [d £" ap0 orÜ&ma, p okcar0 = ukodkvfaumif;rI jyKjcif;onfom

,ckb0üjzpfap aemifb0ü jzpfap csrf;om(aomtusKd;)udk jzpfapEdkifonfom/
þü ]{0} edygwfyk'fonf 0gus\tqHk;uaeí rdrda[mvdkaom ]ydkif;jcm;uefYowfjcif;teufudk}

okc[laom emrfyk'fESifhwGJzufí nTefjyavonf/
edygwfyk'fESifh 4if;wdkY\ t"dyÜg,frsm;
1/ eç aemç rmç tvHç [vH = rç r[kwf 6/ tw¬d = ½Sdukef\/

2/ tx = tjcm;rJh? xdkrSwyg;? odkYr[kwf 7/ ouúm = wwfaumif;\/
3/ wk = xdkrSwyg;? txl; 8/ orEÅm = xuf0ef;usif
4/ [a0ç a0 = pifppf? {uef? trSeftm;jzifh 9/ a[|m = atmuf
5/ ao,s'd'H = xdk[mtb,fenf; 10/ Oy&d = txuf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
186
11/ rk[kwå = wrk[kwfrQ? wcPrQ 17/ ta[m = tHhMozG,f½SdygaypG
12/ £wd=xdkY-aMumifh? þwGifNyD;NyD? 18/ ud&=wqifhpum;Mum;&zl;onfum;?
þodkY? [lí? [k owJh? owwf?
13/ tayÜ0emr=jim;tHhvnf;rod? -wef&m\? 19/ ememç ykxk=toD;tjcm;
14/ tmrç om"k=aumif;NyD? at;? tdrf;? 20/ yke=wzef
15/ udÍömyd = tu,fí - - ygay\? 21/ {0=om? omvQif? yifvQif
16/ uk = pufqkyfbG,f 22/ ,m0=tMuifrQavmuf
23/ wm0=xdkrQavmuf
24/ earm=½Sdcdkjcif;onf - ponfwdkYjzpfukef\/
omrDum&uESifhwGJonfhedygwfyk'frsm;
1/ Oy&d=tay:rSm
½ku©ó Oy&d oukaPm a[mwd/ opfyif\ tay:rSm iSuf½Sdonf/
2/ a[|m=atmufrSm
½ku©ó a[|m 'g&um uDVEÅd/ opfyif\ atmufrSm uav;rsm; upm;aeMuonf/
3/ yka&? yk&awm=a½SUrSm
a*[ó yka&(yk&awm) ½kau©m a[mwd/ tdrf\a½SUrSm opfyif½Sdonf/
4/ ypäm? ypäawm=aemufrSm
0d[m&ó ypäm(ypäawm) omraP&m a[mEÅd/ ausmif;\aemufrSm omraPrsm;½SdMuonf/
5/ orDay? oEÅdau=teD;rSm
e*&ó orDay(oEÅdau) rEkóm 0oEÅd/ NrKdU\teD;tem;rSm vlrsm;aeMuonf/
6/ 'la&=ta0;rSm
e*&ó 'la& acwåmed a[mEÅd/ NrKdU\ta0;rSm v,frsm; ½SdMuonf/
7/ t0d'la&=reD;ra0;ü
trSmuH a*[ó t0d'la& a*gPm wdPH cg'EÅd/
igwdkY\ tdrf\ reD;ra0;ü EGm;rsm;onf jrufudk pm;Muonf/

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187
8/ taEÅm=twGif;rSm
e*&ó taEÅm t&a,m e a[mEÅd/ NrKdU\twGif;ü &efolrsm; r½SdMuyg/
9/ A[d=tjyiftyü
e*&ó A[d t&a,m e a[mEÅd/ NrKdU\tjyifyü &efolrsm; r½SdMuyg/
10/ tEÅ&m? tEÅa&=tMum;ü

'GdEéH *grmeH tEÅ&m {um e'D ta[mod/ ½GmESpf½GmwdkY\ tMum;rSm jrpfwpfjrpf½SdchJonf/
u&P0dbwfESifh wGJ&onfh edygwfrsm;
1/ 0dem=uif;í? rygbJ
wGH y@dawe 0dem rm 0om[d/ oifonf ynm½SdESifh uif;uGmNyD; raeESifh/
oDave 0dem "r®H p&dwHk e oauúmwd/ tusifhoDvESifh uif;uGmNyD; w&m;udk usifh&ef rpGrf;Edkif/
2/ o'¨ð? o[=twlwuG
r,H tmp&da,e o[(o'¨ð) ur®H ua&mr/ igwdkYonf q&mESifh twlwuG tvkyfvkyfMuonf/
jrefrmodkY jyefqdkyg
1/ a*[ó a[|m 'g&um uDVEÅd/

2/ *gró t0d'la& 0eH ta[mod/
3/ tmp&d,ó oEÅdau r,H odyÜH O*¾PSmr/
4/ wkarS tmp&d,ó yka& rm bmox/
5/ trSmuH a*[ó taEÅm "emed ta[oHk/
6/ *gró A[d acwåmed a[mEÅd/
7/ wma,m unma,m tarS[d o'¨ð apwd,H *päEÅd/
8/ t[H w,m 0dem 0odwkH e oauúmrd/
9/ Amav[d o[ rm 0ox/
10/ *gró p e*&ó p tEÅa& unH yómrd/

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188
ormof
emrfyk'f1 ESpfyk'fudkjzpfap oHk;yk'fav;yk'fponf trsm;udk jzpfap pum;wdkatmif csKH;rI pum;usOf;atmif

csOf;pyfrIudk ormof[k ac:\/ jrefrmpum;oHk;üvnf; xdkuJhodkYormof pum;vHk;awG rsm;pGmyg½Sd\/ rcsKH;
rcsOf;tyfaom pum;udk ygVdvdk ]]0gus}}[k ac:onf/
ygVd0gus - &anm+ykawåm jrefrm0gus - rif;\+om;

ygVdormof - &mZykawåm jrefrmormof - rif;om;
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o0dbwfç rif;\ü \[laom jrefrm0dbwfwdkYonf ormofodkYa&mufu ausaysmuf&ukef\/
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1 emrfyk'fqdkonfrSm emremrfç oAÁemrfç ormofemrfç w'¨dwfemrfç udwfemrfESifhwuG Oyom&yk'f edygwfyk'frsm;udk

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ac:onf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh tmcswf(Bud,m)yk'frS wyg;aom yk'ftm;vHk;udk emr[k ac:onf[k rSwfyg/
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Oyom&yk'fç edygwfyk'fwdkYonf vdif 3-yg; 0dbwf 7-oG,fwdkYESifh qufoG,faomfvnf; yHkoP²mef

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tAs,Dabm ormofwGJpyfaomtcg
(1) Oyom&ykf? odkYr[kwf edygwfyk'fwdkYudk a½SUqHk;u xm;&rnf/
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ã tAs,Dabm ormofonf vdiftm;jzifh eyHkvdifwrsKd;wnf;om ½Sd\/ £w¬dvdifç ykv’difemrfwdkYonf

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ã tAs,Dabmpnf;rsOf;
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tAs,Dabm ormofjzpfonf/
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26/ tH 0dbwåDe.rmum&EÅm tAs,Dbm0g/ tum&EÅ tAs,Dabmyk'faemuf 0dbwftm;vHk;onf wcgw&H
tHodkYajymif;onf/
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28/ tno®m avmayg p/ tum&EÅ tAs,DabmrS wyg;aom (£-O um&EÅ) tAs,Dabmormof
aemufu 0dbwftmvHk;onf ausajymufoGm;onf/
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tAs,Dabmormofyk'f tAs,Dabmormofyk'f tAs,Dabmormofyk'f
Oye*&H-NrKdUteD; t"dw¬d-rdef;rudktaMuif;jyKí taEÅme*&H-NrKdUwGif;

OyukrÇH-tdk;teD; jzpfaom pum; taEÅm0óH-0gwGif;
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qefYusifbuf(a&qef) taMumif;jyKíjzpfaompum; yka&bwåH-eHeufcif;
ywd0gwH-avqefYusifbuf Oy0"k-acR;rteD; ypämbwåH-naecif;
(avqef) Oy*k-EGm;teD; a[|mrÍöH-anmifapmif;atmuf
tum&EÅtAs,Dabm½kyfpOf
y/ Oye*&H (Oye*&H) Oye*&mç Oye*&med (Oye*&H)

tm/ abm Oye*&ç Oye*&m (Oye*&H) b0EÅmedOye*&mç Oye*&med (Oye*&H)
'k / Oye*&H (Oye*&H) Oye*a&ç Oye*&med (Oye*&H)
w/ Oye*a&e (Oye*&H) Oye*a&[d^bd (Oye*&H)
p^q/ Oye*&ó (Oye*&H) Oye*&meH (Oye*&H)
rD/ Oye*&o®m^rSmçOye*&m(Oye*&H) Oye*a&[d^bd (Oye*&H)
o/ Oye*&o®ð^rSdçOye*a&(Oye*&H) Oye*a&ok (Oye*&H)
bmomjyefyHk/ NrKdU\teD;onf? wdkYonf? tdkNrdKU\teD;çwdkY? -teD;udkçwdkYudk? ponfjzifh jyefyg/ ½lbm#D y 545ç6 üMunfhyg
£um&EÅtAs,Dabm½kyfpOf Oum&EÅtAs,Dabm½kyfpOf
y/ t"dw¬d t"dw¬Dçt"dwDed(t"dw¬d) y/ Oy*k Oy*lçOy*led (Oy*k)

tm/ t"dw¬d t"dw¬Dçt"dw¬Ded(t"dw¬d) tm/ Oy*k Oy*lçOy*led (Oy*k)
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p^q/ t"d|daemç p^q/ Oy*kaemç
t"dw¬dó(t"dw¬d) t"dw¬DeH(t"dw¬d) Oy*kó (Oy*k) Oy*leH (Oy*k)
rD/ t"dw¬do®mç rD/ Oy*ko®mç Oy*krSm
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rnf\/
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t0"m&PykAÁy' ur®"m&,f
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ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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eedygwykAÁy'ur®"m&,f
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e rEkaóm trEkaóm=vltppfr[kwfaomol? vlESifhwlaomol(ewf? bDvl;)
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e Asmuawm tAsmuawm=ukodkvftukodkvftjzpf ra[mtyfaomw&m;
e ukovH tukovH=ukodkvf\qefYusifbuf(tukodkvf)
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ukpädwH toeH u'oeH=pufqkyfzG,ftpm;tpm
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ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
195
owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrsm;
1/ r[myk&daom ponfü r[EÅ-rS r[m jzpfvmonf/

2/ oyÜK&daom ponfü oEÅ-rS o jzpfvmonf/
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ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
196
wyÜK&doformof
wyÜK&doformofonf (u) rdóuwyÜK&dof (c) ok'¨wyÜK&dof [k ESpfrsKd;½Sdonf/ ur®"m&nf;ç 'd*k

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wyÜK&dofudk ok'¨wyÜK&dof[k ac:onf/
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wyÜK&dof (2) wdavmuH uJhodkY ur®"m&, 'd*k vu©PmESpfcka&maom ur®"m&,'d*krdóu wyÜK&dof[k
ESpfrsKd;½Sdjyefonf/
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jzpfEdkifonf/
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wGJpyfa&;om;u 4if;wGJvHk;udk wyÜKd&doformof[k ac:onf/
yHkpH - blrð*awm ponf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
197
'kwd,mwyÜK&dof/ / blrð *awm blrd*awm? blrð-ajrodkY? *awm-oGm;olwnf;?
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½kyfpOf&rnf/
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ukd,fpm; ]ua&mwd}[laom yk'fjzifh 0dN*Kd[fjyK&onf/ (½lbm#D y 602)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
198
ã aom-xdkolonf? o&P*awm-udk;uG,fjcif;odkYa&mufolwnf;? aw-xdkolwdkYonf? o&P*wm-
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ouf&aom yxrmwyÜKd&fvnf;½Sd\[k BuHavonf/ (½lbm#D y 601)
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ormofjzpfao;onf/ (½lyod'¨dbmom#Dum 'k 83)
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rmaoe ykaAÁm rmoykaAÁm-wpfvjzifh a½S;usol
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ESpfq,f(19-ck)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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0gpm, ocdavm 0gpmocdavm-pum;ESifhajyjypfol
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udwypönf;qHk;yHkpH? ]pwk0*¾u&PD,H}onf udpöypönf;qHk;yHkpHwnf;/ (½lbm#D y 605)
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]*päwd yd0wd} jzifh 0dN*Kd[fqdk&onf/ (½lbm#D y 606)
raZÑavmyDwyÜK&dof
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]raZÑavmyD}ormofjyKMu&onf/ (upönf;bm#D y 518)
taóe ,kawåm &axm tó&axm/ taóe-jrif;ESifh? ,kawåm-,SOfaom? &axm-&xm;wnf;?

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ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
200
pwkw¬DwyÜK&dof/ w'w¬orÜ'gefç tw¬ o'´gç [dw o'´gç a',s o'´g paom aemufyk'frsm;ESifh
pwkw¬DwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&rnf/
yHkpHrsm; uxdeó 'kóH uxde'kóH? uxdeó-uxdeftvdkYiSg? 'kóH-t0wfwnf;?

uxde'kóH-uxdefvsmt0wf
tm*EÅKuó bwåH tm*EÅKubwåH-{nfhonftwGuf xrif;
avmuó [dawm avmu[dawm-avmutvdkYiSg(bdkY)tpDtyGm;
Ak'¨ó a',sH Ak'ä',sH-bk&m;½Siftm; vª'gef;tyfaom(yef;)
oHCó a',sH oHCa',sH-oHCmawmftm;vª'gef;tyfaom(ouFef;)
ã ]tvdkYiSg}[lonf ]tusKd;iSg}ESifh teufwlwnf;/ xdk ]tvdkYiSg}udkyif ]bdkY}[kvnf; oHk;pGJEdkifonf/

(½lbm#D 'k 89)
ã tw¬o'´gESifh wGJpyfyHkudk o'éDwdrjy/ xdkodkYrjyjcif;rSm yd#uwfawmfü xdkjy,k*frsm;onf

pwkw¬Dormofr[kwfç q|DwyÜK&dof ur®"m&nf; A[kAÁD[dormofrsm;om (xdkufovdk)jzpfMuaomaMumifhwnf;/
tw¬ o'´gESifh ormofjzpf&mü edpöormofjzpf rdrd tw¬yk'f&if;jzifh 0dN*Kd[frjyK&/ tw¬\teufudk
a[mEdkifaom tjcm;yk'fESifhom 0dN*Kd[fjyK&onf/ (½lbm#D'k 90)
yHkpH twåaem £'H twåw¬H/pD0&H(eyHk)£'H-þt&monf? twåaem-rdrd\Opömwnf;ç tzdkYwnf;(rdrdtwGuf)

y&ó £'H y&w¬H/pD0&H /£'H-þt&monf? y&ó-olwyg;\Opömwnf;ç tzdkYwnf;(olwyg;twGuf)
'dGZó t,H 'GdZaw¬m/ olayg(yHk)[if;csKd/ t,H-þ[monf? 'GdZó-ykPÖm;\Opömwnf;/
'dGZó t,H 'GdZaw¬m/ ,m*k(xD),m*k/ t,H-þ[monf? 'GdZó-ykPÖm;\Opömwnf;/
ã [dwo'´gESifh pwkw¬DwyÜK&dofwGJjcif;onfvnf; ]a*g[dwH-EGm;bdkYpD;yGm;}[laom ouúwjy,k*fudk

rSDjcif;omwnf;/ ygVd0,f [dwESifh wGJ&mü q|Dom toHk;rsm;onf/ yHkpHum; ]a'0rEkómeH-(wdkY\)
tw¬m, [dwm, okcg, Aka'¨g avmau OyÜZÆwd}wnf;/ þodkY pkPÖd,ü q|D½SdvQif ormofwGJ&müvnf;
]avmu[dawm-avmu\pDyGm;}[k q|Dormofyif jzpfoifhonf/ (½lbm#D'k 94)
yÍörDwyÜK&dof/ cGJcGgjcif;? aMumufvefYjcif;? a½SmifMuOfjcif;? vGwfajrmufjcif; teufa[mo'´gpaom

tyg'gef teufudkiJhaom vdkvm;aom aemufyk'frsm;ESifh wGJpyfvQif yÍörDwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&rnf/
yHkpHrsm; arxkem tayawm arxkemayawm? arxkem-arxkefrS? tayawm-uif;olwnf;?

arxkemayawm-arxkefrSuif;ol
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
201
oaAÁ b0g oAÁb0g? oAÁba0[d edóa#m oAÁb0edóa#m-b0tm;vHk;wdkYrS xGufajrmufol
ygyawm bDawm ygybDawm-raumif;rIrSaMumufol
um,'kpö&dwawm 0d&wd um,'kpö&dw0d&wd-um,'kp½kdufrS a½SmifMuOfjcif;
AEëm rkawåm AEërkawåm-taESmiftzGJUrS vGwfajrmufol? tn§mrS vGwfaom (xef;oD;)
q|DwyÜK&dof/ orÁmefteufç ur®w¬q|Dteufudk vdkvm;aom aemufyk'frsm;ESifh ormofwGJpyf

vQif q|DwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpHrsm; &anm ykawåm &mZykawåm? &anm-rif;\? ykawåm-om;wnf;? &mZykawåm-rif;om;

Ak'¨ó om0aum Ak'öm0aum-jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfh
ykró vd*ø ykv’d*ø-a,mufsm;\ toGiftjyif
[w¬dó y'H [w¬dy'H-qif\ ajc&m(qifajc&m)
£w¬d,m ½lyH £w¬d½lyH-rdef;r\ t½kyf(rdef;rt½kyf)
tmp&d,ó ylZaum tmp&d,ylZaum-q&mudk ylaZmfwwfol
a'0geH &mZm a'0&maZm-ewfwdkY\rif;
ã &mZyk'fESifh q|DwyÜK&dofwGJvQif wcsKdUyk&dom'd*kdPf; jzpfonf/ (]uGpd ormoEÅ}paomokwfjzifh &mZ\tqHk;]
t}udk txyfjyKvQif &mZm'd*kdPf;ysufaomaMumifh ]osmp}okwfjzifh ]tm}rjyK&awmhNyD? yk&dom'd*kdPf;0if jzpfí
]a'0&maZm a'0&mZm} ponfjzpf\/ uGpdormoEÅokwf\ tpDt&ifu rNrJaomaMumifh trjyKaomtcg
&mZm'd*kdPf; xHkpHtwdkif; od udk tmjyK ponfpD&ifí a'0&mZm a'0&mZmaem ponfjzpf\)
(½lybm#D y 97)
rSwfcsuf/ £w¬d½lyH? [w¬dy'H? bdu©KedoHaCm? ZrÁKomcgwdkYü ormof\tv,fü½Sdaom ]]þ OD}}o&rsm;udk

]]£ O}} jyKxm;onf/
wkypönf;qHk;aomyk'f? yl&Pteufa[m ypönf;qHk;aomyk'f? ed'¨g&PD,yk'f? bm0ypönf;qHk;aomyk'f?

rme tEÅ ypönf;qHk;aomyk'f? a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfjcif; teufa[maomyk'fwdkYESifh q|DwyÜK&doformof rwGJpyf&/
yHkpHrsm; ur®ó-tvkyfudk? uwåma&m-jyKwwfolwdkY (ur®uwåma&m-[k ormofrjzpf) wkypönf;yHk

bdEémeH-uGJjym;olwdkYudk? oE¨mwm-aphpyfwwfolwnf; (bdEéoE¨mwm-[k ormofrjzpf) wkypönf;yHk
uyÜó-urÇm\? wwda,m-oHk;ckajrmufaom? bma*g-tbdkYwnf;?
(uyÜwwd,bma*g-[k ormofrjzpf) yl&Pteufa[myHk
rEkómeH-vlwdkYwGif? cwåda,m-rif;Zmwf½Sdolonf? ol&warm-omí&J&ifh\ (rEkócwåda,m-[k
ormofrjzpf) ed'¨g&PD,yHk
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
202
owårDwyÜK&dof/ rSD&mwnf&mteufa[m a½SUyk'frsm;ESifh owårDwyÜK&doformof wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpHrsm; oHoma& 'ku©H oHom&'ku©H-oHo&mü (jzpfaom) qif;&J (oHo&mqif;&J)

0ae ykzÜH 0eykzÜH-awmü(yGifhaom)yef; (awmyef;)
0ae r[ðaom 0er[ðaom-awmü(aeaom)uRJ (awmuRJ)
yauF ZmwH yuFZH-nGefüaygufaom(Mum)
oda& ½k[wDwd oda&m½k[H-OD;acgif;üaygufaom(qHyif)
txl;rSwfzG,f
ã tHpaom 0dbwfqHk;aomyk'frsm; aemufuaeaom tcsKdUwyÜK&doformofyk'ftqef;rsm; ½Sdao;onf/

ã yç y&ç twdç ywdç tEkç ed paom Oyom&yk'frsm;? tvHç t'¨ç t¹ç ykAÁç ypäm ponfh edygwfyk'frsm;
yg½Sdaom ormofyk'frsm;ü 0dbwfqHk;a½SUyk'frsm;udk aemufrSmxm;í 0dN*Kd[fjyKavh½Sdonf/
(t½SifoZÆe rpdk;&dyfygVdo'´g 443)
yHkpHrsm; tEÅH twduúEÅH tpöEÅH-tydkif;tjcm;udk vGefaomtrI
a0vH twduúaEÅm twda0avm-tcgudk vGefaomt&m
ZD0uH yawåm ywåZD0aum-toufarG;jcif;odkYa&mufol
tu©H-£aÈúdk? ywd*wH(edódwH)rSDonfwnf;?ypöu©H-£aÈúdkrSDaom jrifjcif; (rsufarSmufjzpf
aomjrifjcif;) (ywd*w-onf ywd\ y&d,m,f)
tw¬H-teufodkY? tEk*wH-tpOfvdkufaomtrnfwnf;? tEGw¬H-teufodkY tpOfvdkufaomtrnf
0geawm edu©EÅH edAÁmeH-0gerS vGwfajrmufwwfaomw&m;
tmp&d,awm-q&mxuf? ya&m-q&mwnf;? ygp&da,m-q&mhxufjrwfaom q&m(q&mhq&mBuD;)
t,suawm ya&m y,saum-tbdk;xufjrwfaomtbdk;(tab;)
[da,sm-raeYrS? ya&m-aemufwaeY? y&[da,sm-,refaeYrS aemufaeY(wjrefaeY)
u[myPó-wusyf\? t¹H-xuf0ufwnf? t¹u[myPH-ig;rl;
&wåd,m-nOfh\? t¹H-xuf0ufwnf;? t¹&wåH-nOfhxuf0uf (oef;acgif,mrf) (&wåd\£udktjyK)
&wåd,m-nOfh\? ykAÁH-a½SUydkif;wnf;? ykAÁ&wåH-nOfha½SUydkif;(nOfhOD;,mrf)
&wåd,m-nOfh\? ypäm-aemufydkif;wnf;? ypäm&wåH-nOfhaemufydkif;(rdk;aomuf&ef)
t[ó-aeY\? ykAÁH-a½SYydkif;wnf? ykAÁESH-eHeuf (t[onf tESodkYajymif;onf)
t[ó-aeY\? oma,m-aemufydkif;wnf;? om,ESH-naeydkif;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
203
A[kAÁD[dormof
ormofyk'fudk ]]ouy'=rdrdyk'f}}[k ac:onf/ ormofpyf&mwGif ryg0ifaomyk'fudk ]]tn

y'=wyg;aomyk'f}}[k ac:onf/ ormofyk'frS tjcm;wyg;aomyk'f[k qdkvdkonf/ xdkwyg;aomyk'fü
pyf&aom ormofudk ]]A[kAÁD[d}}ormof[k ac:\/ yHkpHum;-Zdawm rma&m a,emwd Zdwrma&m (Zdaem)
wnf;/ a,e-tMuifyk*¾Kdvfonf? rma&m-rm&fudk? Zdawm-atmifawmfrltyfNyD? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-
xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf? Zdwrma&m-Zdwrm&rnf\/ Zdaem-bk&m;wnf;/
þ]]Zdwrma&m}}ü ZdawmESifhrma&monf pyftyfaom ormofyk'fwnf;/ Zdaemyk'fESifh a,eyk'fwdkYum;
ormofyk'fwGif ryg0ifaom ]]tnyk'f}}wnf;/ ZdawmESifh rma&mudk ormofpyfonfhtcg ]]atmiftyfaom+rm&f}}
[laom rdrdteufürpyfbJ a,e-ZdaemwdkY\t&jzpfaom bk&m;[laomteufü pyf&onf/
þjycJhaompum;tpOft& ]]Zdwrm& Zdaem}}[k ormofpyf&mwGif yg0ifoifhvsuf ryg0ifaom
Zdaemyk'fudkvnf;aumif;ç xdkZdaemESifh t&wljzpfaom a,eyk'fudkvnf;aumif; ]]tnyk'f}}[kac:onf/
ormofyk'fteuf rjy|mef;bJ ormofyk'frS wyg;aomyk'fteuf jy|mef;aomormofonf ]]A[kAÁD[d

ormof}} rnf\/
yHkpH/ ZdwdÈ´da,m=atmiftyfNyD;aom £aÈ´½Sdawmfrlaom (jrwfpGmbk&m;)
þü ]ZdwdÈ´d,}[laom ormofyk'fteuf rjy|mef;bJ 0gustcdkufü yg½Sdaom ormofyk'frS
wyg;aom £ro'´g\pGJ&m jrwfpGmbk&m;teufa[m ]b*0g}[laom yk'fteufom jy|mef;aomaMumifh
A[kAÁD[dormofrnf\/ (yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 128)
yk'fESpfckvHk;udk aygif;pyfaomtcg ormoftwGif;ü yg0ifaomyk'fwdkY\ teufrsm;onf ormoftwGif;ü

ryg0ifaom tjcm;yk'fwck\teuftm; txl;jyKvQif emr0daooejzpf&um; qdkif&mtxl;jyKtyfaom yk'fESifh
vdif 0kpf 0dbwf wl&avonf/ (wuúodkvfydkYcscsuf)
0Dawm &ma*g ,ómwd 0Dw&ma*g (cDPmoa0g) ,ó-tMuifol\? 0Dawm-uif;aom? &ma*g-

&m*onf? (tw¬d-½Sd\) (aom-xdkolonf) 0Dw&ma*g-0Dw&m*rnf\/ cDPmoa0g-&[EÅm/
qdaEém [aw¬m ,ómwd qdEé[aw¬m (yk&daom)/ ,ó-tMuifa,mufsm;\? qdaEém-jywfaom?
[aw¬m-vufonf? tw¬d-½Sd\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-xdka,musfm;onf? qdEé[aw¬m-qdEé[w¬rnf\/
pnf;rsOf;/ tny'aw¬ok A[kAÁD[d/ tnyk'fteufudk txl;jyKaom emrfyk'fwdkYudk pyfxm;aomormofudk

A[kAÁDormof[k ac:\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
204
A[kAÁD[dormof0dN*Kd[fü tnyk'fy"mejzpfyHk
A[kAÁD[dormofudk 0dN*Kd[fjyKwJhtcg tnyk'fonf tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ yHkvdef{u0kpfeufudk

&apvdkvQif ],}paom tnyk'feufudk yHkvdef{u0kpfjzifhxm;&onf/ A[k0kpfeufudk&apvdkvQif tnyk'fyk'fudk
A[k0kpfjzifhxm;&onf/ £w¬dvdef eyHkvdefudk&apvdk&mü tnyk'fudk £w¬dvdef eyHkvdefjzifh xm;&onf/
ormofyk'füum; vdef0kpftxl;rajymif;awmhNyD? yifudk,fvdef0kpftwdkif;omwnf;/
(1) Zdawm rma&m a,emwd Zdwrma&m (Zdaem) yHkvdef {u0kpf

(2) Zdawm rma&m a,[Dwd Zdwrm&m (Zdem) yHkvdef A[k0kpf
yHkpH (1)ü ]Zdaem}onf yHkvdef {u0kpfjzpfí ]a,e}[k yHkvdef {u0kpfjzifh xm;&onf/

yHkpH (2)ü ]Zdem}onf yHkvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí ]a,[d}[k yHkvdef A[k0kpfjzifh xm;&onf/
(3) Zdwmed £È´d,med a,emwd ZdwdÈ´da,m (oraPm) yHkvdef {u0kpf

(4) Zdwmed £È´d,med a,[Dwd ZdwdÈ´d,m (orPm) yHkvdef A[k0kpf
(5) Zdwmed £È´d,med ,m,mwd ZdwdÈ´d,m (unm) £w¬dvdef {u0kpf
(6) Zdwmed £È´d,med ,m[Dwd ZdwdÈ´d,ma,m (unma,m) £w¬dvdef A[k0kpf
(7) Zdwmed £È´d,med a,emwd ZdwdÈ´d,H (pdwåH) eyHkvdef {u0kpf
(8) Zdwmed £È´d,med a,[Dwd ZdwdÈ´d,med (pdwåmed) eyHkvdef A[k0kpf
yHkpH(3) a,e-tMuifyk*¾Kdvfonf? £È´d,med-£aÈ´wdkYudk? Zdwmed-atmiftyfukefNyD? £wd-xdkYaMumifh?

aom-xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf? ZdwdÈ´da,m-ZdwdÈ´d,rnf\/ yHkvdef {u0kpfjzpfí ]a,e-ZdwdÈ´da,m}
[kxm;onf/ Zdwmed £È´d,med-um; vdk&if;r[kwf/ £È´d,-yk'fu eyHkvdefjzpfí eyHkvdefç
£aÈáwGu rsm;aomaMumifh A[k0kpfjzifh jyxm;onf/
yHkpH(4) yHkvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí a,[d-ZdwdÈ´d,m [kxm;onf/

yHkpH(5) £w¬dvdef {u0kpfjzpfí ,m,-ZdwdÈ´d,m [kxm;onf/
yHkpH(6) £w¬dvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí ,m[d-ZdwdÈ´d,ma,m [kxm;onf/
yHkpH(7) eyHkvdef {u0kpfjzpfí a,e-ZdwdÈ´d,H [kxm;onf/
yHkpH(8) eyHkvdef A[k0kpfjzpfí a,[d-ZdwdÈ´d,med [kxm;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
205
A[kAÁD[dormof 7 rsKd;
tnyk'fESifh wGJbufBud,mudk uwåm;+Bud,m pyf&vQif yxrmA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH -

o[ 0dwauúe a, 0wåEÅDwd o0dwuúm/ a,-tMuifw&m;wdkYonf? 0dwauúe-0dwufESifh? o[-wuG?
0wåEÅd-jzpfukef\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aw-xdkw&m;wdkYonf? o0dwuúm-o0dwuúwdkY rnf\/ (a, 0wåEÅd-
ü a,-um; uwåm;? 0wåEÅd-um; Bud,mwnf;? Bud,mudk uwåD-[kvnf; ac:Muonf)
tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY uH+Bud,m pyf&vQif 'kwd,mA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH -

tm*wm orPm £rHwd tm*woraPm/ £rH-þausmif;wdkufodkY? orPm-&[ef;wdkYonf? tm*wm-
vmukef\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-xdkausmif;wdkufonf? tm*woraPm-tm*worPrnf\/ (£rH
tm*wmü £rH-um; uH? tm*wmum; Bud,mwnf;? Bud,muk ur®D[kvnf;ac:onf)
tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY uwåm;+Bud,mç u½kdPf;+u½kdPf;\Bud,m tjzpfjzifh

pyf&vQifvnf;aumif;ç o[m'da,m* pyf&vQifvnf;aumif; wwd,mA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH -
Zdawm rma&m a,emwd Zdwrma&m/ a,e-tMuifyk*¾Kdvfonf? rma&m-rm&fudk? Zdawm-atmifawmfrltyfNyD?
£wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-xdkyk*¾Kdvfonf? Zdwrma&m-Zdwrm&rnf\/( a,e Zdawmü a,e-onf uwåm;?
Zdawm-um; Bud,mwnf;)
ã uHa[mypönf;ygonfh udwfyk'fESifh wGJpyfxm;vQif wwd,mA[kAÁDjzpfonf/ (rpdk;&drfygVdo'´g 456)
qdaEém ½kau©m a,emwd qdEé½kau©m/ a,e-tMuifvufeufjzifh? ½kau©m-opfyifudk? qdaEém-

jzwftyf\?£wd-xdkodkYopfyifudk jzwfaMumif;\tjzpfaMumifh? aom-xdkvufeufonf? qdEé½kau©m-qdEé½ku©
rnf\/ (y&ok-ykqdefwnf;) (a,e-um; u½kdPf;? qdaEém-um; Bud,mwnf;)
okacg oH0gaom a,emwd okcoH0gaom ("Da&m)/ a,e-tMuifolESifh? oH0gaom-aygif;oif;&jcif;

onf? okacg-csrf;om\? £wd-xdkodkY aygif;oif;&jcif;\ csrf;omaMumif;\ tjzpfaMumifh? aom-
xdkolonf? okcoH0gaom-okcoH0gornf\/ ("Da&m-ynm½Sdwnf;) (a,e-um; o[m'da,m? oH0gaom-
um; o[m'da,m*0EÅwnf;)
tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY orÜ'ge+orÜ'geD(orÜg'gef+orÜ'gef½Sdaomyk'f) tjzpfjzifh

pyf&vQif pwkw¬DA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH - 'daEém okauFm ,ómwd 'dEéokaumF (&mZm)?
,ó-tMuifrif;tm;?okauFm-tcGefudk? 'daEém-ay;tyf\? £wd-xdkodkY tcGefudk ay;tyf&m\tjzpfaMumifh?
'dEéokauFm-'dEéokuFrnf\? (&mZm-rif;wnf;) (,ó-um; orÜ'ge ? 'daEém-um; orÜ'geD)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
206
tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY tyg'ge+tyg'geD (tyg'gef+tyg'gef½Sdaomyk'f) tjzpfjzifh
pyf&vQif yÍörDA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH-ed*¾wm Zem to®mwd ed*¾wZem? to®m-þ½GmrS? Zem-
vlwdkYonf? ed*¾wm-xGufoGm;ukefNyD? £wd-xdkYodkY vlwdkY xGufoGm;ukef&m\tjzpfaMumifh? aom-xdk½Gmonf?
ed*¾wZaem-ed*¾wZernf\/ (to®m-um; tyg'ge? ed*¾wm-um; tyg'geD)
tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY orÁE¨+orÁE¨D (orÁef+orÁef½Sdaomyk'f) tjzpfjzifh pyf&vQif

q|DA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH - qdaEém [aw¬m ,ómwd qdEé[aw¬m (yk&daom)/
,ó-tMuifa,mufsm;\? qdaEém-jywfaom? [aw¬m-vufonf? tw¬d-½Sd\? £wd-xdkYaMumifh? aom-
xdka,musfm;onf? qdEé[aw¬m-qdEé[w¬rnf\/ (,ó-um; orÁef? [w¬-um; orÁE¨D)
tnyk'fESifh ormofyk'fwpdwfwdkY tm"m&+tma",f (wnf&m+wnfwwfaomyk'f) tjzpfjzifh

pyf&vQif owårDA[kAÁD[dormof jzpfonf/ yHkpH - A[a0g 0D[a,m ,o®ðwd A[kAÁD[d? ,o®ð-
tMuifZeyk'fü? A[a0g-rsm;ukefaom? 0D[a,m-aumufpyg;wdkYonf? oEÅd-½Sdukef\? £wd-xdkodkY
aumufpyg;wdkY aygrsm;&m\ tjzpfaMumifh? A[kAÁD[d-A[kAÁD[drnf\/ (,o®ð-um; tm"m&? 0D[a,m-
um; tma",f)
A[kAÁDormofxl;jcm;csuf
þormofü tnyk'fjy"mef;onf/ jy"mef;[lonf ½Sd[laomteuf tNrJy"meusus xGufaejcif;

yifwnf;/ þjy"mef;rIudk o[ykAÁ y'A[kAÁDç yxrmç oacsFmb,ç 'doEÅ&mVw¬ç Aswd[m&wdkYüum;
awGU&rnfr[kwf/ ½Sd[laomteufudk A[kAÁD[dormof tów¬dw'¨dwfwdkYü awGU&onf/ ½Sd[laom
teufygaevQif ypönf;rygu A[kAÁD[dç £uç þponfh ypönf;ygaevQif tów¬d[k odyg/ 0dN*Kd[fü ,
{w £r tnyk'fwdkYudk oifhovdk oHk;Edkifonf/ tnyk'faemif tmvkyfrSty 0dbwfckESpfoG,f aeEdkifonf/
tnyk'frsm;onf ormofyk'fvHk;\ (tbda",sw¬)t&aumuftwdkif; vdif0kpfaeonf/ ormofyk'fonf
0guscdkufrSm rdrdvdiftwdkif;aeNyD; yk'fNyD;wmESifh tnyk'ftwdkif;aeonf/ (rpdk;&drfygVdo'´g 454)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
207
'Geformof
'GEó'´gonf tpHktpHk[laom teufudk a[mouJhodkY xdkYtwl tpHktpHk[laom teufudk&aom

ormofonf 'Geformofrnf\/
oraPm p jA[®aPm p orPjA[®Pm? þü orPESifh jAm[®P[laom emrfyk'fESpfckonf
yXrm ]od} 0dbwfcsif; wlMu\/ ]]orPjAm[®Pm-&[ef;ykefPm;wdkYonf? tm*päEÅd-vmukef\}}[k ajym
qdk&mü orPcsnf;vmonfr[kwfç jAm[®Pvnf;vm\/ xdkYaMumifh orPonf jAm[®Pudk aygif;pnf;
qGJ,lvsuf ½Sdonf/ þodkY qdkif&mudpöü emrfwdkY\ aygif;pyfpnf;vHk;rIudk ]]orkpö,}}[k ac:onf/
'Geformonfvnf; 'd*kormofuJhodkY orm[m&'Gefç torm[m&'Gef [k ESpfrsKd;½Sdonf/ orm[m&'Gef
pum;wGJvHk;rsm;(ormof)onf eyHkvdef {u0kpfom jzpfonf/ torm[m&'Gefonf wGJbufyk'frsm;oavmuf
teufvnf;rsm;aomaMumifh A[k0kpfom½Sdonf/ vdefrSm aemufqHk;yk'f\ vdefomy"mejzpfí 3-vdef&aumif;
\/
orm[m&'Gef ½kyfpOfyHk
{u0kpf A[k0kpf
y pu©KaomwH
tm abm pu©Kaomwçpu©Kaomwm
'k pu©KaomwH
w pu©Kaomawe
p pu©Kaomwó
rD pu©Kaomwo®mçrSmçpu©Kaomwm
q pu©Kaomwó
o pu©Kaomwo®ðçrSdçpu©Kaomaw
torm[m&'Gef ½kyfpOfyHk
{u0kpf A[k0kpf
y orPjAm[®Pm
tm abmaEÅm orPjAm[®Pm
'k orPjAm[®aP
w orPjAm[®aP[dçbd
p orPjAm[®PmeH
rD orPjAm[®aP[dçbd
q orPjAm[®PmeH
o orPjAm[®aPok
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
208
pnf;rsOf;/ wxm 'GaE´ ygPd wl&d, a,m*¾ aoe*F ck'´ZEÅKu 0d0d"0d½k'¨ 0dobm*.w¬m'DeÍö/ orm[m&
'd*kormoftwdkif; 'Geformofüvnf; owGm\t*Fgç wl&d,m\t*Fgç ,mOf\t*Fgç ppf\t*Fgç
i,faomowGmç txl;xl;tjym;jym;qefYusifbufç vu©PmuGJvsuf udpöwlteuf½Sdaomo'´g ponfwdkYonf
eyHkvdef{u0kpfom jzpfonf/
owGm\t*FgykHpH
pu©KaomwH-rsufpdçem;? [Ek*D0H-ar;çvnfyif;? uPÖemoH-em;çESmacgif;? ygPdyg'H-vufçajc?
q0drHoavm[dwH-ta&çtom;çtaoG;?
wl&d,m\t*FgyHkpH
*Dw0g'dwH-oDqdkjcif;çwD;rIwfjcif;? or®wmVH-armif;wD;jcif;çvufckyfwD;jcif;? ocFyP0H-
c½koif;xufpnf? ocFyP0!d@drH-c½koif;ç xufpnfç pnfwdk?
,mOf\t*FgyHkpH
zmvygpeH-x,foGm;ç ESifwH? ,k*e*FvH-xrf;ydk;ç xGefwHk;?
ppf\t*FgyHkpH
[w¬dtóH-qifçjrif;? &xywåduH-&xm;çajcvsif? todpr®H-oefvsufçjr§m;um? "EkuvmyH-
av;çjr§m;usOfawmuf?
i,faomowGmyHkpH
!HoruoH-rSufçjcif? ukE¦udydv’duH-ydk;½GçjcyHk;?
txl;xl;tjym;jym;qefYusifbuf(urÇm&ef)yHkpH
t[deukvH-a>rça>ryg? AdVm&rloduH-aMumifç<uuf? umaumvluH-usD;çZD;uGuf? oyÜr@KuH-
a>rçzm;? *½kVoyÜH-*VKefçe*g;?
vu©PmuGJvsuf udpöwlteuf½Sdaomo'´gyHkpH
1
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t½SufçtaMumuf? owdorÜZnH-owdçorÜZn? 0dZÆmp&PH-todÓPfçtusifh? avmbarm[H-
avmbçarm[? a'goarm[H-a'goçarm[? t[d&dumaemwåyÜH-t[d&duçtaemwåyÜ? xderd'¨H-
xdeçrd'¨? O'¨pöukuúKpöH-O'¨pöçukuúKpö?

1 oDvonf {jrjcif; vu©Pm½Sdí ynmonf odjcif;vu©Pm ½SdaomaMumifh vu©Pmcsif;uGJjym;\?

odkYaomf udavomudk y,fjcif;udpö wlMuonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
209
pnf;rsOf;/ 8/ 0dbmom ½ku© wdP yok "e "n Zey'g'DeÍö/ 'Geformof opfyifç jrufç om;aumifç
Opömç pyg;ç Zeyk'fteufa[m o'´gtp½SdonfwdkYonfvnf; wcgw&H eyHkvdef{u0kpf jzpfonf/
(eyHkvdefç{u0kpfr[kwfu aemufyk'fvdiftwdkif; A[k0kpfcsnf; ½kyfpOf&rnf)
ykHpHrsm; /½ku©-opfyif
tóaw¬m p uyDwaem p tów¬uyDweHç tów¬uyDwem 0g/ tóaw¬m
p-anmifAk'ä[yifvnf;? uyDwaem p - anmifcsnfyif;vnf;? tów¬uyDweH-anmifAk'ä[ç
anmifcsOf? tów¬uyDwem-anmifAk'ä[ anmifcsOfwdkY/
wdP-jruf
Ood&Íö AD&PÍö Ood&AD&PHç Ood&AD&Pm 0g/ Ood&Íö-yef;&if;vnf;? AD&PÍö-jrufarT;vnf;?
Ood&AD&PH-yef;&if;çjrufarT;? Ood&AD&Pm-yef;&if;çjrufarT;wdkY/
yok-om;aumif
taZm p {Vaum p taZVuHç taZVum 0g/taZm p-qdwfvnf;? {Vaum p-odk;vnf;?
taZVuH-qdwfçodk;? taZVum-qdwfçodk;wdkY/
"e-Opöm
[d&nÍö ok0PÖÍö [d&nok0PÖHç [d&nok0PÖm 0g/ [d&nÍö-aiGvnf;? ok0PÖÍö-a½Tvnf;?
[d&nok0PÖH-aiGa½Tç [d&nok0PÖm-aiGa½TwdkY/
"n-pyg;
omvd p ,a0g p omvd,0Hç omvd,0g/ omvd p-oav;pyg;vnf;? ,a0g p-rka,mpyg;vnf;?
omvd,0H-oav;rka,m? omvd,0g-oav;rka,mwdkY/
Zey'-Zeyk'f
umoD p aumovm p umodaumovHç umodaumovm 0g/ umoD p-umodwdkif;wdkYvnf;?
aumovm p-aumovwdkif;wdkYvnf;? umodaumov-umodaumovwdkif;? umodaumovm-
umodaumovwdkif;wdkY/ (wwdkif;we,fudk Zeyk'f[k ac:onf/ Zeyk'fa[mo'´gwdkYonf
ykHvdefA[k0kpfcsnf;om jzpfí ]]umoD}}[k A[k0kpfjzifh xm;onf)
ã weoFm&Dwdkif; yJcl;wdkif; ponfjzifh ac:a0:ouJhodkY xdkxdke,fBuD;rsm;udk &|[k ac:\/ Zeyk'f[kvnf;

ac:\/ xdke,fy,f Zeyk'ftrsm;udk pkaygif;í yk&-wdkif;jynf[k ac:onf/rif;aejynf wckudkrl NrKdU[k
ac:onf/ Zeyk'fudk ydkifpm;aom rif;om;trsm;\ emrnfudk Zey'f(wdkif;)tay:ü wifpm;í twif½kVD
XmEsLypm enfrnfjzpfaomaMumifh Zekyk'fa[m yk'ftm;vHk; A[k0kpfcsnf;omwnf;/ r*"[laom emrnfonf
xdkr*"e,fpm; rif;om;rsm;\ emrnfwnf;/ xdkrif;om;rsm;udk r*"m[k A[k0kpfjzifh emrnfwyf&onf/
xdkrm*"m[laom A[k0kpfemrnfudk wdkif;ay:ü wif;pm;xdkufaomtcg wdkif;wwdkif;wnf;omjzpfaomfvnf;
r*"m[k A[k0kpfemrnfyifjzpf&onf/ (½lbm#D 'k 134)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
210
w'¨dwf

]]awoH+[dwH w'¨dwH}} awoH-xdkemrfyk'fwdkY\? [dwH-pD;yGg;wnf;? w'¨dwH-xdkemrfyk'fwdkY\pD;yGm;?
þ0dN*Kd[ft& emrfyk'fwdkY\ pD;yGm;jzpfaom (emrfyk'fwdkYü pD;yGm;wufvmovdk teufwdk;yGm;atmifjyKwwfaom)
P tp½Sdaom ypönf;onf w'¨dwfrnf\/ xdkypönf;ESifhwGJbuf&aom yk'frsm;vnf; ruif;paumif;aom
t0dembm0enf;tm;jzifh w'¨dwfyk'frnf/
emrfyk'fwdkYü pD;yGm;wufyHk/ /0od|[laom emrfyk'fonf ]]0od|}}trnf½Sdoludk a[m\/ 0od|aemif
w'¨dwf P ypönf;oufí 0goda|mjzpfvmonfhtcg ]]0od|\ om;}}[laom teufudk a[m\/ þyk'fü
]]\}}[laom teuf ]]om;}}[laom teufrsm;vnf; Pypönf;twGuf wdk;wufvmaom pD;yGm;aywnf;/
þodkY emrfyk'frsm;udk teufwdk;yGm;vsuf pD;yGm;wufatmif jyKwwfaomaMumifh ]]awoH+[dwH}}t&
]]w'¨dw}}[k ac:&avonf/ (w+[dw= w-txufü (-H)ed*¾[dwfvm? [dwü [onf "odkYajymif;í
wHtxufu ed*¾[dwfonf 'odkYajymifNyD; w'¨dw[k jzpfonf)
(tajcjyKo'´g-494)
w'¨dwf oHk;rsKd;
(u) omrn
(c) tAs,
(*) bm0
(u) vdifoHk;yg;wdkYESifh qufqHí omrnw'd¨wf[k qdkonf/

þomrn w'¨dwfonf 15-rsKd; ½Sdjyefonf/
1/ typöw'¨dwf 6/ Xmew'¨dwf 11/ tów¬dw'¨dwf

2/ w&wsm'dw'¨dwf 7/ Oyrmw'¨dwf 12/ yuwdw'¨dwf
3/ &m*g'dw'¨dwf 8/ edódw'¨dwf 13/ yl&Pw'¨dwf
4/ Zmwm'dw'¨dwf 9/ A[kvw'¨dwf 14/ ocsFmw'¨dwf
5/ orl[w'¨dwf 10/ 0daoow'¨dwf 15/ 0dbm*w'¨dwf
1/ typöw'¨dwf
]]typö}}o'´gonf ykHv’difjzpfvQif om;ç eykHv’difjzpfvQif trsKd;ç £w¬dvdifjzpfvQif trsKd;tEG,f
[laom teufudk jy\/ om;ç orD;ç trsKd;tEG,f [laom typöteufudk qufvufnTefjyaom ]P}paom
w'¨dwfypönf;rsm;ESifh orÁmefteufa[m q|D0dbwfqHk;aom emrfyk'fwdkY qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfonf
typöw'¨dwfrnf\/ xdktypöo'´g\ teufudkqufvufnTefjyaom ypönf;rsm;onf P Pm,e Pme
aP,s Pd Pdu Ps P0 aP& ypönf;wdkY jzpfukef\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
211
rl&if;+w'¨dwfypönf;
0od|+P 0od|ó typöH1 0goda|m(0od|\om;) 0god|D2 (0od|\orD;) 0god|H (0od|\trsKd;)
bm&'GgZ+P bm&'Gg&Zó typöH bm&'GgaZmç bm&'GgZDç bm&'GgZH
a*gwr+P a*gwró typöH a*gwarmç a*gwrDç a*gwrH
Ava'0+P Ava'0ó typöH Amva'a0gç Amva'0Dç Amva'0H
0oka'0+P 0oka'0ó typöH 0goka'a0gç 0goka'0Dç 0goka'0H
arm*¾v’+Pm,e arm*¾v’ó typöH arm*¾v’m,aemç arm*¾v’m,eDç arm*¾v’m,eH
arm*¾v’+Pme arm*¾v’ó typöH arm*¾v’maemç arm*¾v’meDç arm*¾v’meH
'kP+Pd 'kPó typöH a'gPd ('kP\om;)
0go0+Pd 0go0ó typöH 0go0d(0go0\om;)
ousykwå+Pd ousykwåó typöH ousykwåd(omuD0ifrif;\om;)
P Pm,e Pme Pd ypönf;
P Pm,e Pme Pd ypönf;rsm;udk tqHk;aom emrfyk'frsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/ ykv’difo'´gaemif

£w¬dvdifudk nTefjyaom þqufay;vQif £w¬dvdifyk'f jzpfoGm;onf/
tEkAef ESifh 0k'¨d
w'¨dwfypönf;rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh tEkAefyg½Sdonf/ tEkAef[lonf vdktyfaom tu©&mü

&nf½G,fcsuf wckckaMumifh ]]xyfqifhtydk zGJUpyfxnfhxm;aom tu©&m}}udk ac:onf/ xdk ]P}tEkAefudk
acsypf&onf/ xdktEkAef\ tpGrf;owådaMumifh aemufü oH,k*fac: vHk;qifhtu©&m rygvQif yk'f\
tpçtvnfç tqHk; wae&m&mü½Sdaom tonf tmjzpfvmonf/ £çþonf {jzpfvmonf/ OçODonf
Mo jzpfvmonf/ þodkY rlvo&\ wdk;yGm;vmrIudk 0k'¨djyKonf[k qdkMuukef\/
,if;odkY tEkAef½Sdaomfvnf; aemufü oH,k*fac: vHk;qifhtu©&m½SdvQifaomfvnf;aumif;

rlvo&onf tm-{-Mo o& jzpfaevQifaomfvnf;aumif; 0k'¨drjyK&ay/
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 137-138)
1 wrsKd;vHk;wEG,fvHk;ESifh qdkifí typöH[k eyHkvdifjzifh xm;onf/ trsm;ESifhqdkif&m0,f eyHkvdifjzifhxm;jcif;onf o'´xHk;pH

jzpfonf/ tNyD;owfcsonfhtcg qdkif&mvdefESifh oifhwifhatmif 0goda|m 0god|D 0god|H [k cs/ (tajcjyKo'´g-496)
2 0od|+P+þ/ £w¬dvdifü Pypönf;tjyif þypönf;vnf; ouf&onf/

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
212
ã aP,s ypönf;udk tm £ þ qHk;aom £w¬dvdifo'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/
rl&if;+w'¨dwfypönf;
uwådum+aP,s=uwådum, typöH uwådaua,sm (uwådum\om;)
a&m[dPD+aP,s=a&m[dPd,m typöH a&m[daPa,sm (a&m[dPD\om;)
okpd+aP,s=okpd,m typöH aomapa,sm (okpd\om;)
ã Pduypönf;udk t O qHk;aom ykvd’ifo'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/ tcsKdUae&mü Pdu\ uonf

,tjzpf ajymif;oGm;onf/
ousykwå+Pdu=ousykwåó typöH ousykwådaumç ousykwåda,m (omuD0ifrif;\om;ç bk&m;\om;)

0drmwk+Pdu=0drmwk,m ykawåm a0rmwdaum rdaxG;(rdrdrdcifESifh rwlaomrdef;r)\om;
ã Psypönf;udk t'dwdtp½Sdaomemrfyk'frsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/
t'dwd+Ps=t'dwd,m typöH tm'dapöm (t'dwdewforD;\om;)
(,ypönf;½SdvQif a½SU£o&ausajymuf&onf/ wESifh,wGJpyfí wsrS pajymif;ç pwvHk;vmvQif tm'dpö[k

jzpfonf)
ã P0ypönf;udk O-qHk;aom ykv’dif £w¬dvdif o'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/
Oyuk+P0=Oyukó typöH Moyua0g (Oyuk\om;)

rEk+P0=rEkaem typöH rmPa0g (rEk\om;)
ã aP&ypönf;udk t tm þ qHk;aom ykv’dif £w¬dvdifo'´grsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/
0d"0g+aP&=0d"0g, typöH a0"a0a&m (rkqdk;r\om;)

AE¨KuD+aP&=AE¨Kud,m typöH AE¨Kaua&m (AE¨KuD\om;)
orP+aP&=orPó typöH omraPa&m (OyZÑm,f)&[ef;\om;

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
213
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
1/ 0gP.yapö/ typöteufü Pypönf; (0duyf)1oufonf/ (qufonf-[k qdkvdkonf)

2/ Pm,e Pme 0päm'dawm/ 0pätp½Sdaom o'´grSaemuf typöteuf Pm, Pme oufonf/
3/ aPa,sm uwådum'D[d/ uwådumponfh £wd¬vdifo'´grsm;aemif typöteuf Pdu oufonf/
4/ tawm Pd 0g/ ousykwåuJhodkY tum&EÅo'´grsm;aemuf typöteuf Pd oufonf/
5/ Pa0gyuGm'D[d/ Oyuktwl½Sdaom Oum&EÅo'´grSaemuf typöeuf P0 oufonf/
6/ aP& 0d"0g'dawm/ 0d"0gtp½Sdaom o'´grSaemuf typöeuf aP&ypönf; oufonf/
(tajcjyKo'´g-496-502)
2/ w&wsm'dw'¨dwf
yxrm 'kwd,m wwd,m pwkw¬D yÍörD q|D owårD0dbwfqHk;aom yk'frsm;ESifh w&wdpaomo'´g\

ul;oGm;jcif;paom teufudk qufcHnTefjyaom ]]Pdu}}ypönf;wdkY qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfonf w&wsm'd
w'¨dwfrnf\/
xdkw&wsm'dw'¨dwfü Pduypönf;\ qufcHnTefjyaom teufodkYvdkufí (ausavNyD;aom
aemufyk'fudk pGJí) w&wdw'¨dwf p&wdw'¨dwf ponfwdkYjzpfukef\/
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gESifh toHk;tEIef; 141)
oHo|w'¨dwf/ wdv+Pdu=wdave oHo|H awvduH (ESrf;jzifh a&maESmtyfaomabmZOf)

w&wdw'¨dwf/ em0g+Pdu=em0g, w&wDwd em0daum (avSjzifh ul;wwfol)(avSolBuD;)
p&wdw'¨dwf/ ou#+Pdu=oua#e p&wDwd omu#daum (vSnf;jzifh vSnfhvnfoGm;wwfol)
(vSnform;)
0[wdw'd¨wf/ oDo+Pdu=oDaoe 0[wDwd oDodaum (OD;acgif;jzifh½Gufaqmifwwfaomol)
(acgif;½Guf aps;onf)
0owdw'¨dwf/ &mZ*[+Pdu=&mZ*a[ 0owDwd &mZ*[daum (&mZN*Kd[fNrKdUü aeol)
Zmww'¨dwf/ &mZ*[+Pdu=&mZ*a[ Zmawm &mZ*[daum (&mZN*Kd[fNrKdUü arG;zGm;ol)
*päwdw'¨dwf/ y&'g&+Pdu=y&'g&H *päwDwd yg&'g&daum (olYr,m;udk oGm;vmol)
t"Daww'¨dwf/ 0de,+Pdu=0de,H t"Dawwd a0e,daum(0denf;udk o&ZÑm,fol) (0denf;oiftHol)
uww'¨dwf/ um,+Pdu=uma,e uwH um,duH (udk,fjzifh jyKtyfaomtrI)
oEéd"mew'¨dwf/ um,+Pdu=uma, oEéd"mem um,dum (udk,fü wnfaeaoma0'em)
1 Pypönf;oufí w'¨dwfyk'frvkyfyJ 0od|ó typöH [k yuwd(0gus)twdkif;vnf; ½SdEdkifonf[k

qdkvdkonf/ w'¨dwfyk'fwdkif; 0gusyHkpHESifh ½SdEdkifonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
214
ed,kwåw'¨dwf/ 'Gg&1+Pdu='Gga& ed,kawåm a'g0g&daum=wHcg;ü,SOfol(wHcg;apmifh)
(tó)odyÜw'¨dwf/ 0DP+Pdu=0DPm tó odyÜH a0Pdaum=apmif;wD;jcif;twwf½Sdolçapmif;wD;wwfolç
apmif;orm;çapmif;ynm½Sif
(tó)b@w'¨dwf/*E¨+Pdu=*aE¨m tó b@EÅd *E¨daum=eHYom[laoma&mif;&efb@m½Sdol(eHYomukefonf)
awv+Pdu=awvH tó b@EÅd awvdaum=qD[laoma&mif;&efb@m½Sdol(qDukefonf)
ZD0wdw'¨dwf/ O&AÇ+Pdu=O&AÇH [EÅm ZD0wDwd Mo&AÇdaum=qdwfudkowfítoufarG;ol(qdwfowform;)
olu&+Pdu=olu&daum=0ufudkowfítoufarG;ol(0ufowform;)
[ww'¨dwf/Zmv+Pdu=Zmave [awmç [ewDwd 0g Zmvdaum2=ydkufuGefjzifhowftyfaomig;(iSuf)
AE¨w'¨dwf/okwå+Pdu=okawåe AaE¨m okwådaum=csnfjzifhzGJUaESmiftyfaomiSuf
0&wå+Pdu=0&wåm, AaE¨m 0g&wådaum=om;a&vGefBuKd;jzifh aESmifzGJUtyfaomqif
(tó)tm0k"w'¨dwf=pmy+Pdu=pmayg tó tm0ka"mwd pmydaum=av;vufeuf½Sdol(av;orm;)
(tó)tmAm"w'¨dwf=aorS+Pdu/ aorSH tó tmAma"m aorSdaum=ovdyfem½Sdol
yoEéw'¨dwf=Ak'¨+Pdu=Aka'¨ yoaEém Ak'¨daum=bk&m;½SifüMunfndKol
oEÅuw'¨dwf=oHC+Pdu=oHCó oEÅaum oHCdaum=oHCm\Opömjzpfaomausmif;
uDww'¨dwf=0w¬+Pdu=0aw¬e uDwH 0w¬duH=t0wfjzifh 0,ftyfaom b@m
ok0PÖ+Pdu=ok0aPÖe uDwH aom0PÖduH=a½Tjzifh0,ftyfaom b@m
(tó)y&drmPw'¨dwf=a'gP+Pdu=a'gaPm tó y&drmPH a'gPduH=wpfpdwftwdkif;t½Snf½SdaomOpöm
&modw'¨dwf=ukrÇ+Pdu=ukrÇó &mod ukAÇdaum=wukrÇtpktyHk
t&[wdw'¨dwf=u[myP+Pdu=u[myPH t&[wDwd u[myPdaum=wpfusyfxdkufwefaomypönf;
'dAÁwdw'¨dwf=tu©+Pdu=tau©e 'dAÁwDwd tu©daum=tefpmjzifh(atmifEdkifvdk)ol (tefupm;ol
a<uteform; zJorm;)
wóDvw'¨dwf=yHokulv+Pdu=yHokulvH oDvH tómwd yHokulvdaum=yHhoulouFef;udk
aqmifavh½Sdaom&[ef;
0d'dww'¨dwf=avmu+Pdu=avmau 0d'dawm avmudaum=avmuüxif½Sm;aomw&m;
oH0wåwdw'¨dwf=avmu+Pdu=avmum, oH0wåwDwd avmudaum=avmtvdkYiSgjzpfaomw&m;
tm*ww'¨dwf=rmwk+Pdu=rmwdawm tm*wH rmwduH=trdrS vmaom trnf
orÇLww'¨dwf=rmwk+Pdu=rmwdawm orÇLwH rwåduH=trdrS jzpfaomOpöm
1 'Gg&udk tu©&mtpOftwdkif;a&;vQif ]]'f0g&}}[k a&;&onf/ 'fü o&r½Sd? a-g o&ay:vmu a'g0g&-[k jzpfonf/
(tajcjyKo'´g-556)
2 ydkufuGefjzifhowfwwfolwHig rkqdk;[k bmomjyefvQif [ewdw'¨dwf jzpfonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
215
ya,mZew'¨dwf=Oy"d+Pdu=Oy"d wó ya,mZeH Moy"duH=cE¨m[laomtusKd;½SdaomuH
(0dygufcE¨mtusKd;ay;aomuH)
wMwbwådw'¨dwf=pwkr[m&mZ+Pdu=pwkr[m&maZ bwåd {awoEÅd pmwkr[m&mZdaum=ewfrif;BuD;
av;a,mufüqnf;uyf cHpm;jcif;½Sdaomewfrsm;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
7/ a,e 0g oHo|H w&wd p&wd 0[wd Pdaum/ tMuif0w¬Kjzifh a&maESm\ç ul;oGm;\çvSnfhvnf\ç
½Gufaqmif\? ponfht"dyÜg,fukdazmfjy&ef wwd,EÅvdifrSaemufü Pduoufonf/
8/ wrDaw awe uwm'd oEéd"me eda,m* odyÜ b@ ZD0duaw¬ok p/ xdkudk ½GwftH\ç xdkjzifh
jyKtyf\ç xdkü pGJuyf wnfae\ç xdkü ,SOf\çxdlol\ twwfç xdkol\ b@mç xkdol\ touf
arG;0rf;aMumif; ponfh t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjy&ef Pduoufonf/
3/ &m*g'dw'¨dwf
yxrmç 'kwd,mç wwd,mç yÍörDç q|Dç owårD 0dbwfqHk;aom emrfyk'frsm;ESifh ]&m*=qdk;jcif;}

]£'H=Opöm}paomteufudk nTefjyaom P-ypönf; aP,s-ypönf;wdkYudk qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfonf
]]&m*g'dw'¨dwf}}rnf\/
&m*w'¨dwf=uom0+P=uoma0e &wåH umom0H=zef&nfjzifh qdktyfaom ouFef;

£'Hw'¨dwf=r[ðo+P=r[ðoó £'H r[ðoH=uRJ\Opömjzpfaom tom;(uRJom;)
t0d'l&b0w'¨dwf=O'krÁ&+P=O'krÁ&ó t0d'la& y0wåH Mo'krÁ&H=a&ozef;yif\teD;üjzpfaom Adrmef
b0w'¨dwf=re+P=reod b0H rmeoH=pdwfüjzpfaomcsrf;om(pdwfcsrf;om)
Zmww'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m,H Zmawm rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUü arG;zGm;ol
tm*ww'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m, tm*awm rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUrS vmol
tóed0gow'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m tó ed0gaom rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUvQif ae&m½Sdol
£ó&w'¨dwf=rxk&+P=rxk&m, £óa&m rmxka&m=rxk&mNrKdUudk tpdk;&aomol
ed,kwåw'¨dwf=0domcg+P=0docg, ,kawåm a0omacg=0domcgeu©wfESifh,SOfaom(uqkef)v
tóa'0wmw'¨dwf=Ak'¨+P=Aka'¨g tó a'0wmwd Aka'¨g=bk&m;½SifvQif tdrfOD;ewf½Sdol
t"Daww'¨dwf=Asmu&P+P=Asmu&PH t"Dawwd a0,smu&aPm=Asmu½kPf(o´g)usrf;udk o&ZÑm,folç
oiftHolçwwfol
0do,w'¨dwf=0omwd+P=0omwDeH 0doa,m a'aom 0gomawm=0omwdrnfaomrif;om;wdkY\
e,fy,f jzpfaom t&yf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
216
wo®ð oEÅd(£"w¬d)w'¨dwf=O'krÁ&+P=O'krÁ&m to®ð ya'ao oEÅDwd Mo'krÁa&m=a&ozef;yifwdkY½Sd&mt&yf
edAÁwåw'¨dwf=om*&+P=om*a&[d edAÁawåm om*a&m=om*&rif;om;wdkY jzpfaptyfaom ork'´&m
t&[wdw'¨dwf=o[ó+P+þ=o[óH t&[wDwd om[óD=wpfaxmifxdkufwefaom*gxm
0dum&w'¨dwf=t,+P= t,aom 0duma&m tm,aom=oHjzifhwpfrsKd;wpfzHkjyKtyfaomcGuf(oHcGuf)
y&drmPw'¨dwf=yk&do+P=yk&daom y&drmPH tómwd ayg&doH=a,musfm;w&yf(wpfol=
vufckyfwpfazmif) twdkif;t½Snf½Sdaoma&
0owdw'¨dwf=Am&mPoD+aP,s=Am&mPod,H 0owDwd Am&mPao,saum=Am&mPoDjynfüaeol
(w'd¨wfyk'ftqHk;ü utu©&mvmxm;onf)
[dww'¨dwf=yx+aP,s=yxó [dwH ygax,sH=vrf;\tpD;tyGm;jzpfaom&du©m (vrf;&du©m)
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
9/ P &m*g waó'.rnaw¬ok p/ xdkjzifh qdk;tyf\ç xdkol\ Opömç paom t"dyÜg,fudk azmfjy&ef

P paom ypönf;oufonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
217
4/ Zmwm'dw'¨dwf
q|D0dbwf owårD0dbwfqHk;aom emrfyk'fwdkYESifh Zmwpaom o'´gwdkY\teufudk qufcHa[mjyEdkifaom

]]£r £, £u Ps aP,s ud,}} paom ypönf;wdkYudk qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfyk'fonf Zmwm'd
w'¨dwfrnf\/
Zmww'¨dwf=ypäm+£r=ypäm Zmawm ypädarm=aemufü jzpfol
rEkóZmwd+£,=rEkóZmwd,m Zmawm rEkóZmwda,m?vlZmwftm;jzifh(ü)jzpfol
yAÁw+aP,s=yAÁaw Zmawm yAÁawa,sm=awmifüjzpfol?awmifay:om;
yAÁw+aP,s= yAÁaw Zmwm yAÁaw,sm=awmifüjzpfaomjrpf? awmifusacsmif;
yAÁw+aP,s= yAÁaw ZmwH yAÁaw,sH=awmifüjzpfaomaq;
Am&mPoD+aP,s=Am&mPod,H Zmawm Am&mPao,saum=Am&mPoDjynfüarG;zGm;ol
(w'¨dwfyk'ftqHk;üu-tu©&mvmxm;onf)
xe+,=xeawm ZmwH xnH=EdkYüjzpfaomEdkY&nf
ed,kwåw'¨dwf=tEÅ+£r=taEÅ ed,kawåm tEÅdarm=tqHk;ü,SOfonf
tEÅ+£,=taEÅ ed,kawåm tEÅda,m=tqHk;ü,SOfonf
tEÅ+£u=taEÅ ed,kawåm tEÅdaum=tqHk;ü,SOfonf
Zmwd+ud,=Zmwd,H ed,kawåm Zmwduda,m=y#doaE¨ü,SOfaomol
tów¬dw'¨dwf=ykwå+£r=ykawåm tó tw¬Dwd ^ wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd ykwådarm=om;½Sdol
ykwå+£,=ykawåm tó tw¬Dwd ^ wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd ykwåda,m=om;½Sdol
ykwå+£u=ykawåm tó tw¬Dwd ^ wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd ykwådaum=om;½Sdol
b0w'¨dwf=aAm"dyu©+£,=aAm"dyau© b0g aAm"dyu©d,m=r*fÓPftoif;tyif;ü jzpfaom(yg0ifaom)
w&m;rsm;
yÍö0*¾+£,=yÍö0a*¾ b0g yÍö0*¾d,m=ig;a,muftpküjzpfaomw&m;rsm;
*gr+,=*gar ba0g *ar®m=½Gmüjzpfaomtusifh
t½ly+Ps=t½lay b0g tm½kyÜg=t½lybHkü jzpfaomw&m;wdkY
£'Hw'¨dwf=twå+£,=twåaem(rdrd\Opömwnf;) £'H(þOpömonf) twåed,H=rdrd\Opöm
(etu©&mvmonf)
o+ud,=oó(rdrd\Opömwnf;) t,H(þOpömonf) ouda,m=rdrd\Opöm
oH0wåwdw'¨dwf="e+,="em, oH0wåwDwd "nH=OpömtvdkYiSgjzpfaompyg;
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
10/ Zmwm'De rdrd,m p/ Zmwtp½Sdaom o'´gwdkYteufü £r £, ypönf;oufonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
218
5/ orl[w'¨dwf
q|D0dbwfqHk;aom emrfyk'fwdkYESifh ]]orl[=taygif;}}teufudk qufcHa[mjyEdkifaom ]]uPf P

wm u}} paom ypönf;wdkY qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfyk'fonf orl[w'¨dwfrnf\/
r,l&+uPf=r,l&meH orla[m rm,l&aum=Oa'gif;wdkY\taygif;(Oa'gif;tkyf)

r,l&+P= r,l&meH orla[m rm,la&m=Oa'gif;wdkY\taygif;(Oa'gif;tkyf)
rxk&+P=rxk&meH orla[m rmxka&m=rxk&mjynfoljynfom;taygif;
r[ðo+P=r[ðomeH orla[m rm[ðaom=uRJwdkY\taygif;
yk&do+P=yk&domeH orla[m ayg&daom=a,musfm;wdkY\taygif;
0k'¨+P=0k'¨geH orla[m 0ka'¨g=BuD;olwdkY\taygif;
uaygw+P=uaygwmeH orla[m umaygawm=cdkwdkY\taygif;
&mZykwå+P=&mZykwåmeH orla[m &mZykawåm=rif;om;wdkYtaygif;
aumudv+P=aumudvmeH orla[m aumudavm=OMoiSufwkdYtaygif;
bdu©+P=bdu©meH orla[m bdau©m=xrif;wdkYtaygif;
'Gd+P='GdEéH orla[m 'G,H=ESpfckwdkYtaygif;
wd+P=wdPÖH orla[m w,H=oHk;ckwdkY\taygif;
'Gd+u='GdEéH orla[m 'GduH? 'kuH=ESpfckwdkY\taygif;
'Gd+P='GdEéH orla[m 'G,H=ESpfckwdkY\taygif;
wd+u= wdPÖH orla[m wduH=oHk;ckwdkY\taygif;
pwk+u=pwkEéH orla[m pwkuúH=av;ckwdkY\taygif;
yÍö+u=yÍöEéH orla[m yÍöuúH=ig;wdkY\taygif;
q+u=qEéH orla[m quúH=ajcmufckwdkY\taygif;
rSwfcsuf/ pwk q ocsFmo'´grsm;aemufü uypönf;udk 'dGbm0 jyKEdkifonf/

]P}ypönf;½SdvQif a½SUu]£}o&udk t,jyK&onf/
*gr+wm=*grmeH orla[m *grwm=½GmwdkY\taygif;

AE¨K+wm=AE¨LeH orla[m AE¨Kwm=rdwfaqGwdkYtaygif;
o[m,+wm=o[m,meH orla[m o[m,wm=oli,fcsif;wdkYtaygif;
e*&+wm=e*&meH orla[m e*&wm=NrdKUwdkY\taygif;
pepfopf ygVdo'´g 408ç412
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
219
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
11/ orl[aw¬ uPf Pm/ taygif;[laomteufü uPf P ypönf;oufonf/
12/ *gr Ze AE¨K o[m,m'D[d wm/ *gr Ze AE¨K o[m, tp½Sdaom o'´gaemif taygif;teufjy
wm ypönf;oufonf/
6/ Xmem'dw'¨dwf
q|D0dbwff emrfyk'fwdkYESifh ]Xme=taMumif;} ][dw-tpD;tyGm;} paomteufudk qufcHa[mjyEdkifaom

]]£,}} paom ypönf;wdkY qufoG,fxm;aom w'¨dwfyk'fonf Xmem'dw'¨dwfrnf\/
Xmew'¨dwf=r'e+£,= r'eó XmeH r'edd,H= rl;,pfjcif;\ wnf&mtaMumif;

r'e+Ps= r'eó XmeH rZÆH
'k|K+v= 'k|K XmeH 'k|Kv’H= raumif;rI\ wnf&mtaMumif;
ã 'k|Ko'´gonf edygwfwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh 'k|Kaemif tHudkacsí ]'k|K-udk}[lívnf;aumif;?
oudkacsí ]'k|K-\}[lívnf;aumif; ay;Edkifonf/ 'k|Kaemif edódwteufüjzpfap Xmeteufüjzpfap
vypönf;ouf? a'Gabmfvm 'k|Kv’Hjzpf\/ (bm#D 'k 141)
[dww'¨dwf=Oyg'ge+£,= Oyg'gemeH [dwm Oyg'ged,m=Oyg'gefwdkY\ pD;yGm;wdkY

ar"m+,=ar"m, [dwH rZÑH= ,Zf\ tpD;tyGm;jzpfaom axmywf
yg'+,= yg'geH [dwH yZÆH = ajcwdkY\ tpD;tyGm;jzpfaomqD (ajce,fqD)
£'Hw'¨dwf=&mZ+£,^£v=&anm £'H &mZd,H^&mZdvH=rif;\Opöm (upönf;bm#D 'k 139)
t&[wdw'¨dwf='óe+þ,='óeH t&[wDwd 'óeDa,m/Munfh½Ijcif;udkîSg xdkufaom
ylZm+teD,=ylZeD,H=ylaZmxdkufol [k o'óHcdyfü jyxm;onf/
(ylZ"mwf+t&[w¬aZmwu teD,ypönf;jzifh NyD;aumif;aomaMumifh pOf;pm;oifhonf)
a,m*sw'¨dwf='óe+þ,='óeD,H= Munfh½Ijcif;iSgavsmufywfonf(t&[wdâ,m*sESpfrsKd;&)
om"kw'¨dwf=ur®+,=ur®ed om"k ur®nH=trIü aumif;aompdwf (½lbm#D'k 238)
obm+,=obm,H om"k oAÇH=tpnf;ta0;obifü aumif;aompum;
y&dom+Ps=y&dom,H om"k yg&doaZÆm=y&dowfü aumif;aomtaptyg;
pnf;rsOf;
13/ w'ó Xme rda,m p/ xdkt&monf xdkoabm\ wnf&mtaMumif; [laomteufü
]£,}qufonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
220
7/ Oyrmw'¨dwf
EIdif;,SOfaMumif;jzpfaom Oyrme0w¬Kudk a[maomemrfyk'fESifh Oyrmteufudk nTefjyaom ]tm,dwwå}

ypönf;wdkY qufoG,faom w'¨dwfyk'fonf ]]Oyrmw'¨dwf}}rnf\/
"lr+tm,dwwå="larm0d,mwd "lrm,dwwåH=rD;cdk;ESifhwlaomawm
wdrd&+tm,dwwå=wdrd&H0d,mwd wdrd&m,dwwåH=trdkufarSmifESifhwlaomawm
tm'dpö+P= tm'dapöm0d,mwd tm'dapöm=aerif;ESifh wlawmfrlonf
0ob+P=0oabm0d,mwd 0oabm=OobESifhwlawmfrlonf
pnf;rsOf;
14/ Oyrw¬m ,dwwåH/ Oyrmteufü tm,dwwå ypönf;qufonf/
ã þae&mü Oyrme Oyar,s Oyrm[k oHk;rsKd;½Sd\/ rD;cdk;onf EIdif;,SOfaMumif;jzpfí Oyrme?

awmpaomt&yfum; nKdUnKdUrIdif;rIif; jzpfaeaomaMumifh (rd;cdk;ESifhEIdif;,SOftyf&um;) Oyar,srnf\/
xdkrD;cdk;ESifh awmpaomt&yfwdkY ndKUnKdUrIdif;rdIif; jzpfyHkjcif;tm;jzifh wlaeaom oabmonf Oyrmwnf;/
Oyrme0gpu("lrpaom)o'´gaemif 0d,o'´gonf xGef;jytyfaom Oyrmteufü tm,dwwåypönf;
oufonf/ (bm#D 'k 139)
8/ edódww'¨dwf
*kPemrfyk'fESifh ]rSD&mçwnf&m} teufudk nTefjyaom ]v’} ypönf;ESifh qufoG,faom w'¨dwfonf

edódww'¨dwfrnf\/
'k|K+v’='k|K edódwH 'k|Kv’H= raumif;onfudkrSDonf
'k|K XmeH 'k|Kv’H= raumif;rI\wnf&m
a0'+v’=a0'H edódwH a0'v’H=todÓPfESpfoufjcif;\wnf&m
a0'ó XmeH a0'v’H=todÓPfESpfoufjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom okwåef
a0'(yke) ÓPf? r*fÓPf? ESpfoufjcif;? 0rf;ajrmufjcif;? a0'usrf;? cHpm;jcif;? eHygwfav;?
odjcif;? &jcif; (tbd"mef a0'tzGifh)
pnf;rsOf;
15/ wEédódwaw¬ avm/ xdkt&mudkrSD\[laom teufüvnf;aumif;ç xdkt&monf xdkoabm\ wnf&m
taMumif;[laomteufüvnf;aumif; ]v}ypönf;oufonf/ (þvypönf;ü a'GabmftNrJa&mufonf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
221
9/ wAÁ[kvw'¨dwf
*kPemrfyk'frsm;ESifh rsm;jcif; vGefuJjcif;teufudk azmfjyaom ]tmvk}ypönf;wdkY qufoG,faom

w'¨dwfonf ]wAÁ[kvw'¨dwf}rnf\/
tbdZÑm+tmvk=tbdZÑm tó A[kvmwd tbdZÑmvk? tbdZÑmvkaum=(tbdZÑmtm;BuD;ol)
(tó-xdkol\? tbdZÑm-tbdZÑmonf? A[kvm-rsm;\?£wd-xdkYaMumifh?
tbdZÑmvk-tbdZÑmvkrnf\)
tbdZÑm tó yuwd tbdZÑmvk? tbdZÑmvkaum/
(tó-xdkol\? tbdZÑm-tbdZÑm[laom? yuwd-yifudkoabmonf? (tw¬d-½Sd\)
£wd-xdkYaMumifh? tbdZÑmvk-tbdZÑmvkrnf\)
',m+tmvk=',m tó A[kvmwd ',mvk? ',mvkaum=oem;jcif;rsm;ol
(wenf;) ',m tó yuwd ',mvk? ',mvkaum?
oDw+tmvk=oDwH tó A[kvHwd oDwmvk=rsm;aomtcsrf;½Sdaomol?
tvGefcsrf;wwfol? tat;rcHEdkifol
(wenf;) oDwH tó yuwd oDwmvk? oDwmvkaum?
"Z+tmvk="aZm tó A[kvmwd "Zmvk? "Zmvkaum=tvHçwHcGefrsm;ol
("Zmvkü yuwdteuf raumif;)
ã oAÁawmaumokwfjzifh ]u}vmvQif tbdZÑmvkaumç tbdZÑmvkum(rsm;aomtbdZÑm½Sdaomrdef;r)

tbdZÑmvkuH(pdwf)[k ponfjzpf\/ (bm#D 'k 143)
pnf;rsOf;
16/ tmvk wAÁ[kav/ xdkol\ xdkw&m;rsm;\[laom teufü ]tmvk}ypönf;oufonf/

pepfopf ygVdo'´g
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
222
10/ yuwdw'¨dwf
0gustcdkufü yuwdo'´gausaom w'¨dwfonf ]yuwdw'¨dwf}rnf\/

ok0aPÖe yuwH ok0PÖra,m^ ok0PÖr,H^ ok0PÖr,m/
ok0aPÖe-a½Tjzifh? yuwH-jyKtyfonfwnf;? ok0PÖra,m-a½TjzifhjyKtyfonf/
(vdifoHk;yg;vdkí yuwH[k eyHkvdifESifh xm;onf/ xdkxdkyHkpHwdkYü vdiftm;avsmfpGm yuawm yuwH
yuwm[k xm;av)
ok0PÖra,m=a½TjzifhjyKtyfaom &xm;onf
ok0PÖr,H=a½TjzifhjyKtyfaom cGufonf
ok0PÖr,m=a½TjzifhjyKtyfaom cGuftxl;onf
0gustcdkufü edyæEéo'´gausaom w'¨dwfonf ]edyæEéw'¨dwf}rnf\/

reom edyæaEém raemra,m^ raemr,H^ raemr,m/
reom-pdwfaMumifh? edyæaEém-jzpfonfwnf;? raemra,m-pdwfaMumifhjzpfonf/
raemra,m-pdwfaMumifhjzpfaomw&m;onf
raemr,H-pdwfaMumifhjzpfaom aumif;rIonf
raemr,m-pdwfaMumifhjzpfaom pum;onf
edAÁwåw'¨dwf
a*gawm edAÁwåH a*gr,H

a*gawm-EGm;rS? edAÁwåH-jzpfaomusifBuD;wnf;? a*gr,H-EGm;rSjzpfaom usifBuD;onf
(v,fwDy'rmvm 243-245)
ã wpHkwckjzifh jyKtyfaom t&m0w¬Kudk yuwd[kac:onf/ xdkt&m0w¬Kudk a[mvdkvQif yuwdteufü

r,ypönf;ouf&onf/ xdkjzifhjyKtyf[kqdkvQif wpHkwckaMumifhjzpfaomt&m0w¬Kvnf; &oifhaomaMumifh
edAÁwåteuf edyæEéteufrsm;üvnf; r,ypönf;oufao;\/ (tajcjyKo'´g 528)

pnf;rsOf;
29/ wyÜuwd0pae ra,m/ ]xdkjzifhjyKtyf}[laom teufudk a[monf½Sdaomf ]r,}ypönf;oufonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
223
11/ 0daoow'¨dwf
olwyg;xuf omvGefxl;uJjcif; xl;cRefjcif;[laom 0daooteufudk nTefjyaom ]]w&ç wrç

£oduç £,ç £|}}ypönf;rsm;ESifh *kPemrfyk'fwdkYudk wGJpyfaom w'¨dwfonf ]]0daoow'¨dwf}}rnf\/
þ0daoow'¨dwfüyg0ifaom ]]w&çwr}}ypönf;rsm;ESifh wGJpyfqufoG,faom emrfyk'frsm;udk t&m0w¬K
wckESifh(emrf emrfpm;)wckudk EIdif;,SOfí txl;jyKonfhtwGuf EIdif;,SOfaom emr0daooe[k qdkMuonf/
jrefrmpmayü xl;jcm;aomt&m0w¬KwrsKd;udk ]]aumif;aom}}[kvnf;aumif;ç xl;jcm;aom
t&m0w¬K ESpfrsKd;teuf ydkíxl;jcm;aomt&m0w¬Kudk ]]omíaumif;aom}}[kvnf;aumif;ç xl;jcm;aom
t&m0w¬Ktrsm;txJrS taumif;qHk;t&m0w¬Kudk ]]taumif;qHk;}}[kvnf;aumif;ç oHk;EIH;ouJhodkY xdkYtwl
ygVdpmayüvnf; omrefxl;jcm;rIxuf ydkí ]]w&}}ypönf;ESifh qufoG,fívnf;aumif;ç xdkYxufomvGef
ydkrdkxl;jcm;vQif ]]wr}}ypönf;ESifh qufoG,fívnf;aumif;]]EIdif;,SOfaom emr0daooe}}tjzpf toHk;jyK&onf/
yHkpH-1/ olonf ynm½Sdaom vluav;jzpfonf/

aom y@dawm 'g&aum a[mwd/
2/ olonf omíynm½Sdaom vluav;jzpfonf/
aom y@dwwa&m 'g&aum a[mwd/
3/ olonf ynm½Sdaom vluav;jzpfonf/
aom awok y@dwwarm 'g&aum a[mwd/
rSwfcsuf/ þowfrSwfcsufonf ]w&}ypönf; ]wr}ypönf; 2cktwGufom jzpfonf/ ]£oduç £,ç £|}
ypönf;wdkYtwGuf (Amvm0wm&rSwyg;) tjcm;ygVdo'´gusrf;wdkYü þowfrSwfcsufrsKd; r½Sd/
(ouú#Asmu½kPf;usrf;tcsKdUüum; ]w&}t&mü £,udk oHk;pGJí ]wr}t&mü £|udk oHk;&\[k cGJjcm;avonf)
]w&çwr}ESpfrsKd;wGifvnf; wpfae&mwnf;ü qufíoHk;pGJvQif ]w&}xuf ]wr}u vGefonf[k qdkonf/
]w&ç £,ç £|}wdkYcsnf;oufouf wpfckpDoHk;pGJ&müum; wckwpfa,mufxufjzpfap trsm;xufjzpfap
omvGefolç tomvGefqHk;jzpfoludkyif ]w&ç£,ç£|}wdkYu xGef;jyEdkifonf/
0dbwfqufoG,fyHk
0daoow'¨dwfyk'fwdkYudk
1/ ykv’difjzpfvQif t-o&qHk;aom ykv’difemrfuJhodkYvnf;aumif;
2/ £w¬dvdifjzpfvQif tm-o&qHk;aom £w¬dvdifemrfuJhodkYvnf;aumif;
3/ eykv’difjzpfvQif t-o&qHk;aom eyHkvdefemrfuJhodkYvnf;aumif; 0dbwfqufoG,f&onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
224
y@dw+w&=y@dww&=omíynm½Sdol
y@dw+wr=y@dwwarm=omíynm½Sdol? ynmt½SdqHk;ol
ygy+w&=ygywa&m
ygy+wr=ygywarm
ygy+£odu=ygydodaum txl;,kwfrmol(omí ,kwfrmol)
ygy+£,=ygyda,m
ygy+£|=ygyda|m
ã 0gustcdkufü 0daooyk'f ausaom w'¨dwfonf 0daoow'¨dwfrnf\/
0daoaoe ygaygwd ygywa&m^ygyw&H^ygyw&m/ (wrç£oduç£,ç£|wdkYvnf; oHk;vdef)

0daoaoe-txl;ojzifh? ygayg-,kwfrmonfwnf;? ygywa&m-txl;ojzifh,kwfrmonf/
ygywa&m-txl;ojzifh,kwfrmaoma,musfm;onf
ygyw&H-txl;ojzifh ,kwfrmaom trsKd;onf
ygyw&m-txl;ojzifh ,kwfrmaom rdef;ronf
ã 0daoow¬ ESpfypönf; qifhonfvnf;½Sd\/ 0daoaoe ygaygwd ygyda|m? £|-ypönf;? txl;,kwfrmol/

0daoaoe ygyda|mwd ygyd|wa&m? tvGeftMuL;txl;,kwfrmol? 0g-t,kwfrmqHk;? (£|-aemif
w&-qifh)/
ã þw&m'dypö,EÅyk'frsm;onf vdiftm;jzifh yuwdyk'ftwkdif; ½Sd&rnf/ ygayg-[laom ykv’defyk'faemifoufvQif

ygywa&m[kvnf;aumif; ygyg(rdef;)aemifoufvQif ygyw&m[kvnf;aumif; ygyH(trsKd;)aemifoufvQif
ygyw&H[kvnf;aumif; ½Sd&rnf/ tbda",s(a[meuf)vdif vdkuf&rnf[k qdkvdkonf/ (upönf;bm#D 'k 156)
0&+w&=0&wa&m
0&+wr=0&warm
0&+£odu=0&dodaum txl;jrwfol(omí jrwfol)
0&+£,=0&da,m
0&+£|=0&da|m
(0daooe 0a&mwd 0&wa&m? ponf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
225
0k¹+£,=aZa,sm
0k¹+£|=aZa|m
0daooe-txl;ojzifh? 0ka¹m-BuD;onfwnf;? aZa,smâZ,sHâZ,smâZma|mâZ|HâZ|m
txl;ojzifh BuD;onf?
yow¬+£,=aoa,sm(aZa,sm)
yow¬+£|=aoa|m(aZa|m)
0daoaoe-txl;ojzihf? yoaw¬m-csD;rGrf;tyfonfwnf;? aoa,sm ao,sm ao,sHç aZa,sm
aZ,sm aZ,sHç aZa|m aZ|m aZ|H-txl;ojzifh csD;rGrf;tyfonf?
tEÅd+£,=ae'da,m
tEÅdu+£|=ae'da|m
0daoaoe-txl;ojzifh? tEÅdaum-eD;onfwnf;? ae'da,m ae'd,m ae'd,Hç ae'da|m ae'd|m
ae'd|H-txl;ojzifh eD;onfwnf;/
AmVS+£,=om"da,m
AmAmVS+£|=om"da|m
0daoaoe-txl;ojzifh? AmaV§m-jyif;xefonfwnf;? om"da,m om"d,m om"d,H om"da|m
om"d|m om"d|H-txl;ojzifh jyif;xefonf/
tyÜ+£,=uPda,m
tyÜ+£|=uPda|m
0daoaoe tayÜg-enf;onfwnf;? uPda,m uPd,m uPd,H uPda|m uPd|m uPd|H-
txl;ojzifh enf;onfwnf;/
,k0+£,=uPda,m
,k0+£|=uPda|m
0daoaoe ,k0g-EkysKdonfwnf;? uPda,m uPd,m uPd,H uPda|m uPd|m uPd|H-
txl;ojzifh EkysKdonf/
*kP0EÅK+£,=*kPda,m
*kP0EÅK+£|=*kPda|m
0daoaoe *kP0g-*kPf½Sdonfwnf;? *kPda,m *kPd,m *kPd,H *kPda|m *kPd|m *kPd|H/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
226
owdrEÅK+£,=owda,m
owdrEÅK+£|=owda|m
0daoaoe owdrm-owd½Sdonfwnf;?owda,m owd,m owd,H owda|m owd|m owd|H/
ar"m0D+£,=ar"da,m
ar"m0D+£|=ar"da|m
0daoaoe ar"m0D-ynm½Sdonfwnf;? ar"da,m ar"d,m ar"d,H ar"da|m ar"d|m ar"d|H/
ã £,ç £|aESmif;u 0EÅK rEÅK 0D ypönf; ausaysmuf oGm;onf/
yk'fajymif;vJyHk

£,ç £|ypönf; qufoG,fvQif
1/ 0k¹ o'´gudk ]Z}? £, £| ypönf;\ tp £ udk { o&odkYajymif;vJ&onf/

2/ yow¬ o'´gudk ]o}? odkYr[kwf]Z}? £, £| ypönf;\ £ udk { o&odkYajymif;vJ&onf/
3/ tEÅdu onf ae' odkYç AmV§ onf om" odkYç tyÜ o'´gonf uPf1 odkY ajymif;vJonf/
4/ ,k0 onf uPf odkYajymifNyD;ç wzef Pf rS ef odkYajymif;onf/
5/ 0EÅK rEÅK 0D ypönf;wdkY ausaysmufonf/
pOf;rsOf;okwfpOf
210/ 0k¹ó aZm £,da|ok/
211/ yow¬ó aom p/
212/ tEÅduó aea'g/
213/ AmVSó oma"m/
214/ tyÜó uPf/
215/ ,k0geÍö/
216/ 0EÅKrEÅK0DeÍö avmayg/
1 tvGefenf;aom teufudk a[m&mü rk'¨Z(Pf)jzifh uPda,mç uPda|m-[kvnf;aumif;? tvGefi,f½G,foludk

a[m&mü 'EÅZ(ef)jzifh ueda,mç ueda|m-[kvnf;;aumif; cGJjcm;xm;aomfvnf; ouúwtbd"mefürl 'EÅZ(ef)jzifh
]]ueda|m}}[kcsnf; ½Sd\/ ,k0go'´gonf vlysKd[laom teufudk ra[m/ ]'[a&m p ,k0g okok}[kvli,f omrefudk
a[m\/ ued|m-eSri,fç ESruav;/ (½lbm#D 'k 176)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
227
½dk;½kd;emr0daooerS tEIdif;,SOfcH emr0daooe jzpfvmyHk
½dk;½dk;emr0daooersm;udk ]w&ç wr} ypönf;rsm;qufay;jcif;jzifh tEIdif;,SOfcH tvwfwef;pm;

txufwef;pm; emr0daooersm; jzpfvmMuonf/
½dk;½dk; tvwfwef;pm; txufwef;pm;
y@dw=ynm½Sdaom y@dww&=omíynm½Sdaom y@dwwr=ynmt½SdqHk;aom

Amv=rdkufaom Amvw&=omírdkufaom Amvwr=trdkufqHk;aom
ygy=,kwfrmaom ygyw&=omí,kwfrmaom ygywr=t,kwfrmqHk;aom
okpd=pifMu,faom okpdw&=omípifMu,faom okpdwr=tpifMu,fqHk;aom
y#K=vdr®maom y#Kw&=omívdr®maom y#Kwr=tvdr®mqHk;aom
yPDw=rGefjrwfaom yPDww&=omírGefjrwfaom yPDwwr=trGefjrwfqHk;aom
Ouú|=jrwfaom Ouú|w&=omíjrwfaom Ouú|wr=tjrwfqHk;aom
(u) ½kd;½kd; emr0daooe 0gus
£arok bdu©Lok okraem emr bdu©K y@dawm a[mwd/

þ&[ef;wdkYwGif(þ&[ef;rsm;teuf) okrernfaom &[ef;onf ynm½Sdjzpfonf/
(c) tvwfwef;pm; emr0daooe
tm,o®m u0daE´m wawm y@dwwa&m/

t½Sifu0dEónf xdkOD;okrexuf omíynm½Sdonf/
(*) txufwef;pm emr0daooe
tm,o®m y'karm ye aw[dyd y@dwwarm/

t½Sify'kronfum; xdkESpfyg;wdkYxufvnf; omvGefydkrdkí ynm½Sdonf/ (ynmt½SdqHk;jzpfonf)
(C) wdaóm emr 'g&aum ygayg a[mwd? zkaóm wawmyd ygywa&m? 'awåm ye ygywarm/
wdórnfaom oli,fonf ,kwfrmaomoljzpfonf/ zkóonf olYxufyif omí ,kwfrmonf/
'wåonfum; t,kwfrmqHk;jzpfonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
228
(i) umrm0p&H [DeH? ½lyg0p&H Ouú|H? t½lyg0p&H Ouú|w&H? avmukwå&H ye Ouú|wrH/
umrm0p&pdwfonf ,kwfnHhonf/ ½lyg0p&pdwfonf jrwfonf/ t½lyg0p&pdwfonf omí
txl;jrwfonf/ avmukwå&mpdwfonfum; tvGeftMuL;txl;jrwfonf (tjrwfqHk;jzpfonf)/
rSwfcsuf/ c * C 0guswdkYü 0dbwå tyg'gef jzpfaomaMumifh tEIdif;cHyk'fudk yÍörD0dbwfjzifh

a&;om;&onf/ q|D0dbwfjzifhvnf; a&;om;Edkifonf/ ]]yxdauok (yxdumeH) "m0aEÅm
oDCwarm}} paom yHkpHwdkYüum; ed'¨g&PjzpfaomaMumifh tEIdif;cHyk'fudk yÍörD0dbwfjzifh ra&;om;&/ q|D
owårD0dbwfjzifh a&;om;&onf/
avhusifh&ef 0gusrsm;
(u) ½kd;½kd;emr0daooe0gus
1/ ar"m0D bdu©K Amav[d bdu©L[d e oH0owd/

ynm½Sdaom &[ef;onf rdkufrJaom &[ef;ESifhtwl rae/
2/ 0ka¹m yk&daom ,k0H yk&doH &u©wd/

BuD;aom a,musfm;onf i,f½G,faom a,musfm;udk apmifha½Smuf\/
3/ owdrm bdu©K 0ae "r®H p&wd/

owd½Sdaom &[ef;onf awmü w&m;udk usifh\/
(c) EIdif;,SOfrI emr0daooe0gusrsm;
(1) tmp&da,m odóo®m y@dwwa&m a[mwd/

q&monf wynfhxuf ydkí ynm½Sd\/
(2) Aka'¨g bdu©L[d aoa,sm a[mwd/

bk&m;½Sifonf &[ef;rsm;xuf ydkí jrwf\/
(3) {aom yk&daom tan[d yk&dao[d ygywa&m a[mwd/

þa,musfm;onf tjcm; a,musfm;wdkYxuf tvGef,kwfrm\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
229
rSwfcsuf/ þ0gusrsm;ü tEIdif;cHyk'fonf (e*dkuuGJjym;NyD;udk *kPftm;jzifh xyfrHcGJjyaom 0dbwå
tyg'gefjzpfjcif;aMumifh) ,if;yk'fudk yÍörD0dbwfjzifh a&;&onf/ jyqdkvwHhaom
emr0daooersm;onfum; e*kdruGJjym;aom taygif;tpkxJrS toD;tjcm; cGJxkwfí azmfjyaom ed'¨g&P
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tEIdif;cHyk'fudk ]q|DçowårD} 0dbwfjzifh a&;&onf/
1/ t,H omraPa&m rr odómeH y@dwwarm/

þomraPonf uREkfyf\ wynfhrsm;teuf ynmt½SdqHk;jzpfonf/
2/ Aka'¨g avmau a'0rEkaóok aoa|m/

bk&m;½Sifonf avmuü ewfvlwdkYwGif tjrwfqHk;jzpfawmfrl\/
3/ rr ydwm wó ÓwDok *kaPe aZa|m a[mwd/

uREkfyf\ zcifonf ol\aqGrsKdrsm;teuf *kPftm;jzifh tBuD;qHk;jzpfonf/
4/ t,H bdu©K £aroH ZemeH ar"da|m a[mwd/

þ&[ef;onf þol(tm;vHk;)wdkYwGif ynmt½SdqHk;jzpfonf/
5/ yxdumeH "m0aEÅm oDCwarm/

c&D;oGm;olwdkYwGif ajy;aomolonf ydkrdkí jref\/
avhusifhcef;rsm;
jrefrmbmomodkYjyefqdkyg
1/ t,H bdu©K tan[d bdu©L[d *kPda,m a[mwd/
2/ a,m*D tanok rEkaóok owda|m a[mwd/
3/ {aw 0gPdZm £aroH 0gPdZmeH ygywrm a[mEÅd/
4/ t,H unm rr b*deD[d uPd,m a[mwd/
5/ owdrm ydwm okpdw&H "r®H p&wd/
6/ r,H okpdwrH yk*¾vH £pämr/
7/ wkarS y@dwwrH tmp&d,H y&da,ox/
8/ t,H 'g&aum £arok 'g&auok ygywarm/
9/ {wm £w¬da,m tnm[d £w¬D[d aZ,sm/
10/ t[H okpdwrH 0w¬H £pämrd/ yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIH; 157-166?
pepfopfygVdo'´g 420-422
v,fwDy'rmvm w 246-250
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
230
12/ tów¬dw'¨dwf
tw¬d 0dZÆwd-o'´gwdkY\ ]½Sd}[laom teufudk nTefjyaom ]0DçoD(óD)ç þuç þ}paom ypönf;rsm;ESifh

yxrm0dbwfqHk;aom emrfyk'fwdkY qufoG,fay;aom w'¨dwfonf ]tów¬d}w'¨dwfrnf\/
xdktów¬w'¨dwfü yg0ifaom ypönf;rsm;wGif
(1) 0D-ypönf; oD(óD)ypönf;rsm;udk *kPfjzifhtxl;jyKtyfaom j'yfteufudk nTefjyaom *kPemrfyk'frsm;ESifh

qufoG,f&onf/ oD-ypönf;ü óD-[k a'GabmfESifh t½Sdrsm;onf/ ,if;ESpfypönf;wdkYwGif 0Dypönf;udk
ar"mç rm,m ESpfyk'fwdkYESifhom qufoG,f&onf/ oDypönf;udk raem*kdPf;0ifyk'fwdkYESifhom qufoG,f&onf/
(2) £u þ ypönf;rsm;udk j'yfwrsKd;jzifh txl;jyKtyfaom j'yfteufudk nTefjyaom t tm qHk;aom

emrfyk'frsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/
(3) &-ypönf;udk j'yf odkYr[kwf *kPfjzifh txl;jyKtyfaom j'yfteufrsm;udk nTefjyaom emrfyk'frsm;ESifh

qufoG,f&onf/
(4) 0EÅKypönf;udk j'yfç odkYr[kwf *kPfjzifh txl;jyKtyfaom j'yfteufudk nTefjyaom t tm qHk;aom

emrfyk'frsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/
(5) rEÅKypönf;udk j'yfç odkYr[kwf *kPfjzifh txl;jyKtyfaom £çþçOçODçMo qHk;aom j'yfteufudk

nTefjyaom emrfyk'frsm;ESifh qufoG,f&onf/
(6) P-ypönf;udk *kPfjzifh txl;jyKtyfaom j'yfteufudk nTefjyaom t tm qHk;aom *kPemrfyk'frsm;ESifh

qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpHrsm;
ar"m+0D=ar"m tó twd¬âr"m wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd ar"m0D^=ynm½Sdaomol? ynm½Sd

rm,m+0D=rm,m tó tw¬Dwd rm,m0D=vSnfhywfjcif;(twwf)½Sdol? rsufvSnfhorm;
wy+óD=wayg tó tw¬d^ wayg wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd wyóD=tusifh½Sdol
,o+óD=,aom tó tw¬Dwd ,oóD=ta½Tt&H½Sdol
'@+£u='a@m tó twd¬^ 'a@m wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd '@daum=awmifa0S;('kwf)½Sdol
'@+þ='a@m tó tw¬d^ 'a@m wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd '@D=awmifa0S;('kwf)½Sdol
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
231
r"k+&=r"k tó tw¬d^ r"k wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd r"ka&m=csKdaomt&om½Sdaom wifvJ
okod+&=okod tó tw¬Dwd okoda&m =tacgif;½Sdaom opfyif
"e+0EÅK="eH tó tw¬Dwd "e0g=Opöm½Sdol? Opöm½Sif
ynm+0EÅK=ynm tó tw¬Dwd yn0g=ynm½Sdol
owd+rEÅK=owd tó tw¬Dwd owdrm=owd½Sdol
bmPk+rEÅK=bmPk tó tw¬Dwd bmPkrm=ta&mif½Sdaom aerif;
o'¨g+P=oa'¨g tó tw¬d^ oa'¨g wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd oa'¨g=,HkMunfjcif;½Sdol
trpä&+P=rpä&H tó tw¬Dwd rpäa&m? e rpäa&m trpäa&m=ESajrm0efwdkrIr½Sdol
aomç £vç 0ç tmv ypönf;rsm;
okar"m+aom=okar"m tó tw¬d^ wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd okar"aom=aumif;aomynm½Sdol

avmr+aom=avmarm tó tw¬Dwd avmraom=tarT;½Sdaomowå0g
Z#m+£v=Z#m tó tw¬Dwd Z#davm=qefuspf½Sdaom&aoh
auom+0=auom tó tw¬d^ auom wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd auoa0g=qHyif½Sdol
0gpm+tmv=0gpm tó tw¬d^ 0gpm wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd 0gpmavm=rsm;aompum;½Sdaomol
ydkifqdkifjcif; emr0daooe
þtów¬dw'¨dwfyk'fwdkYonf ydkifqdkifjcif; csD;rGrf;jcif; uJh&Jhjcif; t"dyÜg,fudk nTefjyaomaMumifh

]ydkifqdkifjcif; emr0daooe}rnf\/ ,if;wdkYudk rdrdwdkYESifh qufoG,faom emrfyk'fudk xl;jcm;atmifjyKEdkifaom
emr0daooetjzpf oHk;Edkifonf/ emrfyk'ftjzpfvnf; toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
ykHpH emr0daooe emrfyk'f

"e0g ypönf;Opöm½Sdaom ypönf;Opöm½Sdol
yn0g ynm½Sdaom ynm½Sdol
owdrm owd½Sdaom owd½Sdol
Av0g cGeftm;½Sdaom cGeftm;½Sdol
tjcm; tów¬dw'¨dwfypönf;rsm;
bypönf;/ / wkE´d+b=wkE´d tó tw¬Dwd wkE´dabm=csuf½Sdol(csufBuD;ol)

0#d+b=0#d tó tw¬Dwd 0#dabm=csuf½Sdol(csufBuD;ol)
0vd+b=0vd tó tw¬Dwd 0vdabm=wGefYaomta&½Sdol
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
232
tmrDypönf;/ oH+tmrD=oH tó tw¬d^ oH wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd omrD=Opöm½Sdaom t½Sifocif
O0grDypönf;/ oH+O0grD=oH tó tw¬d^ oH wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd ok0grD=Opöm½Sdaom t½Sifocif
Pypönf;/ vu©D+P=vu©D tó tw¬d^ vu©D wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd
vu©aPm=toa&½Sdol(tEkAmef-P r[kwf)
eypönf;/ t*F+e=t*Fged tó tw¬Dwd t*Fem=aumif;aom udk,ft*Fg½Sdaom rdef;r
0vd+e=0vd tó tw¬Dwd 0vdaem=wGefYaomta&½Sdol
£eypönf;/ zv+£e=zvH tó tw¬Dwd zvdaem=toD;½Sdaom opfyif
od*F+£e=od*ø tótw¬Dwd od*Øaem=OD;csKd½Sdaom owå0g
rv+£e=rvH tó tw¬Dwd rvdaem=tnpftaMu;½Sdol
wypönf;/ yAÁ+w= yAÁH tó tw¬d^ yAÁH wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd yAÁawm=tqpftqpf½Sdaomawmif
vypönf;/ odcg+v=odcg tó tw¬d^ odcg wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd odcgavm=tarmuf½SdaomiSuf
0vypönf;/ odcg+0v=odcg tó tw¬d^ odcg wo®ð 0dZÆwDwd odcg0avm=tarmuf½SdaomOa'gif;
tów¬d ypönf; ESpfcsufqifhyHkpH
'@du0g='kwf½Sdol½Sdonf/ 'a@m tó tw¬Dwd '@daum (tów¬dw'¨dwf £u) '@daum

tó tw¬Dwd'@du0g (tów¬dw'¨dwf 0EÅK)
oOÆmwtów¬d teuf ]£w}ypönf;ouf
ykyæ+£w=ykyæmed oOÆmwmed tó tw¬Dwd ykyædawm = vGefpGmjzpfaom

tyGifh½Sdaom opfyif
okc+£w=okcH oOÆmwH tó tw¬Dwd okcdawm=vGefpGmjzpfaom csrf;omjcif;½Sdol
Asm"d+£w=Asm"d oOÆmawm tó tw¬Dwd Asm"dawm=vGefpGmjzpfaom zsm;emjcif;½Sdonf
wm&u+£w=wm&um oOÆmwm tó tw¬Dwd wm&udawm=vGefpGmjzpfaom Mu,f
wm&m½Sdonf
yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIH; 166-170?

pepfopfygVdo'´g 107-112? 424-430?
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
233
tów¬dw'¨dwfpOf;rsOf;rsm;
21/ w'ów¬Dwd 0D p/ xdkol\ xdkt&monf ½Sd\[laom teufü 0Dç oç £vç 0ç tmvç paom
ypönf;rsm; qufonf/
22/ wyg'dawm oD/ xdkol\ xdkt&monf ½Sd\[laom teufü wy-tp½Sdaom o'´grS aemufü oD-
ypönf; qufonf/
23/ '@m'dawm þu þ/ xdkol\ xdkt&monf ½Sd\[laom teufü '@-twl½Sdaom t0PÖEÅrS
aemufü þu þ ypönf;oufonf/
24/ r"Gg"dawm a&m/ xdkol\ xdkt&monf ½Sd\[laom teufü r"k-tp½Sdaom o'´grSaemufü
&-ypönf; oufonf/
25/ *kPm'dawm 0EÅK/ xdkol\ xdkt&monf ½Sd\[laom teufü *kP-twl½Sdaom o'´grSaemufü
0EÅKypönf;oufonf/
26/ owsm'D[d rEÅK/ xdkol\ xdkt&monf ½Sd\[laom teufü owd-tp½Sdaom o'´grSaemufü
rEÅK-ypönf;oufonf/
27/ o'¨g'dawm P/ xdkol\ xdkt&monf ½Sd\[laom teufü o'¨g-twl½Sdaom o'´grSaemufü
P-ypönf;oufonf/
13/ ocsFmw'¨dwf
oacFs,sjzpfaom o'´gudk a&wGufaMumif;jzpfaom o'´gonf ocsFmw'¨dwfrnf\/ yHkpH- {aum

a'G wa,m pwåma&m yÍö q owå t| e0 ponfwnf;/ {aum-wckonf? a'G-ESpfckwdkYonf?
wa,m-oHk;ckwdkYonf? pwåma&m-av;ckwdkYonf? yÍö-ig;ckwdkYonf? q-ajcmufckwdkYonf? owå-ckESpfck
wdkYonf? t|-½SpfckwdkYonf? e0-udk;ckwdkYonf/
{uo'´gonf wck[laom ocFsmç tazmfr½Sdwpfa,mufwnf;ç jrwfaomteufç odNyD;onfrS
wyg;aomteufç wlaomteuf [lí ig;rsKd;½Sd\/ xdk 5-rsKd;wGif wckocsFma[mrl {u0kpfom jzpfonf/
usefav;eufjzpfrl {u0kpf A[k0kpf ESpfyg;jzpfEdkifonf/
14/ yl&Pw'¨dwf
0gustcdkufü yl&Po'´gausaom w'¨dwfonf yl&Pw'¨dwf1rnf\/ 'GEéH yl&aPm 'kwda,m?

'GdEéH yl&PH 'kwd,H? 'GdEéH yl&PD 'kwd,m/ 'kwda,m-ESpfckwdkY\jynfhaMumif;r*f? 'kwd,H-ESpfckwdkY\jynfhaMumif;
psmef? 'kwd,m-ESpfckwdkY\jynfhaMumif;yg&rD/
1 tjcm;o'´gusrf;rsm;ü ocsFmw'¨wfESifh yl&Pw'¨dwfudk aygif;í ocsFmw'¨wf[líom ac:onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
234
ocsFmo'´grsm;ESifh ypönf;wGJpyfyHk
1/ 'Gd wd ocsFmo'´grsm;ESifh wd(wD,)ypönf;

2/ pwk ocFsmo'´gESifh x(w¬)ypönf;
3/ qocsFmo'´gESifh X(Xr)ypönf;
4/ yÍö owå t| e0 'o paom ocFsmo'´grsm;ESifh r-ypönf;
5/ {utp½Sdaom ocsFo'´grsm;aemuf½Sd 'oo'´gESifh þ-ypönf;wdkYudk wGJpyf&rnf/
yHkpH/
'Gd+w,(wD,)='kwda,m? 'kwd,m? 'kwd,H=ESpfckajrmuf
wenf; a'Ga,0 'kwda,m (oGw¬w'¨dwf wd,ypönf;)
wd+wd,(wD,)=wwda,m? wwd,m? wwd,H=oHk;ckajrmuf
pwk+x(w¬)=pwkaw¬m? pwkw¬Dç pwkw¬m? pwkw¬H=av;ckajrmuf
pwkEéH yl&aPm pwkaw¬m? pwkEéH yl&PH pwkw¬H? pwkEéH yl&PD pwkw¬mç pwkw¬D (ylP&w'd¨wf)
wenf; pwka,0 pwkaw¬m (oGw¬w'¨dwf)
yÍö+r=yÍöarm? yÍörD=yÍörm? yÍörH=ig;ckajrmuf
yÍöEéH yl&aPm yÍöarm? yÍöEéH yl&PH yÍörH? yÍöEéH yl&PD yÍörmç yÍörD
q+X(Xr)=qa|m? q|D=q|m? q|H=ajcmufckajrmuf
q|arm? q|rD? q|rH/
qEéH yl&aPm qa|m? qEéH yl&PH q|H? qEéH yl&PD q|mç q|D
owå+r=owåarm? owårD=owårm? owårH= 7-ckajrmuf
owåEéH yl&aPm owåarm? owåEéH yl&PH owårH? owåEéH yl&PD owårmç owårD
t|+r=t|arm? t|rD=t|rm? t|rH=8-ckajrmuf
t|EéH yl&aPm t|arm? t|EéH yl&PH t|rH? t|EéH yl&PD t|rmç t|rD
e0+r=e0arm? e0rD=e0rm? e0rH=9-ckajrmuf
e0EéH yl&aPm e0arm? e0EéH yl&PH e0rH? e0EéH yl&PD e0rmç e0rD
'o+r='oarm? 'orD='orm? 'orH= 10-ckajrmuf
'oEéH yl&aPm 'oarm? 'oEéH yl&PH 'orH? 'oEéH yl&PD 'ormç 'orD
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
235
y'rmvm
ykvd’if eykvd’if £w¬dvdif £w¬dvdif

'kwda,m 'kwd,H 'kwd,m
wwda,m wwd,H wwd,m
pwkaw¬m pwkw¬H pwkw¬m pwkw¬D
yÍöarm yÍörH yÍörH yÍörD
qa|m q|H q|m q|D
q|arm q|rH q|rm q|rD
owåarm owårH owårm owårD
t|arm t|rH t|rm t|rD
e0arm e0rH e0rm e0rD
'oarm 'orH 'orm 'orD
ocFsmo'´gudk ajymif;vJyHk
1/ 'o-ESifhwGJpyfrnfh {uç t| ocsFmo'´gwdkY\ ]t}udk ]tm}ajymif;&rnf/

yHkpH-{u+'o={aum p 'o p {um'o^ {um&o=11-ck ('Geformof)
{aue t"dum 'o {um'oç {um&o(raZÑavmyD wwd,m wyÜK&dof)
t|+'o=t| p 'o p t|m&o^t|m'o=18-ck
t|[d t"dum 'o t|m&o^t|m'o
{um'oarm? {um'orD? {um'orH=11-ckajrmuf
{um'o^ {um&o vdifoHk;yg;
{um'oç {um&o wpfq,fhwpfa,mufaom a,musfm;wdkYonf

{um'oç {um&o wpfq,fhwpfckaom pdwfwdkYonf
{um'oç {um&o wpfq,fhwpfa,mufaom rdef;rwdkYonf

{um'o+þ={um'oEéH yl&PD {um'oD=11-a,mufjynfhaMumif;rdef;r(£w¬dvdifom-½l)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
236
2/ 'GdocFsmo'´gudk wd,(wD,)ypönf;ESifhwGJpyfvQif ]'k}? 'o 0Do ponfwdkYESifh wGJpyfvQif ]'Gg}?
odkYr[kwf]Am}? wðo-wdkYESifh wGJpyfvQif]'G}? pwåmvDoH-ponfwdkYESifh wGJpyfvQif ]a'Gç'Gg} ajymif;&onf/
yHkpH-'Gd+wd,(wD,)='kwd,('kwD,)
'Gd+'o=a'G p 'o p 'Gg'oçAm&o/ 'GD[d t"dum 'o 'Gg'oçAm&o/
'Gd+0Do='Gg0Doç Am0Do
'Gd+wðo='Gwåðoç Amwåðo
'Gd+pwåmvDoH=a'GpwåmvDoHç 'GgpwåmvDoHç 'dGpwåmvDoH/
ynmo-o'´gESifh wGJpyfvQif ]'Gg}? toDwdo'´gESifh wGJpyfvQif ]a'G} rajymif;&/
]&w¬d}o'´gwdkYESifh ]'Gd}udk 'kç 'd? ukvo'´gponfwdkYESifhwGJpyfvQif ]Am}ponf ajymif;Edkifao;onf/
yHkpH-'Gd+&wåd=a'G &wåda,m 'd&wåH=ESpfnOfh('d*kormof)

'Gd+&wåd=a'G &wåda,m 'k&wåH=ESpfnOfh('d*kormof)
'Gd+0d"m='k0d"m
'Gd+t*F-'k0*F
'Gd+*kP='d*kP
'Gd+a*g='d*k
'Gd+ukv=a'G ukvmed ,ómwd Amukavm=ESpfbufaomtrsKd;½Sdol(A[kAÁD[dormof)

3/ wd,(wD,)ypönf;ESifhwGJpyfvQif ]wd}udk ]w}? 'o-o'´gponfwdkYESifh wGJpyfvQif ]wd}udk ]aw}

ajymif;&onf/
yHkpH-wd+wd,=wwd,(wwD,)
wd+'o=wa,m p 'o p aw&oç awVo? wD[d t"dum 'o aw&oçawVo
wd+pwåmvDo=awpwåmvDo
wd+ynm=awynmo
wd+e0kwd=awe0kwd
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
237
4/ 'o-o'´gESifh wGJpyfvQif pwk-udk tcsKdU pkç apm ajymif;&onf/
yHkpH-pwk+'o=pwåma&m p 'o p pk'ó? pwl[d t"dum 'o pk'ó/

pwk+'o=apm'ó
pwk+'o=pwk'ó
5/ 'oç0Dowd-o'´gESifh wGJpyfrnfh yÍök-o'´gudk tcsKdU yEé odkYr[kwf yPÖ odkY ajymif;&onf/
yHkpH-yÍö+'o=yÍö p 'o p yEé'oç yEé&oç yÍö'o/ yÍö[d t"dum 'o yÍö'o/

yÍö+0Dowd=yPÖ0Dowd
6/ 'o-o'´gESifhwGJpyfrnfh q-udk ]aom}odkY ajymif;&onf/
q+'o=aomVo
7/ {u-tp½Sdaom ocFsmaemuf½Sd 'o-\ '-udk ]&}ajymif;&onf/

yHkpH-{u+'o={um&o
'Gd+'o=Am&o
wd+'o=aw&o
yÍö+'o=yEé&o
owå+'o=owå&o
t|+'o=t|m&o
8/ wdç q-ocsFmo'´gwdkYESifh wGJpyfrnfh 'o-\ ]'}udk ]V}ajymif;&onf/

yHkpH-wd+'o=awVo
q+'o=aomVo
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
238
ã {um'oEéH ylaPm {um'aom [k ylP&w'¨dwfjyK/ t-ypönf;oufí {um'aom {um'oH
{um'oD oHk;vdif½SdEdkifonf/ e'g'dawm0g þ-okwfjzifh þoufí {um'oD[kjzpfonf/
þypönf;ESifhtypönf;onf t|m&oD-wdkifatmifom oufonf/ (v,fwDy'rmvm w 271)
typö,EÅy'rmvm
{um'aom {um'oH {um'om {um'oD

'Gg'aom 'Gg'oH 'Gg'om 'Gg'oD
Am&aom Am&oH Am&om Am&oD
aw'aom aw'oH aw'om aw'oD
aw&aom aw&oH aw&om aw&oD
awVaom awVoH awVom awVoD
pwk'áom pwk'óH pwk'óm pwk'óD
pk'áom pk'óH pk'óm pk'óD
apm'áom apm'óH apm'óm apm'óD
yÍö'aom yÍö'oH yÍö'om yÍö'oD
yEé&aom yEé&oH yEé&om yEé&oD
aomVaom aomVoH aomVom aomVoD
owå'aom owå'oH owå'om owå'oD
owå&aom owå&oH owå&om owå&oD
t|m&aom t|m&oH t|m&om t|m&oD
e0'aom e0'oH e0'om e0'oD
ã r-ypönf;oufí {um'oarm {um'orH {um'orm {um'orD oHk;vdif½SdEdkifonf/ (ed½kwåd'DyeD)
{um'oarm {um'orH {um'orm {um'orD

'Ggoarm 'GgorH 'Ggorm 'GgorD
Am&oarm Am&orH Am&orm Am&orD
aw&oarm aw&orH aw&orm aw&orD
awVoarm awVorH awVorm awVorD
pwk'óarm pwk'órH pwk'órm pwk'órD
pk'óarm pk'órH pk'órm pk'órD
apm'óarm apm'órH apm'órm apm'órD
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
239
yÍö'oarm yÍö'orH yÍö'orm yÍö'orD

yEé&oarm yEé&orH yEé&orm yEé&orD
yPÖ&oarm yPÖ&orH yPÖ&orm yPÖ&orD
aomVoarm aomVorH aomVorm aomVorD
owå'oarm owå'orH owå'orm owå'orD
owå&oarm owå&orH owå&orm owå&orD
t|m'oarm t|m'orH t|m'orm t|morD
t|m&oarm t|m&orH t|m&orm t|m&orD
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
30/ ocFsmyl&aParm/ ocFsm\jynfhaMumif;teufü r-ypönf;oufonf/ (av;ckNyD;onfhtcg ig;ckjynfh&ef
wckxyfwnfh&onf/xdkaemufxyfxnfh&aom wckonf yÍör-ig;ckajrmufwck jzpf\/ xdkYtwl
ckESpfckajrmufwck ½Spfckajrmufwck ponfjzifh wckckudkom yl&Pteuf[krSwf/
31/ o qó 0g/ ocsFmt&mü ]q}onf ]o}odkY &Hcg ajymif;onf/
32/ {um'dawm 'oóD/ ocFsm\jynfhaMumif;teufü {utp½Sdaom o'´grSaemuf½Sd 'o\tqHk;ü þ
ypönf'oufonf/(þokwfu þypönf;qHk;aomyk'frsm;onf £w¬dvdifomwnf;/ e'g'd*kdPf;wnf;/
33/ 'ao aom edpöÍö/ 'oaMumifh qocsFmo'´gudk tNrJ aom-jyK/
34/ taEÅ ed*¾[DwÍö/ ocsFmo'´g\tqHk;ü ed*¾[dwfvmonf/ pmwk'óðç yÍö'oð/ (½lyod'¨dü þokwfr½Sd/
o'éDwdum; pmwk'óðç yÍö'oðü tpöEÅoHa,m*teufü 'kwd,m0dbwf[kqdkonf/
35/ wdp/ ocFsmo'´gwdkY tqHk;ü wdtu©&mvmonf/ 0Dowd? wðowd/
36/ v '&meH/ ocsFmt&mü 'ç& udk ydkif;jcm;aomtm;jzifh vjyK/(aomVoü edpö0d"d-tNrJjyK? pwåmvDoç
aw&owdkYü pwåm&Doç aw&o[kvnf½SdaomaMumifh tedpö0d"d-&HcgjyK? pk'óçyEé&owdkYü
vtjyKr½Sd-toEÅ0d"d)
37/ 0Dowd 'aook Am 'Gdó wk/ 0Dowdç 'oç wðo o'´g wdkYaMumifh 'Gdudk AmjyK/
38/ {um'dawm 'o & ocsFmae/ ocsFmo'´gaMumifh {utp½Sdaom o'´grSaemufjzpfaom 'o-ü
'-onf &-odkYajymif;onf/
39/ t|m'dawm p/ ocsFmo'´gaMumifh t|tp½Sdaom o'´grSaemufjzpfaom 'o-ü '-onf
&-odkYajymif;onf/
40/ a'G.u|me rmuma&m 0g/ ocsFmo'´gaMumifh 'Gd {u t|o'´gwdkY\ tqHk;o&onf ydkif;jcm;aomtm;
jzifh tm okdYajymif;onf/
41/ pwkaq[d x Xm/ ocsFm\jynfhaMumif;teufü pwkç q-o'´gwdkYrSaemufü xç X ypönf;oufonf/
42/ 'GdwD[d wda,m/ ocsFm\jynfhaMumif;teufü 'Gdç wd-o'´gwdkYrSaemufü wd,(wD,) ypönf;oufonf/
43/ wda, 'kwmydp/ wd,ypönf;aMumifh 'Gd wd wdkYonf 'k w-odkY ajymif;Muonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
240
0Do-paom ocsFmo'´gwdkY jzpfay:vmyHk
o'´gtrsm;udk o'´gwckwnf;ü aygif;xm;jcif;onf {uodofrnf\/
0Doç 0Dowdç 0Dowdr
ESpfq,f[laom teufudk nTefjyaom 'o-o'´gESpfckudk 'o-wck<uif;jyKí? a,m-

0dbwfqufoG,fNyD; 'o-o'´gudk 0Dç a,m0dbwfudk þoHajymif;vQif 0DoH-[k jzpfonf/ wzef 0DoH\
tqHk;ed*¾[dwfudkacsí ]wd}vmvQif ]0Dowd}[k jzpf\/ wzef 0Dowd\tqHk;ü rypönf; qufoG,fvQif
]0Dowdr}[k jzpf\/
1/ 0DoHç 0Dowd=ESpfq,f 0Dowdr=ESpfq,fajrmuf

2/ {u0DoHç {u0Dowd=21-ck {u0Dowdr=21-ckajrmuf
3/ Am0DoHç Am0Dowd Am0Dowdrç 'Gg0Dowdr=22-ckajrmuf
'Gg0DoHç 'Gg0Dowd=22-ck
4/ aw0DoHç aw0Dowd=23-ck aw0Dowdr=23-ckajrmuf
5/ pwk0DoHçpwk0Dowd(pwkAÁDo)=24-ck pwk0Dowdr=24-ckajrmuf
6/ yPÖ0DoHçyPÖ0DowdçyÍö0DoHçyÍö0Dowd=25-ck yPÖ0DowdrçyÍö0Dowdr=25-ckajrmuf
7/ qAÁDoHçqAÁDowd=26-ck qAÁDowdr=26-ckajrmuf
8/ owå0DoHç owå0Dowd=27-ck owå0Dowdr=27-ckajrmuf
9/ t|0DoHçt|0Dowd=28-ck t|0Dowdr=28-ckajrmuf
10/ {ulewðoHç{ulewðowd=29-ck {ulewðowdr=29-ckajrmuf
wðoç wðowdç wðowdr
oHk;q,f[laom teufudk nTefjyaom 'o-oHk;ckudk wck<uif;jyKxm;aom ]'o}udk wdç aemufu

qufoG,fxm;aom a,m0dbwfudk ]þo}H qufvufíç ]þoH}ü ]þ}udk &óç wd-ü ed*¾[dwfvmvQif
]wðoH}[k jzpf\/ tqHk;ü wd-vmvQif wðowd? wzef tqHk;ü r-vmvQif wðowdr-[k jzpf\/
1/ wðoHç wðowd=oHk;q,f wðowdr=30-ajrmuf

2/ {uwðoHç {uwðowd=31-ck
3/ AmwåðoHç'GwåðoH=32-ck
4/ awwåðoH=33
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
241
5/ pwkwåðoH=34
6/ yÍöwåðoH=35
7/ qwåðoH=36
8/ owåwðoH=37
9/ t|wåðoH=38
10/ {ulepwåmvDoH=39
pwåmvDoHç wmvDoH
av;q,fteufa[m 'o-av;ckudk wpfck<uif;jyKxm;aom 'o-udk ]pwåm&}? aemufuqufoG,f

xm;aom a,m-0dbwfudk ]þoH}? pwåm&-\ &-udk v-ajymif;vQif ]pwåmvDoH}[k jzpf\/ pwåmvDoH-ü
tp]p}ESifh w-wpfvHk;udk acsvdkufaomf ]wmvDoH}[k jzpf\/
1/ pwåmvDoHç wmvDoH=40 6/ yÍöpwåmvDoH=45

2/ {upwåmvDoH=41 7/ qpwåmvDoH=46
3/ 'GdpwåmvDoHç a'GpwåmvDoH=42 8/ owåpwåmvDoH=47
4/ wdpwåmvDoHç awpwåmvDoH=42 9/ t|pwåmvDoH=48
5/ pwkpwåmvDoH=44 10/ {uleynmoH=49

ynmoç yPÖmo
ig;q,fteufa[m 'o-ig;ckudk wpfck<uif;jyKxm;aom 'o-udk ynm (odkYr[kwf) yPÖ?

qufoG,fxm;aom a,m0dbwfudk ]tmoH}ajymif;vQif ]ynmoHç yPÖmoH}[k jzpf\/
1/ ynmoHç yPÖmoH=50 6/ yÍöynmoH=55

2/ {uynmoH=51 7/ qyÜnmoH=56
3/ 'GdynmoHç a'GynmoH=52 8/ owåynmoH=57
4/ awynmoH=53 9/ t|ynmoH=58
5/ pwkynmoH=54 10/ {uleo|d=59
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
242
o|d
ajcmufq,fteufa[m 'o-ajcmufckudk wpfck<uif;jyKxm;aom 'o-udk q? qufoG,fxm;aom

a,m0dbwfudk ]Xd}? ]q}udk ]o}ajymif;vQif ]o|d}[k jzpf\/
1/ o|d=60 6/ yÍöo|d=65
2/ {uo|d=61 7/ qo|d=66
3/ 'Ggo|dç'Gdo|dça'Go|d=62 8/ owåo|d=67
4/ awo|dç wdo|d=63 9/ t|o|d=68
5/ pwko|d=64 10/ {uleowåwd=69
owåwdç owå&d
ckepfq,fteufa[m 'o-ckepfckudk wpfck<uif;jyKxm;aom 'o-udk owå? qufoG,fxm;aom

a,m0dbwfudk ]&d} odkYr[kwf ]wd} ajymif;vdkufvQif ]owåwdçowå&d}[k jzpf\/
1/ owåwdçowå&d=70 6/ yÍöowåwd=75
2/ {uowåwd=71 7/ qowåwd=76
3/ 'Ggowåwdç 'Ggowå&d 8/ owåowåwd=77
'Gdowåwdça'Gowå&d=72 9/ t|owåwd=78
4/ awowåwdç wdowåwd=73 10/ {ulemoDwd=79
5/ pwkowåwd=74
toDwd
½Spfq,fteufa[m 'o-½Spfckudk wpfck<uif;jyKxm;aom 'o-udk to? qufoG,fxm;aom

a,m0dbwfudk ]þwd} ajymif;vdkufvQif ]toDwd}[k jzpf\/
1/ toDwd=80 6/ yÍömoDwd=85
2/ {umoDwd=81 7/ qtoDwd=86
3/ a'GtoDwdç'GgoDwd=82 8/ owåmoDwd=87
4/ awtoDwd=83 9/ t|moDwd=88
5/ pwk&moDwd=84 10/ {ulee0kwd=89

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
243
e0kwd
udk;q,fteufa[m 'o-udk;ckudk wpfck<uif;jyKxm;aom 'o-udk e0? qufoG,fxm;aom

a,m0dbwfudk ]Owd} ajymif;vdkufvQif ]e0kwd}[k jzpf\/
1/ e0kwd=90 6/ yÍöe0kwd=95
2/ {ue0kwd=91 7/ qe0kwdç qEé0kwd=96
3/ 'Gde0kwdça'Ge0kwdç 8/ owåe0kwd=97
'Gge0kwd=92 9/ t|e0kwd=98
4/ awe0kwdçwde0kwd=93 10/ e0e0kwdç {uleowH=99
5/ pwke0kwd=94
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
45/ o½lyge.aruaooG.ouð/ t"dyÜg,fwlaompum;vHk;wvHk;udk tBudrfBudrfqdk&mü ESpfyk'foHk;jzpfaevQif

wyk'fwnf;jyKyg/ (þodkYjyKjcif;udk {uaoof[k ac:onf)
46/ *Pae 'oó 'Gd wd pwk yÍ® q owå t| e0umeH 0D wd pwåm& ynm q owåm.oe0g
a,mokç a,meÍöDo.rmoH Xd &d.wDwkwd/ *Pef;ocsFmt&mü a,m0dbwfwdkYaMumifh 'oo'´g\ ESpfck
taygif; oHk;cktaygif; av;cktaygif; ig;cktaygif; ajcmufcktaygif; ckESpftaygif; ½Spfcktaygif; udk;
cktaygif;;wdkYudk 0D wd pwåm& ynm q owå to e0-odkY ajymif;yg/ a,m0dbwfudkvnf; þoH
tmoH Xd &d wd þwd Owd odkYajymif;yg/(tajcjyKo'´g 539-542)
50/ 'o'ouH owHç 'oumeH owH o[óÍö a,mrSd/ a,m0dbwfaMumifh 'o-q,fcktaygif;udk
ow-[k {uaoofjyKç ow-q,fckudk o[ó-[k {uaoofjyK/
51/ ,m0 w'kwå&d 'o*kPdwÍö/ o[órSqufí txuftoacsF,swdkifatmif q,fckjzifh ajr§muf/
(tajcjyo'´g 547-550)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
244
owç o[ó ponf
wpf&mteufa[m 'o-q,fckudk wpfck<uif;jyKxm;aom 'o-udk owH-ajymif;í

qufoG,fxm;aom acsvdkufvQif ]owH}[k jzpf\/
owH=100 'GdowH=200
wdowH=300 pwkowH=400
yÍöowH=500 qowH=600
owåowH=700 t|owH=800
e0owH=900
o[ó ponfjzpfyHk
wpfaxmif[laom teufudknTefjyonfh ow-q,fckudk wck<uif;jyKxm;aom ow-o'´gudk

o[óH-ajymif;í a,m0dbwfudk acsvQif o[óH-jzpfonf/ xdkwpfaxmif;teufa[m o[óo'´gudk
wpfq,fjzifh ajr§mufyGm;vQif wpfaomif;-teufudk nTefjyaom 'oo[óH-[k jzpfonf/ 4if;udk
e[kw odkYr[kwf e,kw-[kvnf; oHk;pGJEdkifonf/ ,if; 'oo[ó-udk wpfq,fjzifh ajr§mufvQif
wpfodef;teufudk nTefjyaom owo[óH-[k jzpfonf/ 4if;udk vu©H-[kvnf; oHk;pGJEdkifonf/
,if; owo[óH-udk wpfq,fjzifh ajr§mufjyefvQif wpfoef;teufudk nTefjyaom
'oowo[óH-[k jzpfonf/ xdkwpfoef;ocFsm;udk ygVdusrf;pmrsm;ü oHk;pGJ½kd;r½Sday/ xdkYaMumifh tbd"mefü
vnf;aumif; owH o[óH ed,kwH vu©H aum#d yaum#d = &m axmif aomif; odef; uka# yuka#
ponfjzifh tpOfudk nTefjyonf/
,if;]'oowo[ó}udk wpf&mjzifh ajr§mufyGm;vQif wpfuka#teufudk nTefjyaom ]aum#d}

jzpf\/ ,if;aum#dudk odef;w&mjzifh ajr§mufyGm;vQif ]yaum#d}k jzpf\/ ,if;yaum#dudk odef;wpf&mjzifh
ajr§mufyGm; vQif ]aum#dyaum#d}[k jzpf\/ ,if; ]aum#dyaum#d}udk odef;wpf&mjzifh ajr§mufyGm;vQif
]e[kw}[k jzpf\/ ,if;]e[kw}udk odef;wpf&mjzifh ajr§mufyGm;vQif ]edEé[kw}[k jzpf\/ ,if;]edEé[kw}udk
odef;wpf&mjzifh ajr§mufyGm;vQif ]tau©mbdeDd}[k jzpf\/ þodkYponfjzifh odef;w&m;jzifh ajr§mufyGm;vQif
AdE´K tAÁK' ed&AÁK' t[[ tAA t## aom*E¨d OyÜv ukrk' yk@&Du y'kr uxme r[muxme
[laom ocsFmwdkYjzpfukef\/ ,if;]r[muxme}udk odef;wpf&mjzifh ajr§mufyGm;vQif ]toacFs,s}[k jzpf\/
wpftoacsFvQif wpfwpfvHk; oknaygif; (140)½Sd\/
yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef; 170-180
v,fwDy'rmvm w 261-318
pepfopfygVdo'´g 'k 125-132? 445-453
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
245
ocFsmac:yHk wufyHk Z,m;
ocsFmtrnf okna& ocsFmtrnf okna&

{u (wpf) e[kw 28
'Gd (ESpf) edEé[kw 35
wd (oHk;) tau©mbdPD 42
pwk (av;) AdE´K 49
yÍö (ig;) tAÁK' 56
q (ajcmuf) ed&AÁK' 63
owå (ckESpf) t[[ 70
t| (½Spf) tAA 77
e0 (udk;) t## 84
'o (q,f) 1 aom*@du 91
ow (&m) 2 OyÜv 98
o[ó(axmif) 3 ukrk' 105
'oo[ó(aomif;) 4 y'kr 112
owo[ó(odef;) 5 yk@&du 119
'oowo[ó(oef;) 6 uxme 126
aum#d (uka#) 7 r[muxme 133
toacsF,s 140
(þrSaemuf okn 7-ckpDwdk;)
(Z,m; upöm,eAsmu&Ppu©Kusrf;-158)
yaum#d (yuka#) 14
aum#dyaum#d(uka#yuka#) 21
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
246
tAs,w'¨dwf
tAs,w'¨dwf oHk;rsKd;
(u) 0g&w'¨dwf
(c) 0dbm*1w'¨dwf
(*) yum&w'¨wf
(u) 0g&w'¨dwf
tvSnfhtBudrf teufa[m ]u©wåKH}ypönf;udk {upaom ocsFmo'´grsm;ESifh wGJpyfjcif;udk 0g&w'd¨wf[k

ac:onf/
yHkpH- {u+u©wåKH={aum 0ga&m {uu©wåKH(tAs,w'¨dwf) {uó ouð {uu©wåKH(q|DwyÜK&dof)

(ouðudk u©wåKHjyK) wpfBudrf
'Gd+u©wåKH=a'G 0ga& (wenf;) 'GEéH ouð 'Gdu©wåKH=ESpfBudrf
'Gd+wd+u©wåKH='Gwådu©wåKH=ESpfBudrf oHk;Budrf
ow+u©wåKH=owH 0ga& (wenf;) owó ouð owu©wåKH=tBudrfw&m
o[ó+u©wåKH=o[óH 0ga&m (wenf;) o[ó ouð o[óu©wåKH=tBudrfwpfaxmif
(wenf; o[aóe 0dbma*e o[óu©wåKH? tAs,w'¨dwf 0dbm*teuf u©wåKHouf)
A[k+u©wåKH=A[k 0ga& (wenf;) A[leH 0ga& A[ku©wåKH=tBudrfrsm;pGm
uwd+u©wåKH=uwd 0ga& (wenf;) uwdEéH 0ga& uwdu©wåKH=tBudrftb,frQenf;/ b,fESpfBudrfvJ/
(c) 0dbm*w'¨dwf
a0zeftyfaom tzdkYtpkteufudk nTefjyaom ]"mç ZÑç aomç ypönf;wdkYESifh {u-paom ocsFmo'´gwdkY

wGJpyfjcif;onf ]0dbm*w'd¨wf} rnfonf/
yHkpH- {u+"m={aum 0dbma*g {u"m? {uH 0dbm*H {u"m? {aue 0dbma*e {u"m?
(y) {uo®ð 0dbma* {u"m(tAs,w'¨dwf 0dbm*teuf "mypönf;)=wpfyg;aom tbdkYtpk
'Gd+"m=a'G 0dbma*gç a'G 0dbm*Hç 'GD[d 0dbma*e(y)'GDok 0dbma*ok 'Gd"mç'k"mça'G"m=2-zdkY 2-pk
('Gd\£udk {-ajymif;onf)
A[k+"m=A[k"m=rsm;pGmaom tzdkYtpk
{u+ZÑ={aum 0dbma*g {uZÑH=waygif;wnf;
1 v,fwD y'rmvmç yk'fppfusrf;ü 0dbm*w'¨dwfudk omrnw'¨dwfü oGif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
247
'Gd+ZÑ=a'G 0dbma*g a'GZÑH=2-zdkY 2-pk? 2-jzm
okwå+aom=okawåe 0dbma*e okwåaom=rmwdum[laom tzdkYtpktm;jzifh
a,med+aom=a,medaom=toifhtm;jzifh(tAs,w'¨dwf au0v wwd,w¬ü aomypönf;
wenf; a,medemrfyk'faemif em0dbwfudk aomjyK)
(*) yum&w'¨dwf
txl;tjym;[laom teufudk nTefjyaom ]xmç xwåm}ypönf;wdkYESifh ]wçuð}paom (oAÁemrf)

emrfpm; o'´gwdkY wGJpyfjcif;onf ]yum&w'd¨wf} rnfonf/
yHkpH- w+xm=aom yuma&mç aw yum&mç wH yum&Hç (y) awok yuma&ok wxm=xdk txl;tjym;
oAÁ+xm=oaAÁm yuma&m oAÁxm=cyfodrf;aom txl;tjym;
w+xwåm=aom yuma&m(y) awok yuma&ok wxwåm=xdk txl;tjym;
tn+xwåm=tanm yuma&m tnxwåm=wyg;aom txl;tjym;
uð+xH=aum yuma&m (y) auok yuma&ok uxH=tb,ftxl;tjym;enf;
£r+w¬H=t,H yuma&m £w¬H=þ txl;tjym;
þ0g&w'¨dwf 0dbm*w'¨dwf yum&w'¨dwf wdkYudk ,if;w'¨dwfrsm;ü yg0ifaom ypönf;rsm;onf

vdif0dbwfwdkYaMumifh ajymif;vJrIr½SdaomaMumifh ]tAs,w'¨dwf}[k ac:onf/
jyvwHåUaom ZÆç ZÆK ypönf;qHk;aom yk'frsm;vnf; tAs,w'¨dwfyk'frsm;yif jzpfMuonf/
yHkpH- £r+ZÆ=£o®ð umav(umvteuf) ^£ro®ð 'd0ao('d0oteuf) tZÆ=þtcgü(,cktcgüç

þaeYüç,aeYü)
orme+ZÆK=ormae umav oZÆK=wlaomtcgü(,ckcsufcsif;ç aeYcsif;)
ty&+ZÆK=ty&o®ð 'd0ao ty&ZÆK=aemufwpfaeYü
oAÁawm oAÁMw oAÁw¬ oAÁ"d uG uk[ð u[H £[ £" uk[dÍöeH u'g uk'gpeH £'ged
{w&[d {w&[d t"kem paom 0dbwådypönf;qHk;aom yk'frsm;vnf; tAs,w'¨dwfyif jzpfMuonf/
yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef; 180-182

pepfopfygVdo'´g 117-120? 441-444
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
248
oGw¬(ouw¬)w'¨dwf
tcsKdUae&mü ]Pduç Psç wm}paom ypönf;rsm;onf emrfyk'frsm;ESifh qufoG,f½kHrQom jzpfukef\/

qufoG,fonfh emrfyk'f\ teufom ay:vGifNyD; ,ifypönf;wdkY\teufum; ray:vGifukef/ xdkyk'frsdK;udk
]oGw¬w'¨dwf} odkYr[kwf ]ouw¬w'¨dwf}[k ac:onf/
yHkpH- tocFg&+Pdu=tocFga&ma,0 tocFg&duH=wdkufwGef;rI(ocFg&)r½Sdaom (pdwf)w&m;

a'0+wm=a'a0ga,0 a'0wm=ewf
um,yg*kn+wm=um,yg*knar0 um,yg*knwm=udk,f(apwdodufcE¨moHk;taygif;)\ avhvmjcif;
ywåumv+Ps=ywåumvar0 ywåuv’H=avsmufywfaomtcsdeftcg
'ge+r,='gear0 'ger,H=ay;vªjcif;
q|+r=q|r=ajcmufckajrmuf
yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´gtoHk;tEIef; 182

pepfopfygVdo'´g
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
249
bm0w'¨dwf
o'´gjzpfay:vmjcif; tajccHtaMumif;jzpfaom ]]Zmwfç *kPfç Bud,mç j'yfç emrf}}wdkYonf ]bm0}

rnfukef\/ ,if;wdkYudk nTefjyaom ]]Psç wåç wm}}tp½Sdaom ypönf;rsm;ESifh *kPemrfyk'fwdkY qufoG,fyHkudk
jyaomw'¨dwfonf ]bm0w'¨dwf}rnf\/ ,if;bm0w'¨dwfüyg0ifaom ypönf;pkwGif wm-ESifh PD-ypönf;
wdkYonf £w¬dvdif? usefypönf;rsm;onf eyHkvdefrsm;ukef\/
tma&m*+Ps=ta&m*ó bma0g tma&m*sH= a&m*gr½Sdol\tjzpf

y@dw+Ps= y@dwó bma0g y@dpöH=ynm½Sd\tjzpf
rEkó+wå=rEkóó bma0g rEkówåH=vl\tjzpf
oAÁnL+wm=oAÁnKaem bma0g=oAÁnKwm=tvHk;pHkudk odol\tjzpf
ykxkZÆe+wåe=ykxkZeó bma0g ykxkZÆewåeH=ykxkZOf\tjzpf
'go+As='goó bma0g 'goAsH=uRef\tjzpf
okpd+aP,s=okpdó bma0g aomap,sH=pifMu,fol\tjzpf
0dor+P=0doró bma0g a0orH=rwlonf\tjzpf
OZk+P=OZkaem bma0g tZÆ0H=ajzmifhrwfol\tjzpf
rSwfcsuf/ a½SU]O}udk]tm} tm-rS t-odkY ajymif;í? aemuf O-udk Mo? Mo-rS t0-odkY
tqifhqifh ajymif;vJ&onf/
&rPD,+uPf=&rPD,ó bma0g &mraP,suH=arGUavsmfbG,f\tjzpf
(oEÅ)o+wG=owH=xif½Sm;½Sdonf\tjzpf
rk'k+P=rk'kaem bma0g r'´0H=El;nHhol\tjzpf
rSwfcsuf/ a½SU]O}udk]tm} ? aemuf O-udk Mo? Mo-rS t0-odkY ajymif;onf/
Oob+P=Oobó bma0g tmobH=Oob\tjzpf
£od+Ps=£odó bma0g tm&dosH=&aoh\tjzpf
rSwfcsuf/ £-udk tm&d-ajymif;? odkYr[kwf £-udk tm-ajymif; &d-vm/
okre+Ps=okreó bma0g aomreóH=aumif;aompdwf½Sdol\tjzpf
rSwfcsuf/ O-rS Mo-ajymif;? o-vm? os-udk o-ajymif;? odkYr[kwf os-udk ó-jyK/
pnf;rsOf;
17/ Ps wå wm bma0 wk/ abmteufü Ps wå wm wåe aP,s paom ypönf;rsm; oufonf/
18/ P 0Dorm'D[d/ abmteufü 0dor-tp½Sdaom o'´gaemif P-ypönf; oufonf/
19/ &rPD,m'dawm uPf/ abmteufü &rPD,tp½Sdaom o'´gaemif uPfypönf; oufonf/
pepfopf ygVdo'´g
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
250
um&u
Bud,mudk jzpfapwwfaomowådonf um&urnf\/
owådum&u/ /]]yk&daom r*¾H *päwd - a,musfm;onf vrf;odkY oGm;\}}[l&mü

oGm;jcif; Bud,m[lonf ajcaxmufudk ajr§mufumcsum a½SUodkY wdk;íwdk;í aeom trlt&mwnf;/
xdkoGm;jcif;Bud,mudk jzpfapEdkif olum; a,musfm;r[kwfç a,musfm;oEÅmefrSm½Sdaom oGm;pGrf;Edkifapm
owådwnf;/ a,musfm;txnfudk,fj'yfu oGm;jcif;Bud,mudk rjzpfapEdkif/ 'lvmyg'&ufpGJí yHkvJaeaom
a,musfm;j'yfü oGm;jcif;Bud,mudk jzpfapEdkifaom owådr½Sdacs? xdkYaMumifh ]]Bud,H ua&mwDwd um&uH}}
t& jyKvkyfwwf NyD;apwwfaom um&u[lonf rkcs{ueftrSeftm;jzifh owådomwnf;[krSwf/ xdkYaMumifh
aemufü ]]owådrkcs um&u}}[k qdkxm;onf/
'AÁum&u/ /okdYaomf a,musfm;txnfudk,fj'yfBuD;vnf; xdkoGm;pGrf;Edkifaom owåd\

wnf&mjzpfaomaMumifh XmeDowåd\ um&u[laomemrnf&if;udk Xmej'yfay:rSm wifpm;í XmEsLypm&(XmeD\
ernf)tm;jzifh um&utrnf&\/ xdkYaMumifh aemufü ]]'AÁXmEsLypm}}[k qdkxm;onf/
o'úm&u/ /,ckumvüum; yk&daom-paom o'´gudk um&u[k ac:qdkMu\/ xdkodkYac:qdk&mü

taMumif;jzpfaom j'yfteuf\ um&u[laom emrnfudk tusKd;jzpfaom o'´gay:wGif wifpm;í
um&Plypm(taMumif;\emrnf)tm;jzifh um&uac:onf[krSwf/ xdkYaMumifh aemufü ]]o'´gürl um&Pl}}
[k qdkxm;onf/
taMumif;tusKd;/ /teuf½SdrS o'´gjzpfay:Edkif\/ urÇmOD;u teufj'yfawG jzpfNyD;½Sdaeaomfvnf;

o'´gemrnfawG rjzpfay:ao;ç aemufrS urÇmOD;vlBuD;wdkYu oifhovdk o'´gemrnfawGudk wnfxGifMuav
onf/ uav;wa,mufzGm;jrifvmaomfvnf; o'´gemrnfr½Sdao;/ aemufrS uav;ESifhqdkif&m o'´gemrnfudk
rdbwdkYu wnfxGifMuavonf/ xdkYaMumifh teufu taMumif;ç o'´gu xdkteufudk taMumif;jyKí
jzpf&aom tusKd;[k tNrJrSwfyg? olwyg;ajymonfudk wqifhMum;&müum; Mum;NyD;rS teufj'yfudk od&aom
aMumifh o'´gutaMumif; teufutusKd;wnf;/

(aqmif) 1/ owåd rkcsç um&u 'AÁXmEsLypm/
2/ o'´gürl um&Plç rSwf,l NrJaocsm
tajcjyKo'´g 563-564
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
251
um&u tum&u taMumif;
oGm;jcif; csufjcif;tp½Sdaaom (j'yf\vIyf½Sm;rItrlt&m)Bud,mjzpfay:vmatmif jyKvkyfEdkifaom

owådoabm½Sdaom o'´grsm;udk um&u[kac:onf/
xdkum&ursm;onf
uwåKum&u=Bud,mudk jyKvkyfwwfaomj'yf
ur®um&u=(Bud,m\)trIudpö
u&Pum&u=Bud,mjzpfay:rIü uwåm;\xl;jcm;aom taqmuftOD(taMumif;)
orÜ'geum&u=(0w¬KBud,mudk)ay;&m (cH,lwwfol)
tyg'geum&u=zJcGg&m? xGufcGg&m? jzpfay:&m
Moumoum&u=wnfae&mt&yfç tcsdeftcg- [k ajcmufrsKd;½Sd\/
tum&u
j'yf\vI½Sm;rI trlt&mac:aom Bud,mjzpfay:vmatmif jyKvkyfEdkifaom owådr½Sdaomfvnf;

jyKvkyfwwfaom um&ursm;\ tultnDrQjzpfaom ]orÁmefç tmvkyf}tp½Sdaom teufa[mo'´grsm;onf
]tum&u}rnf\/
xdktum&uwdkYonf
omrD(orÁmef)=qufpyfjcif;? odkYr[kwf ydkifwdkifjcif;

tmvye(tmvkyf)=ac:a0gjcif;
ed'¨g&P=taygif;rS tpdwfudkcGJxkwfjcif;
vu©P=rSwfom;aMumif;Bud,m
a[wk([dwf)=taMumif;w&m;
tpöEÅoHa,m*=tNrJrjywf,SOf(qufpyf)aejcif; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
(yxrvwfwef;ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; 59-60)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
252
usKdufvwfNrKdU ypädrm½kHq&mawmfbk&m;
a&;ompD&ifawmfrltyfaom
upömeAsmu&Ppu©Kusrf;\
aemufqufwGJ u@
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó
vd*Fa[wkuwåKur®? u&aP orÜ'geaw¬/

omrsm0"d bkar®'dom? vyae yxrm ba0/
yxrm0dbwsw¬ ({um'o) 11
tw¬ ya,m*
1/ vd*Fw¬ Aka'¨g-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? 'oAavm-tm;q,fyg;½Sdaom yk*¾Kdvfwnf;/

2/ a[wkuwåKw¬ a,m-tMuifolonf? aAm"d½ku©H-aAm"dyifudk? a&maywd-pdkufap\/
3/ ok'üwåKw¬ a,mea&m-tMuifolonf? yAÁZdawm-&[ef;jyK\/
4/ 0kwåur®w¬ ow¬m&m-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? "ar®m-w&m;udk? a'odawm-a[mawmfrltyf\/
5/ u&Pw¬ ax,spdwåH-cdk;ol\jzpfaMumif;pdwfjzifh
6/ orÜ'gew¬ um&aum-jyKwwfoltm;? 0dygaum-tusKd;onf? a'wd-ay;\/
7/ omrsw¬ oaAÁ-cyfodrf;ukefaom? Ak'¨g-bk&m;½SifwdkY\? awaZe-wefcdk;jzifh
8/ t0"sw¬ avmbm'a,m-avmbtp½Sdukefaom? £ar"r®m-þw&m;wdkYrS?
Aka'¨g-bk&m;onf? 'l&wa&m-a0;uGmonf? ba0-jzpf\/
9/ bkr®w¬ b*0g-bk&m;onf? pdwåH-pdwfawmfü? £óa&m-tpdk;&awmfrl\/
10/'doma,m*w¬ aom-xdkolonf? 'dombma*e-t&yfrsufESmtbdkYtm;jzifh? w'g-xdktcgü?
tw¬d-½Sd\/
a,e-tMuift&yfü? b*0g-bk&m;½Sifonf? (tw¬d-½Sd\)
(a,eonf 'domteufa[mwnf;? xdk'domteufa[mo'´g\,SOf&m b*0gü yXrmoufjcif;udk
'doma,m*yXrm[k qdkMuonf/ odkYaomf b*0gaemif tw¬d[k Bud,mxnfhí pyf&aomaMumifh uwåKt&ü
yg0ifNyD[k xifonf/ upönf;bm#D y 385)
11/ tmvyew¬ abm&mZ-tdkt½Sifrif;jrwf

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
253
emrf0dbwfckESpfoG,f qufoG,fyHk
um&u tum&uo'´gwdkYonf emrf0dbwfrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfqufoG,frSom ]emrfyk'f} jzpfEdkifonf/

xdkYaMumifh ,if;o'´gwdkYESifh emrf0dbwfwdkYqufoG,fyHkudk atmufygtwdkif; rSwfom;&rnf/
yxrm0dbwfudk
(1) 0kwåuwåKum&u
(2) 0kwåur®um&u
(3) tmvkyfyk'f
(4) (wcsKdY)0daooeteufa[mo'´g
(5) ok'¨vd*Fç ocsFmç twdkif;t½Snf (y&drmP) teufa[mo'´g
(6) Oyom&yk'f
(7) tcsKdUaomedygwfyk'f- wdkESifh qufoG,foHk;pGJ&onf/
(1) 0kwåuwåKum&u=uwåm;a[m0gusüygasom uwåm;yk'f

ykHpH-yk&daom Mo'eH ypwd? a,musm;onf xrif;udkcsuf\/
(2) 0kwåur®um&u=uHa[m0gusü ygaom uHyk'f

yHkpH-yk&daoe Mo'aem ypöaw? a,musfm;onf xrif;udk csuftyf\/
(3) tmvkyfyk'f=ac:a0gajymqdkaomtrnf(emrnf)
yHkpH-abm Z0e= tdk (a[h) Z0e? OD; Z0e
a[ ,o= tdk (a[h) ,o? tdk ,o
(4) (wcsKdU) 0daooeteufa[mo'´g

yHkpH=tbd½layg yk&daom=vSyaom a,musfm;onf
tbd½lyg unm=vSyaom orD;ysKdonf
yPDwH pdwåH=rGefjrwfaom pdwfonf
(5) (u) ok'¨vd*F

yHkpH=yk&daom-a,musfm;onf? yk&dom-a,musfm;wdkYonf?
unm-owdkYorD;onf? unma,m-owdkYorD;wdkYonf?
pdwåH-pdwfonf? pdwåmed-pdwfwdkYonf?
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
254
(c)ocsFmteuf
yHkpH={aum=wpfa,muf? a'G=ESpfa,muf
(*)twdkif;t½Snf(y&drmP)teuf
yHkpH=a'gaPm=wpdwf? cg&D=wwdkY? tmVSuH-wjynf?
(6) tcsKdUedygwfyk'f
yHkpH=p=vnf;? 0g=aomfvnf;? tw¬d=½Sd\? ouúm=wwf(Edkif)aumif;\? vAÇm=&tyf\/

yxrm0dbwf
odESifha,mudk yxrm0dbwf[k ac:onf/ vdiftvdkufç od-onf a-mç mç tHç okdYvnf;aumif;

a,m-onfvnf; a-mç mç ed odkYvnf;aumif; ajymif;vJEdkifonf/ xdkyxrm0dbwfudk rnfodkY bmomjyef&rnf
udk odatmif avhvm&onf/ þoabmw&m;udk um&uydkif;u ajymjyonf/
vdefESifh vdefteuf
þvdefqdkonfum; £w¬dvdef ykHvdef eyHkvdefudk qdkvdkonf r[kwf/ tmcsmwfyk'frSwyg;aom ormof

w'¨dwf udwfo'´gpkESifh wdó 'wå paom ½kVhDo'´gç ocsFm Oyom& edygwfyk'f [lorQwdkYudk þü(vd*F)
vdef[k qdkvdkonf/ ½ku©o'´gonf vdef? xdk½ku©o'´g\ a[meufjzpfaom opfyiftxnfudk,fN'yfum;
vdefteuf (vd*Fw¬)wnf;/ (vd*FESifh yg#dy'du onf oabmwlyifwnf;? upönf;bm#D y 377)
onf udk jzifh ESifh paom teufpkrSm vdefteufwGifrygç 0dbwf\ teufrsm;omwnf;/
xdkuJhodkY 0dbwfeufryg vd*Fw¬oufoufudkom a[maomo'´gaemif yxrm0dbwf ouf&onf/
yxrm0dbwftwGufaMumifh teufydk wckrQrxGuf? 0dbwfrygvQif yk'f&mr0ifaomaMumifh 0dbwfouf&jcif;om
jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí yk&daom-a,musfm;? yk&dom-a,musfm;wdkY[líom qdkEdkifonf/ aemufBud,mESifh
wGJonfhtcgüvnf; yk&daom+*päwd a,musfm;oGm;\? yk&dom+*päEÅd a,musfm;wdkY oGm;ukef\[kom
qdk&onf/ (yk'f&m0ifí e*dk½Sdaeaom vdifteuf xGef;jyjcif;iSg wckwnf;jzpfvQif odbwf trsm;jzpfvQif
a,m0dbwfouf&onf/ þt"dyg,ft& odça,m0dbwfwdkYonf teufoD;jcm; ra[mwwf? xGef;jy½kHom
[k ajymprSwfjyK&onf/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdemrnfukd ygVdvdk vufrSwfxdk;&mü ]]tm,o®m wdóaw¬a&mç bdu©K
'awåmç omraPa&m ukrma&m}} ponfjzifh 0dbwfESifhwuG a&;xdk;&onf/ upönf;bm#D y 378)
uHa[mBud,mESifh wGJbuf&müvnf; ]]ra*¾g+*päD,aw? vrf;+oGm;tyf? r*¾g+*päD,aEÅ vrf;wdkY+
oGm;tyfukef\}}[kom teufxGufonf/ uwåm;teuf uHteufudk wd tEÅd aw taEÅ[laom tmcsmwf
0dbwfwdkYuom a[m\/ yXrm0dbwfu ra[mEdkif/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
255
vdefteufü tmvkyfteuf ydkvmonfhtcgvnf; yxrm0dbwfoufonf/ wpfa,mufESifhwa,muf
wdkuf½kdufac:jcif;ç ac:vdkufonfhtcg xl;jcif;rsm;udk tmvkyf[krSwf/ OD;wdóç udk&ifç armifç rdrdç rrç
½Sifç awmfç paom pum;rsm;onf tmvkyfoHcsnf;wnf;/ (]]bdu©a0gwd b'áEÅwd aw bdu©L b*0awm
ypöaómoHk}}paom ygVdawmfrsm;ü ]bdu©a0g- &[ef;wdkY}um; ac:&mü tmvkyfenf;? ]b'áEÅ-t½Sifbk&m;}
um; jyefíxl;&mü tmvkyfwnf;/ upönf;bm#D y 382)
a,musfm;[laom teufonf rlvvdefteufwnf;/ ]]tdka,musfm;[k qdkonfhtcg ]]tdk}}[laom

tmvkyfteuf ydkvmonf/ xdkYaMumifh yk&daom-a,musfm;? abmyk&do-tdka,musfm;? unm-owkdYorD;?
abmwduan-tdkowdkYorD;? pdwåH-pdwf? abmpdwå-tdkpdwf? ponfwdkYü vdefteufü tmvkyfteuf
ydkvmonf[k rSwfyg/ (tajcjyKo'´g 599-602)
ur®m'doHo|vd*Fw¬ ^ ok'¨vd*Fw¬
uHtp½Sdaom teufESifha&maom vd*Fw¬onf ur®m'doHo|vd*Fw¬rnf\/ ur®m'dü tm'dt&

u½kdPf; paom (0dbwftwGufxif½Sm;aom) teuftm;vHk;udk ,l/ yHkpHum;-a,musfm;udk? wdkYudk? jzifh
wdkYjzifh? aMumifh wdkYaMumifh (y) ü wdkYü [lonfwnf;/ þü udk-[kay;&aom uHteufESifha&maeaom
a,musfm; j'yfonfvnf;aumif; (y) wdkYü-[kay;&aom t"du&PteufESifha&maeaom a,musfm;
j'yfonfvnf;aumif; ur®m'doHo|vd*Fw¬rnf\/ uHç u½kdPf;paom teufrygyJ a,musfm;[kvnf;aumif;
a,musfm;onf[kvnf;aumif; teufay;&aom a,musfm;j'yfonf ok'¨vd*Fw¬rnf\/ vd*Faw¬ yXrm
okwfu ok'¨vd*Fw¬udkom ,lonf/ oHo|vd*Fw¬udkr,l/ xdkYaMumifh oHo|vd*Fw¬aemif ur®aw¬'kwd,m
ponfh qdkif&mokwfjzifh 0dbwfouf&onf/ (½lbm#D y 345)
ã olwyg;udk wdkufwGef;csufryg? udk,fwdkifBud,mudk NyD;apaom uwåm;udk ok'üwåm;[k ac:onf/

olwyg;wdkYjyKEdkifygvsuf rjyKonfukdjrifí apcdkif;wwfolonf a[wkuwåm; odkYr[kwf ya,mZuuwåm;[k
ac;onf/ (y'AsÍÆeed½kwåd 'k 104)
ã a[wk uwåK ur®teufwdkYü yxrmvnf; pifppftm;jzifh aemufBud,mwdkYu a[wkuwåm; ok'©uwåm;

uHteufrsm;udk a[mNyD;jzpfí oHo|vd*Fw¬rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ (upönf;bm#D y 385)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
256
Bud,m0daooe yxrm 0dbwf
emrfyk'fESifh t&wlvsuf Bud,mudk txl;jyKvQif wkvsm"du&P 0daooe[k ac:onf/ t&wl

emrfyk'fESifh vdif 0kpf 0dbwf wlatmifxm;&onf/ &Hcg - í? jzpfí? um? jzpfum? vsuf? jzpfvsuf?
vQif? jzpfvQif-[k jrefrmjyef&onf/ yHkpH - t[H qmawm bkÍÆmrd/ ig qmí pm;\/ &Hcg - aomf?
vwfaomf? onf½Sdaomf? vQif? u-[k jrefrmjyef&onf/ yHkpH - t[H *awm yaó,sH/ ig oGm;aomf
awGU&m\/ &Hcg - aepOf? aewkef;? aecdkuf? ae&if;? aevsuf-[k jrefrmjyef&onf/ yHkpH - t[H bkÍÆaEÅm
uaxrd/ ig pm;ae&if; ajym\/ (t½Sif0drvAk'¨d ygVdajzenf; edosnf; 46)
[kwGm xnfh&jcif;taMumif;
uma,e oH0kawmwd-um;? um,ae-um,'Gg&jzifh? yd[dawm-ywfqdkYNyD;onf? [kwGm-

jzpfí(0d[a&,süpyf)/ ]oH0kawm yd[dawm}wdkYonf ygVdawmfü ]aom}[laom uwåm;ESifht&wlaom
uwåm;yk'frsm;wnf;/ ]apmifhpnf;onf ydwfqdkYonf}[k wypönf;twGufvnf; uwåm;teufay;&onf/ ]]oH0k
awm+0d[a&,s=apmifhpnf;onf+ae&m\}}[k ay;&vQif t"dyÜg,frSefrxGufEdkif? oH0kawmonf 0d[a&,s\
Bud,m0daooejzpfaomfvnf; ]]apmifhpnf;onf+(jzpfí)}} [k ray;Edkif? bmaMumifhenf;? oH0kawmü
od0dbwfonf Nzpfí-[laom Bud,m0daooeteufra[m? vdefteufrQudkom a[maomaMumifhwnf;/
xdkYaMumifh ][kwGm}[k ygXaoo (ygXf<uif;ygXfusef) tjzpfjzifhxnfhí 0d[a&,sü pyf&onf/ xdkYaMumifh
]][kwGmwd [d aoaom}}[k #DumopfzGifhonf/
#Dumudkaxmufí Bud,m0daooeteuf&Edkifaom yk'frsm;ü 0dbwfu Bud,m0daooeteuf

udk ra[mEdkifaomaMumifh ][kwGm}[k ygXaoo xnfhavh½SdaMumif;odyg/ ygXaoorxnfhyJ ]jzpfí}
[k jrefrmjyefudk xnfhvQifvnf; tydkxnfhtyfaom teuf[kom rSwfyg/ ]oH0kawm-apmifhpnf;vsuf}
[k ay;&müvnf; o'´w¬r[kwf t"dyÜg,w¬om? bmaMumifhenf; od0dbwfu Bud,m0daooeteuf
ra[mEdkifaomaMumifhwnf;/ (oDbm#D'k 3&5)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
257
ur®yÜa,ma* ur®yÜ?0peDa,ok u&aP/
tpöEÅoHa,ma* orÜ'gae? t0"Dbkr®omrsaw¬/
umvaw¬ 'kwd,m rwm/
'kwd,m0dbwsw¬ ('o) 10
tw¬ ya,m*
1/ t0kwåur®w¬ &xH-&xm;udk? ua&mwd-jyK\/
2/ ykAÁ{ea,m* *grH-½Gm\? ykaAÁe-ta½SUrsufESmü? &rPD,H-arGUavsmfzG,faumif;\?
zdwH-0ajymom,m\/
3/ ur®yÜ0peD, yAÁZÆH-&[ef;jyKonfudk? tEk-trSwfjyKí? yAÁZd-&[ef;jyKNyD/
4/ u&Pw¬ rH-igESifh? oapemvydówd-tu,fí pum;rajymqdkonfjzpfvwHh/
5/ tpöEÅoHa,m*w¬ owåm[H-ckESpf&ufywfvHk;? abmZeH-tpmudk? bkÍÆwd-pm;\/
6/ orÜ'gew¬ b*0g-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? rH-ightm;? ywdbmwk-xif½Sm;jyygapownf;/
7/ t0"sw¬ rEkórHoH-vlom;rS? 0d&r-a½SmifMuOfygavmh/
8/ bkr®w¬ t*g&H-tdrfü? tZÑm0owm-pdk;tkyfaexdkifojzifh?
9/ omrsw¬ bdu©KoHCH-&[ef;oHCm\? ydXdawm-aemufrSç aemufü?
10/ umvw¬ ykAÁPSor,H-eHeuftcgü
(u) yk&daom y@daw y,d½kygowd/ (t0kwåur®) (c) bdu©K ZeH "r®H oma0wd/ (um&dwur®)
(*) opöH "r®H okPm[d/ xd&H uxH bmPm[d/ rk'kH ypwd/ (0daooe)
(C) rmoH rHaom'eH bkÍÆwd/ o&'H &rPD,m e'D/ rmoH oZÑm,wd/ a,mZeH 0e&mZd/ a,mZeH 'DaCm
yAÁawm/ aumoH oZÑm,wd/ (tpöEÅoHa,m*) (a,mZae a,mZae 0d[m&H ydwd|maywd/
ã a,mZaeü w,lZemvQif wausmif;usjzpfí awmwef;qufovdk ausmif;rsm;qufraeí tpöEÅoHa,m*

rjzpfojzifh 'kwd,m0dbwf rquf/ owårD qufxm;onf/
(u)yk&daom-a,musfm;onf? y@daw-ynm½SdwdkYudk? y,d½kygowd-qnf;uyf\/ (c)bdu©K-&[ef;

onf? ZeH-vludk? "r®H-w&m;udk? oma0wd-Mum;emap\/ (*) opöH-rSefuefaom? "r®H-w&m;udk? okem[d-
em,lyg/ xd&H-cdkifcHhaom? uxH-pum;udk? bPm[d-ajymyg/ rk'Hk-El;nHhatmif? ypwd-csuf\/
(C) rmoH-wvywfvHk;? rHaom'eH-om;>yrf;xrif;udk? bkÍÆwd-pm;\/ o&'H-o&'OwkywfvHk;?
e'D-jrpfudk? &rPD,m-arGUavsmftyf\/ rmoH-wvywfvHk;? oZÑm,wd-o&ZÑm,f\/ a,mZeH-w,lZem
wdkifwdkif? yAÁawm-awmif;onf? 'DaCm-½Snf\/ aumoH-waumowdkifwdkif? oZÑm,wd-o&ZÑm,f\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
258
'kwd,m0dbwfudk
1/ t0kwåur®um&u
2/ um&dwur®um&u
3/ (wcsKdU) 0daooe teufa[mo'´g
4/ tpöEÅoHa,m*teufa[mo'´g
5/ ur®yÜ0peD,teufa[mo'´g
6/ wwd,m0dbwfteufa[mo'´g
7/ q|D0dbwfteufa[mo'´g
8/ owårD0d bwfteufa[mo'´gwdkYESifh qufoG,ftoHk;jyKonf/
t0kwåur®um&u
uwåm;a[m0gusüyg½Sdaom uHyk'fudk ]t0kwåur®um&u} [kac:onf/

yHkpH-yk&daom y@dawm y,d½kygowd/ a,musfm;onf ynm½SdwdkYudk qnf;uyf\/
um&dwur®um&u
um½kduf0gusüyg½Sdaom um½kdufypönf;ESifh qufpyfaeaom uHyk'fonf ]um&dwur®um&u}rnf\/

yHkpH-bud©K ZeH "r®H oma0wd/ &[ef;onf vludk w&m;udk Mum;emap\/
0daooeteufa[mo'´g
0daooeyk'fonf 0daoosyk'fESifh rsm;aomtm;jzifh vdifudef; 0dbwfwl&onf/ 0daoosyk'fudk

'kwd,m0dbwf qufoG,fxm;vQif 0daooeyk'füvnf; 'kwd,m0dbwfom qufoG,f&\/
yHkpH? opöH "r®H okPm[d? rSefuefaom w&m;udk em,lyg/
xd&H uxH bPm[d? cdkifcHhaom pum;udk ajymqdkyg/
rk'kH ypwd? El;nHhatmif csuf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
259
tpöEÅoHa,m* teufa[mo'´g
j'yf*kPfBud,mwdkY\ tcsdefumv c&D; t"GefYwdkYESifh tqufrjywf ,SOfpyfaejcif;onf ]tpöEÅoHa,m*}

rnf\/
yHkpH-1/ rmoH rHaom'aem bkÍÆwd? wywfvHk; om;>yrf;('Hayguf)xrif;udk pm;\/

þü wvwnf;[laom tcsdefumv\ om;>yrf;'Haygufxrif;j'yfESifh tqufrjywf,SOf(qufpyfae)onf/
yHkpH-2/ o&'H &rPD,m e'D/ o&'OwkywfvHk; arGUavsmfbG,faumif;aomjrpf/

þü o&'Owkwnf;[laom tcsdefumv\ arGUavsmf(aysmf)zG,f[laom *kPfESifh tqufrjywf qufpyfae\/
yHkpH-3/ rmoH oZÑm,wd? wvywfvHk; o&ZÑm,f½Gwfzwfae\/

þü wvwnf;[laom tcsdefumv\ ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fjcif;Bud,mESifh tqufrjywf,SOf(qufpyfae)
onf/
yHkpH-4/ a,mZeH 0e&mZd/ w,lZemwdkifwdkif awmta&;½Sd\/

þü w,lZem[laom c&D;t"GefY\ awmta&;j'yfESifhtqufrjywf,SOf(qufpyfae)onf/
yHkpH-5/ a,mZeH 'DaCm yAÁawm/ w,lZemwdkifwdkif ½Snfvsm;aomawmif

þü w,lZem[laom c&D;t"GefY\ ½Snfvsm;jcif;*kPfESifhtqufrjywf,SOf(qufpyfae)onf/
yHkpH-6/ aumoH oZÑm,wd/ waumowdkifwdkif o&ZÑm,f½Gwfzwf\/

þü waumownf;[laom c&D;t"GefY\ o&ZÑm,f(½Gwfzwfjcif;)Bud,mESifh htqufrjywf,SOf(qufpyfae)
onf/
yHkpH-7/ a,mZae a,mZae 0d[m&H ywd|maywd/ w,lZem w,lZemü ausmif;udk wnfapNyD/

þü w,lZemvQif wausmifpDaq,muf&mü awmwef;qufaeovdk ausmif;j'yfjcif; qufpyfrIr½SdaomaMumifh
tpöEÅoHa,m*rjzpfojzifh ]a,mZae a,mZae}ü 'kwd,m0bdwfESifh rqufoG,f&yg/

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
260
ur®yÜ0peD,
ywdZmemwd-0efcH\? y&db0wdç tbdb0wd-vTrf;rdk;\? tEkb0wd-cHpm;\-ponfjzifh

"mwfESifhwGJzufí Oyom&trnf&cdkufwkef;u Bud,mudk a[mcJhzl; xGef;jycJhzlef;ukef\/ xdkodkYBud,mudk
a[mcJhzl;aom ]]tEk? ywd? y&d? tbd? Oy? ty? t"d}} paom Oyom&ESifh ]]"D? 0dem}} [laom
edygwfyk'frsm;udk ur®yÜ0peD,[k ac:onf/ ur®yÜ0peD, trnf&Muaomtcg Oyom&[laom emrnfudk
wm;jrpfvdkufNyDjzpf&um; Oyom&r[kwf&awmhí "mwfESifhvJ rwGJEdkifç Bud,mudkvnf; ra[mEdkifawmhyg/
ur®yÜ0peD,trnf&aom o'´gwdkYwGif tyESifht"dudk 'kwd,moufcef;ü rjy/ ty+om,m,ç t"d+jA[®'awå
paom yÍörD owårDoufcef;üom jyMuonf/ Oyudkum; ygVdo'´gusrf;wdkYü rjyaomfvnf; ouúwüjy\/
Bud,mESifhrwGJyJ vu©P £w¬rÇLwpaom oD;jcm;teufudka[maom y&dponfudkom ur®yÜpeD,
ac:onf/(½lbm#D y 368)
ur®yÜ0peD, teufa[m o'´g
(u) vu©Pteuf? £w¬rÇLwmcsmeteuf? 0dpämteufudk a[maom ]tbd}o'´g

(c) vu©Pteuf? £w¬rÇLwmcsmeteuf? 0dpämteuf? bm*teufudk a[maom ]ywd} ]y&d}o'´g
(*) vu©Pteuf? £w¬rÇLwmcsmeteuf? 0dpämteuf? bm*teuf? o[teuf?
[Deteufudk a[maom ]tEk}o'´g
(C) *&[mteufudk a[maom ]"D}o'´gwdkYonf ]ur®yÜ0 peD,}rnfukef\/ xdkur®yÜ0peD,trnf&aom
Oyom&yk'f edygwfyk'fwdkYESifh ,SOfpyfaeaom o'´gudk 'kwd,m0dbwfESifh wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH (1) ½ku©H tbd 0daZÆmwaw paE´m/ opfyifü(opfyif\txufü) vonf xGef;vif;awmufyae\/

(opfyifxdyfzsm;rS va&mifawmufae\)
þü opfyifxdyfzsm;jzifh vomyHkudk rSwfom;jcif;onf ]vu©P}teufrnf\/ xdkvu©Pteufudk
xGef;jyaomaMumifh ]tbd}Oyom&yk'fonf ]ur®yÜ0peD,}rnf\/ xdkur®yÜ0peD,trnf&aom tbdESifh
qufpyfaeaom ½ku©o'´gudk owårDteufa[m 'kwd,m(tH)0dbwfESifh qufoG,fwGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH (2) om"k a'0'awåm rmw&H ywd/ a'0wwfonf rdciftay:ü aumif;\/

þü a'0wwf\ tusifhaumif;jcif;*kPfonf £w¬Hrnf\/ xdktusifhaumif;jcif;*kPfodkYa&muf
aom(*kPf½Sdaeaom)a'0wwfonf £w¬rÇLwrnf\/ a'0'wfonf ]trdtay:ü tusifhaumif;\}[k
a'0'wf\ tusifhaumif;yHk\ xif½Sm;atmifjywwfaom tbd[laom teufonf£w¬rÇLwmcsmernf\/
xdk£w¬rÇLwmcsmeteufudk xGef;jyaomaMumifh ]ywd}Oyom&yk'fonf ]ur®yÜ0peD,}rnf\/ xdkur®yÜ
0peD, trnf&aom ]ywd} qufpyfaeaom ]rmwk}o'´gudk owårDteufa[m 'kwd,m(tH)0dbwfESifh
qufoG,fwGJpyf&onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
261
yHkpH (3) ½ku©H ½ku©H tEk 0daZÆmwaw paE´m/ opfyif(xdyfzsm;)wdkif; opfyif(xdyfzsm;)wdkif;ü vonf
xGef;vif;awmufyaeonf/
þü ]opfyif}[laom teufudk ysHUESHUatmif ]½ku©H ½ku©H}[k ESpfBudrfqdkjcif;onf ]0dpäm}rnf\/

xdk0dpämteufudk ]tEk} Oyom&yk'fu nTefjyonf/ 0dpämteufudk nTefjyaomaMumifh tEkOyom&yk'fonf
]ur®yÜ0peD,}rnf\/ xdkur®yÜ0peD, trnf&aom ]tEk} qufpyfaeaom ]½ku©}o'´grsm;udk owårDteufa[m
'kwd,m(tH)0dbwfESifh qufoG,fwGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH (4) ,a'w¬ rH y&d od,m? wH 'D,wk/
þü ]tzdkY}[laom ]bm*}teufudk xGef;jyaom ur®yÜ0peD, trnf&aom ]y&d}

Oyom&ESifhqufpyfaeaom ]trS}o'´grsm;udk q|Dteufa[m 'kwd,m(tH)0dbwfESifh qufoG,fwGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH (5) e'ð tEG0odwm Am&mPoD/
þü ]wuG}[laom ]o[}teufudk xGef;jyaom ur®yÜ0peD, trnf&aom ]tEk}

Oyom&ESifhqufpyfaeaom ]e'D}o'´gudk o[m'da,m*teufa[m 'kwd,m(tH)0dbwfESifh qufoG,f
wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH (6) tEkom&dykwåH yn0g/
þü ,kwfnHhjcif;teufa[m ur®yÜ0peD, trnf&aom ]tEk} o'´gESifhqufpyfaeaom ]om&dykwå}

o'´gudk tyg'gefteufa[m 'kwd,m(tH)0dbwfESifh qufoG,fwGJpyf&onf/
(yn0g-ynm½Sd[lorQonf? tEkom&dykwåH-om&dykMwm\atmufcsnf;wnf;-[k orÁmefteufa[m 'kwd,m
tH0dbwf jzpfonf/)
yHkpH (7) "D&w¬KrH ylwdum,H/ (0dok'¨dr*f | 47)

("D+tw¬K+£rH-yk'fcGJ? £rHylwdum,H-þtykwfaumif\? "D-pufqkyf½GH½SmzG,onf? wkrSmuH-
oifwdkYtm;? tw¬K-jzpfapavm/0dok'¨dr*f | edó, y 129)
þü ]uJh&Jhjcif;-*&[m}teufa[m ur®yÜ0peD, trnf&aom ]"D} edygwfyk'fESifh qufpyfaeaom
]£r ylwdum,} o'´gwdkYudk q|Dteufa[m 'kwd,m(tH)0dbwfESifh qufoG,fwGJpyf&onf/

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
262
(1) yAÁZdwrEk yAÁZðok/ yAÁZdwrEk-bk&m;avmif; &[ef;jyKvaomf? yAÁZðok-vltaygif;wdkY
&[ef;jyKMuukefNyD/ bk&m;avmif; &[ef;jyKjcif;onf rSwfom;aMumif;jzpfí vu©P? rsm;pGmaom vlwdkY
&[ef;jyKjcif;um; xdkvu©Pjzifh rSwfom;tyfí vu©s/ yAÁZdwHonf vu©P? yAÁZðokum; vu©s/
tEkum; xdkvu©P vu©s ESpfyg;wdkY\ pyfoG,fjcif;[laom orÁmefteufudk jyonf/
ã Bud,mESifh rwGJyJ vu©P £w¬rÇLw paom oD;jcm;teufudk xGef;jyaom y&dponfudkom (Oyom&

trnfa[mif;udkazsmufí) ur®yÜ0peD,trnf rSnfh&onf/ ]okcH tEkbl,aw}ponfü Bud,mESifhwGJbuf
vsuf Bud,mteufudk xGef;jyouJhodkY yAÁZdw rekonf Oyom&r[kwfí ]tEkyAÁZðok} Bud,mESifhrwGJEdkif/
Bud,mteufudk rxGef;jyEdkif/
(2) e'drEG0odwm Am&mPoD/ Am&mPoD-Am&mPoDonf? e'ðtEk-jrpfESifhwuG? t0odwm-pyf\/

Am&mPoDjynfonf **FgjrpfESifh wpyfwnf;(wqufwnf;)aeonf-[lvdk/ tEk[laom ur®y0peD,ESifh
,SOfaaomaMumifh e'ðü 'kwd,mouf/
(3) tEkom&dykwåH yn0g/ yn0g-ynm½Sdol[lorQonf? tEkom&dykwåH-t½Sifom&dykMwmatmufcsnf;wnf;/

tEko'´gonf [Deteufa[m?[Det& ,kwfnHh[lonf atmufusjcif;-ynmtm;jzifh t½Sifom&dykMwmudk
rrSDjcif;wnf;/
ã ur®H y0peD,H a,oH (a,oH-tMuifOyom&yk'f edygwfyk'fwdkYonf? ur®H-Bud,mudk? y0peD,H-

a[mtyf\) [laom 0dN*Kd[fESifhnDatmif ]e'ð-jrpfudk? tEk-tpOfavQmufí? t0odwm-pyf\? yn0g-
ynm½Sdonf? om&dykwåH-om&dykMwmudk? tEk-axmufaomfatmufusaemufae\-[k tcsKdU teufay;Muonf/
tEkudk o[w¬ [Dew¬[k qdkxm;vsuf Bud,mteufjzpfatmif qGJ,ljcif;rSm ur®H 0peD,H a,oH [laom
0dN*Kd[f\rsufESmudk vdkufvGef;&musonf/
(4) ol&d,k*¾eHywd 'dAÁmbu©m ygwkba0,sKH/ ol&d,k*¾eHywd-aexGufvaomf? 'dAÁmbu©m-ewftpmwdkYonf?

ygwkba0,sKH-xif½Sm;jzpfapukefownf;/ ol&d,k*¾reH t& aexGufjcif;onf ewfMoZmjzpfjcif;udk rSwfom;
aMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh vu©P? 'dAÁmbu©m ygwkba0,sKH t& ewfMoZmjzpf&jcif;um; aexGufjcif;jzifh
rSwfom;tyfaomamumifh vu©s? ywdum; xdk ol&d,k*¾eH ESifh 'dAÁmbu©m ygwkba0,sKH wdkY\ vu©P
vu©stjzpfjzifh pyfjcif;orÁmefudk xGef;jy\/
(5) ½ku©H ywd(y&d^tEk) 0daZÆmwaw paE´m/ ½ku©Hywd-opfyifü (½ku©Hy&d-opfyifü? ½ku©HtEk-opfyifü)

paE´m-vonf? 0daZÆmwaw-xGef;vif;\/ (vu©P)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
263
(6)om"k a'0'awåm rmw&H ywd(y&d^tEk)/ a'0'awåm-a'0wwfonf? rmw&Hywd-trdü? (rmw&Hy&d-
trdü?rmw&HtEk-trdü) om"k-aumif;\/ þü rmwkonf aummif;&mXmejzpfí (0do,) t&mwnf;/
om"kum; xdkt&mXme½SdaomaMumifh 0do,Dwnf;/ rmwkESifhom"kwdkY\ 0do,0do,Dtjzpfjzifh pyfjcif;orÁmef
aMumifhoma'0wwf\ aumif;aom*kPfrsm;xif½Sm;&um; xdk0do, 0do,Dbm0 orÁmefonf £w¬rÇLwu©me
rnf\/ ywdonf xdk0do,0do,D or ÁmefudkxGef;jyaomaMumifh £w¬rÇLwu©meaZmwurnf\/
xdkywdESifh,SOfaomaMumifh rmw&Hü (0do,m"m&jzpfaomfvnf; owårD0dbwfroufyJ) 'kwd,m0dbwf
ouf&onf/
(7) ,a'w¬ rH y&d(ywd^tEk) od,m? wH 'D,wk/ {w¬-þypönf;yHkü? ,H-tMuif0w¬Konf? rH-ig\?

ywd-tzdkYonf?(y&d-tzdkYonf? tEk-tzdkYonf) od,m-jzpf&m\? wH-xdk0w¬Kudk? 'D,wk-ay;tyfavmh/
rHt& Opöm½SifESifh ,HwHwdkYt& OpömwdkY\ oH+omrDtjzpfjzifh pyfjcif; orÁmefudk ywduxGef;jyonf/
xdkywdESifh,SOfaomaMumifh rHü q|DroufyJ 'kwd,mouf&onf/
(8) ½ku©H ½ku©H ywd (y&d^tEk) 0daZÆmwaw/ ½ku©H ½ku©H ywd ^½ku©H ½ku©H y&d ^½ku©H ½ku©H tEk ôpfyif
opfyifwdkif;ü? paE´m-vonf? 0daZÆmwaw-awmufy\/
ã vu©PESifh0dpämuGJyHk/ ½ku©H ½ku©H ywd 0daZÆmwaw-ponfü va&mifawmufjcif;udk rSwfom;aMumif;jzpfí

vu©Pteuf[k qdkoifh\/ odkYaomf ESpfBudrfqdkaomt&mjzpfaomaMumifh 0dpäm[kqdk&onf/ vd*Fw¬teufay:
wGif tmvkyfteuf tydkyg0ifvmaomtcg tmvyew¬qdk&ouJhodkY vu©Pteufay:wGif 0dpämteuf
tydkyg0ifaomaMumifh 0dpäw¬-[k qdk&jcif;jzpfonf/
rSwfcsuf/ ]½ku©H½ku©H-opfyifopfyifwdkif;udk? ywdç y&dç tEk-ysHUESHYí?}[k ywd y&d tEk-wdkYtwGuf

AsmaywGm[laom Bud,mteufay:atmif ay;Muao;\/ xdktwdkif;rSefvQif ]ywd0daZÆmwaw-ysHUESHUí
awmufy\} [k Bud,mESifh wGJzufum Bud,mteufudk xGef;jyaom "mwGw¬0daoou Oyom&omjzpfEdkif\/
ur®yÜ0peD,trnf r&Edkif/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
264
(9) wH acg ye b*0EÅH a*gwrH {0H uvsmaPm udwådoa'´g tAÇK*¾awm/wH acg ye b*0EÅH a*gwrH
tbd-xdkt½Sifa*gwr\? {0H-þodkY? uvsmaPm-aumif;aom? udwådoa'´g-ausmfapmoHonf? O*¾awm-
wufNyD/ (£w¬rÇKwu©me)
ã trSm/ ]]wHacgye b*0EÅHa*gwrH-udk? tbd-pGJí}}[k ur®H y0peD,H a,oH [laom 0dN*Kd[fESifhnDatmif

teufay;Mu\/ xdkteufum; yg&mZduPf paom t|uxm #DumBuD;rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; ouúwAsm
u½kPf;wdkYESifhvnf;aumif; rnD/ ]a'0'awåm-onf? rmw&H-udk? tbd-a½S;½Iysyf0yfí}[k teufay;Mu&mü
vnf; rnDyif/
(10) "D jA[®Pó [EÅm&H/ jA[®Pó-&[EÅmudk? [EÅm&H-owfwwfoludk? "D-uJh&Jh\/
ã [EÅm&H-owfwwfoludk? "D-uJh&Jh\-[k #Dumtwdkif; teufay;xm;\/ #Dumvnf; ]ur®H y0peD,H

a,oH} t& "Dedygwfu uJh&Jhjcif;Bud,ma[matmif zGifhxm;[efwlonf/
(11) 0dem tm[m&H ozaó[d a0'em'dwå,H ba0(#DumyHkpH)tm[m&H-(t0dZÆm wPSm uH tm[m& zó

0dnmOf[laom emrf½kyfjzpfaMumif;w&m;wdkYwGif)t[m&udk? 0dem-MuOfí? ozaó[d-zóESifhwuGaom
taMumif;wdkYaMumifh? a0'em'dwå,H-a0'emtp½Sdaom cE¨moHk;yg;taygif;onf? ba0-jzpf\/ þyHkpHü
tm[m&Hum; uHteufyifwnf;/ 0demvnf; 0ZÆe(MuOfjcif;)Bud,mudk a[mojzifh ur®yÜ0peD,rnfonf[k
qdkvdk[efwlonf/
ã edygwfwdkYudk ur®yÜ0peD,ü oGif;jcif;onf ygVdo'´gq&mwdkY tvdkom jzpfrnfxifonf/ ouúwürl

Oyom&tcsKdUudkom (ur®yÜ0eD,trnfr&rD a½S;u"mwfESifh wGJbufí Bud,mteufudk a[mzl;aomaMumifh)
ur®yÜ0peD,trnfrSnfh\/ ygVdo'´gq&mwdkYum; ur®H y0peD,H a,oH [laom 0dN*Kd[ft& Bud,mudk
a[mEdkifvQif "D 0dem edygwfwdkYvnf; ur®yÜ0peD,trnf&xdkuf\[k ,lqí edygwfudkyg oGif;jyxm;[efwl
onf/ pç0gç paom edygwfwdkYum; Bud,mteufudk vHk;0 ra[mMuaomaMumifh ygVdo'´gq&mwdkYuvnf;
ur®yÜ0peD,wGif;ü roGif;vdkMu/ "D 0dem wdkYudk ur®yÜ0peD,ü oGif;xm;jcif;rSmvnf; olwdkY,SOf&mü
'kwd,moufrnfhokwf r½SdaomaMumifhom[krSwf/ (½lyod'¨dbm#D y 366-376)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
265
wwd,m0dbwf teufa[mo'´g
o[teufa[m o'´g 0dem tnw& tEÅa&e paomo'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaeaom o'´grsm;udk

o[m'da,m*(wwd,m)teufa[m 'kwd,m0dbwfESifh qufoG,f wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH 1/ oap rH emvydówd/ rH-igESifhwuG? oapemvydówd-tu,fípum;rajymtHh/
þü o[teuf(wwd,mteufü) 'kwd,m0dbwfqufoG,fwGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH 2/ ukawm o'¨r®H 0dem okcH/ o'¨r®H-olawmfaumif;w&m;ESifh? 0dem-uif;í? okcH-csrf;omonf?

ukawm-tb,frSm½SdtHhenf;/
þü 0demo'´gESifh qufpyfaomaMumifh o[m'da,m*teuf(wwd,mteufü) 'kwd,m0dbwfqufoG,f
wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH 3/ Oyg,rEÅa&e e tw¬od'¨d/ Oyg,H-enf;vrf;ESifh? tEÅa&e-uif;í? tw¬od'¨d-tusKd;NyD;jcif;onf?

e-r½Sd/
þü tEÅa&eo'´gESifh qufpyfaomaMumifh o[m'da,m*teuf(wwd,mteufü)
'kwd,m0dbwfqufoG,f wGJpyf&onf/
q|DD0dbwf teufa[mo'´g
tEÅ&mç tbdawmç y&dawmç ywdç y#dbm o'´gponfwdkYESifh qufpyfaeaom o'´grsm;udk

q|Dteufa[m 'kwd,m0dbwfESifh wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH-tEÅ&m p &mZ*[H tEÅ&m p emVE´H t'¨ger*¾y#dyaEém a[mwd/ &mZ*[H-&mZN*Kd[fNrKdU\? tEÅ&mp-
tMum;üvnf;aumif;? emVE´H-emVE´mNrKdU\? tEÅ&mp-tMum;üvnf;aumif;? t'¨ger*¾y#dyaEém-t"GefY
½Snfaomc&D;udkoGm;onf? a[mwd-jzpf\/
þü tEÅ&mo'´gESifh qufpyfaomaMumifh &mZ*[H emVE´HwdkYü q|Dteufa[m 'kwd,m0dbwfESifh
qufoG,f wGJpyf&onf/
ã ygVdawmfpkPÖd,rsm;ü ]]tEÅ&m p &mZ*[H tEÅ&m p emVE´H}}[k olYtEÅ&mESifh olY,SOf&m0,f
'kwd,mouf\/ *gxmt&müvnf;aumif; o'´gusrf;tvdktm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tEÅ&mwck½SdvQif
olESifhpyf&m ESpfyk'fjzpfap xdkYxuftrsm;üjzpfap 'kwd,moufonf/ tEÅ&m 0gob*grH Am&mPoð p
oEÅdau(tbdZÆrme ayw0w¬KygVd) tEÅ&m *grÍö e'dÍö ,mwd (o'´gusrf;) ½Gm\tMum;üvnf;aumif;
jrpf\tMum;üvnf;aumif; oGm;\/ (½lbm#D y377)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
266
yHkpH-tbdawm *grH 0owd/ y&dawm *grH 0owd/ *grH-½Gm\? tbdawm-twGif;ü? 0owd-ae\/ *grH-
½Gm\? y&dawm-xuf0ef;Muifü? 0owd-ae\/
þü tbdawmç y&dawm o'´gESifh qufpyfaeaom *gro'´gudk q|Dteufa[m 'kwd,m0dbwfESifh
qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-e'ð ae&ÍÆ&H ywd/ ae&ÍÆ&H-ae&ÍÆ&mrnfaom? e'ð-jrpf\? ywd-teD;ü/
ã tEÅ&mç tbdawmç y&dawm wdkYonf edygwf? ywdum; Oyom&/ ouúwtvdk Bud,mESifh rwGJaomaMumifh
ur®y0peD,/ ]e'ð ae&ÍÆ&H ywd}ü ywdonf t|uxmwdkYtvdk ur®yÜ0peD,om jzpfoifh&um; ur®yÜ0peD,
,kawåjzifh 'kwd,mouf/ ]ae&ÍÆ&He'ð ywd-ae&ÍÆ&mjrpfü}[kay;/ (½lbm#D y 377)
owårD0dbwf teufa[mo'´g
tcsdefumv teufa[mo'´gç Oyç tEkç t"dç tm Oyom&yk'fwdkYESifh wGJpyfaeaom 0o-"mwf?

t"d Oyom&yk'fESifh wGJpyfaeaom odç Xmç tmo"mwf? t"dç tm - Oyom&yk'fwdkYESifh wGJpyfaeaom
0o"mwfESifh ,SOfpyfwGJpyfaeaom o'´g? aomuf&mç vSnfhvnf&mt&yfXme teufa[mo'´grsm;udk
owårD0dbwf(tm"m&)teufa[m 'kwd,m0dbwfESifh wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH 1/ ykAÁPSor,H ed0gaowGm/ ykAÁPSor,H-eHeuftcgü? ed0gaowGm-oif;ydkifudk jyif0wfí/
þü eHeuftcsdeftcga[m ykAÁPSor, o'´g owårD(tm"m&)teufa[m 'kwd,m0dbwf

ESifh wGJpyf&onf/
yHkpH 2/ *grH Oy0owd/ *grH-½Gmü? Oy0owd-ae\/

*grH tEk0owd/ *grH-½Gmü? tEk0owd-ae\/
0d[m&H t"d0owd/ 0d[m&H-ausmif;ü? t"d0owd-ae\/
*grH tm0owd/*grH-½Gmü? tm0owd-ae\/
t*g&H-tdrfü? tZÑm0owd-ae\/
þjy,k*fwdkYü Oy tEk t"d tm Oyom&yk'fwdkYESifh wGJpyfaeaom 0o"mwfESifh ,SOfwGJ

qufpyfaeaomaMumifh ]*gr? 0d[m&? t*g&}o'´gwdkYudk owårD(tm"m&)teufa[m 'kwd,m0dbwfESifh
wGJpyf&onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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ã OyykAÁ tEkykAÁ t"dykAÁ tmykAÁ 0o"mwf tpOftwdkif; yHkpHxkwfxm;onf/ tZÑm0owdum; t"dç

tmykAÁ 0o"mwfwnf;/ Oyç tEkç t"dç tm Oyom&wdkYudk "mwfeufodkY tpOfvdkufaom "mwGw¬mEkwåu
]Oyom& teufxl;r½Sd}[k BuHaomaMumifh *grH-½Gmü ponfjzifh owårDteufü 'kwd,m0dbwfouf&onf/
Oy-ponfudk "mwGw¬0daoou Oyom&jzpfí teuf½Sdonf[k BuHvQif ]*grH-½GmodkY? Oy0owd-
uyfae\? tEk0owd-tavsmfae\? t"d0owd-tkyfpdk;ae\? tm0owd-(tmo'´gr&d,m'teufBuHí)
tydkif;tjcm;twdkif;ae\/ tZÑm0owd-tkyfpdk;í tydkif;tjcm;twdkif;ae\-[k teufay;&onf/
(½lbm#D y 379-380)
ã Ouú|H tZÑm0owDwd Ouúemrau e*a& 0owd? tbdb0dwGm 0g tm0owd/('D| 1? 218)
OuúH tZÑm0owDwd-um;? Ouúemrau-Ouú|mtrnf½Sdaom? e*a&-NrKdUü? 0owd-ae\/ 0g-wenf;?
Ouúemrau-Ouú|mtrnf½Sdaom? e*a&-NrKdUü? tbdb0dwGm-vGrf;rdk;í? tm0owd-tydkif;tjcm;tm;jzifh
ae\/(oDbm#D w 301)
t"d+tm+0owd/ þyk'fudk ESpfenf;zGifh&mü yxrenf;0,f t"do'´g tmo'´gwdkYonf teufr½Sdaom

Oyom&yk'frQomwnf;/ xdkt"d+tma½S;½Sdaom 0o"mwf\,SOf&mü owårDteufü 'kwd,mouf½kd;½Sdaom
aMumifh ]Ouú|H tZÑm0owd}[k ygVdawmfü ½Sd\/ xdkYaMumifh ]Ouúemrau e*a& 0owd}[k zGifhonf/
'kwd,enf;üum; t"donf tbdb0e(£ó&d,)teufa[mç tmo'´gonf r&d,m'gteufa[mwnf;?
þodkY teuf½Sd BuHaomtcgüvnf; 0dbwfudk wwd,mowårDeÍö-okwfjzifh ouf&onf/(#Dumopfüum;
ur®yÜ0peD,,kawå-okwfjzifh bkr®w¬ü'kwd,mouf[kqdkonf/odkYaomf ouúwo'´gwdkYtvdk t"donf
ur®yÜ0peD,r[kwfaomaMumifh pOf;pm;yg)
Ouú|Hü 'kwd,m0dbwfonf bkr®w¬ü ouf\/ t"d+tm Oyom&wdkYonf teuf½Sdonfjzpfap

r½Sdonfjzpfap Ouú|Hü 'kwd,m0dbwfrSm bkr®w¬csnf;omwnf;/ bmaMumifhenf;? Ouú|Hudk 0o"mwfüom
pyfí (Ouú|ü+ae)[kom jzpfEdkifaomaMumifhwnf;/ ,cktcg t"dudk teuf½SdBuHaomtcg Ouú|H-udk?
t"d-tkyfpdk;í(vTrf;rdk;í)[kpyfí 'kwd,mudk uHteufa[m[k ,lMu\/ xdkt,ludk bkr®aw¬ Oya,m*0peH-
[laom t|uxmpum;udk axmufí pOf;pm;yg/ t*g&H tZÑ0owm üvnf; enf;wl/
rSwfcsuf/ 0denf; ygpdwf blw*gr0*f a0[mouk#dodu©myk'fü tbdteufr½SdBuHaomtcg ]rÍöH-ü?

tbdedoDa',s 0g-xdkifrlvnf;xdkiftHh}[kvnf;aumif;ç tbdteuf½dSBuHaomtcg ]rÍöH-ü? tbdedoDa',s
0g-zdírlvnf;xdkiftHh}[kvnf;aumif;ç teufay;EdkifouJhodkY þüvnf; t"dteuf½SdBuHaomtcg ]Ouú|H-
udk? tZÑm0owd-pdk;tkyfí tydkif;tjcm;tm;jzifh ae\-[k teufay;&rnfuJhodkY xifzG,f½Sdonf/ odkYaomf
ygVdawmfüum; 0o"mwfr[kwfç o'"mwfjzpfaomaMumifh tbda½S;½Sdaomtcg rÍöHü uHteufay;Edkifygonf/
þüum; ]OyEGZÑm0oó}[k 0o"mwfjzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; o'´gusrf;ü wwd,m owårDeOö-[k
qdkaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; t"dteuf½SdBuHaomfvnf; bkr®aw¬ Oya,m*0peH-ESifhtnD owårDteufom
ay;Edkifonf/(oDbm#D w 302-303)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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yHkpH/ e'ð yd0wd/ *grH p&wd/ e'ð-jrpfü? yd0wd-aomuf\/ *grH-½Gmü? p&wd-vSnfvnf\/
þü aomuf&m vSnfhvnf&m t&yfXmeteufa[m o'´grsm;jzpfaomaMumifh e'D *gr o'´gwdkYudk

owårD(tm"m&)teufa[m 'kwd,m0dbwfESifh qufoG,fwGJpyfxm;onf/
ã arm*¾vmefü e'ð-t& jrpfüwnfaoma&udk XmElypm&tm;jzifh ,lí ]e'ð-jrpfudk}[kvnf;aumif;ç ]*grH-

½Gmudk}[kvnf;aumif; uHteufqdk\/(½lbm#D y 380)
yHkpH/ rÍöH 0g yDXH 0g tbdedoDa',s 0g tbdedyaZÆ,s 0g/ rÍöH-anmifapmif;ü? tbdedoDa',s0g-

xdkifrlvnf;xdkiftHh/ (tm'djzifh) xdkü xkdifç xdkü tdyf-ponfteufüvnf; owårD(tm"m&)
teufa[m 'kwd,m0dbwfESifh qufoG,fwGJpyfxm;onf/
(yxrvwfwef; ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; 70)

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269
u&aP uwåKuar®p? Bud,my0*¾vu©aP
umv'¨ge ypöawåok? 0"da[wkedrdwåau/
o[w¬'s*ForÁE¨? 0daooem'dau bkar®/
wwD,m0gpum a[mEÅd? aomVow¬m'dauokyd/

wwd,m0dbwsw¬ (aomVo) 16
tw¬ ya,m*
1/ u&Pw¬ ½ku©H-opfyifudk? ca*¾e-oefvsufjzifh? qdE´wd-jzwf\/

2/ t0kwåuwåw¬ Aka'ë-onf? "ar®m-udk? a'odawm-a[mawmfrltyf\/
3/ t0kwåur®w¬ wdav[d-ESrf;aphwdkYudk? acawå-v,fü? 0ywd-pdkufysKd;\/
4/ Bud,my0*¾ {uma[ae0-w&ufwnf;jzifhomvQif? ygykPD-a&mufNyD/
5/ £w¬Hblwvu©P umvD-umvDrnfaom uRefronf? bdaEéeoDaoe(bdEéoDom[kwGm)
uGJaomOD;acgif;½Sdonfjzpfí? ywd0doau-tdrfeD;csif;wdkYudk? Óaywd-odap\/
6/ umvw¬ umave-avsmufywfaomtcgü? "r®ó0PH-w&m;emjcif;
7/ t'¨gew¬ a,mZaee-,lZemwdkifatmif? tbd"m0wd-vsifpGmajy;oGm;\/
8/ ypöw¬ twåem-rdrdonf? twåmeH-rdrdudk,fudk? or®wd-orkwf\/
9/ t0"sw¬ a0g-oifwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? r,H-igwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? awe-xdk&[ef;rS?
rkwåm-vGwfukefNyD/ (ro'´g qef;aMumifh tm*r)
10/ a[wGw¬ bdu©K-&[ef;onf? "ar®e-w&m;[laomtaMumif;aMumifh? 0owd-aevifh\/
11/ edrdwåw¬ 'aEÅe-tpG,f[laom taMumif;aMumifh? ema*g-qifudk? [naw=owftyf\/
12/ o[w¬m'sw¬ aom-xdktbonf? ykawåe-om;ESifh? o[-twlwuG? xlavm-qlNzKd;\? 0\/
13/ t*F0dum& pu©Kem-rsufpdjzifh? umPH-uPf;aomoludk? yówd-jrif\/
14/ orÁE¨ ok0aPÖe-a½T\? tvuFmae-wefqmjzifh? tbd½layg-tvGefvSaom tqif;½Sd\/
15/ bdEém"du&P0daooem'sw¬ Zmwd,m-zGm;jrifjcif;tm;jzifh? owå0ódaum-ckESpfESpft½G,f½Sd\/
16/ bkr®w¬ aweacgyeora,e-xdktcgü/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
270
wwd,m0dbwfudk
1/ ok'¨(t0kwå)uwåKum&u
2/ a[wk(t0kwå)uwåKum&u
3/ um&dwur®um&u("mwkuwåKum&u)
4/ u&Pum&u
5/ [dwfteufa[mo'´g
6/ 0daooeteufa[mo'´g
7/ o[-paom o'´gwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aeaomo'´gç o[teuf½Sdaom o'´g
8/ t*F0dum&(wudk,fvHk;\ azmufjyefjcif;udk rSwfaMumif;jzpfaom tem½Sdaomtpdwft*Fg)
teufa[mo'´g
9/ r@dw (Munfvif;jcif;) Oókuú (tm;xkwfjcif;) teufo'´g
10/ £w¬rÇLwvu©Pteufa[mo'´g
11/ Bud,my0*¾teufa[mo'´g
12/ ykAÁ(a½S;) o'do-or(twl) ODe(,kwfavsmhjcif;) uv[(jiif;cHkjcif;) edykP(odrfYarGUjcif;)
rdóu(a&maESmjcif;) ocdv(ajyjypfjcif;) tw¬(tvdk½Sdjcif;) teufa[mo'´gponfwdkYESifh
qufpyfaeaomo'´g
13/ yxrm0dbwf(uwåm;)teufa[mo'´g
14/ (t0kwå) uHteufa[mo'´g
15/ yÍörD0dbwfteufa[mo'´g
16/ owårD0dbwfteufa[mo'´g wdkYESifh qufoG,ftoHk;jyK&onf/
ok'¨(t0kwå)uwåKum&u
a[wkuwåm;vnf;r[kwfç ur®uwåm;vnf;r[kwfç oufoufaom uwåm;onf ok'üwåm;rnf\/

uHa[m0gusü Bud,myk'fu uHudka[mí uwåm;udk ra[mojzifh uwåm;yk'fudk uwåm;teufudk a[maom
wwd,m0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-Zdaee "ar®m a'odawm/ Zdaee-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? "ar®m-w&m;udk?

a'odawm-a[mawmfrltyf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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a[wk(t0kwå)uwåKum&u
Bud,mNyD;ap&ef wdkufwGef;(apcdkif;)wwfaom uwåm;onf a[wkuwåm;rnf\/
yHkpH-Aka'ë avmaum aAm"dawm/ Aka'ë-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? avmaum-owå0gtaygif;udk?

aAm"dawm-odapawmfrltyfNyD/
oa'¨[d 0d[ma&m um&dawm/ oa'¨[d-o'¨g½SdolwdkYonf? 0d[ma&m-ausmif;udk? um&dawm-
aqmufvkyfaptyfNyD/
um&dwur®um&u("mwkuw¬Kum&u)
um½kduf0gus0,f um½kdufypönf;\ uHyk'fü wwd,m0dbwfqufoG,faom o'´gonf ]um&dw-

ur®um&u}rnf\/ ok'¨0gustcdkufü 4if;onf "mwfuwåm;t&mü wnfaomaMumifh "mwkuwåm;vnf;
rnf\/
yHkpH-bdu©K omraPa&e "r®H ygaXwd/ bdu©K-&[ef;onf? omraPa&e-omraPudk? "r®H-
ygVdudk? ygaXwd-½Gwfzwfap\/
þomraPa&eonf ygaXwd[laom Bud,m0,f um½kdufaPypönf;ESifh qufpyfonfjzpfí

]um½dkufuH} jzpf\/ yX-"mwfESifh qufoG,fonfhtcg ½Gwfzwfjcif;Bud,mudk jzpf(NyD;)apaom owåd½Sdaom
aMumifh ]"mwfuwåm;}vnf; rnf\/
u&Pum&u
uwåm;\Bud,mudk NyD;aprIü uHtp½Sdaom tjcm; um&uav;yg;xuf Bud,mudk txl;NyD;apEdkifaom

owåd½Sdaom um&uonf ]u&Pum&u}rnf\/
yHkpH-pu©Kem ½lyH yówd/ pu©Kem-rsufpdjzifh? ½lyH-tqif;udk? yówd-jrif\/
þü jrifjcif;Bud,monf rsufpdrygvQif b,fenf;ESifhrQ rjzpfEdkif/ xdkYaMumifh pu©Ko'´gonf

u&Pum&urnf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
272
[dwfteufa[m o'´g
tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfay:vmapaom owåd½Sdaom taMumif;a[mo'´gonf ]a[wk}[dwfrnf/

xdk[dwf(taMumif;)teufa[mo'´gudk wwd,m0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-taEée 0owd/ xrif;aMumifh ae\/
0dZÆm, 0owd/ twwfynmaMumifh ae\/
0daooe teufa[mo'´g
um&u(emrfyk'f)udk jzpfapç Bud,mudkjzpfap xl;jcm;atmifjyKEdkifaom owåd½Sdaom um&uonf

]0daooe} rnf\/
yHkpH-0dZÆm, om"k? twwfynmtm;jzifh aumif;ol
wyom Owåarm? tusifhtm;jzifh jrifhjrwfol
oare "m0wd? nDnGwfojzifh(tnDtrQ)ajy;oGm;\/
o[a,m*o'´g
o[o'´gESifh qufpyfaeaom o'´gonf o[a,m*rnf\/ xdko[a,m*o'´gudk wwd,m

0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH/ ykawåe o[ xlavm ydwm? om;ESifhtwl tzonf 0onf/
xdkodkY o[o'´gESifhqufpyf&m0,f o[o'´gu a½SUuaerl yÍörD0dbwf owårD0dbwfrsm;ESifhvnf;
qufoG,fEdkifonf/
yHkpH-o[ y&dedAÁmem-y&dedAÁmefpHonfESifh wNyKdifeuf? o[ oapö uaw? opömjyKtyf onfESifh/
o[m'da,m*o'´g
o'¨ð? 0dem? orH? emem- paom o'´grsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom o'´gonf ]o[m'da,m*}rnf\/

xdko[m'da,m*o'´gudk wwd,m0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-b*0g bdu©KoHaCe o'¨ð edoD'd/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef;taygif;ESifhtwl xdkifawmfrlNyD/

o[aóe orH rdwm/ waxmifESifhtrQ EdIif;,SOftyf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
273
o[w¬
ESifh-[k toHxGufapEdkifaom wuG-teufa[m o[ç o'¨ð paom o'´gwdkYrygyJ ]ESifhwuG} toH

jzpfay:apEdkifaom o'´gonf o[teuf½Sdaom ]o[w¬} rnf\/ xdko[w¬o'´gudkvnf; wwd,m
0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-'kau©m Amav[d oH0gaom/ vlrdkufwdkYESifh twlwuGae&jcif;onf qif;&JaMumif;wnf;/
t*F0dum&vu©Pteufa[mo'´g
vlwpfa,mufudk nTefjy&mü ]]rsufpduef;wJhvlç vufaumufwJhvl}}ponfjzifh olwyg;xuf

xl;jcm;aom trSwftom;jzifh nTefjy&onf/ xdkodkY nTefjy&mü vlwudk,fvHk;\ azmufjyefcRwf,Gif;jcif;udk
rSwfom;aMumif;jzpfaom azmufjyefcRwf,Gif;rI½Sdaom udk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif;onf ]t*F0dum&vu©P}rnf\/
xdk azmufjyefcRwf,Gif;½Sdaom udk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif; j'yfa[mo'´gudk wwd,m0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-tu©dem umaPm/ rsufpdjzifh uef;aomol(rsufrjrif)

[aw¬e ukPD/ vufjzifh aumufaomol(vufaumufol)
r@dwç Oókuúteufa[mo'´gt,SOf
r@dw(Munfvifjcif;) Oókuú (tm;xkwfjcif;) teufa[m o'´grsm;ESifh ,SOfwGJqufpyfaeaom

o'´grsm;udk wwd,m0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-ÓaPe yoaEém/ ÓPfjzifh Munfvif\/

ÓaPe Oókauúm/ ÓPfjzifh tm;xkwf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
274
£w¬rÇLwvu©Pteufa[mo'´g
t*F0dum&oabmr[kwfbJ olwyg;xuf xl;jcm;csuf½Sdoludk rSwfom;aMumif;jzpfaom

xl;jcm;aom trSwftom;onf £w¬rÇLwvu©P teufrnf\/ xdk£w¬rÇLwvu©P teufa[mo'´gudk
yHkpH-om bdaEée oDaoe y*¢&aEÅe avm[dawe y#d0dóumeH OZÑmaywd/ xdkumVDrnfaom

uRefronf uGJaom OD;acgif;jzifh ,dkpD;aom aoG;jzifh tdrfeD;csif;wdkYudk uJh&Jhap\/
þü OD;acgif;uGJaejcif; aoG;rsm;,dkpD;aejcif;onf yuwdtaetxm;xuf xl;jcm;aomaMumifh ]£wH¬}

rnf\/ xdkxl;jcm;csuf½Sdaeaom umVDonf ]£w¬rÇLw}rnf\/ uGJaeaom OD;acgif;j'yf ,dk;pDaeaom
aoG;j'yfonf ]acgif;uGJBuD;eJYumVD? aoG;awG,dkpD;aewJhumVD}[k umVDudkrSwfom;aMumif; jzpfaomaMumifh
]£w¬rÇLwvu©P}rnf\/ xdk£w¬rÇLwvu©P teufa[m bdEéoDoç y*¢&EÅç avm[dw o'´gudk
Bud,my0*¾teufa[mo'´g
ud&d,m(udpö)udk vsifjrefpGm NyD;apjcif;udk ]Bud,my0*¾}[k ac:onf/ xdkBud,my0*¾teufa[mo'´gudk

yHkpH-{uma[e0 Am&mPoð yg,mod/ w&ufwnf;jzifhom Am&mPoDodkY ta&mufoGm;NyD/
ykAÁ o'do ponfwdkYESifh qufpyfaom o'´g
ykAÁ o'do or ODe teufa[m o'´gponfwdkYESifh ,SOf(qufpyfae)aomo'´grsm;udk

wwd,m0dbwfjzifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH- rmaoe ykaAÁm-wvjzifh a½S;usol/ todem uva[m-oefvsufjzifh jiif;ckHjcif;

ydw&m o'daom-tzESifhwlol/ tmpma&e edykaPm-tusifhjzifh odrfarGUol
rmw&m oarm-trdESifhwlol/ *kaVe rdóuH-wifvJESifh a&mtyfaom tpm;tpm
"aee 0duavm-Opömjzifh csKdUwJhol/ 0gpm, ocdavm-EIwfpum;jzifh ajyjypfol
rPdem taw¬m-ywåjrm;jzifh tvdk½Sd\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
275
yxrm0dbwf(uwåm;)teufa[m
uwåm;teufa[m Bud,myk'fESifh qufpyfaeaom uwåm;yk'fudk wwd,m0dbwfESifh qufoG,fjcif;onf

yxrm0dbwfteufa[mo'´gESifh wwd,m0dbwfwdkYudk qufoG,fjcif;rnf\/
ykHpH-twåem0 twåmeH or®ewd? rdrdonfyif rdrdudk orkwf\/
(t0kwå)uHteufa[mo'´g
t0kwåuHteufa[mo'´gESifh wwd,m0dbwfqufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-wdav[d acawå 0ywd? ESrf;wdkYudk v,fü pdkufysKd;\/
yÍörD0dbwf teufa[mo'´g
yÍörD0dbwf(tyg'gef)teufa[mo'´gESifhwwd,m0dbwfqufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-okrkwåm r,H awe r[moraPe? igwdkYonf xdk&[ef;BuD;rS aumif;pGm vGwfajrmufMuukefNyD/
owårD0dbwf teufa[mo'´g
(tpöEÅoHa,m*r[kwfaom) tcsdefumvç t&yfrsufESma[mo'´grsm;udk owårD0dbwfteufa[m

wwd,m0dbwfjzifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-awe ora,e-xdktcgü/ rmaoe bkÍÆwd-wvü pm;\/

a,e b*0g-tMuift&yfü bk&m;½Sif(½Sdawmfrl)/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
276
orÜ'gae wwD,aw¬? a,ma* uar® p tm&ma"/
tEkwåmem'&aw¬ok? w'w¬wHkvomrdok/
bkar®p 'óeaw¬p? pk'ópöwkw¬D rwm/

pwkw¬D0dbwsw¬ (pk'ó) 14
tw¬ ya,m*
1/ orÜ'gew¬ a,m-tMuifolonf? bdu©Kó-&[ef;tm;? a'wd-ay;\/

2/ wwD,w¬ y&du©dPó-&du©mukefaomolonf? tnH-wyg;aom&du©mudk? yd[,H-vdkcsifawmifh
w\/
3/ earma,m* 0D&-BuD;aomvHkYv½Sdawmfrlaom? Ak'¨-jrwfpGmbk&m;? aw-t½Sifbk&m;tm;?
earm-½kdaojrwfEdk; ½Sdcdk;OD;nGwfjcif;onf? tw¬K-0rf;ajrmufMunfom jzpfyg\/
(tw¬Kedygwf? tmcsmwfyk'fr[kwf)
4/ t0kwåur®w¬ o*¾ó-ewfjynfodkY? *raee-oGm;&jcif;wJh
5/ tm&m"yÜa,m* &mZm-rif;onf? ar-ightm;? tm&ma"m-ESpfoufonf? a[mwd-jzpf\/
6/ tEkwå aw-xdk&[ef;wdkYonf? Ak'¨ó-bk&m;tm;? tmokPEÅd-½kdaopGmemukef\/
(tEkwåudk #DumrSmMunfh)
7/ tem'&w¬ t[H-igonf? wH-oifhudk? u|ó-xifwHk;avmuf? ran-atmufarhrSwfxif\/
8/ w'w¬ Ak'¨w¬H-bk&m;jzpfjcif;iSg? ZD0dwH-toufudk? pZD-pGeYfNyD/
9/ wkrw¬ tEkurÜm,-oem;apmifha½Smufjcif;iSg? a'aowk-a[mawmfrlygavmh/
10^11/tvrw¬ya,m* ar-ightm;? &wåewå,H-&wemoHk;yg;onf? tvH-xdkufwef\?

ar-ightm;? awe"aee-xdkOpömjzifh? tvH-tvdkr½SdNyD/
12/ omrsw¬ ar-ig\? tw¬m,-tusKd;iSg? b0H-t½Sifonf? 'daEém-ay;tyf\/
13/ bkr®w¬ tówk,SÍö-xdkoifhxHüvnf;? tm0Dua&m-xifpGmjyK\/
14/ 'óew¬ w0-oifhtm;? 'óeH-jrifjcif;iSg? umrwm-tvkd½Sdjcif;/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
277
pwkw¬D0dbwfudk

(u) ]earm} edygwfyk'fponfESifh qufpyfaeaomo'´g?
tem*wfumv0,f abmteufa[m o'´g
(c) orÜ'geum&u o'´gwdkYESifh wGJpyf&onf/
orÜ'geum&ursm;
ylaZmfvdk csD;ajr§mufvdkí ay;aom 0w¬Kç Bud,mwdkYudk cH,lwwfaom owåd½Sdaom o'´grsm;onf

]orÜ'gef}rnf\/ 4if;wdkYrSm-
1/ 'g"mwf ½kp"mwf "&"mwf "mwfwdkYESifh qufpyfaeaom o'´g

2/ odvmC(csD;rGrf;jcif;) [ek(vdrfnmjcif;) Xm(&yfwnfjcif;) oy(,HkMunfvdk opömqdkjcif;)
"&(ay;qyfjcif;) yd[(vdkvm;awmifhjcif;? ESpfoufjcif;) uk"(pdwfqdk;jcif;?trsufxGufjcif;)
'ko(zsufqD;jcif;) £ó(jiLpljcif;) Oól,(apmif;ajymif;jcif;?tjypfudkxifpGmjyKjcif;) "mwfwdkYESifh
qufpyfaom o'´g
3/ &m"(ESpfoufjcif;? n§if;qJjcif;) £u©(Munfh½Ijcif;ç ½IiJhjcif;ç trSwfwHqdyfcwfESdufjcif;)"mwfwdkYESifh
qufpyfaeaom trIxif½Sm;ap&ef tar;cH&ola[m o'´g?
4/ ywdç tmç Oyom&yk'fwdkYESifh wGJpyfaeaom ok-"mwf? tEk ywd Oyom&yk'fESifhwGJpyfaeaom
*d(a*)"mwfwdkY\ a½SU0gus½Sd uwåm;yk'f
5/ ajymqdkjcif;teufa[m "mwfwdkYESifh ,SOfaom o'´g
6/ Bud,m\ tusKd;jzpfaomo'´g (w'w¬orÜ'gef)
7/ wHkypönf;qHk;aomyk'fESifh qufpyfaom o'´g (wkrw¬orÜg'ef)
8/ (xdkufwefjcif;? y,fjrpfjcif; teufa[m) tvHo'´gESifh qufpyfaeaom o'´g
9/ re"mwfESifh qufpyfaeaom r½kdaorav;pm;tyfaom oufrJht&m0w¬Ka[m uHyk'f?
10/ *wdteufa[m"mwfwdkY\ uHyk'f
11/ awmifhwjcif; teufa[m tm,kç b'´ç ukov tp½Sdaom o'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaeaom o'´g
12/ or®Kwd bd,so'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaeaomo'´g
13/ tm0du&P ygwkb0e o'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaeaom owårD0dbwfteufa[m o'´g
14/ y[dP-tp½Sdaom Bud,myk'fç zmoktp½Sdaom emrfyk'fwdkYESifh qufpyfaomo'´g
rsm;jzpfMuonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
278
erlem yHkpHrsm;
(u) earm ua&m[d em*ó/ &[EÅmtm; ½Sdcdk;jcif;udk jyKavmh/ (earmESifh,SOfí pwkw¬Douf)

ygum, 0Zwd/ csufvwHhjcif;iSg (csufzdkY&m) oGm;\/ (tem*wfumv abma[m)
(c) orÜ'geum&ursm;
1/ bdu©Kó pD0&H a'wd/ &[ef;tm; ouFef;udk vª\/
ã ylaZmfvdk csD;ajrmufvdkí ay;wmr[kwfvQif orÜ'gefrjzpf/ &Zuó 0w¬H ''gwd/ &Zuó-c0gonf

\ ([aw¬-vufü) 0w¬H-t0wfudk? ''gwd-ay;\/ &anm '@H ''wd/ &anm-rif;\? '@H-'PfaiG
udk? ''gwd-ay;\/ odkYaomf bdu©Kó y[m&H 'a',s-&[ef;tm; ykwfjcif;udk ay;tHh-ponfwdkYüvnf;
orÜ'gefjzpfonf[k,lonf/ þorÜgefrsKd;udk o-0dbwfoufxmjcif;wlí o'dolypmorÜ'gef[k ac:onf/
Esmoü aumif;pGmay;ay; ray;ay;ç tydkif&7 r&& ay;wmrSeforQ orÜg'efjzpfonf[k qdkonf/
(upönf;bm#D y 328)
orPó a&mpaw opöH/ &[ef;tm; trSefonf ESpfouf\/
ã jrefrmvdk ]&[ef;onf rSefaom pum;udk ESpfouf\}[k qdkvdkonf/ o'´gxHk;pHt& ESpfoufol

uwåm;onf orÜ'gefjzpfí ESpfouftyfaom uHyk'fu uwåm;jzpf&onf/ (½lbm#D y 409)
rm,orEÅmerÜd oHCaba'g ½kpödw¬/ t½SifwdkYtm;vnf; oHCmuGJjym;jcif;onf rESpfoufygvifh/

uó om'k e ½kpöwd/ tb,folYtm; tpm;aumif;onf rESpfoufyJ ½SdygtHhenf;/
crwd oHCó OyorÜ'g/ yÍÆif;tjzpfonf oHCmtm; ESpfouf\/
tó bwåH epäma'od/ xdkolYtm; xrif;onf rESpfouf(rqm)/
ã þ crkç q' pk&m'd*kdPf;wdkYvnf; ½kpw¬ü yg0ifMuonf/ crk"mwf,SOf&mü ]ty&m"H r[m&mZ? wGH

aem cr &axob} [k orÜ'gefrjzpfaomygXfvnf; ukoZmwfü awGU&onf/ (upönf;bm#D y 330)
a'0'wåó ok0PÖpäwåH "m&,aw ,n'awåm/ ,n'wfonf a'0'wftm; a½TxD;udk aqmif\/

(aqmif;ay;\)
2/ Ak'¨ó odvmCaw/ bk&m;½Siftm; csD;rGrf;\/
w0 odvmCaw/ oifhtm; csD;rGrf;\/
rr odvmCaw/ ightm; csD;rGrf;\/
r,Sar0 [Ekaw/ ightm;yifvQif vdrf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
279
ã rdrdtvdkqEúdk odapvdkí odvmC-paom "mwfav;rsKd;udk oHk;pGJ&mü odapvdktyfolonf orÜ'gefjzpf\/
rdrdqEúdk odapvdkí r[kwfyJ ½kd;½dk;csD;rGrf;rI ponfudk jyK&müum; orÜ'gefrjzpf/(upönf;bm#D y 334)
Oywda|,s ousykwåmeH 0¹uD/ vuform;onf omuD0ifrif;om; bk&m;omawmfwdkYtm;

qnf;uyf&m\/
bdu©Kó bkÍÆEÅó ygeDa,e 0g 0d"lyaee 0g Oywda|,s/ qGrf;pmqJjzpfaom &[ef;tm;
aomufa&jzifh aomfvnf;aumif; ,yfcyfojzifhaomfvnf;aumif; jyKpkvkyfauR;tHh/
ã Xm-"mwfcsnf;oufoufü orÜ'gefrjzpf/ OyESifhwGJrS orÜ'gefjzpfonf/ odkYaomf orÁmefteuf,lí

wdkY\+teD;üwnfae&m\-bmomjyefjcif;u ydkaumif;onf/ teD;üaejcif;[lonf qnf;uyfjcif;
yifwnf;/ t[H abmwð Oy|dóH-igonf ½Sifrudk vkyfauR;ygtHh/ þü yg&dp&d,ac: jyKpkvkyf
auR;rI udk Oy|me[kac:onf/ þü orÜ'gefrjzpf/ (upönf;bm#D y 334)
r,SH oyaw/ ightm; ,Hkygapvdk opömqdk\/
ã oy-"mwfonf ,kHMunfapvdk ESpfoufapvdkí opömqdkjcif;teufç usdefqJjcif;teufwdkYudk a[m\/

xdkwGif opömqdk&müom oy-"mwft,SOf orÜ'gefjzpfonf/ usdefqJ&mü orÜ'gefrjzpf/
orÁ&H tok&dE´H tbdoydwGm=orÁ&rnfaom tok&defudk usdefqJí (ouúoH,kwf)(upönf;bm#D y 334)
ok0PÖH aw "m&,aw/ oifhtm; a½Tudk qyfay;\(aqmifESif;\)/
ã þü orÜ'gefudk riJhaom bl0g'd "&-"mwf r[kwf? pk&m'd "&-"mwfom jzpf&rnf/ þt&mü Opöm
(NrD)½Sifudka[maom o'´gonfom orÜ'gefjzpfxdkufonf/ "&"mwf,SOf&mü NrD½Sifonf orÜ'gef jzpf\/
(upönf;bm#D y 334)
a'0gyd yd[,EÅd owdrwH awoH orÁK'¨geH/ owd½SdawmfrlMuukefaom xdkbk&m;½SifwdkYtm;
ewfwdkYonfvnf; vdkvm;awmifhwMuukef\/
a'0g 'óeumrm aw/ t½Sifrif;jrwftm; ewfwdkYonf awGUjrifvdkygukef\/
ord'¨geH yd[,EÅd 'vd'´g/ qif;&JolwdkYonf <u,f0olwdkYtm; cspfcifukef\/
ã yd["mwfonf vdkvm;ESpfouf cspfcifjrwfEdk;jcif; teufudka[m\/ 'óeumr-zl;jrifvdkjcif;onfvnf;

vdkvm;jcif;yifwnf;/ vdkvm;ESpfoufcH&ol teufa[mo'´gom orÜ'gefjzpfonf/ ]awoHorÁK'¨geH-wdkYudk}
[k uHteufvnf; ay;Edkifonf/ yd["mwf,SOf&mü orÜ'gefjzpfaomfvnf; uHteufay;&rnf[kqdkonf/
oapyd rH yd[,od-[k ygVdawmfü 'kwd,m0dbwfvnf; ½Sd\/ (tus,f½Sif;csuf ½lbm#D y 413 Munfh)
(upönf;bm#D y 335)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
280
wó ukZÑ r[m0D&/ BuD;aom vHkYv½Sdaom t½Sif&aohç xdkrif;tm; pdwfqdk;awmfrlyg/
(uvmAkrif;u cEÅD0g'D&aohudk ESdufpufav&m wdkif;jynfyg ysufrnfpdk;í ]wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;udk

pdwfrqdk;yJ rif;udkom pdwfqdk;yg}[k qdkaom pum;wnf;)
'k[,wd 'domeH araCm/rdk;onf t&yfrsufESmwdkYtm; zsufqD;\/

wdw¬d,m orPmeH £ó,EÅd/ wdw¬dwdkYonf &[ef;wdkYtm; jiLplukef\/
'kZÆem *kP0EÅmeH Oól,EÅd/ ol,kwfrmwdkYonf *kPf½SdolwdkYtm; tjypfajymukef\/
ã uk" 'k[ £ó Oól,-"mwfwdkY\ ,SOf&mü pdwfqdk;tyfol zsufqD;tyfaomt&m jiLpltyf tjypf

ajymtyfolwdkYonf orÜ'gefjzpfonf/ ]jA[®aPm a0óum& jA[®PH Oól,wd}[k Oól,"mwf
t,SOf 'kwd,mvnf; ½SdEdkifonf/ (upönf;bm#Dy 337)
3/ (u) tm&ma"m ar &anm/ t½Sif;rif;jrwftm; uRefawmfrsKd;\ ESpfoufjcif; jzpfyg\/

&anm tm&ZÑwd/ rif;tm; ESpfoufyg\/
(&mZmeH tm&ZÑwd/ rif;udk ESpfoufyg\-[kvnf; 'kwd,mjzifhvnf; ½SdEdkifonf)
(c) usm[H t,smeH ty&ZÑmrd/ tuREkfyfonf t½SifwdkYtm; tb,fodkY jypfrSm;rdygoenf;/
(tb,fudk cRwf,Gif;rdygoenf;)
ã pum;rajymbJaeaom rif;poltm; txl;xl;ar;\/ xdkodkYar;jcif;um; rdrdrSmtrItjypf½SdvQif xif½Sm;

apvdk (xkwfazmfajymqdkapvdk)í ar;jcif;wnf;/ xdktar;cH&ol teufa[m o'´gonf orÜ'gefjzpf
onf/ t,smeH-tpm; ]ta,s-wdkYudk} 'kwd,mjzifhvnf; ½SdEdkifonf/ (upönf;bm#Dy 337)
(*) tm,o®awm Oygvdaw¬&ó OyorÜ'gayau©m Oywdaóm/

Oywdóonf t½SifOygvdax&ftm; yÍöif;tjzpfudk ½IiJh\/
ã £u©"mwf\ ,SOf&mjzpfí tm,o®awm-[k orÜ'gefjzpfonf/ Oywdóonf Oygvdax&fudkOyZÑm,f

jyKí &[ef;cHonf-[kqdkvdkonf/ tm,o®EÅH-[kvnf; 'kwd,m0dbwfjzifh ½SdEdkifonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
281
4/ (u) b*0g bdu©L {w'a0gp/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef;awmfwdkYudk þpum;udk rdefYawmfrl\/
(c) aw bdu©L b*0awm ypöaómoHk/ xdk&[ef;awmfwdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;
a½S;½Iem;axmifMuukefNyD/
ã ]b*0g bdu©L {w'a0gp}onf a½S;0gus(yxr0gus)wnf;/ ]aw bdu©L b*0awm ypöaómoHk}
um; a½S;0gus\ tquf aemuf0gus('kwd,0gus)wnf;/ ypöaómoHkonf ywd-a½S;½Sdaom ok"mwf
wnf;/ a½SY0guswkef;u b*0g[laom uwåm;onf aemuf0gusü ywd-a½S;½Sdaom ok-"mwfESifh,SOf
aomaMumifh b*0awm-[k orÜ'gefjzpfvmonf/
]b*0g bdu©L {w'a0gp}ü bdu©Lç {wH-[k uHESpfck ½Sd\/ xdkwGif bdu©Lonf tuxdwuH
(ta0gpBud,mjzifh rqdkvdktyfaomuH)wnf;/ {wH-onf uxdwuH (ta0gpBud,mjzifh qdkvdktyf
aomuH)wnf;/ tcsKyfrSm bdu©Lonf vdk&if;r[kwfaom ty"meuHç {wH-onf y"meuHwnf;/
(½lbm#D y 417)
(u) Aka'¨g bdu©L {w'a0gp/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef;awmfwdkYudk þpum;udk rdefYawmfrl\/

(c) bdu©L Ak'¨ó tmokPEÅd/ &[ef;wdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ½kdaopGm emMuonf/
ãa½SU0gusü Aka'¨g[laom uwåm;onf aemuf0gusü tmykAÁ ok"mwfESifh ,SOfaomaMumif Ak'¨ó[k

orÜ'gefjzpfvmonf/ (½lbm#D y 418)
b*0g bdu©L tmraEÅod }}bdu©a0g}}wd/ (a½SU0gus) b'aEÅwd awbdu©L b*0awm ypöaómoHk/

(aemuf0gus) "Z*¾okwf/ a½SU0gus½Sd b*0gonf aemuf0gusü b*0awm[k orÜ'gefjzpfvmonf/
(u) bdu©K ZeH "r®H oma0wd/ &[ef;onf vltaygif;udk w&m;udk emap\(a[m\)/

(c) wó bdu©Kaem Zaem tEk*dPmwd/ wó bdu©Kaem Zaem ywd*dPmwd/
xdk("r®uxdu)&[ef;tm; (w&m;emol)vltaygif;onf avsmfpGmqdk\/ . . .cGef;wkHYqdk\/
ã a½SU0gus½Sd bdu©K[laom uwåmn;onf aemuf0gusü tEkç ywdykAÁ *d"mwfESifh,SOfí bdu©Kaem-[k

orÜ'gefjzpfvmonf/
5/ tma&mp,mrd a0g bdu©a0/ &[ef;wdkY oifwdkYtm; a[mjyawmfrltHh/

ã ajymqdkrIudk cH&rnfhol teufa[mo'´gom ]orÜ'gef}jzpfonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
282
6/ Ak'¨ó tw¬m, ZD0dwH y&dpöZmrd/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tusKd;iSg toufpGefYyg\/(w'w¬)
ã Bud,m(odkYr[kwf)0w¬K\ tusKd;onf w'w¬orÜ'gefrnf\/ ODeó yg&dyl&d,m 0w¬H edu©dydwAÁH/

]aemif ouFef;csKyfaomtcg ravmufriSjzpfaevQif jznfhpGufzdkY&m t0wfudk odrf;xm;Edkif\}[l&mü t0wfudk
odrf;xm;jcif;onf taMumif;ç ravmufriSjzpfaeaom ouFef;\ jynfhpHkvHkavmufjcif;onf tusKd; þodkY
xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;Bud,m\ tusKd;jzpfaom yg&dyl&d-onf w'w¬orÜ'gefwnf;/ Ak'¨ó tw¬m, ZD0dwH
y&dpöZmrd/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tusKd;iSg toufpGefYyg\[k t"d|mef&mü toufpGefYjcif;taMumif; bk&m;\
tusKd;jzpfjcif;onf tusKd;wnf;/ þodkY pGefYjcif;Bud,m\ tusKd;jzpfaom Ak'önf w'w¬orÜ'gefwnf;/
uxdeó 'kóH? uxdefouFef;tvdkYiSg+t0wf[l&mü uxdefouFef;onf tusKd;ç t0wfonf taMumif;
wnf;/ þü t0wfwnf;[laom 0w¬K\tusKd;jzpfaom uxdeonf w'w¬orÜ'gefwnf;/
(upönf;bm#D y 345)
7/ avmumEkurÜm,-avmuudk apmifha½Smufjcif;iSg/(wkrw¬)
ã wHk-ypönf;jzifh ygVdpDvdkvQif jzpfEdkifvsufvnf; wHkypönf;jzifh rpDyJ o-0dbwfjzifh pDonfudk wkrw¬

orÜ'gef[k qdkonf/ avmumEkurÜm, tw¬m, [dwm, okcg, a'0rEkómeH Aka'¨g avmau OyÜZÆwd/
avmumEkurÜm,-avmuudkapmifha½Smufjcif;iSg? a'0rEkómeH-ewfvlwdkY\? tw¬m,-tusKd;iSg? [dwm,-
pD;yGm;tvdkYiSg? okcg,-csrf;omjcif;iSg? Aka'¨g-bk&m;onf? avmau-avmuü? OyÜZÆwd-yGifhawmfrl\/
þü avmuH tEkurÜdwHkç tw¬H umwHkç [dwH umwHkç okcH umwHk-[k ygVdpDEdkifaomfvnf; o-
0dbwfoufí tm,jyKxm;onf/ (upönf;bm#D y 345)
ã yk*d¾Kvf\tvdk£pämAsmyg& vHk;vHk;r½SdvQifaomfvnf;aumif;ç tenf;i,f½Sdaomfvnf;aumif;ç wHkypö,EÅ

jzifh ygVdxm;Edkifavmufatmif Asmyg&rxif½Sm;vQifaomfvnf;aumif; ]]w'w¬orÜ'gef}}/ yk*d¾Kvf\
tvdk£pämAsmyg& xif½Sm;&müum; ]]wkrw¬orÜ'gef}}/ (tus,fudk ½lbm#D y 422 Munfh)
8/ tvH bdu©K ywåó/ &[ef;onf oydwftm; xdkuf\/

tvH ar &ZÆH/ oifhtm; rif;tjzpfonf xdkuf\/
tvH ar Aka'¨g/ ightm; bk&m;onf xdkuf\/
tvH rav’m rv’ó/ vufyef;onf wa,mufonf vufyef;onf wa,muftm; xdkuf\/
tvH aw £" 0gaoe/ oifhtm; þausmif;wdkufü aejcif;jzifh tusKd;r½Sd/
tvH ar [d&nok0aPÖe/ ightm; a½TaiGjzifh tusKd;r½Sd/
ã tvH\ teufonf t&[wd-xdkufwefç y&dau©y-wm;jrpf [k ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ ]roifhç rxdkufç

bmtusKd;½SdtHhenf;(tusKd;r½Sdbl;)}[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
283
9/ uvd*F&ó wk0H ran/ oifhudk xif;ykwfxif;aqG;avmuf (tEkyftzGJavmuf) rSwfxif\/
u|ó wk0H ran/ eifhudk xif;wHk;vdk rSwfxif\/ (ran= re+,+rd? rSwfxif\)
ã ran0,f re"mwfvnf;[kwf\? ]eifhvdktaumif xif;wHk;avmufxifonf}[k rav;rpm;ajymtyfaom

tem'&vnf;[kwf\? u|t&xif;wHk;wvnf; ygPdr[kwf? tyÜmPdwnf;/ þodkY 1? re"mwf\
,SOf&mjzpfjcif;ç 2? rav;rpm;jcif; 3? owå0gvnf;r[kwfjcif; þt*FgoHk;yg;pHkaomaMumifh u|udk
orÜ'gefrSnfh&onf/ orÜ'gefrSnfh&aomfvnf; wk0HESifht&wlaomaMumifh uHteufudkyif o0dbwfu
a[m&onf/ xif;udkuJhodkY[k qdkvdkonf/ ]ok0PÖH 0d, wH ran-oifhudk a½TuJhodkY xif\}
ü re"mwf,SOf&mvnf; [kwf\? tyÜgPdvnf; [kwf\? odkYaomf tem'& r[kwfí orÜ'gefrjzpf?
ok0PÖH[k uHjzpfonf/ ]*j'bH wk0H ran-oifhudk a½TuJhodkY xif\}} ü re"mwf,SOf&mvnf;[kwf\?
tem'&vnf;[kwf\? odkYaomf tyÜgPdvnf;r[kwfí orÜ'gefrjzpf? *j'bH[k uHjzpfonf/
(upönf;bm#D y 348) (½lbm#Dy 425)
10/ tayÜg o*¾g, *päwd/ tenf;i,faom owå0gonf ewfjynfodkY a&muf\/

(o*¾g,onf uHyk'fozG,fjzpfwJh orÜ'gefyk'f)
*gró yga'e *awm/ ½GmodkY ajcjzifh oGm;\/
*grH yga'e *awm/ ('kwd,mvnf;½SdEdkif)
tayÜg o*¾H *päwd/
ã *wdteuf½Sdaom "mwfum; *rk"mwfomruç 0Z"mwf uo"mwfponfjzifh rsm;\/ xdk"mwfwdkY\

uHyk'f udk orÜ'gefrSnfhonf/
11/ tm,o®awm 'DCm,k a[mwk/ t½Sifhtm; ½Snftoufonf jzpfygap (touf½Snfygap)/

(tm,o®awmonf qkawmif;cH orÜ'gefyk'f)
b'´H b0awm a[mwk/ t½Sifhtm; aumif;jcif;r*Fvmonf jzpfygap/ (b'´Honf r*Fvm-a[m edygwf)
ukovH b0awm a[mwk/ t½Sifhtm; usef;rmol\tjzpfonf jzpfygap/
okcH b0awm a[mwk/ t½Sifhtm; csrf;omjcif;onf jzpfygap/
temr,H b0awm a[mwk/ t½Sifhtm; temr½Sdol\tjzpfonf jzpfygap/
oGm*wH b0awm a[mwk/ t½Sifhtm; aumif;aomvmjcif;onf jzpfygap/
taw¬m b0awm a[mwk/ t½Sifhtm; aumif;usKd;onff jzpfygap/
[dwH b0awm a[mwk/ t½Sifhtm; pD;yGm;onf jzpfygap/
ã olwyg;twGuf awmifhwjcif; qkawmif;jcif;udk tmoDoe[k qdkonf/ xdktmoDoeteufü

tm,k b'´ ukov temr, okc tw¬ [dw oGm*w ponf ,SOfpyfoHk;pGJ&onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
284
12/ om"k or®Kwd ar wó b*0awm 'óem,/ xdkbk&m;½Sifudk zl;jrifjcif;iSg wynfhawmftm;
orkwfjcif;onf aumif;\/
tnMw oHCor®Kwd,m bdu©Kó 0dyÜ0w¬KH e 0¥wd/
bda,smaom rwåm,? twdkif;t½Snfxuf tvGef/
ã bda,smESifh bda,smaom ESpfyk'fvHk;onf tvGeftuJteufa[m edygwfyk'fcsnf;wnf;/ rwåo'´gvnf;

twdkif;t½Snf;teufa[m&mü eyHkvdifwnf;/ bd,so'´gESifh,SOf&mü rwåudk orÜ'gefrSnfhí oudk tm,jyK
xm;onf/
t|uxm #Dum o'éDwdwdkYü rwåaemif o®mudk tm,jyKxm;onf[kqdkonf/ emudk tm,jyKxm;onf
[kvnf; BuHonf/ bda,smaom-vGefaom? rwåm,-twdkif;t½Snfjzifh-[kay;/ q|Do0dbwfudk tm,jyK
xm;onf[kvnf;qdkonf/ rwåm,-twkif;t½Snf\? bda,smaom-txufüvnf;/ þodkYt"dyÜg,f,l&mü
orÜ'gefrjzpf/ }bda,smaomrwåm,? vGefuJaomtwdkif;t½SnftvdkYiSg? 0g-&m*wdk;yGm;zdkY&m}[kvnf; jyefqdk
Muonf/ þtvdk w'w¬orÜ'gefjzpfonf/ (upönf;bm#D y 351)
13/ wó ar oauúm ygwk&a[mod/ xdkigü odMum;onf xif½Sm;jzpfNyD/

wk,SÍöó tm0d ua&mrd/ xdkoifhtxHüvnf; xifpGmjyKtHh/
ã owårDteufü orÜ'gefrnfh[kqdkaomaMumifh xdkoifhü xdkigü[k owårDteufay;&onf/ tm0du&Pç

ygwkb0e Bud,mwdkY,SOf&mü owårDteuf orÜ'gefrSnfh&onf/(upönf;bm#D y 352)
wk,SÍöóü orÜ'geftrnfrSnfhí pwkw¬D-o0dbwf oufxm;aomfvnf; owårDteufay;&onf/

owårsaw¬pü po'´gjzifh 'kwd,m wwd,m pwkw¬D yÍörD q|D owårD 0dbwfeufrsm;rSmvnf;
orÜ'gefjzpfEdkifaMumif; jyqdkojzifh yxrm tvkyfteufrSty usef0dbwfeufrsm;ü orÜ'gefjzpfEdkifonf[k
rSwf,l&m\/ (rpdk;&dyfygVdo'´g 557)
14/ wó y[daP,s/ xkdolUtm; apvTwf&m\/

wó zmok a[mwd/ xdkolYtm; csrf;om\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
285
t0"Dbkr®orÁaE¨? ur®a[wkwwda,p/
*kP'¨ge0d0dwåaw¬? raZÑyb0&u©aP/
a,m*aw¬umvaw¬pwk?'óaw¬yÍörDba0/

yÍörD0dbwsw¬ (pk'ó) 14
tw¬ ya,m*
1/ t0"sw¬ ygyg-raumif;rIrS? pdwåH-pdwfudk? ed0g&a,-wm;jrpf&m\/

2/ bkr®w¬ ,o®m-tMuift&yfü? acrH-ab;r½Sd/ wawm-xdkt&yfü? b,H-ab;jzpf\/
3/ orÁE¨w¬ yk&doo®m-a,musfm;\? yg'g-ajcwdkYonf? zvD-uGJukef\/
4/ t0kwåur®w¬ ok0PÖo®m-a½Tudk? ywd-tpm;jyKí? ''g-ay;NyD/
5/ a[wGw¬ uo®ma[wk-tb,fhaMumifh? erD,EÅd-raoukefoenf;/
6/ wwD,w¬ ea&m-vludk? owo®m-t&maomNrDjzifh? AaE¨m-aESmifhzGJUtyf\/
7/ *kP0pew¬ yknm,-aumif;rIaMumifh? ok*wð-ok*wdbHkodkY? ,EÅd-a&mufukef\/
8/ t'ëdr®mew¬ £awm-þrxk&mjynfrS? pwloka,mZaeok-av;,lZemwdkYü/
9/ 0d0dwåw¬ ygyum-raumif;aom? "r®m-avmbpaomw&m;rS? 0d0dawåm-uif;qdwf\/
10/ um&urZÑ £awm-þt&yfrS? aumom-ig;&mwGif;rS? ukÍÆ&H-qifudk? 0dZÑwd-ypfazmuf\/
£"-þt&yfü? 0dZÑdwGm-ypfazmufí? aumom-aumorS? 0dZÑwd-ypfazmuf\/
11/ yb0a,m* [dr0wm-[dr0EÅmawmifrS? yb0EÅd-píjzpfukef pDqif;ukef\/
12/ &u©Pw¬ w@kvm-qefrS? umau-usD;iSufwdkYudk? &u©EÅd-apmifha½Smufukef\/
13/ 'l&a,m* £awm-þt&yfrS? *garm-usLx&Honf\½Gmonf? uD0'la&m-tb,frQa0;oenf;/
14/ umvw¬ £awm-þb'úrÇmrS? {ue0kwd-udk;q,fhwpfurÇm/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
286
yÍörD0dbwfudk
(1) tyg'ge um&u
(2) um&P teufa[mo'´g
(3) uwåm;r[kwfaom Óyu[dwf teufa[mo'´gwdkYESifh qufoG,f&onf/
tyg'geum&u
wu,fjzpfap avmutxiftm;jzifhjzpfap yl;wGJ&mrS cGJcGgjcif; ty*reoabm½Sdaom o'´gonf

]tyg'geum&u}rnf\/
tyg'gefjzpfyHk erlemyHkpHrsm;
ty*retyg'gef
zJcGg&mjzpfaomtyg'gefonf ]ty*retyg'gef}rnf\/
yHkpH-*grm tayEÅd rkea,m? &[ef;wdkYonf ½GmrS zJcGgMuukef\/
þü &[ef;wdkY\ zJcGg&mjzpfaomaMumifh *gronf tyg'geum&urnf\/
ã ½GmrS rkedwdkY zJoGm;ukef\[l&mü ½Gmonf tyg'geftppfr[kwf? xdk½Gmü rkedwdkYaexdkifcdkufrSmvnf; ½Gmü

tyg'gefowådr½Sdao;? xdk½Gmü aexdkifí rkedwdkYrSm ysif;&dNiD;aiGUaomaMumifhjzpfap tjcm;ae&mü udpöwpHkwck
½SdaomaMumifhjzpfap xdk½GmrS xGufcGgoGm;vdkaompdwf jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ xdktcgusrS ½Gmü zJcGgoGm;zdkY&m
owådwrsKd;ay:vmonf/ þodkYvQif ½Gm\ zJcGg&mowådonfom tyg'geum&utppfwnf;/ ½Gmonf
owåd\wnf&mjzpfí XmEsLypm&tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; *gro'´gum; teufudktaMumif;jyKí um&Plypm
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; tyg'geum&urnf\/
½GmrS rkedwdkYzJoGm;&mü ½Gmonf rkedwdkYESifh uGJonf/ rkedwdkYvnf; ½GmESifhuGJonf/ þodkY ESpfzufjcif;

uGJuGmjcif;wlygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh ½Gmudkom tyg'gef[k qdk&oenf;[k ar;zG,f½Sd\/ tajzum;-
½GmESifh rkedESpfzufvHk;yif uGJuGm;jcif;wlaomfvnf; ½Gmonf e*kdwnfNrJwdkif; oabmrS ra½GU? rkedwdkYuom
e*dktaerS ajymif;a½TUMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh ½Gmüom zJcGg&mowåd½Sdojzifh ½Gmudkom tyg'gef[k qdk&onf/
(upönf;bm#D y 289)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
287
b,a,m*tyg'gef
aMumufjcif;xdwfvefYjcif;jzpf&m (aMumuf&m-xdwfvefY&m) tyg'gefonf ]b,a,m*tyg'gef)

rnf\/
yHkpH-ygyawm Owåowd/ raumif;rIrS xdwfvefY\/

þü Owåowd[laom xdwfvefYjcif;Bud,m\jzpf&m(aMumuf&mxdwfvefY&m)jzpfaomaMumifh
ygyonf b,a,m*tyg'gefrnf\/
ã b,t& ab;tEÅ&m,fudk rqdkvdk/ pdwfüjzpfaom aMumufvefUjcif; xdwfvefYjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/

xdkaMumifh ]]As*¢g 0dabwd? usm;rS aMumuf\/ apm&m OAÁdZÆaw? cdk;olrS xdwfvefY\}}[k umwEÅü yHkpH
xkwfonf/ (upönf;bm#D y 291)
um,oHa,m*ykAÁu (a½S;OD;pGmudk,fjzifhaygif;pyfjcif;)tyg'gefç pdwåoHa,m*ykAÁu(a½S;OD;pGmpdwf

jzifhpyfjcif;)tyg'gef[k tyg'gefESpfrsKd; ½Sdonf/ ]]*grm tayEÅd rkea,m}}ü *grESifhrkedwdkYonf (½GmxJü
rkedwkdYaeMuaomaMumifh) a½S;OD;pGm aygif;pyfrIjzpfMu\/ xdkaygif;pyfrIonf rkedwdkY\ udk,fjzifhaygif;pyfjcif;
jzpfaomaMumifh um,oHa,m*wnf;/ xdkodkYaygif;pyfNyD;aemuf ½GmrSrkedwdkY zJcGgcJhonftcg ½Gmonf tyg'gef
jzpf&pfcJhonf/ þtyg'gefrsKd;udk um,oHa,m*ykAÁu [kac:onf/
]]apm&m bm,wd}}ü a½S;OD;pGm cdk;oludk jrif\/ xdkodkYjrif&mü cdk;olESifh jrifol\ pdwf"mwfonf

ayg;pyfrdaomaMumifh pdwåoHa,m*jzpf\/ xdkYaemuf ]]cdk;olonf raumif;usKd;udkom ay;wwf\}}[k BuHí
cdk;olrS ½GHUaMumufpdwfjzpfonfhtcg cdkoludk jrifae&aomfvnf; pdwftm;jzifh cGJcGgvdkpdwf rMunfhcsifpdwf
jzpfaomaMumifh pdwfcGg-cGgvsuf½Sd\/ xdkYaMumifh apm&udk pdwåoHa,m*ykAÁutyg'gef[k qdkMuonf/
(upönf;bm#D y292)
þb,teuf½Sdaom "mwfwdkY\ ,SOf&mü 'kwd,m wwd,m q|DwdkYvnf; qufEdkifonf/

bm,od rH orP/ &[ef; ighudk aMumufovm;/ em[H wH bm,mrd? ig oifhudk raMumufyg/
(olpdavmr ,u©oH,kwf) e rH rd*g OwåoEÅd? ighudk orifrsm; rvefYMuyg/ (ok0PÖomr) þum;
'kwd,mqufyHkwnf;/ ,H MowåyÜwd MowåyÜdawe? vefYxdkufaom 'kp½kdufaMumifh(rS) rvefY ("r®o*FPD)
wwd,mqufyHkwnf;/ oap bm,x 'ku©ó? 'ku©\(rS) tu,fí aMumufMuukeftHh? (O'gef;) oaAÁ
woEÅd '@ó? oaAÁ bm,EÅd rpöKaem ("r®y') þum; q|DqufyHkwnf;/(upönf;bm#D y 293)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
288
tm'wåtyg'gef
q&mESifhtwwfynmonf yl;wGJaygif;pyfaeouJhodkY wu,fr[kwfaomfvnf; avmuoabmtm;jzifh

xif&\/ q&mhtxHrS twwfynmudk oif,laomtcg twwfynmwcsdKU q&mrS zJcGgovdkxifvdkuf&ojzifh
ty*reoabm½SdaomaMumifh twwfynmponf oif,l&mq&mponfonf ]tm'wåtyg'gef}rnf\/
yHkpH-tmp&d,rSm odyÜH t"Daw/ q&mrS twwfynmudk oif,l\/
ã wwfodvdkí oif,l&mrSmom tyg'gefjzpfonf/ uacsonfu oDcsif;qdkonfudk aemifaxmif&mü

oif,lvdkaom oabmrygí uacsonfonf tyg'gefrjzpfyJ ]]e#ó *gxH okPmwd}}[k e#ü q|Dom
qufonf/ (upönf;bm#D y 293)
"mwka,m*tyg'gef
tyg'gefudk iJhaom (tyg'gefudk tvdk½Sdaom) "mwfwdkYESifh qufpyfaom o'´grsm;onf ]"mwka,m*

tyg'gef}rnf\/ (tyg'gefygrS t"dyÜg,fjynfhpHkonfukd tyg'gefudk iJhonf[k qdkonf/ xdkodkY tyg'gefudk
iJhvsuf½Sdaom "mwfwdkYESifhudkom qdkvdkonf) (upönf;bm#D y 294)
yHkpH- Ak'ö®m y&maZEÅd tnwdw¬d,m/ omoemht,lrwyg;aom wyg;aomt,l½Sdaom wdw¬dwdkYonf

bk&m;rS ½IH;ukef\/
þü tyg'gefudk iJhaom (tyg'gefudk tvdk½Sdaom) y&mykAÁZd"mwfESifh qufpyfaeaomaMumifh

olwyg;wdkYu ratmifEdkifaom Ak'önf "mwka,m*tyg'gefrnf\/
ã ESpfzufNyKdif&m0,f wzufu rEkdiftyfaomteufonf tyg'gefjzpfonf/ wdw¬dESifhbk&m;½SifwdkY ESpfzuf

jzpfae&m wdw¬dwdkYrEdkiftyfaom bk&m;½Sifonf ]Ak'ö®m}[k tyg'gefjzpfonf/ xdkodkY rEdkiftyfaomt&m
r[kwfvQifum; (Zd"mwfESifh,SOfaomfvnf;) tyg'gefrjzpf/ yHkpHum;-owåa0g y&maZwd? &efolwdkYudk ½IH;ap\?
o[aóe y&mZdawm? waxmifjzifh ½IH;onf? oap au0¥ó y&ZÆmrd? tu,fí au0#fykPÖm;\
(txHrS) ½IH;tHh/ (½lbm#D y 439)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
289
yHkpH- [dr0wm yb0EÅd yÍör[me'da,m/ jrpfBuD; ig;pif;wdkYonf [dr0EÅmrS pí jzpfukef\/
þü tyg'gefudk iJhaom (tyg'gefudk tvdk½Sdaom) yykAÁ bl"mwfESifh qufpyfaeaomaMumifh
pwifjzpf&m [dr0EÅKonf "mwka,m*tyg'gefrnf\/
ã yykAÁ bl"mwf\ ,SOf&mü yxrpíjzpf&m teufonf tyg'gefjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh **Fgpaom

jrpfBuD;ig;pif;wdkY\jzpf&m [dr0EÅmonfvnf;aumif;ç jrpfi,fwdkY\ píjzpf&m tpd&0wDonfvnf;aumif;
tyg'gefjzpfí [dr0wm-ponf ½Sd&onf/ (½lbm#D y 439)
(ybkwdçy|m,üvnf; tyg'gefjzpfonf/ odkYaomf ybkwdonf edygwfç y|m,onf wGmypö,EÅjzpfí
edygwa,m*tyg'gefü oGif;oifhonf/ (½lbm#Dy 446-447)
ã þodkY píjzpf&m pD;vm&mt&yfjzpfvQif tjcm;"mwfESifh ,SOf&müvnf; orÜ'gefjzpfonf/ ]t,H

oDawm'um **Fg [dr0EÅm oE´wd}-at;jraoma&½Sdaom þ**Fgonf [dr0EÅmrS pD;vm\/
(upönf;bm#D y 296)
emra,m*tyg'gef
tyg'gefteufa[m tnteuf½Sdaom emrfyk'fç £w&emrfponfwdkYESifh qufpyfaomo'´gonf

]emra,m*tyg'gef} jzpfonf/
yHkpH-emnH 'ku©m ed½kZÑwd/ 'ku©rS wyg;aom twåonf csKyfonfr[kwf/

wawm £w&H-xdkrS tjcm;aom
ã emra,m*-ü emr-t& udwfemrfudkom eda'óü ,l\/ ½lyod'¨dürl udwf"mwfr[kwfaom tnteuf

½Sdaomemrf £w&paomemrfwdkYudk,lí udwf"mwfrsm;udkum; "mwkt&ü oGif;xm;onf/ Zmawm-onf
udwfemrf? ed*¾awm okZmawm-wdkYu ormofemrfwnf;/ xdkemrfwdkY\ ,SOf&mü O&o®m blrdawm Obawm
rmwdawm ydwdawm-[k tyg'gefjzpf&onf/ pmpyfonfhtcg O&o®mudk Zmawmü pyf&aomaMumifh &o®mudk
Zmawm\ ,SOfpyf&myk'f (emra,m*)[k qdk&onf/ (upönf;bm#D y 296)
ã tno'´g tnteuf½Sd tnMwwdkYESifh,SOf&mü tyg'gefjzpfonf/ tnMw 'ku©m-ü tnteuf½Sd

tnMw,SOf&m 'ku©o'´gudk tyg'gefrSnfhonf/ þtnMwudk emrfyk'fqdkxm;&mü Mwyypönf;u
edygwypö, jzpfaomaMumifh pOf;pm;oifhonf/ þtnMwudk rxkwfyJ arm*¾vmefüjytyfaom bdEéo'´gudk
tnteuf½Sdaom o'´g,lí a'0'wåm bdaEém-a'0'wfrS uGJjym;ol[k yHkpHxkwf&vQif omíoifhjrwfrnf[k
xifonf/ (½lbm#D y 441)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
290
Oyo*¾,kwåtyg'gef
a½SifMuOfjcif; teufa[m ]tyçy&d}? ydkif;jcm;jcif;ç vTrf;rdk;jcif; teufa[m ]tm}? twl(twk)ç

tpm;ay;jcif; teufa[m ywdOyom&yk'fwdkYESifh qufpyfaom o'´grsm;onf ]Oyo*¾,kwå}tyg'gefrnf/
yHkpH-ty omvm, tm,EÅd 0gPdZm/ ukefonfwdkYonf uif;wJudk a½SmifvTJí vmMuukef\/
þü a½SmifMuOfjcif;teufa[m tyOyom&yk'fESifh qufpyfaomaMumifh omvmonf ]Oyo*¾,kwå}
tyg'gefrnf/
yHkpH-tmyAÁwm acwåH/ v,fonf awmifwdkifatmif(awmiftxd) wnf\/ ydkifjcm;jcif; teufa[m
tmOyom&yk'fESifh qufpyfaomaMumifh yAÁwonf ]Oyo*¾,kwå}tyg'gefrnf\/
ã v,fü uefoif;½kd;onf v,fudk xuf0ef;usif ydkifjcm;xm;ouJhodkY xdkYtwl awmifvnf; xuf0ef;usif

ydkif;jcm;xm;\/ xdkYaMumifh awmifonfom rkcs r&d,m'g (tydkif;tjcm;)rnf\/ yAÁwo'´gum; teufudk
taMumif;jyKí um&Plypmtm;jzifh r&d,m'grnf\/ xdkyAÁwonf olUcsnf;oufouf r&d,m'teuf
rxif½Sm;ao;? tm-Oymom&ESifh wGJ&rS ]awmifwdkifatmif=awmiftxd}[k v,fudk ydkifjcm;jcif; r&d,m'teuf
xif½Sm;&um; tmOyom&vnf; r&d,m'teufa[myif jzpf&onf/ (½lbm#D y 441)
yHkpH-tmjA[®avmum oa'´g tAÇK*¾päwd/ jA[®mhjynfwdkifatmif ausmfaZmoHonf vTrf;rdk;í wuf\/

þü vTrf;rdk;jcif; teufa[m tm Oyom&yk'fESifh qufpyfaejcif;aMumifh jA[®avmuonf ]Oyo*¾,kwå}
tyg'gefrnf/
ã tbd+0d+"m"mwf+£ypönf;onf ysUHESYHjcif;teufudka[m\/ þae&müum; tbd(AsmaywGm-ysHUESHUapí)

0d'"mwd-pD&ifwwf\ESifhtnD ausmfaZmoHudk rdrdtay:üESHYapwwfaom jA[®mhjynfonf rkcstbd0d"drnf\/
xdktbd0d"dteufonf tm-Oyom&aMumifhom(jA[®mhjynfay:ü vTrf;ausmfysHUESHUí-[k)xif½Sm;&um; tm-
udkvnf; tbd0d"dteufa[m[kqdk&onf/ (½lbm#D y 442)
tyg'gef 3-rsKd;
o'´tyg'gef tw¬tyg'gef o'´w¬tyg'gef[k tyg'gefoHk;rsKd;½Sdonf/ tyomvm,ü omvm,onf

yÍörD0dbwfomoufí tyg'gefteufray;&aomaMumifh o'´tyg'gefrnf\/ ]rmwkZH-om;rS? &[dwm-
uif;í} ü rmwkZHonf teufom tyg'gefjzpfí yÍörD0dbwfrouf&aomaMumifh tw¬tyg'gefrnf\/
*grm tayEÅd-ü *grmum; yÍörDvnf;ouf teufvnf; tyg'gefjzpfaomaMumifh o'´w¬tyg'gefrnf\/
(upönf;bm#D y 297)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
291
yHkpH-Ak'ö®mywd om&dykawåm "r®a'oem, bdu©K tmvywd awrmoH/ t½Sifom&dykMwmonf bk&m;½Sif\
udk,fawmfpm; oHk;vywfvHk; w&m;a[mjcif;iSg &[ef;wdkYudk ac:awmfrl\/
þü twl(twk)udk,fpm;teufa[m ywdOyom&yk'fESifh qufpyfaomaMumifh Ak'önf]Oyo*¾,kwå}
tyg'gefrnf/
ã ywded"do'´gonf twl[laomteufa[mwnf;/ bk&m;½Sifonf vloltawGUcHawmfrrlyJ
udef;atmif;awmfrl&m oHk;vtwGif;ü bk&m;½Sif\twljzpfaom (bk&m;½Sif\udk,fawmfpm;jzpfaom)
t½Sifom&dykwå&mu 0gwGif;oHkvywfvHk; w&m;a[mjcif;iSgac:awmfrlonf/ (Ak'ö®mywd-udk Ak'¨ó ywded"d
[kwGm=bk&m;½Sif\twljzpfí-[k #DumzGifhonf) (½lbm#D y 442)
yHkpH-Cwró awvo®m ywd ''gwd/ xdkolUtm; qDtpm; axmywfudk ay;\/

þü tpm;ay;jcif;teufa[m ywd-Oyom&yk'fESifh qufpyfaomaMumifh awvonf Oyo*¾,k*¾
tyg'gefrnf\/
OyÜvró y'kro®m ywd ''gwd/ xdky'kr®mMumudk tvdk½Sdoltm; y'kr®mMumtpm; OyÜvrnfaomMumudk
ay;\/
ueuró [d&o®m ywd ''gwd/ xdkaiGudktvkd½Sdoltm; aiGtpm; a½Gudk ay;\/
ãy#d'ge[lonf jyefay;jcif; tpm;ay;jcif;wnf;/ Opöm½SifxHrS qDudk acs;bl;olonf tpm;ay;qyfaomtcg

qDr½Sdí qDtpm; axmywfudkay;\/ xdktwl a½T\tpm; aiGudkay;\/ þ tma,m*ç ywda,m*wdkYvnf;
o'´gom tyg'gefjzpfí teuf tyg'gefrjzpfaomaMumifh o'´tyg'gefwdkYomwnf;/(½lbm#D y 442)
edygw,kwåtyg'gef
&dawç ememç 0dem-tp½Sdaom edygwfyk'fwdkYESifh qufpyfaomo'´gonf ]edygw,kwåtyg'gef}

rnf\/
yHkpH-&daw o'¨r®m ukawm okcH vbwd/ olawmfaumif;w&m;rS uif;í tb,frSm csrf;omudk
&,lEkdifygtHhenf;/
ã edygwa,m* tyg'gefrsm;vnf; ty*reoabm r½Sdí rS-[k ray;&? odkYaomf q&m;rsm;u ay½kd;½Sdí

ay;csifvnf; ay;Edkifonf/ (½lbm#D y 443)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
292
um&urZÑtyg'gef
tyg'geum&uç ur®um&u ESpfyg;wdkYtv,f umva[mo'´g t"GefYa[m o'´gwdkYonf ]um&u

rZÑ tyg'gef} jzpfukef\/
yHkpH-vk'áum £awm yu©o®m rd*H 0dZÑwd? rkqdk;onf þaeYrS vcGJ(ü)rS orifudkypf\/
þü £awm[laom tyg'geum&u? rd*H-[laom ur®um&uwdkYtv,fü umva[m
yu©o'´gonf ]yu©o®m}[k tyg'gefjzpf\/
£awm rmoo®m abmZeH bkÍÆwd/ þaeYrS wpfvMumrS tpm;tpmudk pm;\/
£awm aumom ukÍÆ&H 0dZÑwd/ þt&yfrS waumoü (wpfaumooa0;rS) qifudk ypf\/
ã wyu©MumrS-[k qdkvQif b,f&ufupí wyu©Mumoenf;[k ar;zG,f½Sd\/ xdkYaMumifh £awm-[k

xnfh&onf/ þü £awm( )rd*H-[laom tyg'geum&u ur®um&utv,fü yu©-udk um&urZÑ
(um&uESpfyg;wdkY\tv,f)[kqdkonf/
rSwfcsuf/ yu©o®mponfudk rS-[kay;Mu\/ wyu©MumrS-[k qdkaomfvnf; tyg'gefr[kwf? wyu©Mum&m

umvü[k owårDteuf qdkvdkonf/ rkqdk;onf ,aeYvdkaeYrS orifudk ypfNyD;aemuf awmfawmESifh rypfao;?
þaeYrSpí a&wGufvQif wyu©(15-&uf)MumrS ypfonf-[lvdk/ rkqdk;onf þae&mü qifudkypfNyD;aemuf
waumoavmufa0;rS qifudk ypfjyefonf[lvdk/ (½lbm#D y 444)
&u©Pw¬tyg'gef
apmifha½Smufjcif; teufa[m "mwfwdkYESifh qufoG,f&mü tvdk½Sdtyfaom teufa[mo'´gonf

]&u©Pw¬tyg'gef}rnf\/
yHkpH-umau &u©EÅd w@Kvm/ usD;wdkYudk qefrS apmifha½Smufukef\/
ã Opöm½SifwdkY tvdk½Sdtyfaom 0w¬Kudk £pädw[k ac:onf/ w@Kvç ,0-wdkYonf Opöm½SifwdkY

tvdk½Sdtyfaom £pädw0w¬Kwnf;/ yuwd½kd;½kd;vlwdkY tvdkr½Sdtyfaom ygyç &mZponfudk tedpädw-[k
ac:\/ okwfü ]&u©Pw¬merdpädwH}[k £pädwum&uudkom tyg'geftrnfrSnfhaomfvnf; "mwkemrme-
paom a½SUokwfrS po'´gvdkufaomaMumifh xdkpjzifh tedpädwum&uudk qnf;onf/ (½lbm#D y 444)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
293
tedpädwum&uyHkpHrsm;-
ygyg pdwåH ed0g&a,/ raumif;rIrS pdwfudk wm;jrpf&m\/

&mZawm 0g apm&awm 0g tm&u©H *PSEÅK/ rif;rSvnf;aumif; olcdk;rSvnf;aumif;
tapmifhta½Smufudk ,lMuukefavm/
t'óedpämtyg'gef
q&mpolwdkY\ rjrifjcif;udk wynfhpaom ykef;uG,folu tvdk½Sd&m q&mpaom um&uonf

]t'óedpämtyg'gef}rnf\/
yHkpH-OyZÑm,m tEÅ&"m,wd odaóm? OyZÑm,frS wynfhonf ykef;uG,f\/
(jrifwwfaom uwåm;onf tyg'gefjzpfonf/)
ã aZw0ae-aZw0efausmif;üwnfol vltaygif;ü? tEÅ&[dawm-uG,fawmfrl\/ aZw0efausmifü

aeolvltaygif;\ rjrifjcif;udk tvdk½Sdawmfrlaomfvnf; aZw0em-[k tyg'gefrjzpf? aZw0ae-
[k tm"m&½Sdonf/ ,au©m-ewfonf waw¬0-xdkt&yfüom? tEÅ&"m,wd-uG,f\/ ae&monf
jrifwwfaom uwåm;r[kwfaomaMumifh tyg'grjzpf? tm"m&om jzpfonf/ orPóa*gwró-
&[ef;a*gwr\? tEÅ&"m,dómrd-rjrifuG,f&mü rdrdudk,fudkxm;tHh/ bk&m;rjrifapvdkí AujA[®mBuD;
ykef;onf/ AuoH,kwfygVdawmf/ xdkYaMumifh rjrifapvkdí ykef;ykef; wefcdk;jzifh uG,fuG,f ykef;&muG,f&mwdkYü
yÍörD q|D owårDoHk;rsKd;wGif wrsKd;rsKd; oHk;Edkifonf/ ((½lbm#D y 448-449)
'l&w¬tyg'gef
'l&yÜa,m*tyg'gefç 'l&w¬yÜa,m*tyg'gefç 'l&w¬tyg'gef[lí oHk;rsKd;uGJjym;onf/
yHkpH-wawm [a0 'l&w&H? xdkrdk;ESifh ajrBuD;xuf omí a0;\/
þü 'l&o'´gESifh ,SOfwGJqufuyfaeaomaMumifh w-onf wawm-[k ]'l&yÜa,m*tyg'gef} jzpfonf/
yHkpH-b*0g aw[d tm&um/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf xdkolwdkYrS a0;uGmawmfrl\/
þü 'l&teufa[m tm&umo'´gESifh ,SOfwGJqufpyfaeaomaMumifh w-onf aw[d-[k

]'l&w¬yÜa,m*tyg'gef} jzpfonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
294
yHkpH-'l&awm0 eróEÅd/ ta0;rSyif ½Sdcdk;Muukef\/
þü 'l&o'´gç 'l&teufa[m o'´gwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJqufpyfrIr½SdyJ 'l&teufoufoufüyif
'l&awm-[k 'l&w¬tyg'gefjzpfonf/
ã 'l&awm0 eróEÅd-ü 'l&onf oludk,fwdkif ta0;teufudk a[m\/ xdkta0;[laom teufüyif

tyg'gefrSnfhonf/ ½Sdcdk;ol\pdwfonf ½Sdcdk;tyfolxHodkY a½S;OD;pGma&mufonf/ xdkYaemuf ta0;rS ½Sdcdk;aomtcg
½Sdcdk;olESifh ½Sdcdk;tyfolwdkY yl;aygif;jcif; oabmr½SdaomaMumifh 'l&awmudk rS-[k taeufay;Edkifonf/
(½lbm#Dy 451-2)
tEÅduw¬tyg'gef
yHkpH-tEÅduH *grm/ ½Gm\ teD;
þü tEÅduo'´gESifh ,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aomaMumifh *gronf tEÅduyÜa,m*tyg'gefjzpfonf/
yHkpH-tmoEéH *grm/ ½Gm\ teD;

tEÅduteufa[m tmoEéo'´gESifh qufpyfaomaMumifh tEÅduw¬yÜa,m*tyg'gefjzpfonf/
'kwd,m wwd,mvnf; ½SdEdkif
þ'l&o'´g tEÅduo'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaomo'´gwdkYudk tyg'gefteufa[m 'kwd,m0dbwf

wwd,m0dbwfwdkYESifhvnf; qufoG,fEdkifonf/
ykHpH-'l&H *grH tm*awm? 'la&e *gare tm*awm/ a0;aom ½GmrS vm\/
tEÅuH *grH tm*awm? tEÅdaue *gare tm*awm/ eD;aom ½GmrS vm\/
ã þü 'kwd,m wwd,mwdkYonf rS[laom tyg'gefteufudk a[monf/ uH u½kdPf;teufudk

ra[myg/ (upönf;bm#D y 310)
ã 'l&o'´g tEÅduo'´g 'l&teufa[m tm&umpaomo'´g tEÅduteufa[m orDy tmoEépaom

o'´gwdkYESifh ,SOf&mü yÍörD0dbwf qufonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
295
ã t'ó 'l&awm0 tm*päEÅH/ 'l&awm0-ta0;üyif? tm*päEÅH-vmaeonfudk? t'ó-jrif&NyD/
'l&awmonf vmaeol\ vm&mc&D;vrf;wnf;/ xdkta0;jzpfaomvrf;ESifh vmaeolwdkY cGJcGgjcif;
ty*reoabmr½SdMu/ jrifoltwGuf 'l&awmvnf;r[kwfEdkif bmaMumifhenf;/ jrifol\ae&mudk axmufí
vmae&mvrf;c&D;udkom ]'l&awm}qdkvdkaomaMumifhwnf;/ þodkY 'l&[kqdktyfaomvrf;c&D;ESifh vmaeolwdkY
ty*reoabmr½Sd&um; 'l&awmudk rS-[k ray;yJ ta0;ü-[k owårDteufay;&onf/ xdkYaMumifh
o'´tyg'gefom jzpf&onf/ (½lbm#Dy 452)
edr®metyg'gef
c&D;twdkif;twm tcsdefumv twdkif;twmudk jy&mü rlvpí wdkif;wm&mt&yfç wdkif;&mumv

onf edr®metyg'gefrnf\/ (wdkif;wm&mXmeESifh wGJ,SOfaom t"GefYa[mo'´gaemufü yxrmowårD0dbwf
ESpfrsKd;oufí umva[mo'´gaemufüum; owårDomouf[k ouúwusrf;qdk\/ ½lbm#Dy 453)
t'ëdr®me
yHkpH-£awm rxk&m, pwlok a,mZaeok ouFóH/ £awmrxk&m,-þrxk&mNrKdUrS? pwloka,mZ

aeok-av;,lZemwdkYü? ouFóH-ouFóNrKdUonf? tw¬d-½Sd\/
umvedr®me
yHkpH-£awm 0óo[opöa,e Aka'¨g avmau OyÜZdówd/ þESpfrS tESpfESpfaxmifvGef&mü avmuü

bk&m;yGifhawmfrlvdrfhrnf/
ã ]]£awm rxk&m, pwlok a,mZaeok ouFóH}}[laom 0gusonf rxk&mjynfESifh ouFóNrKdU

av;,lZem a0;onf[k c&D;t"GefYudk wdkif;wmjyaom 0guswnf;/ ]£awm rxk&m,}onf rlvwdkif;wm&m
Xmewnf;/ xdkYaMumifh £r ESifh rxk& onf tyg'gefjzpfonf/ ]pwlok a,mZaeok}um; xdkXmeESifh
,SOfbufwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh owårD0dbwfoufxm;onf/ MoumaoowårDESifh ouf&onf/ ]]£awm
rxk&m, ouFóH emr e*&H pwåm&d a,mZemed (av;,lZemwdkYwnf;)}}[k yXrmvnf; oufEdkifonf/
umvedr®meüvnf; rlvwdkif;wm&m þurÇmudk £awm-[k tyg'gefxm;í xdkESifh ,SOfzuf0gpuo'´gudk
uayÜ-[k owårDESifhxm;onf/ £awm wdPÖH rmomeH tpöa,e-üvnf; tpöa,e-udk ü[kay;&aomaMumifh
Moumoteufü wwd,mouf&um; owårD0dbwfxm;jcif;ESifh oabmwlyif/ (upönf;bm#D y 312)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
296
wGmavmy
wGmypönf;qHk;aomyk'f ½Sdoifhvsuf r½Sdjcif;onf wGmavmytyg'gefrnf\/ wGmypönf;qHk;aomyk'fESifh

qufpyfaom o'´gudk uHteuf t"du&Pteufa[m yÍörD0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-ygom'g ouFar,s? jymom'fodkY(wufí)ajymif;a½TU&m\/

tmoem 0k|a[,s? ae&mü(xdkifí)x&m\/
ã ]wGmavmy}0,f wGmt& wGmypönf;udk r,lygESifh/ wGmypö,EÅyk'fudk,lyg/ ]tbd½k[dwGm}paom

wGmypö,EÅyk'f\ teufjzpfoifh&mü ½kd;½kd;ygVdpDvQif wGmypö,EÅyk'fjzifhyif ]ygom'H tbd½k[dwGm ouFar,s}
[k pDoifhonf/ odkYaomf wGmypönf;yk'f\ teufudk odavmufNyDjzpfí pmaeusOfa;tmif wGmypö,EÅyk'fudk
wdkuf½kdufrjyjcif;udk ]wGmavmy}[k ac:onf/ (½lbm#Dy 455)
ã ]tmoem 0k|a[,s}-ae&mü xonf[kqdkvQif rxdkifbJ xírjzpfç xifNyD;rSom xí jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh xdkifNyD;í[laom wGmypö,EÅyk'fteufudk odavmufonf[k qdkonf/ (½lbm#Dy 456)
'dow¬a,m* 'dow¬tyg'gef
t&yfrsufESmteufa[m o'´grsm;ESifh ,SOfwGJqufpyfaeaom o'´grsm;udk yÍörD0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&\/
yHkpH/ t0Dpdawm ,m0 Oy&db0*¾rEÅa& A[l owåedum,m 0oEÅd/ t0Dpdawm-t0DpdrS? ,m0 Oy&db0*¾H-
txufb0*fwdkifatmif? tEÅa&-twGif;ü? A[l-rsm;pGmukefaom? owåedum,m-owå0gtaygif;wdkYonf?
0oEÅd-aeukef\//
Oy&donf 'domo'´gwnf;? t0Dpdawmum; xdko'´g\ ,SOf&myk'fwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh t0Dpdü
tyg'gef-awm quf&onf/
yHkpH/ ,awm acrH wawm b,H/ tMuift&yfü ab;r½Sd? xdkt&yfü ab;½Sd\/
,awm-ponfü t&yfESifh ab;r½Sdjcif;wdkYonf pdwfESifhaomfrS cGJcGgí r&aomaMumifh rS-

[k tyg'gefteufray;oifh/ ]tMuift&yfü ab;r½Sd}ponfjzifh t"du&Pteufudkom ay;&rnf/
o'´tyg'gefom jzpfonf/ (upönf;bm#D y 315)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
297
yHkpH-£awm om yk&drm'dom? xdkaexGuf&mt&yfonf þjrifhrdk&fawmifrS ta½SUt&yfwnf;/
þü t&yfrsmufESmteufa[m yk&drm'dom-[laom o'´gESifh ,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aeaomaMumifh
]£awm}[k 'dow¬a,m*tyg'gefjzpfonf/
ã 'domteufudka[maomo'´g 'domo'´g[kqdkonf/ ]£awm om yk&drm'dom}ü ]yk&drm'dom}onf

'domo'´gwnf;/ xdk'domo'´g\,SOf&mjzpfí £awm[k tyg'gefrSnfh&onf/ (½lbm#Dy 457)
yHkpH-yk&w¬drawm-ta½SUt&yfü?
ypädrawm-taemuft&yfü?
þjy,k*frsm;üum; t&yfrsufESmteufa[m o'´gESifh ,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)rI r½SdbJ t&yfrsufESmteuf
'dow¬üom yk&w¬drawmç 'u©dPawm[k 'dow¬tyg'gefjzpfonf/
ã yk&w¬dr 'u©dPwdkYvnf; 'domo'´grsm;yif/ odkYaomf xdk'domo'´g\,SOf&mü tyg'gefrrSnfhyJ

xdk'domo'´g\teufüom rSnfhaomaMumifh ]'dow¬}[k qdk&onf/ 'dow¬ü cGJcGgjcif;oabmr½Sdí
owårDteufom jzpfoifhonf/ (½lbm#Dy 457)
0dbwåtyg'gef
tvdkvdk(e*dku)cGJjcm;tyfNyD;aom w&m;udk yPDww&*kPfç 0dod|w& paom*kPftm;jzifh

xyfrHcGJjcm;jcif;teufa[mo'´gonf 0dbwåtyg'gefrnf\/
yHkpH-'geawm oDvar0 0&H? 'gexuf oDvu jrwf\/

wawm r,m okwm tokwar0 A[kw&H? r,m-igonf? wawmokwm-xdkMum;emtyfaom
w&m;xuf? tokwar0-rMum;em&aom w&m;u? A[kw&H-omvGefrsm;jym;\/
ã taumif;*kPfudkom *kPf[k rrSwf&? j'yfr[kwfaom txl;jyKwwfaom teuf[lorQudk *kPf[kyif

ac:onf/ xdkYaMumifh ,kwfrmjcif;ponfudkvnf; *kPf[kyif rSwfyg/ ,awm yPDwwa&m 0dod|wa&m
ew¬d/ ,awm-tMuifbk&m;w&mawmfxuf? yPDwwa&m0g-omvGefrGefjrwfaomw&m;onfvnf;aumif;?
0dod|wa&m0g-omvGefxl;uJaomw&m;onfvnf;aumif;? ew¬d-r½Sd/ bk&m;w&m;ESifhwdw¬dwdkYw&m;onf
e*dkuyif uGJjym;NyD;jzpfonf/ xdkodkY cGJjcm;yfNyD;aom bk&m;w&mawmfudk yPDww&*kPf 0dod|w&*kPf
tm;jzifh xrfrHcGJjcm;jcif;udk 0dbwåtyg'gef[k ac:onf/ tajccHjzpfaom bk&m;w&m;awmfonf ,awm[k
tyg'gefjzpfonf/ (½lbm#Dy 458)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
298
tm&wda,m*tyg'gef
a½SmifMuOfjcif;teufa[m o'´grsm;ESifh ,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aom o'´gonf ]tm&wda,m*tygef}

rnf\/
yHkpH-to'¨r®m tm&wd? rolawmfwdkY\ w&m;rS a0;pGma½SmifMuOf\/
ygPmwdygwm a0&rPd? olwyg;touf owfjcif;rS a½SmifMuOfaMumif; odu©myk'f/
ok'¨w¬a,m*tyg'gef
pifMu,fjcif;teufa[m o'´grsm;ESifh ,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aom o'´gonf ]ok'¨w¬a,m*tyg'gef}

rnf\/
yHkpH-avmbeDa,[d "ar®[d oka'¨g toHoa|m/ vdkcsifwufruftyfukefaom umr*kPfw&mwdkYrS
pifMu,f\ ra&maESm/
rmwdawm p ydwdawm p oka'¨g toHoa|m/ trdbufrSvnf;aumif tzbufrSvnf;aumif;
pifMu,f\/ (tjcm;trsKd;ESifh) ra&maESm/
yarmpew¬a,m*tyg'gef
vGwfajrmufjcif;teufa[m o'´grsm;ESifh ,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aom o'´gonf ]yarmpew¬a,m*

tyg'gef} rnf\/
yHkpH-y&drkawåm 'ku©o®mwd 0'grd? qif;&J'ku©rS vGwfajrmufNyD[k a[mawmfrl\/
e aw rkpöEÅd rpöKem/ xdkolwdkYonf aojcif;rS rvGwfukef/ (rpöKemü em0dbwfç tyg'gefteuf)
a[wGw¬ç a[wGw¬a,m*tyg'gef
[dwfteuf½Sdaom o'´gonf a[wGw¬tyg'gefrnf\/ [dwfteuf½Sdaom o'´gwdkYESifh,SOfwGJ

qufpyfaeaom oAÁemrfyk'frsm;onf ]a[wGw¬a,m*tyg'gef}rnf\/
yHkpH-uo®mEk wkrSH '[m&m e rD,a&? tb,fhaMumifh oifwdkY\ ("r®ygvtrsKd;ü)i,f½G,folwdkY
raoukefoenf;/
uo®m £a"0 r&PH b0dówd? tb,fhaMumifh þt&yfüomvQif aojcif;onf jzpfvwHhenf;/
þjy,k*fwdkYü ]uo®m}yk'fonf [dwfteufü uðo'´gudk yÍörD0dbwfESifh qufoG,fxm;aom
]a[wGw¬tyg'gef} jzpfonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
299
yHkpH-uo®m a[wkem? tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh/
,o®m um&Pm? tMuiftaMumif;aMumifh/
þjy,k*fwdkYü a[wkemç um&PmwdkYonf [dwfteufa[m o'´grsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdk[dwfteufa[m

o'´gwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aeaomaMumifh ]uo®m?,o®m}wdkYonf a[wGw¬ya,m*tyg'gef}rsm; jzpfMuonf/
þa[wGw¬ç a[wGw¬a,m*tyg'gefwdkYü 'kwd,m0dbwfç q|D0dbwfrsm;ESifhvnf; qufoG,fEdkifMuonf/
yHkpH-uð um&PH-tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh/
udó wkarS udvrx? tb,fhaMumifh oifwdkY yifyef;Muoenf;/
(udó a[wk-tb,ftaMumifhaMumifh? O'&ó a[wk-0rf;a&;aMumifh paom jy,k*fwdkY0,f ]a[wk}ü

[dwfteuf0,f yxrm0dbwf qufoG,fxm;onf)
ã uð um&Pm(um&PH)ç udó a[wk wdkYü uðESifhum&Pmç udóESifha[wkwdkY (0dbwfrwlbJ)

wkvsm"du&PjzpfaomaMumifh uðESifhudówdkYvnf; um&Pmç a[wkwdkYuJhodkY [dwfteuf½SdonfrSwfyg/
(½lbm#Dy 461)
0d0dwåa,m*tyg'gef
uif;qdwfjcif; teufa[mo'´gwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aom o'´grsm;onf ]0d0dwåa,m*tyg'gef}

rnf\/
yHkpH-0d0dapö0 umar[d? umrwdkYrS uif;qdwfíomvQif/
yrmPw¬tyg'gef
twdkif;t½Snfteufa[m o'´grsm;onf yrmPw¬tyg'gefrnf\/
yHkpH? pE´bm*g, y&drmPH tm,rawm p 0dw¬m&awm p a,mZeH? pE´bm*gjrpf\ twdkif;t½Snfum;

tvsm;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; teHtm;jzifhvnf;aumif; wpf,lZem½Sd\/ þyrmPw¬tyg'gefü wwd,m
0dbwfESifhvnf; qufoG,fEdkifonf/
yHkpH-omoy&mod tm,mare a,mZeH? rkefn§if;aph tpk(tyHk)onf tvsm;tm;jzifh wpf,lZem½Sd\/
ã þjy,k*fü tyg'gef[kqdkaomfvnf; cGJcGgrI rxif½Sm;aomaMumifh(rS)[k jrefrmrjyefyJ (tm;jzifh)[k

0daooe teufjyef&onf/ q&mwdkYum; rS-[kvnf; jyefMuonf/ (upönf;bm#D y 319)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
300
ykAÁa,m*tyg'gef
t&yfrsufESmteufr[kwf t&yfa'otcsdefumvteufa[m ykAÁy&paom o'´gwdkYESifh

,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aom o'´gonf ]ykAÁa,m*tyg'gef}rnf\/
yHkpH-£awm ykaAÁ ema[mwd? þtcgrS a½S;ü rjzpfbl;ao;/
wawm y&H ypöEÅdrm Zey'g? xdkt&yfrS jyifbuft&yfonf ypöEÅ&pf(tpGeftzsm;tem;jzpfaom)
Zeyk'fwdkYwnf;/ wawm Owå&drÜd? xdkYxuf tydktvGefvnf;/
ã ykAÁo'´gonf 'domteufa[m&mü 'doma,m*ü ygNyD;jzpfonf/ þü yxrteufa[m ykAÁudk ,l&rnf/
yxrteuf[lonfvnf; a½SU=a½S; [laomteufwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh a½S;umv a½S;a'o ponfjzifh a'o
umvpaom teufESifh wGJzufí teufrSwfyg/ a'o umv t&m0w¬Kponfudk a[mEdkifaom ykAÁ y&
ty& Owå&dpaom o'´grsm;½Sd&mwGif ykAÁo'´gwckwnf;udk rSwfíqdktyfaom Oyvu©Po'´gwnf;/
ykaAÁm ykaAÁum; umvteufa[mwnf;/ wawmy&H? "mwkvda*F[d y&mum; a'oteufa[mwnf;/
wawm tya&eum; umvteufa[mwnf;/ wawm Owå&dum; umv a'or[kwf t&m0w¬Kwckckwnf;/
(½lbm#D y 463-464)
AEëw¬a,m*tyg'gef
aESmifzGJUjcif;teufa[m o'´gwdkYESifh,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aom a<u;NrDa[mo'´gonf ]AEëw¬a,m*

tyg'gef}rnf\/ xdkAEëw¬a,m*tyg'gefü yÍörD0dbwfç wwd,m0dbwfESpfrsKd;wdkYESifh qufoG,fEdkifonf/
yHkpH-owo®m Aa'¨g ea&m? oawe Aa'¨g ea&m/ rif;onf w&maom a<u;NrDaMumifh vludk
aESmifzGJUtyf\/ (owo®mü tyg'gefjzpfaomfvnf; teufrSm [dwfteufjzpfonf)
ã a<u;rqyfEdkifaomaMumifh a<u;,lxm;ol(NrDpm;)udk rif;u csKyfaESmif&mü a<u;NrDonf csKyfaESifjcif;\
taMumif;jzpf\/ xdkcsKyfaESmifjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom a<u;NrD;teufa[mo'´gü yÍörDoufonf/
(½lbm#Dy 464)
*kP0petyg'gef
tusKd;udk NyD;apwwfaom taMumif;jzpfaom *kPfudk a[maom o'´gonf *kP0petyg'gefrnf\/

xdk*kP0petyg'gefü yÍörD0dbwf wwd,m0dbwfESpfrsKd; qufoG,fEdkif\/
yHkpH-£ó&d,m(£ó&da,e) ZeH &u©wd &mZm/ rif;onf tpdk;&ol\tjzpfaMumifh vltaygif;udk
apmifha½Smuftyf\/
oDvawm(oDave) eH yoHoEÅd? oDvaMumifh xdkoludk csD;rGrf;Muukef\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
301
yO§uxetyg'gef
tar;çtajzudk jyqdkaompum;wdkYonf ]yO§uxetyg'gef}rnf\/

yHkpH-b0H ukawm? t½Sifonf tb,frSenf;/ (yO§)
yg#vdykwåm? yg#vdykwfjynfrSwnf;? (uxe)
ã ukawmod wk0H=oif b,fuvJ-[k ar;&mü 'l&EÅdujzifh tyg'gefrSnfhonf/ ukawm tm*päwd=b,fu

vmoenf;-[k ar;vQif cGJcGgjcif;oabm½Sdí ,o®m'aywdjzifh tyg'gefrSnfhonf[k #Dumqdkonf/ ukawm
b0H=t½Sif b,frSenf;(t½Sifb,fuvJ)[l&mü pyfyk'fBud,m wdkuf½kdufryg? Oywå0do,tyg'gefuJhodkY
xnfhpyf&rnfvnf;r[kwf? Bud,mrygyJyif qdkvdk&if;jynfpHkaomaMumifh ,o®m'aywdjzifh tyg'gefrrSnfhEdkifí
yO§uxetyg'gef xyfjyonf/
yg#vdykwåmum; uxet& tyg'gefwnf;/ jrefrmvdk uREkfyf yg#vdykwfuyJ[k ajzqdk&mü oHk;EIef;aom
pum;jzpfonf/ þü uxe[lonf pum;½kd;½kd; ajymqdkjcif;r[kwf? yO§ESifhwGJzufí jyaomt&mjzpfí
ajzqdkjcif;udkom uxe[kqdkonf/ (½lbm#Dy 465-466)
axmuw¬tyg'gef
tenf;i,f[laom j'yfr[kwfaom teufudka[maom o'´gonf ]axmuw¬tyg'gef}rnf\/

þaxmuw¬tyg'gefü u½kdPf;teufa[m yÍörD0dbwfç wwd,m0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-axmum(axmaue)rkpöwd? tenf;i,fjzifh vGwf\/

udpäm(udapäe)rkpöwd? NiKdjiifjcif;jzifh vGwf\/
ã axmu-tenf;i,fç tyÜrwå-enf;aomtwdkif;t½Snf;ç udpä-NidKjiifyif;yef;jcif; þteufrsm;onf

txnfudk,fj'yfr[kwfç 0daooe*kPfrQomjzpfMuonf/ xdkodkY tenf;i,f enf;enf;yg;yg;[laom *kPf
0daooeudka[m&mü tyg'gefrSnfhonf/odkYaomf u&aP[kqdkaomaMumifh jzifh[k bmomjyef&onf/
tw¬tyg'gefr[kwf o'´tyg'gefjzpfonf/(½lbm#Dy 466-467)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
302
(2) um&Pteufa[mo'´g
taMumif;teufudk a[maom o'´güvnf; yÍörD0dbwfqufoG,f&onf/

yHkpH-teEkaAm"m tyÜ#da0"m pwkEéH t&d,opömeH ,xmblwH t'óem? av;yg;ukefaom
t&d,opömwdkYudk avsmfpGmrodjcif;aMumifh xdk;xGif;í rodjcif;aMumifh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
rjrifjcif;aMumifh
(3) tuwå&dtyg'gef
a[wkuwåm;r[kwfaom Óyu[dwfteufa[m o'´güvnf; yÍörD0dbwfqufoG,f&onf/

yHkpH-ur®ó uwwåm Oypdwwåm OóEéwåm 0dykvwåm OyÜEéH a[mwd pu©K0dnmPH/
uHudk jyKtyfNyD;onf\tjzpfaMumifh qnf;yl;tyfNyD;onf\tjzpfaMumifh rsm;onf\tjzpfaMumifh

jyefYajymonf\tjzpfaMumifh pu©K0dnmPfjzpf\/
ã [dwfonf ]a,m uma&wd o a[wk}okwfjzifh rSnfhtyfaom a[wkuwåm;ac:aom [dwfç tusdK;udk

NyD;apaom taMumif;[dwf [k ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ xdkwGif a[wkuwåm;jzpfaom [dwfudk wm;jrpfvdkí tuwåK[k
qdkonf/ a[wkuwåm;[dwf r[kwfvQif tusKd;udk NyD;apwwfaom taMumif;[dwf[k odomavNyD/
(tajcjyKo'´g 580)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
303
omrsaw¬ a[wka,ma*p? uwåKuar®p u&aP/
t0"smem'&aw¬ok? ed'¨g&Pbkar®ydp/
w'aw¬um'ow¬rSd? q|d,m0gpumrwm/

q|D0dbwsw¬ ({um'o) 11
tw¬ ya,m*
1/ omrsw¬ bdu©Kó-&[ef;\? pD0&H-ouFef;/

2/ a[wGw¬ udóa[wk-b,ftaMumif;aMumifh/
3/ t"dywsm'da,m* a*gPmeH-EGm;wdkY\? t"dywd-tBuD;tuJwnf;/
4/ uwåKw¬ &anm-rif;onf? aom"Da&m-xdkynm½Sdudk? ylZdawm-ylaZmftyf\/
5/ t0kwåur®w¬ ygyó-raumif;rIudk? tu&PH-rjyKjcif;onf? okcH-csrf;omaMumif;wnf;/
6/ u&Pw¬ oyÜdó-axmywfjzifh? ywåH-oydwfudk? yla&wGm-jynfhapí/
7/ t0"sw¬w¬ t[H-igonf? w'g-xdktcgü? 'ku©ó-qif;&JrS? bDawm-aMumuf\/
8/ tem'&w¬ 'g&uó-oli,fonf? ½k'awm?½k'EÅó-idkpOf? (ydwm-tbonf)
Ak'ömoae-bk&m;omoemawmfü? yAÁZD-awmxGuforI &[ef;jyKNyD/
9/ ed'¨g&Pw¬ yÍöuvsmPem&DeH-aumif;jcif;ig;yg;½Sdaomrdef;rwdkYwGif? omrm-a½Taomtqif;½Sd
aom rdef;ronf? 'óeD,wrm-½IcsifzG,f½SdvGef;\/
10/ bkr®w¬ epö*Dwó-ujcif;oDqdkifjcif;ü? ukovm-vdr®mukef\/
11/ w'w¬ ok0PÖuk@vó-a½Tem;a!mif; a½TvufaumuftvdkYiSg/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
304
q|D0dbwfudk
(1) omrD(orÁmef)teuf (2) t0kwåuwåm;teuf
(3) t0kwåuHteuf (4) u½kdPf;teuf
(5) tyg'gefteuf (6) owårD0dbwfteuf
(7) omrd £ó&paom o'´gwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aom o'´g
(8) ed'¨g&Pteuf (9) tem&'teufa[m o'´gwdkYESifh qufoG,f&onf/
(1) omrD(orÁmef)teuf
odrf;ydkuftyfaom Opöm\ ydkif½Sifonf omrDrnf\/ Opömonf oHrnf\/ xdkOpöm½Sif(omrD)ESifh

Opöm(oH)wdkY\tcsif;csif;qufpyfjcif;onf orÁmefrnf\/ ,if;orÁmefonf a½SUyk'faemufyk'f (orÁE¨Dj'yf)
ESpfyg;ü wnfaeaomfvnf; a½SYyk'fonfaemufyk'fudk txl;jyKaomaMumifh q|D0dbwfudk a½SYyk'fESifhom
qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH/ &anm yk&daom? rif;\tcsif;(tcpm;)a,musfm;

wó rmwmydwa&m? xdkol\ rdbwdkY/
(2) t0kwåuwåm;teuf
udwtrnf&aom ]wçwd}paom ypönf;wdkYESifh ,SOfwGJ(qufpyf)aom Bud,m\ uwåm;udk

q|D0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-&anm or®awm? rif;onf orkwftyf\/(&nm-[kvnf;½Sdonf)
upöm,eó uwd aombem? upönf;ax&fonf jyKjcif;onf wifhw,fygaypG/
(upöm,aee-[kvnf; ½Sdonf)
(3) t0kwåuH teuf
udwutrnf&aom ]wk?PGK?,k?P}paom ypönf;wdkYESifh ,SOfwGJqufpyfaeaom Bud,m\

uHyk'fç o&"mwfç £ok"mwfwdkY\ uHyk'fç jyKjcif;teufa[m u&"mwf\ uHyk'frsm;udk q|D0dbwfESifh
qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH/ wó b0EÅd 0wåma&m/ xdkoludk ajymqdkolwdkY ½Sdukef\/
ur®ó um&aum ew¬d? 0dyguó p a0'aum/
uHudk jyKwwfolonfvnf;aumif; tusKd;udk cHpm;wwfolonfvnf;aumif; r½Sd/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
305
ygygeH tu&PH okcH/ raumif;rIwdkYudk rjyKjcif;onf csrf;omaMumif;wnf;/
tpä&da,m t&Zaue 0w¬meH &ma*g/ yifrif;q&mr[kwfygyJ t0wfwdkYudk qdk;Edkifjcif;onf
tHhMozG,f½SdygaypG/
pwkEéH r[mblwmeH Oyg'g, yoma'g/ av;yg;ukefaom r[mbkwfwdkYudk pGJrSDí Munfvifjcif;/
rmwk o&wd/ trdudk trSwf&\/ (rmw&H o&wd-[k 'kwd,mvnf;½Sd\)
ykwåó £päwd? om;udk tvdk½Sd\/ (ykwåH-[k 'kwd,mvnf;½Sd\)
O'uó ywduk½kaw? a&udk jyKjyif\/ (O'uH-[kvnf; ½Sd\)
ã 0wåma&m ponfü wkypönf;ç um&aum ponfü PGKypönf;ç tu&PH ponfü ,kypönf;rsm;\

,SOf&mü q|DuH½Sdwwfí ]],k PGK wkrSD? ypönf;NyD? q|DuHaeap}}[k ed,mrfqdkMuonf/ xdktqdkrNrJaMumif;
]]uGpDwd uð}}½kyfrsm;jzifh odomonf/ uwåm bmodwm ponfwdkYonf wkypönf;qHk;aom yk'frsm;jzpfvsuf
q|DuHraeyJ 'kwd,muHyifaeonf/
tu&PHpaomyk'fwdkYonf bm0om"ersm;wnf;/ xdkYaMumifh jyKjcif; n§pfjcif;[k ay;&onf/ þodkY
bm0om"eaemufü½Sdaomtcg a½SUü q|DuH½SdwwfaomaMumifh ]]bm0om"e? aemufyk'fjy? ur®w¬q|D}}[k
a½S;q&mwdkY ed,mrfqdkMuonf/ (½lbm#D y 487-488)
(u) *rÇD&H uxH uwåm/ av;eufaom w&m;pum;udk jyKwwf\/

(c) umave "r®ð uxH bmodwm a[mwd/ oifhavsmfaomtcgü w&m;pum;udk ajymwwfonf jzpf\/
(*) ya&oH yknmed tEkarm'dwm/ olwyg;wdkY\ aumif;rIwdkYudk 0rfajrmufwwf\/
(C) opömed AkZÑdwm/ opömwdkYudk odawmfrlwwf\/
(i) u#H um&aum/ zsmudk jyKwwf\/
(p) yoa0g Cmwaum/ om;aumifwdkYudk owfwwf\/
ã twDaw w w0EÅK wm0D-okwfjzifh oufaomypönf;rsm;udk ed'´d|ypönf;[k ac:onf/ xdked'´d|ypönf;rsm;

,SOf&müvnf; q|Drjzpf/
(u) okcumrD 0d[m&H uawm/ csrf;omudktvdk½Sdolonf ausmif;udk jyKNyD/

(c) &xH uw0aEÅm/ &xm;udk jyKNyD;olwdkY/
(*) &xH uwm0D/ &xm;udk jyKNyD;ol/
(C) u#H uwGm/ zsmudk jyKí/ ua&mEÅmç u&maemç uk½krmaem-jyKvsuf/
(u#H uwGm-ponfum; ed|m'Dokü tm'dyHkpH) (½lbm#D y 489-490)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
306
(4) u½kdPf;teuf
,Z"mwfç Zk["mwfç wif;wrfjcif;(jynfhjcif;)teufa[m yl&paom"mwfç twlteufa[m wkvsç

o'dopaomo'´gç uðo'´g tvHo'´gponfwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJqufpyfaeaom o'´grsm;udk u½kdPf;teufa[m
q|D0dbwfESifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-ykyæó Ak'¨H ,Zwd/ yef;jzifh bk&m;udk ylaZmf\/(ykayæe-[kvnf; ½SdEdkifonf)
Cwó t*¾ð Zka[mwd/ axmywfjzifh rD;udk ylaZmf\/
yl&wd Amavm ygyó/ vlrdkufonf raumif;rIjzifh jynfh\/
ywåH Moeó yla&wGm/ oydwfudk qGrf;jzifh jynfhapí/
ydwkó wkavsm/ tazESifh wlol/ (ydw&m wkavsm [kvnf;½Sdonf/ q|DrNrJ)
rmwk o'daom/ trdESifhwlol(rmw&m o'daom-vnf;½Sdonf)
uð wó p wk|ó/ ESpfouftyfaom xdk0w¬Kjzifhvnf; tb,ftusKd;½SdtHhenf;/
tvH wó p wk|ó/ ESpfouftyfaom xdk0w¬Kjzifhvnf; tb,ftusKd;½SdtHhenf;/
(5) tyg'gefteuf
qkwf,kwfjcif; teufa[mo'´gç aMumufvefYjcif; teufa[mo'´gwdkYESifh ,SOfwGJqufpyfaeaom

o'´gwdkYudk tyg'gefteufa[m q|D0dbwfjzifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH/ tó0ewm "r®ó y&d[m,EÅd/ rMum;em&jcif;aMumifh w&m;rS qkwf,kwfukef\/
oaAÁ woEÅd '@ó/ olcyfodrf;wdkYonf 'PfrS xdwfvefYMuukef\/
oaAÁ bm,EÅd rpöKaem/ olcyfodrf;wdkYonf aojcif;rS aMumuefvefYMuukef\/
(6) owårD0dbwfteuf
ukovo'´gponfwdkYESifh qufpyfaom o'´gonfwdkYudk owårD0dbwfteufa[m q|D0dbwfjzifh

qufoG,f&onf/
ukoavm wGH &xó t*Fypö*FgeH/ oifonf &xm;\ t*FgBuD;i,fwdkYü uRrf;usif\/
r*¾gr*¾ó ukoavm/ taMumif;[kwfonf taMumif;r[kwfonfü vdr®m\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
307
(7) omrd £ó& paom o'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaom o'´g
omrd £ó& 'g,m' ou©d ywdbl ukov paomo'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaom o'´gwdkYudkvnf;

q|D0dbwf qufoG,f&onf/
a*gPmeH omrd? EGm;wdkY\ t½Sif/
a*gPmeH t"dywd? EGm;wdkY\ tBuD;tuJ/
ã (8) ed'¨g&Pteuf (9) tem&'teufa[m o'´gwdkY\ ½Sifvif;csufudk owårD0dbwf

qufoG,fyHkcef;ü waygif;wnf; jyxm;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
308
bkr®ur®edrdwåaw¬? u&aP yxrm0"d/
pwkw¬Da,m* em'a&? ed'¨g&aP0dumav p/
bm0aw¬um'ow¬rSd? owårD0gpum rwm/

owårD0dbwsw¬ ({um'o) 11
tw¬ ya,m*
1/ bkr®w¬ *rÇDa&-eufaom? Mo'uEÅdau-a&tqHk;½Sd&mü/

2/ t0kwåur®w¬ bdu©Lok-&[ef;wdkYudk? tbd0ga'EÅd-½Sdcdk;ukef\/
3/ edrdwåw¬ ema*g-qifudk? 'aEÅok-tpG,fwdkYaMumifh? [naw-owftyf\/
4/ u&Pw¬ yawå-oydwfjzifh? yd@m,-qGrf;tvdkYiSg? a*gpa&(a*gp&wd)qGrf;cH½GmodkYoGm;\/
5/ yxrw¬ ol&da,(ol&da,m)aeAdrmefonf? O*¾aw(O*¾awm)avsmouf0ifa&muf\/
(ykHpH½Sdtwdkif; avsmfatmifay;vdkuf&onf/ £'rÜdó oDvo®ð [laom
ykHpH oifhjrwf\)
6/ t0"sw¬w¬ u'vDok-iSufaysmfyifwdkYrS? *aZ-qifwdkYudk? &u©EÅK-apmifha½SmufMuukefavm/
7/ pwkw¬sw¬'g"mwk oHaC-oHCmtm? 'dEéH-vªtyfaom0w¬Konf? r[yævH-rsm;aomtusKd;½Sd\/
a,m*
8/ tem'&w¬ 'g&auó-oli,fonf? ½k'EÅo®ð-idkpOf? (ydwm-tbonf)
Ak'ömoae-bk&m;omoemawmfü? yAÁZD-awmxGuforI &[ef;jyKNyD/
9/ ed'¨g&Pw¬ yxdauok-c&D;oGm;wdkYwGif? "m0aEÅm-ajy;oGm;olonf?
oDCwarm-vsifjrefvGef;\/
10/ bkr®w¬ Amavm-vlrdkufonf? umav-cyfodrf;aomtcgü? yrZÆwd-arhavsmh\/
11/ bm0w¬ bkawåok-qGrf;pm;ukefNyD;onf½Sdaomf? tm*awm-vm\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
309
owårD0dbwfudk
1/ tm"m& (Moumo) teufa[m o'´g 2/omrDç £ó&paomo'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaomo'´g
3/ ed'¨g&Pteufa[mo'´g 4/ tem'&teuf
5/ uHteuf 6/ u½kdPf;
7/ edrdwfteuf 8/ orÜ'gefteuf
9/ yÍörDteuf 10/ umvteuf
11/ bma0e bm0vu©Pteuf
12/ t"duteufa[m Oyo'´g?£ó&teufa[m t"do'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaomo'´g
13/ r@dw Oókuúw¬a,m*o'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaomo'´gwdkYESifh qufoG,f&onf/
tm"m&(Moumo)teuf
uwåm;ç uHESifhwuGaom Bud,m\wnf&mjzpfaom teufonf ]tm"m&(Moumo)}rnf\/

xdkwnf&m teufo'´gudk 0dbwfESihfqufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-Zavok cd&H wd|wd/ a&wdkYü EdkY&nfonf wnf\/

OpäLok &aom/ BuHwdkYü t&nfonf wnf\/
omrD £ó& paom o'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaom o'´g
omrD £ó& 'g,m' ou©d ywdbl ukov paomo'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaom o'´gwdkYudkvnf;

q|D0dbwf qufoG,f&onf/
a*gaPok omrD? EGm;wdkYü t½Sif/
a*gaPok t"dywd? EGm;wdkYü tBuD;tuJ/
ã omrD-t½Sif? £ó&-tpdk;&ol? t"dywd-tBuD;tuJ? 'g,m'-tarGcH(aqGrsKd;)? ou©d-rsufjrif? ywdbl-

wm0efcH? yokw-arG;zGm;ol? ukov-uRrf;usifol [laomo'´gwdkYESifh ,SOf&mü q|DçowårDESpfrsKd;oufonf/
a*gPmeH omrD? EGm;wdkY\ t½Sifwnf;/ a*gaPok omrD? EGm;wdkYü t½Sifwnf;/

a*gPmeH £óa&m? EGm;wdkY\ tpdk;&olwnf;/ a*gaPok £óa&m? EGm;wdkYü tpdk;&olwnf;/
a*gPmeH t"dywd? EGm;wdkY\ tBuD;tuJwnf;/ a*gaPok t"dywd? EGm;wdkYü tBuD;tuJwnf;/
a*gPmeH 'g,ma'g?EGm;wdkY\tarGcH(aqGrsKd;)wnf;/ a*gaPok 'g,ma'g?EGm;wdkYü tarGcH(aqGrsKd;)wnf;/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
310
*gPmeH ou©d? EGm;wdkY\ rsufjrifwnf;/ a*gaPok ou©d? EGm;wdkYü rsufjrifwnf;/
a*gPmeH ywdbl? EGm;wdkY\ wm0efcHwnf;/ a*gaPok ywdbl? EGm;wdkYü wm0efcHwnf;/
a*gPmeH yokawm? EGm;wdkY\ arG;zGm;olwnf;/ a*gaPok yokawm? EGm;wdkYü arG;zGm;olwnf;/
a*gPmeH ukoavm? EGm;wdkY\ uRrf;usifolwnf;/a*gaPok ukoavm? EGm;wdkYü uRrf;usifolwnf;/
(upönf;bm#D y 429)
ã tmrcH[lonf aqGrsKd;yifwnf;/ ywd-twl(0g)tpm? bl-jzpfol? tjcm;wpfa,mufu a<u;,l&mü

tmrcH(wm0efcH)vlonf tvm;wljzpfol-udk,fjzpfolwnf;/ þü EGm;wdkY\ wm0efcH(tmrcHvl)udk ywdbl[k
qdkonf/ EGm;rSjzpfaom t&omudkcHpm;zdkY&m arG;zGm;oludk a*gok yokawm-[k qdkonf/ EGm;ESifhqdkif&m0,f
uRrf;usifolonf ukovrnf\/ (½lbm#D y 500)
ã omrD £ó& t"dywd oHk;rsKd;onf teufoH jrefrmjyefuGJaomfvnf; t&aumuftm;jzifh

t½Sifocifudkcsnf; a[m\/ þodkYteufwlygvsuf o'´goHk;rsKd;udk xkwfíqdkxm;jcif;aMumifh þo'´goHk;rsKd;rS
ty t½Sifocifteufa[m ywdpaom o'´grsm;\ ,SOf&mü q|DowårDESpfrsKd;vHk;rouf&ç *0Hywd
ponfjzifh q|DwrsKd;om ouf&rnf[k odaponf/ (½lbm#D y 499)
ed'¨g&Pteuf
Zmwf *kPf Bud,m emrftm;jzifh taygif;xJrS tpdwfudk oD;jcm;cGJxkwfjcif;onf ed'¨g&Prnf\/
xdked'¨g&Ponf (u) Zmwded'¨g&P (c) *kPed'¨g&P (*) Bud,med'¨g&P (C) emred'¨g&P

[lí av;rsKd;jym;onf/ tcsKdUo'´gusrf;rsm;ü 'AÁed'¨g&P ocsFmed'¨g&PwdkYudk xnfhí ajcmufrsKd;jyMuonf/
xdked'¨g&Pü taygif;a[mo'´gudk q|D owårD0dbwfESpfrsKd; qufoG,fEdkifonf/
(u) yHkpH- rEkómeH(rEkaóok) cwåda,m ol&warm/ vlwdkYwGif rif;onf omvGefí &J&ifh\/

(c) yHkpH- omrm em&DeH(em&Dok) 'óeD,wrm/ rdef;rwdkYwGif a½Ttqif;½Sdaom rdef;ronf
omí½IcsifpzG,f wifhw,f\/
(*) yHkpH- yxdumeH (yxdauok) "m0aEÅm oDCwarm/ c&DoGm;wdkYwGif ajy;oGm;aomolonf
omí vsifjref\/
(C) yHkpH- t&[wH (t&[aEÅok) tmeaE´m tnwa&m/ &[EÅmwdkYwGif t½SiftmeE´monf
wyg;tygt0ifwnf;/
ã þü ed'¨g&Pav;rsKd;om jy\/ xdkxdkusrf;*efwdkYü tm;vHk;aygif; ed'¨g&PajcmufrsKd; awGU&onf/

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
311
Zmwded'¨g&P/ rEkómeH t&ü cwåd, jA[®P a0ó ok'´ Zmwfav;rsKd;vHk; yg0if\/
xdkvltaygif;xJrS cwåd,vlrsKd;udk oD;jcm;cGJxkwfjcif;onf Zmwftm;jzifh xkwfjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh Zmwd
ed'¨gPwnf;/ (ed'¨g&PtrsKd;rsKd;cGJ&mü cGJxkwftyfaom tpdwfudkMunfhícGJvQif &Jjcif;*kPfudk aumuf,lí
*kPed'¨g&P[k xifrSm;zG,f½Sd\/ xdkaMumifh cGJxkwftyfaomtpdwfu Zmwdo'´gjzpfvQif Zmwded'¨g&Pç
*kPo'´gjzpfvQif *kPed'¨g&Pç Bud,mo'´gjzpfvQif Bud,med'¨g&P- ponfjzifh odyg)
*kPed'¨g&P/ o'´gusrf;wdkYü jzL eD aMumif usm; teuf ponfrsm;udk (rdrd\wnf&m j'yfudk

xif½Sm;jywwfaomaMumifh) *kPf[k ac:onf/ uPSm *g0DeH^*g0Dok orÜEécD&wrm/ *g0DeH^*g0Dok-
EGm;rwdkYwGif? uPSm-EGm;eufronf? orÜEécD&wrm-omíjynfhpHkaom EdkY&nf½Sd\? 0g-tvGefcsKdNrdefaom
EkdY&nf½Sd\/ *g0DeHt& jzLaomEGm;r eDaom aMumifaom eufaom EGm;rponfjzifh EGm;rtm;vHk; yg0if
onf/ EGm;rtaygif;xJrS teuf*kPftm;jzifh eufaomEGm;rudk cGJjcm;xkwf,ljcif;onf *kPed'¨g&Pwnf;/
(orÜEé-jynfhpHk [lonf rsm;jym;jcif;wnf;/ wjcm;EGm;rrsm;\ EdkY&nfxuf csKdNrdefjcif;udkvnf; orÜEé[k
qdkMuao;onf/ *g0Dokum; owårDoufyHkwnf;/ omrm em&DeH-vnf; jzLaom rJaom a½Taom rdef;rtm;
vHk;xJrS jzLaom rJaom a½Taom rdef;rtm;vHk;xJrS ta½T*kPftm;jzifh oD;jcm; xkwf,ljcif;aMumifh
*kPed'¨g&Pyifwnf;)
Bud,med'¨g&P/ yxdumeHt& ajz;ajz;oGm;ol rSefrSefoGm;ol jrefjrefoGm;olwdkY yg0ifpkaygif;ae\?

xdktaygif;tpkxJrS tajy;oGm;oludk cGJjcm;xkwf,ljcif;onf oGm;jcif;Bud,mtm;jzifh xkwf,jcif; jzpf
aomaMumifh Bud,med'¨g&Prnf\/ (oDCwarmudk Munfhí emrnfwwfvQif vsifjrefjcif;*kPfjzpfí
*kPed'¨g&P[k qdk&vdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh oDCwarmudk Munfhí emrnfrwwf&/ "m0aE¦m-onf ajy;oGm;
jcif;Bud,mudk taMumif;jyKí jzpfaom Bud,mo'´gwnf;/)
emred'¨g&P/ t&[wH tmeaE´m tnwa&m/ t&[wHt&ü t½Sifom&dykMwm t½Sifarm*¾vmef

t½Sifr[muóy t½SiftmeE´mpaom emrnftrsKd;rsKd;½Sdaom &[EÅmrsm; yg0ifpkaygif;ae\/ xdk&[EÅmrsm;
xJrS t½SiftmeE´mudk xkwf,ljcif;onf emrnftm;jzifh xkwf,ljcif;jzpfaomaMumifh emred'¨g&Prnf\/
'AÁed'¨g&P/ a,m"meH-ol&Jaumif;wdkYwGif? 0r®daum-ppf0wfwefqmudk 0wfxm;olonf? ol&warm-

omí&J&ifh\/ þü ]csyfrdefndK}ac:Muaom ppf0wfweqmonf txnfj'yfwnf;/ ppf0wf 0wfxm;ol
r0wfxm;ol trsm;xJrS 0wfxm;oludk xkwf,ljcif;onf 'AÁed'¨gPwnf;/
ocsFmed'¨g&P/ bdu©LeH-&[ef;wdkYwGif? a'Gwa,m-ESpfyg;oHk;yg;wdkYudk? or®edwAÁm-orkwftyfukef\/

þü &[ef;trsm;xJrS ESpfyg;oHk;ygudk cGJxkwf,ljcif;onf ocsmFtm;jzifh xkwf,ljcif;jzpfaomaMumifh
ocsFmed'¨g&Prnf\/ (upönfbm#D y 432)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
312
tem'&teuf
0guswckwnf;ü Bud,mESpfrsKd;yg½Sd&m aemufBud,monf a½SUBud,mudk r½kdaoaomaMumifh

tem'&rnf\/ a½SUBud,monf r½kdaotyfaomaMumifh tem'&d,rnf\/ xdktem'&d,Bud,mESifh
,if;ESifht&wl tem'd&d,0EÅuwåm;ç uHwdkYudk q|D owårD0bwfESpfrsKd; qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH- tumrumeH rmwmydwleH(rmwmydwlok) ½k'EÅmeH(½k'aEÅok) aAm"doawåm yAÁZd/ &[ef;jyKjcif;udk
tvdkr½SdMuukefaom rdbwdkYonf idkukefpOf bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf &[ef;jyKNyD/
ã 'g&uó-oli,fonf? ½k'awm-idkaepOf (ydwm-tzonf) yAÁZd-&[ef;jyKNyD/ 'g&au-onf? ½k'EÅo®ð-

idkaepOf? (ydwm-tzonf) yAÁZd-&[ef;jyKNyD/ om;uav;\ idkjcif;onf tz\&[ef;jyKjcif;Bud,mudk
rSwfom;aMumif;jzpfí bm0vu©Pvnf;[kwf\/ rav;pm;tyfaomaMumifh tem'&vnf;[kwf\/
vdifhteufay:wGif tmvkyfteuftydk0ifvmaomtcg vd*Faww¬ yXrm-okwfjzifh roufyJ tmvyaepokwfjzifh
ouf&ouJhodkY bm0vu©Pteufay:wGif tem'&teuftydk0ifvmaomtcg umvbma0ok p-okwfjzifh
owårDroufyJ þokwfjzifh q|DowårDouf&onf/ tu,fí tem'&teuftydkrygyJ Bud,mwyg;udkrSwfom;
aMumif; bm0vu©PteufrQomjzpfvQif pOf-[k ay;&aomfvnf; umvbma0ok p-okwfjzifhom owårD
ouf&onf/ xdkYaMumifh ]]jA[®'awå &ZÆH uma&aEÅ aAm"doawåm y#doE¨ð *PSd? jA[®'wfrif; rif;jyKpOf
bk&m;avmif; y#doaE¨ ,lNyD}} ponfü uma&aEÅ0,f pOf[kay;&aomfvnf; bm0vu©PomrSwf/
(upönf;bm#D y 433)
ã þ tem'&d,Bud,monf ypöKyÜefumvudka[maom rmeç tEÅ ypönf;wdkYjzifh ½Sd&aomaMumifh

teufudkvnf; ]]idkpOfç idkwkef;ç idkcdkuf}}[k ypöKyÜefoHygatmif ay;&onf/ (upönf;bm#D y 435)
uHteuf
uHteufa[mo'´gudkvnf; owårD0dbwfjzifh qufoG,fEdkifonf/

yHkpH- bdu©Lok tbd0ga'EÅd/ &[ef;wdkYudk ½Sdcdk;Muukef\/
Am[mok *a[wGm/ vufarmif;wdkYudk udkifí/
ã ok'dEéH yga'ok *a[wGm/ t½Sifok'def\ ajcwdkYudk udkifí/ (*[a½SYrS tm"m&udk uHqdkvdkrl xdka½SYyk'frSm
'kwd,mudk q|DrSmouf þtcsuf rdefY>ruf q&mwOD;tvdkwnf;)
ok'dEéó yga'ok *a[wGm/ ok'defudk ajcwdkYü udkifí/ (*[a½SYrS tm"m&udk bkr®w¬yif qdkvdkcsif;rl
xdkYjyifa½SYrSm q|Dygu uHrSmouf[k rdefY>ruf q&mwOD;tvdkwnf;) (½lbm#D y 506)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
313
u½kdPf;teuf
u½kdPf;teufa[maomo'´gudkvnf; owårD0dbwf qufoG,fEdkifonf/

yHkpH- yawåok yd@m, p&EÅd/ oydwfwdkYjzifh qGrf;tvdkYiSg vSnfhvnfukef\/
orÜ#dpämrd rw¬au/ OD;xdyfjzifh cH,lygtHh/ (emcHygrnf\[k qdkvdkonf)
edrdwfteuf
taMumif;edrdwf teufa[mo'´gudk owårD0dbwfjzifh qufoG,f&onf/

yHkpH- ukÍÆa&m 'aEÅok [naw/ qifudk tpG,fwdkYaMumifh owftyf\/
orÜZmerkom0ga' ygpdwåd,H/ orÜZmerkom0g'aMumifh ygpdwftmywfoifh\/
orÜ'gefteuf
orÜ'gefteufa[mo'´gudk owårD0dbwfjzifh qufoG,f&onf/

yHkpH- oHaC 'dEéH r[yævH/ oHCmtm; ay;vªaMumif;apwemonf rsm;aom tusKd;½Sd\/
apwda, 'wGme/ apwDawmftm; ay;vªylaZmfjcif;aMumifh
ã 'g"mwfonf orÜ'gefudk tNrJiJh&um; ]oHaC}ü owårD0dbwfyifjzpfaomfvnf; orÜ'gef(tm;[laom)

teufü ouf&rnf[k upönf;usrf;u qdkonf/ arm*¾vmefüum; bk&m;½Sif\ a½TEIwfawmfxGuf0dbwfonf
uajymif;ujyef teufudkrjy? owårDqdkvQif xHk;pHjzpfaom tm"m&Moumoteufudkom jyoifhonf[k
ESvHk;ydkufí ]oHaC-oHCmü}[kyif teufqdkonf/ oHCmawmfonf ay;jcif;Bud,m\ tm"m&vnf;
jzpfoifhonf[lvdk/ (½lbm#D y 508)
yÍörDteuf
yÍörD(tyg'gef)teufa[mo'´gudk owårD0dbwfjzifh qufoG,f&onf/

yHkpH- u'vDok *aZ &u©EÅd/ iSufajymyifwdkYrS qifwdkYudk apmifha½Smufukef\/
ã &u©"mwfonf tyg'gefteufudk tNrJiJhoifh\[k eSvHk;ydkufí owårD0dbwfonf yÍörD(tyg'gef)teufü

oufonf[k upönf;usrf;qdkonf/ arm*¾vmefüum; tm"m&teufom[k ,lí ]u'vDok-iSufaysmyifwdkYü}
[k qdkonf/ (½lbm#D y 509)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
314
umvteuf
rsufpdwrSdwf cP v, rk[kwå eHeuftcg ponfwdkYonf umvteufwdkYrnfukef\/ xdkumvteufa[m

o'´gudk owårD0dbwfjzifh qufoG,fEdkifonf/
yHkpH-ykAÁPS ora, *awm/ eHeuftcsdef oGm;\/

om,ESora, tm*awm/ naetcsdef jyefvm\/
ã vufazsmuf q,fcsufcefYwD;&mtcgonf wcPç q,fcPonf wv,ç q,fv,onf cPv,

wckç cPv,q,fckonf wrk[kwf? rGef;rwnfhrD eHeufydkif;onf ykAÁPS þodkYponfjzifh urÇmrsm;pGmwdkif
atmifaom tcsdeftcgudk þü umv[k qdkonf/ (½lbm#D y 509)
bma0ebm0vu©Pteuf
]b0eH-jzpfjcif? bma0g-jzpfjcif;}ESifhtnD bl"mwfonf Bud,mtm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifaomaMumifh

oGm;jcif;pm;jcif;paom Bud,mtm;vHk;udkyif bm0teuf[kac:onf/ (upönf;bm#Dy 444)
Bud,mwyg;udk tjcm;Bud,mwyg;jzifh rSwfom;onf ]]bma0ebm0vu©Pteuf}}rnf\/

a½SUBud,monf rSwfom;aMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh vu©P? aemufBud,monf rSwfom;tyfaomaMumifh
vu©s? xdkBud,m ESpfrsKd;teuf vu©PBud,mESifh 4if;\ (0kwå) uHç uwåm;yk'fwdkYudk owårD0dbwfjzifh
qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH-bdu©Lok abmZD,rmaeok *awm/ &[ef;oHCmwdkYudk qGrf;a<u;tyfukefaomf oGm;\/

£ro®ð owd £'H a[mwd/ þtaMumif;t&monf ½Sdvwfaomf þtusKd;onf jzpf\/
ã Bud,monf xif½Sm;aomBud,m rxif½Sm;aomBud,m[k ESpfrsKd;½Sdonf/ rxif½Sm;aomBud,mudk xif½Sm;

aomBud,mjzifh rSwfom;í ajymvQif Mum;&olwdkY em;vnfvG,f\/ xdkYaMumifh rSwfom;aMumif;Bud,monf
vu©PBud,mwnf;/ rxif½Sm;aomBud,mum; rSwfom;tyfaom vu©sBud,mwnf;/ Oyrm-awmifbuftdrfü
EGm;rrsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSef EdkYn§pfavh½Sd\/ xdkYaMumifh awmifbuftdrfu EGm;EdkYn§pfBud,monf xif½Sm;\?
ajrmufbuftdrfu a,musfm;wa,muf c&D;oGm;í jyefvm&mü oGm;jcif;jyefjcif;Bud,mum; rxif½Sm;?
xdkYaMumifh xdkol\ oGm;jcif;jyefjcif;Bud,mudk em;vnfatmif ajymjyvdkvQif xif½Sm;NyD;aom EdkYn§pfjcif;
Bud,mjzifh rSwfom;í ]a*gok 'k,Srmemok *awm? 'k'¨gok tm*awm} EGm;rudk EdkYn§pftyfukefonf½Sdaomf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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(EdkYn§pfcsdefü) oGm;onf? EdkYn§pftyfukefNyD;aomf (EdkYn§pfNyD;csdefü) jyefvmonf[k ajym&onf/ xif½Sm;aom
EdkYn§pfjcif;Bud,monf rSwfom;aMumif; vu©Pwnf;/ rxif½Sm;aom oGm;jcif; jyefvmjcif;Bud,mum;
rSwfom;tyfaom vu©swnf;/ vu©Pü owårDoufvQif a*gokpaom vu©P0EÅwdkYüvnf; t&wl
wvsm"du&PjzpfaomaMumifh owårDquf&onf/ (½lbm#D y 510)
[dwf0ifaomvu©P/ /vu©sjzifh vu©Pudk aygif;pyfí Munfhaomtcg vu©sutusKd; vu©PutaMumif;

jzpfvQif vu©Pyk'fü [dwfteufvnf; 0if\/ yHkpHum;-£ro®ð owd £'H a[mwd-wnf;/ þü
t0dZÆmaMumifh ocFg&jzpf&um; £ro®ð owd-t& t0dZÆmonf taMumif;ç £'H a[mwd-t& ocFg&onf
tusKd;? þodkY taMumif;tusKd; jyefí&aomaMumifh ]£ro®ð-þt0dZÆmpaom taMumif;onf? owd-
½Sdaomf?(vu©P)]£ro®ð-þt0dZÆmpaom taMumif;\? owd-½Sdjcif;aMumifh?([dwf) þodkY [dwfteuf
0ifvsuf½Sdonf/ þodkY taMumif;tusKd; jyefí&aom vu©Pudkyif &nf½G,fí ]]vu©Pyk'f xkwfít&m
½SdonfrSm rsm;pGm[dwfvnf; 0ifownf;}}[k rdefYawmfrlMuonf/
[dwfr0ifaomvu©P/ /vu©PESifhvu©swdkY aMumif;usKd;jyefí r&vQif [dwfteufr0ifEdkif/ xdkuJhodkY

[dwfteufr0ifEdkifaom vu©Püum; umvm"m& (tcgumvjzpfaom tm"m&)oabm ouf0ifonf/
yHkpHpum;- ]bdu©KoHaCok abmZD,rmaeok *awm yk&daom}wnf;/ þyHkpHü &[ef;wdkYudk qGrf;uyfjcif;aMumifh
oGm;onfr[kwf? olYudpöaMumifhoGm;onf? odkYaomf qGrf;uyfcsdeftcgü oGm;aomaMumifh abmZD,rmaeok0,f
tm"m&oabmvnf;ygonf/ bdu©Lok-&[ef;wdkYudk? abmZD,rmaeok-qGrf;auR;tyfukefaomf? 0g-qGrf;auR;
csdefü-[k ay;/
pOf[k ay;EdkifyHk/ /abmZD,rmaeokponfü rmeypönf;onf ypöKyÜefteufa[mwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh ]abmZd,

rmaeok-qGrf;auR;tyfpOfç qGrf;auR;tyfcdkufç qGrf;auR;tyfwkef;}[kvnf; t"dyÜg,feufqdkEdkifonf/
bkwåmok-ponfü wypönf;um; twdwfuwåm;a[mwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh ]bkawåok-qGrf;pm;ukefNyD;aomf}
[kom qdkEdkifonf/ pOfç cdkuf-[k rqdkEdkif/
(aqmif) 1/ vu©sESifhaygif;? aMumif;usKd;jyef&? vu©P? rkcs[dwfvnf;0if/

2/ aMumif;usKd;ESpfwef? rjyefEdkifu? vu©P? tm"m&oabmyif/
3/ ypöKyÜefeuf? ypönf;xGufrl? vu©PxHk;? pOf cdkuf wkef;? oHk;avteufwGif/
yxrmpaom 0dbwfjzifh aeEdkifyHk/ rmetEÅypönf;wdkYonf olwdkYudk,fwdkif vu©Pteufudk a[mEdkifMu\/

xdkYaMumifh rmetEÅypönf;ESifhwGJzufí yxrmpaom0dbwfrsm;ouf&mü vu©Pteufudk 0dbwfu
a[monfr[kwf/ rmetEÅypönf;u a[monf/ yxrmpaom 0dbwfwdkYrSm xHk;pHtwkif; vdifteufponf
ü jzpfMuu&onf/ umvbma0okp-okwfjzifh owårDouf&müum; 0dbwfuvnf; vu©Pteufudk
a[mEdkifonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
316
rSwfcsuf/ /þpum;t& ]{0H 0kawå}þodkYqdktyfaomf[k vu©Pteufay;&mü owårD0dbwf\
teuf[krSwfyg/ ]{0H 0kawåm}[k ½Sd&müum; wypönf; odbwfESpfrsKd;vHk;yif vu©Pteufudk ra[mEdkifaom
aMumifh ]{0H 0kawåm-þodkYqdktyfonf½Sdaomf}[k teufray;Edkif/ vu©Pteufay;cGifha&mufvQif ]{0H-þodkY?
0kawåm-qdktyfonf} (ormaem-jzpfvwfaomf)[k rmeypö,EÅyk'fjzifh ulpGufrS vu©Pteufx GufEdkifonf/
*päaEÅm-oGm;vaomf? bm&'GgaZm-rnfaom? aom-xdkolonf? tpöKwH t'óH £oð}üvnf; *päaEÅm0,f
tEÅypönf;twGuf vu©Pteufay;Edkifonf/ (½lbm#D y 511-513)
Oyt"dwdkYESifh qufpyfaomo'´g
tydktvGefteufa[m Oyo'´gç tpdk;&olç tpdk;&½Sdolteufa[m t"do'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaomo'´gudk owå

rD0dbwfjzifh qufoG,f&onf/
yHkpH- Oy cg&d,H a'gaPm? cg&d,H-wdkYü?0g-wdkY\?Oy-ydkvGefaom?a'gaPm-wpfpdwf(wdkYxufydkvGefaompdwf)
t"d a'a0ok Aka'¨g? Aka'¨g-bk&m;onf? a'a0ok-ewfwdkYü?0g-ewfwdkY\? t"d-t½Sifocifwnf;/
(ewfwdkYxuf omvGefaombk&m;)
t"d jA[®'awå yÍömvm? yÍömvm-yÍömvwdkif;om;wdkYonf?jA[®'awå-jA[®'wfrif;\? t"d-Opömwnf;?
0g-aus;uGefwdkYwnf;/(yÍömvwdkif;om;wdkYonf jA[®'wfrif;[laom tpdk;&ol½Sdukef\)
ã av;wif;udk ]wwdkY}[kac:onf/ xdkav;wif;tjyif wpdwf? av;wif;wpdwf[kqdkvdkonf/ Oycg&d,H

t"djA[®'awå ponfwdkYudk ormofyk'f[k xifMuonf/ odkYaomf Oyo'´g t"do'´gwdkY\ ,SOf&mpyf&m[k
qdkojzifh pmpyfonfhtcg ]cg&d,Hum; \[lí teufay;&aomaMumifh Oyü orÁmef? Oyum; orÁE¨D[k
wyk'fpD cGJjcm;í pyf&rnf? xdkYaMumifh Oycg&d,HponfrSm ormofr[kwf? wyk'fpDomwnf;/ (tajcjyKo'´g-628)
ã þ Oyçt"d-wdkYonf ]"mwGw¬H Oypö oaZÆEÅd}ESifhnDatmif "mwfteufudk rjyifqifEdkifMuaomaMumifh

Oyom&trnf r&Mu/ ur®y0peD,wdkYom rnfukef\/ upönf;usrf;vm ur®yÜ0peD,,kawåç okwfESifh
rqdkifaom ur®yÜ0peD,rsm;pGm½Sdukefonf/ ty+omvm,? ywd+om&dykawåm-wdkYü tyçywd-wdkYvnf;
ur®yÜ0peD,yif/ (½lbm#D y 517)
r@dw Oókuúw¬a,m*o'´g
Munfvifjcif; tm;xkwfjcif; teufa[mo'´gwdkYESifh qufpyfaom o'´grsm;udk owårD0dbwfESifhvnf;

qufoG,fEdkifonf/
yHkpH- ÓPo®ð yoaEém? ÓPfü Munfvif\/(ÓPfESifhqdkif&ma&mufvQif Munfvif\)
ÓPo®ð Oókauúm? ÓPfü tm;xkwf\/ (ÓPfESifhvkyf&rnfhudpöü tm;xkwf\-[k qdkvdkonf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
317
tmcswfBud,m tquf
"mwfypönf;ESifh wnfyk'ftaMumif;
"mwfrnfyHk
oGm;jcif; csufjcif; pm;jcif;paom tjyKtrlBud,mudk aqmifwwfaomaMumifh *rkç ypç bkZ

ponfwdkYonf "mwfrnf\/
"mwftrsKd;tpm;
xdk"mwfonf yuwd 0duwd emr"mwftm;jzifh oHk;yg;tjym;½Sd\/ xdkoHk;yg;wdkYwGif - *rk yp bkZ

paom"mwfwdkYonf 0du&Pypönf;oufí rdrdoabmtm;jzifh NyD;pD;aomaMumifh yuwd"mwfrnf\/ cç qç
o - paom ypönf;tqHk;½Sdaom wddwdu©ç wdudpäç ydygo paomo'´gwdkYonf 0duwd"mwfrnfukef\/
tm, þ, paom ypönf;oufí emrfyk'fb0rS tmcswfyk'fb0odkY ul;ajymif;oGm;aom yAÁwm,ç ykwåD,
paomo'´gwdkYonf emr"mwfrnfukef\/
wenf;um; -
tur®u"mwfç our®u"mwftm;jzifh ESpfyg;tjym;½Sd\/ xdkESpfyg;wdkYwGif uHr½Sdaom bl [l od

|m paom"mwfonf tur®u"mwfrnf\/ uH½Sdaom yp bkZpaom"mwfonf our®u"mwfrnf\/
xdkESpfyg;wdkYwGif our®u"mwfonf {uur®u"mwf 'Gdur®u"mwftm;jzifh ESpfyg;tjym;½Sd\/ xdkESpfyg;wdkYwGif
uHwckwnf;om½Sdaom ypç bkZ paom"mwfonf {uur®u"mwf rnfukef\/ uHESpfck½Sdaom eDç 'k[
paom "mwfonf 'Gdur®u"mwfrnf\/
ypönf;yHk
uH uwåm; paomteufudk odaMumif;jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? uH uwåm; abm teufudk

pGJíjzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; tç ,ç paomo'´gwdkYonf ypönf;rnfukef\/
ypönf;trsKd;tpm;
Bud,myk'fjzpf&ef toHk;jyK&aom ypönf;onf tmcswfypönf; udwfypönf; [lí ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/

xdkESpfyg;wGif tmcsmwfypönf;onf 0du&Pypönf; um&dwfypönf; "mwk½lyypönf; emrypönf;tm;jzifh av;yg;
tjym;½Sd\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
318
tjyKtrlBud,mwdkYudk azmfjyaom"mwfwdkYudk toD;tjcm; jyKaMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh tç tmç £ç
þç {ç Moç ,ç Pkç Pmç OPmç emç yÜç PSmç Moç ,d&ç aPç P, [laom (17)ypönf;wdkYonf
0du&Pypönf; rnfukef\/ (þ0du&Pypönf;wdkYonf wpHkwckaom teufudkrQ ra[mwwfaomaMumifh
ta&;BuD;aom ypönf;rsm; r[kwf/ tajcjyKo'´g 221)
"mwked'´d|ypönf;
"mwf\teufjzpfaom Bud,mudk a[maomaMumifh c q o paom ypönf;wdkYonf "mwked'´d|ypönf;

rnfukef\/ xdk"mwked'd´|ypönf; "mwkypönf; "mwk½lyypönf; um&dwypönf;tm;jzifh oHk;yg;tjym;½Sd\/
xdkoHk;yg;wdkYwGif c q o paomypönf;wdkYonf "mwfppf\aemufü oufwwfaomaMumifh "mwkypönf;rnf\/
tm, þ, P, t& tv ypönf;wdkYonf emrfyk'f\aemufü oufwwfaomaMumifh "mwk½lyypönf;rnf\/
aP P, Pmay Pmy, tv ypönf;wdkYonf apcdkif;wdkufwGef;aom teufü oufwwfaomaMumifh
um&dwfypönf;rnfukef\/
wnfyk'ftaMumif;
"mwfodkY ypönf;qufay;jcif;tm;jzifh jzpfay:vmaomyk'fonf wnfyk'frnf\/ ,if;wnfyk'fonf

Bud,m yk'fppfr[kwf? Bud,myk'f tavmif;tvsmrQom jzpf\/
tmcsmwf*kdPf;taMumif;
tmcsmwf*kdPf;rnfyHk
oGm;jcif; vmjcif;paom tjyKtrlBud,mudk azmfjyaom tmcswfyk'f tvdifonf tmcswf*kdPf;rnf\/
tmcswf*kdPf;trsKd;tpm;
]bl ½l 'd oGm? uD *[m? wem pk&m½Spf} [lonfESifhtnD tmcsmwf*kdPf;onf bl0g'd*kdPf;ç

½k"m'dç 'd0g'dç oGm'dç ud,m'dç *[m'dç wPSm'dç pk&m'd *kdPf;tm;jzifh ½Spfyg;tjym;½Sd\/ (½ltvdk *[m'dudk
ud,m'düoGif;í 7-*kdPf;? ouúwtvdk ½ltvdk 7*dkPf;wGif t'g'd Zka[mwsm'd wk'g'd oHk;*kdPf;xnfhí 10*dkPf;?
xdkoHk;*kdPf;udk ½lü bl0g'dwGif oGif;onf/ upönf; bm#D 'k 359)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
319
(1) bl0g'd*kdPf;
t[laom 0du&Pypönf;oufí NyD;aumif;aom yk'ftaygif;onf bl0g'd*kdPf;rnf\/
bl0g'd*kdPf;0if"mwfrsm;onf Asnf;o& tqHk;½SdMu\/ "mwfaemif typönf;qufí wnfyk'fjyKvkyf&onf/
xdkwnfyk'faemifrS umvnTef tmcswf0dbwfrsm; oufaomtm;jzifh Bud,myk'fjzpf\/
bl0g'd*kdPf;0if "mwfrsm;
"mwf "mwfeuf ypönf; wnfyk'f 0dbwf Bud,m
yp csufjcif; t yp wd ypwd
,mp awmif;jcif; t ,mp wd ,mpwd
cg' pm;jcif; t cg' wd cg'wd
0' qdkjcif; t 0' wd 0'wd
0o aejcif; t 0o wd 0owd
bmo qdkjcif; t bmo wd bmowd
vb &jcif; t vb wd vbwd
uDV upm;jcif; t uDV wd uDVwd
&u© apmifha½Smufjcif; t &u© wd &u©wd
odu© oif,ljcif;çusifhjcif; t odu© wd odu©wd
ykpä ar;jcif; t ykpä wd ykpäwd
*rk oGm;jcif; t *pä ^Cr® wd *päwd? Cr®wd
tm+*rk vmjcif; t tm*pä wd tm*päwd
£ok tvdk½Sdjcif; t £pä wd £päwd
,Z ylaZmfjcif; t ,Z wd ,Zwd
pv wkefvIyfjcif; t pv wd pvwd
uko qJa&;jcif; t uko wd ukowd
*k[ apmifhpnf;jcif; t *k[ wd *k[wd
[& o,faqmifjcif; t [& wd [&wd
cdy ypfjcif; t cdy wd cdywd
!Ho udkufjcif; t !Ho wd !Howd
0" owfjcif; t 0" wd 0"wd
"m0 ajy;vTm;jcif; t "m0 wd "m0wd
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
320
,m oGm;jcif; t ,m wd ,mwd
0g vIyf½Sm;jcif; t 0g wd 0gwd
Xm &yfjcif; t Xm ^ wd| wd Xmwd?wd|wd
'g ay;jcif; t 'g^''gâ' wd 'gwd?''gwd?a'wd
"m aqmifjcif; t '"m wd '"mwd
[m pGefY t Z[m wd Z[mwd
yg aomufjcif; t yd0 wd yd0wd
Zd atmifjcif; t aZ^Z, wd aZwd? Z,wd
eD aqmifjcif; t aeê, wd aewd? e,wd
od tdyfjcif; t aoô, wd aowd? o,wd
uk atmfjrnfjcif; t u0 wd u0wd
bl jzpfjcif; t b0 wd b0wd
[l jzpfjcif; t a[m wd a[mwd
ã þü t-ypönf;onf uwåm;teufudk ra[m/ wd-paom tmcsmwf0dbwf rmetEÅpaom ypönf;wdkYu

uwåm;teuf a[mxm;NyD; jzpfí ½kyfjzpf½kHom oufonf[krSwf/ (tajcjyK 221? upönf;bm#D 'k 358)
pnf;rsOf;
40/ bl0g'dawm t/ uwåm;teufa[m 0dbwfypönf;aMumifh bl0g'd*kdPf;0if"mwfaemif typönf;

qufay;&onf/ ykpH - bl> b0f+ ? + wd=b0wd
63/ Xm wda|m/ Xm"mwfonf wd|odkYajymif;onf/ ykpH - Xm> wd| + ? (acs) + wd= wd|wd
64/ yg yda0g/ yg"mwfonf yd0-odkYajymif;onf/ yHkpH- yg> yd0 + ? (acs) + wd= yd0wd
105/ avmyaÍöwå ruma&m/ typönf;onf ausaysmufoGm;onf/ odkYr[kwf {-odkYajymif;onf/

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
321
80/ tanok p/ um&dwfrSwyg;aom ypönf;wdkYaMumifh oH,kwfrqHk;aom "mwfwdkY\(o&udk) 0k'¨djyK/
108/ Mo t0 oa&/ o&aMumifh "mwGef Mo-onf t0-odkY ajymif;onf/

ykHpH/ bl= bf + l > ? 0f + ? + wd= b0wd
116/ "mwkóaEÅm avmayg.aeuo&ó/ rsm;aomo&½Sdaom"mwf\ tqHk;o&onf

tcsKdUt&mü ausonf/
117/ £ok ,rke.raEÅm apäm 0g/ £okç ,rkç tmo"mwfwdkY\ tqHk; ofçrf-wdkYudk pfä-jyKonf/
yHkpH/ £ok= £of+K(acs)? £of> päf + ? + wd= £päwd
ed+,rk= ,rf+K(acs)? ,rf> päf + ? + wd= ed,päwd(a½SmifMuOf\)
tmo=tmof+?(acs)? tmof> päf + ? + wd= tpäwd(tm> t) (aexdkif\)
71/ *rdóaEÅm apäm 0g oAÁmok/ tvHk;pHkaom 0dbwfypönf;wdkYaMumifh *rk"mwf\ rf-onf päf-

odkYajymif;onf/
yHkpH/ *rk=*rf+K(acs)? *rf> päf + ? + wd= *päwd
109/ { t,? o&aMumifh "mwGef{onf t,-odkYajymif;onf/

yHkpH/ od=of+-d> a > t,f? o,f + ? + wd= o,wd (t,fodkYrajymif;u aowd-[kjzpfonf)
yHkpH/ eD=ef+-D> a > t,f? e,f + ? + wd= o,wd (t,fodkYrajymif;u aewd-[kjzpfonf)
yHkpH/ Zd=Zf+-d> a > t,f? Z,f + ? + wd= Z,wd (t,fodkYrajymif;u aZwd-[kjzpfonf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
322
(2) ½k"m'd*kdPf;
tqHk;AsOf;\ a½SUü ed*¾[dwfvmí t-[laom 0du&Pypönf;oufí NyD;aumif;aom yk'ftaygif;onf

½k"m'd*kdPf;rnf\/ ½k"m'd*kdPf;0if"mwfrsm;onf Asnf;tqHk;½SdMu\/ tqHk;AsOf\ a½SUü ed*¾[dwfvmí
"mwfaemif typönf;qufí wnfyk'fjyKvkyf&onf/
½k"m'd*kdPf;0if "mwfrsm;
½k"f ydwfqdkYjcif;? wm;qD;jcif; t ½kH"?½kE¨ wd ½kE¨wd

rkpf vTwfjcif; t rkHp?rkÍö wd rkÍöwd
bkZf pm;jcif; t bHkZ? bkÍÆ wd bkÍÆwd
,kZf ,SOfjcif; t ,HkZ? ,kÍÆ wd ,kÍÆwd
qd'f jzwfjcif; t qð'? qdE´ wd qdE´wd
bd'f cGJjcif; t bð'? bdE´ wd bdE´wd
vdyf vdrf;usHjcif; t vðy? vdrÜ wd vdrÜwd
ydof Budwfacsjcif; t yðo wd yðowd
0d'f &jcif; t 0ð'? 0dE´ wd 0dE´wd
odpf oGef;avmif;jcif; t oðp? odÍö wd odÍöwd
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
41/ ½k"m'dawm ed*¾[Dw ykAÁÍö/ uwåm;teufa[m 0dbwfypönf;aMumifh ½k"m'd*kPf;"mwfaemif t-ypönf;

ouf/ ed*¾[dwfvnf; vmonf/
31/ 0*¾EÅH 0g 0a*¾/ 0*fAsOf;aMumifh ed*¾[dwfonf 0*fAsOf;\tqHk;jzpfaom içÚçPçeçr-odkYajymif;onf/
yHkpHrsm;/ ½k"f+t=½kH"> ½kE¨+wd=½kE¨wd/ rkpf+t=rkHp> rkÍö+wd=rkÍöwd/

okbf+t=okHb> okrÇ+wd/
okb=½k y[ma&-ykwfcwfjcif;ü/ okrÇwd? ausmufuef\? ykwfcwf\

okb=bl 'dwåd[ðomok-xGef;ywifhw,fjcif; n§if;qJjcif;wdkYü/
okbwd? aombwd/ wifhw,f\/ vSy\/ awmufy\/

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
323
(3) 'd0g'd*kdPf;
,-[laom 0du&Pypönf;oufí NyD;aumif;aom yk'ftaygif;onf 'd0g'd*kdPf;rnf\/

'd0g'd*kdPf;0if"mwfrsm;onf Asnf;ço& tqHk;½SdMu\/ "mwfaemif ,-ypönf;qufí wnfyk'fjyKvkyf&onf/
½k"m'd*kdPf;0if "mwfrsm;
*g oDqdkjcif; , *g, wd *g,wd

ESm a&csKd;jcif; , ESm, wd ESm,wd
'd0k awmufyçupm;jcif; , 'dAÁ wd 'dAÁwd
od0k csKyfpyfjcif; , odAÁ wd odAÁwd
rkp vTwfjcif; , rkpö wd rkpöwd
Ak" odjcif; , AkZÑ wd AkZÑwd
,k" ykwfcwfjcif; , ,kZÑ wd ,kZÑwd
uk" pdwfqdkjcif; , ukZÑwd wd ukZÑwd
0d" xdk;qGjcif; , 0dZÑ wd 0dZÑwd
0d' xif½Sm;½Sdjcif; , 0dZÆ wd 0dZÆwd
y' oGm;jcif; , yZÆ wd yZÆwd
r' rl;,pfjcif; , rZÆ wd rZÆwd
wko ESpfoufjcif; , wkó wd wkówd
'ko rESpfoufjcif; , 'kó wd 'kówd
eo ysufpD;jcif; , eó wd eówd
uo v,fxGefjcif; , uó wd uówd
oH+e[ aESmifzGJUjcif; , oEé,S wd oEé,Swd
vkb rufarmjcif; , vkAÇ wd vkAÇwd
rk[ awGa0jcif; , rk,S wd rk,Swd
Ze jzpfjcif; , Zm, wd Zm,wd
re odjcif; , rn wd rnwd
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
324
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
42/ 'd0g'dawm a,m/ uwåm;teufa[m 0dbwfypönf;aMumifh 'd0g'd*kPf;"mwfaemif ,-ypönf;ouf/

39/ wxm uwå&d p/uwåm;teufü 'd0g'd ,ypönf;onf "mwGefESifwuG p-0*fç ,ç 0-odkY ajymif;onf/
yHkpHrsm;/ 'd0k='d0f+K(acs)= 'd 0f+, = 'dAÁ+wd = 'dAÁwd

0> 0G > AÁ
(0-a'Gabmfvm&mü o&ryg/ 0f-vmonf? 0f+,-wGif ,ü o&ygí 0onfo&myg½SdNyD; jzpfí vmonfh
0f-ü o&rygaomfvnf; o&rvdkawmh)

,k"=,k"f+?(acs)= ,k"f+, =,kZÑ+wd=,kZÑwd
ps> ZÑ (to'doa'Gabmf Zf-vmonf)
(4) oGm'd*kdPf;
PkçPmçOaPmçOPm[laom 0du&Pypönf;oufí NyD;aumif;aom yk'ftaygif;onf oGm'd*kdPf;

rnf\/ oGm'd*kdPf;0if"mwfrsm;onf Asnf;ço& tqHk;½SdMu\/ o&qHk;aom "mwfudk Pk=(aPm)ESifh Pm-
ouf&onf/ AsOf;qHk;aom"mwfudk OaPm-ESihf OPm-ouf&onf/
oGm'd*kdPf;0if "mwfrsm;
ok Mum;em aPm okaPm wd okaPmwd

Pm okPm wd okPmwd
rd xnfhoGif; aPm rdaPm wd rdaPmwd
(rdaem) wd (rdaemwd)
Pm rdPm wd rdPmwd
(rdem) wd (rdemwd)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
325
y[d apvTwf aPm y[daPm wd y[daPmwd
Pm y[dPm wd y[dPmwd
oH0k apmifhpnf; aPm oH0kaPm wd oH0kaPmwd
Pm oH0kPm wd oH0kPmwd
y+ty a&muf OaPm ygykaPm wd ygykaPmwd
OPm ygykPm wd ygykPmwd
ouú pGrf;Edkif OaPm ouúKaPm wd ouúKaPmwd
OPm ouúKPm wd ouúKPmwd

pnf;rsOf;rsm;
43/ oGm'dawm Pk Pm OPm p/ uwåm;teufa[m 0dbwfypönf;aMumifh oGm'd*kPf;"mwfaemif Pk Pm

OPm-ypönf;ouf/
yHkpH/ ok+Pk= Pf + K > a-m + wd/ okaPmwd/
rd+aPm+wd/ rdaPmwd/ rd+aPm= Pf> ef + a-m + wd/ rdaemwd
y + ty=yf+?(acs) +OaPm+wd/ ygykaPmwd/
yf+?(acs) t> tm
ã ed½kwåd'DyeD 449 ü yk-ü Ovmxm;onf[k qdkonf/ upönf;ü OaPm ypönf;udk rjy/

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
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(5) ud,m'd*kdPf;
em-[laom 0du&Pypönf;oufí NyD;aumif;aom yk'ftaygif;onf ud,m'd*kdPf; rnf\/

ud,m'd*kdPf;0if"mwfrsm;onf o&-tqHk;½SdMu\/ "mwfaemif em-ypönf;oufí "mwf\'DCo&udk &ó
o& jyKaomtm;jzifh wnfyk'fjyKvkyf&\/ uD-"mwfaemif oufaom em-ypönf;udk Pm-jyK&onf/
ud,m'd*kdPf;0if "mwfrsm;
uD 0,fjcif; em udPm wd udPmwd

0d+uD a&mif;jcif; em 0duúdPm wd 0duúdPmwd
pd pkaqmif;jcif; em pdem wd pdemwd
Zd atmifjcif; em Zdem wd Zdemwd
Ó odjcif; em Zmem wd Zmemwd
rm EIdif;,SOfjcif; em rdem wd rdemwd
,k zGJUaESmifjcif; em ,kem wd ,kemwd
"k wkefvIyfjcif; em "kem wd "kemwd
vl &dwfjzwfjcif; em vkem wd vkemwd
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
44/ ud,m'dawm em/ uwåm;teufa[m 0dbwfypönf;aMumifh ud,m'd*kPf;"mwfaemif Pm-ypönf;ouf/

yHkpH/ uD + em = udPmwd/ 0d+ uD + em = 0dudúPmwd/
uf+ -D> -d ef> Pf+m uf+ -D> -d ef> Pf+m
uúf

65/ Óó Zm ZH em/ Ó-"mwfonf Zm ZH em ajymif;onf/ rm + em + wd = rdemwd
ykHpH/ Ó> Zm + em + wd = Zmemwd rf+m> -d

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
327
(6) *[m'd*kdPf;
yÜç PSm-[laom 0du&Pypönf;oufí NyD;aumif;aom yk'ftaygif;onf *[m'd*kdPf; rnf\/

*[m'd*kdPf;0if"mwfrsm;onf o&- AsOf; ESpfyg;tqHk;½SdMu\/ *[m'd*kdPf;0if"mwfrsm;odkY yÜç PSm ypönf;
qufaomtcg ½kyfajymif;vGJaomtm;jzifh wnfyk'fjzpf\/ *["mwfaemifrS yÜç PSm wdkYonf tmcsmwfBud,mü
jzpf\/ *["mwfrSwyg;aom "mwfwdkYaemif oufaom yÜç PSm wdkYonf emrfyk'fü jzpf\/
*[m'd*kdPf;0if "mwfrsm;
*[ ,ljcif; yÜ aCyÜ wd aCyÜwd

*[ ,ljcif; PSm *PSm wd *PSmwd
Oo yljcif; PSm OPS wd OPSwd
y+*[ csD;ajrmufjcif; PSm y*¾PSm wd y*¾PSmwd
t"d+*[ pdk;tkyfjcif; PSm t"d*PSm wd t"d*PSmwd
yÜç PSm ypönf; qufxm;aom emrfyk'frsm;
wo rGwfodyfjcif; PSm wPSm qmavmifrGwfodyfaMumif;w&m;

Zkod ESpfoufjcif;çrSD0Jjcif; PSm ZkPS vqef;yu©
Zkw xGef;yjcif; PSm ZkPSm va&mif
om acgif;yg;atmifjyKjcif; PSm oPS El;nHhodrfarGUaom
aom tqHk;udkjyKjcif; PSm oPS El;nHhodrfarGUaom
wdZ xufjcif; PSm wdPS xufonf? xufjrufonf
od rSD0Jjcif; yÜ odyÜ twwf
uk pufqkwfjcif; PSm uPS raumif;rI? rJnpfaom
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
45/ *[m'dawm yÜPSm/ uwåm;teufa[m 0dbwfypönf;aMumifh *[mm'd*kPf;"mwfaemif yÜçPSmypönf;ouf/
84/ *[ó aC ayÜ/ yÜ-ypönf;aMumifh *[-"mwfonf aC-odkYajymif;onf/
85/ [avmayg PSmrSd/ PSmypönf;aMumifh *["mwf\ [-udk ausonf/
yHkpH/ *[ + PSm = *PSmwd *[ + yÜ = aCyÜwd

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
328
(7) wem'd*kdPf;
Moç,d&-[laom 0du&Pypönf;oufí NyD;aumif;aom yk'ftaygif;onf wem'd*kdPf; rnf\/

wem'd*kdPf;0if"mwfrsm;onf o&ç AsOf; ESpfyg; tqHk;½SdMu\/ *kdPf;0if"mwftm;vHk;aemif Mo-ypönf;oufí
vnf;aumif;ç u&-"mwf wckwnf;\ aemufüom ,d&ypönf;oufívnf;aumif; wnfyk'fjyK&onf/
wem'd*kdPf;0if "mwfrsm;
wEk csJUxGifjcif; Mo waem wd waemwd

ouú pGrf;Edkif Mo oauúm wd oauúmwd
y+ty a&muf Mo yayÜg wd yayÜgwd
u& jyK Mo ua&m wd ua&mwd
u& jyK Mo ukAÁ wd ukAÁwd
u& jyK Mo MuKAÁ wd MuKAÁwd
oH+u& jyK? pD&if Mo ocFa&m wd ocFa&mwd
u& jyK ,d& u,d& wd u,d&wd
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
46/ wem'dawm Mo ,d&m/ uwåm;teufa[m 0dbwfypönf;aMumifh wem'd*kPf;"mwfaemufrSm Mo ,d&

ypönf;ouf/
yHkpH/ wEk= wef + K (acs)+ Mo + wd =waemwd
u&=u&f + ? (acs) +Mo+wd=ua&mwd
u&= u&f (&f-acs) +? (acs) +,d&+wd/ u,d&wd
u& + Mo = wd = ukAÁwd? MuKAÁwd
ukAÁ? MuKAÁ
oH + u& + Mo + wd = ocFa&mwd
c&

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
329
(8) pk&m'd*kdPf;
aPçP,-[laom 0du&Pypönf;oufí NyD;aumif;aom yk'ftaygif;onf pk&m'd*kdPf; rnf\/

pk&m'd*kdPf;0if"mwfrsm;onf o&ç AsOf; ESpfyg; tqHk;½SdMu\/ AsOf;wvHk; qHk;aom"mwfodkY aPçP,
qufaomtcg "mwf\tpo&udk &Hcg (tmç Moç {) 0k'¨djyK&onf/ AsOf;ESpfvHk;qHk;aom "mwfodkYquf
aomtcg 0k'¨drjyK&? aPçP,ypönf;rS P-udkacsí wnfyk'fjyKvkyf&onf/
pk&m'd*kdPf;0if "mwfrsm;
pk& cdk;jcif; aP apma& wd apma&wd

P, apm&, wd apm&,wd
bZ cGJa0 aP bmaZ wd bmaZwd
P, bmZ, wd bmZ,wd
0d' cHpm; aP a0a' wd a0a'wd
P, a0', wd a0',wd
*ky apmifha½Smuf aP a*gay wd a*gaywd
P, a*gy, wd a*gy,wd
yko arG;jrL aP aygao wd aygaowd
P, aygo, wd aygo,wd
ux ajymqdk aP uax wd uaxwd
P, ux, wd ux,wd
*P a&wGuf aP *aP wd *aPwd
P, *P, wd *P,wd
ygv apmihfa½Smuf aP ygav wd ygavwd
P, ygv, wd ygv,wd
C# tm;xkwf aP Cma# wd Cma#wd
P, Cm#, wd Cm#,wd
urk tvdk½Sd aP umar wd umarwd
P, umr, wd umr,wd
pdEÅ BuHpnf aP pdaEÅ wd pdaEÅwd
P, pdEÅ, wd pdEÅ,wd

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
330
rEÅ wdkifyif aP raEÅ wd raEÅwd

P, rEÅ, wd rEÅ,wd
tm+rEÅ rdefYqdk aP tmraEÅ wd tmraEÅwd
P, tmrEÅ, wd tmrEÅ,wd
ed+rEÅ yifhzdwf aP edraEÅ wd edraEÅwd
P, edrEÅ, wd edrEÅ,wd
q× pGefY aP qa× wd qa×wd
P, q×, wd q×,wd
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
47/ pk&m'dawm aP P,m/ uwåm;ç abmç uHteufa[m 0dbwfypönf;aMumifh pk&m'd*kPf;"mwfaemufrSm

aPçP, ypönf;ouf/
ã bl0g'd*kdPf;paom "mwfaemif oufaom ypönf;wdkYudk uwåm;a[m 0dbwfypönf;aESmif;&müom ouf

onf/ þpk&m'd*kdPf;ü aPçP, ypönf;wdkYudkum; abm uH uwåm; oHk;yg;wGif wyg;yg;udk a[maom
0dbwfypönf;aESmif;&mü oufEdkifonf/ aPçP, ü Ptu©&mygí um&dwmeH aPm avmyH-okwfjzifh
Pf-udk acs&ef um&dwfvnf; trnf&onf/ odkYaomf um&dwftppf r[kwfí aPçP,wdkYudk ap-[k
bmomrjyef&/ (tajcjyKo'´g 228)
78/ toHa,m*EÅó 0k'¨d um&daw/ um&dwfypönf;aMumifh oH,k*ftqHk;r½Sdaom "mwf\(tpo&)onf

(tm Mo {) 0k'¨dodkY ajymif;onf/
118/ um&dwmeH aPm avmyH/ "mwl[d aP P, Pmay Pm,y um&dwmed a[wGaw¬-okwfjzifh
oufaom ypönf;onf ap-[k t"dyÜg,f&aomaMumifh rkcsum&dwfrnf\/ "mwk½lay emro®m
Pa,m pç pk&m'dawm aP P,m-okwfwdkYjzifhoufaom um&dwfypönf;onf ap-[k t"dyÜg,f
r&aomaMumifh(bmomjyefp&mrvdkaomaMumifh) ½kVSDum&dwfrnf\/ xdkESpfrsKd;pvHk;aom um&dwf
ypönf;\ Pf-udk acs&onf/
pk&= pk &f+ ? (acs) + aP + wd= apma&wd/ pk&=pk&f+ ? (acs) + P, + wd=apm&,wd

pf+K> a-m a+Pf Pf+? ,
(yxri,f ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; 112-129)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
331
"mwfrsm; ajymif;vJyHk
63/ Xm wda|m/ Xm-"mwfonf wd|-odkYajymif;onf/ Xm> wd| + ? + wd = wd|wd (&yf\çwnfae\)
64/ yg yda0g/ yg-"mwfonf yd0-odkYajymif;onf/ yg> yd0 + ? + wd = yd0wd (aomuf\)
66/ 'doó yó 'dó 'u©m 0g/ 'do"mwfonf wcgw&H yó 'dó 'u© odkY ajymif;onf/
'do> yó 'dó 'u© + ? + wd = yówdç 'u©wd (jrif\çMunfh\)
'dówd (jrif\?Munfh\?xif\ wenf; jriftyf\?½lyod'¨du 'dówd-ukd tNrJ uHa[m[kqdk\)
94/ 'g "mwkó 'ZÆH/ 'g-"mwf 'ZÆ-odkY ajymif;onf/ 'g> 'ZÆ + ? + wd = 'ZÆwd (ay;\)
95/ 0'ó 0ZÆH/ 0'-"mwfonf 0ZÆ-odkYajymif;onf/ 0'> 0ZÆ + ?> a + wd = 0aZÆwd (ajymqdk\)
96/ *rdó Cr®H/ *rk"mwf Cr®-odkYajymif;onf/ *rk> Cr®+ ? + wd = Cr®wd (oGm;\)
100/ Z& r&meH ZD& ZD,s rD,sm 0g/ Z&-"mwfonf ZD& ZD,s-odkYç r&-"mwfonf rD,s-odkY
wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
Z&> ZD&çZD,s + ? + wd = ZD&wdç ZD,swd-aqG;ajrU\ç tdkrif;\/ (ZD,wd-ü ,-wvHk;acsxm;onf)
r&> rD,s + ? + wd = rD,swd-ao\/ (rD,wd-ü ,-wvHk;acsxm;onf)
0dbwfç ypönf;aMumifh "mwfajymif;vJyHk
70/ jAL ble.rm[ bl0g ya&mu©m,H/ ya&mu©m0dbwfaMumifh jAL-"mwfonf tm[f-odkY? bl-"mwfonf

bl0f-odkY ajymif;onf/ yHkpH/ jALK > tm[f + ? (ya&mu©m) ajymqdkNyD/
bl bl + ? (ya&mu©m) = Abl0-jzpfNyDwJh/
b> A bl0f
71/ *rdóaEÅm apäm 0g oAÁmok/ tvHk;pHkaom 0dbwfypönf;aMumifh(wdpaom0dbwfç tEÅ rme ,-paom
ypönf;aESmif;&mü) *rk-"mwf\ tqHk; rf-onf päf-odkYajymif;onf/ *päwd
72/ 0pó.ZÆweDrSd ruma&m Mo/

tZÆwåeD0dbwfaMumifh 0p"mwf½Sd 0\ t-tu©&monf Mo-odkY
ajymif;onf/ yHkpH/ 0p = 0 pf+?(acs)+ D/ (t)a0gpD
0f+?> a-m
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
332
75/ a[mwdóa&.a[m.a[ b0dóEÅdrSdç wó p/ b0dóEÅD0dbwfaMumifh [l-"mwf\ tqHk;ODo&onf
{[ç Mo[ç {-tjzpfodkY ajymif;onf/ 0dbwf\ ó-udkvnf; acs/
a[[dwd a[m[dwd a[wd/ (ó-udk racsvQif a[[dówdç a[m[dówdç
a[ówd ½kyfrsm;vnf; ½Sdonf) yHkpH/ [l=[f+-l> {[ (-dvm) +ówd/
(£vmNyD;í uyfp&mo&½SdNyD;jzpfí t-ypönf;rvdkawmh[k ½lyod'¨d-qdk)
76/ u&ó oypö,ó uma[m/ b0dóEÅD0dbwfaMumifh ypönf;ESifhwuGjzpfaom u&-"mwfudk

um[-jyK/ ó-ukdvnf; acs/ um[wd um[dwd/
yHkpH/ u&>um[+ówd=um[wd
81/ *k['komeH 'DCH/ um&dwfypönf;aMumifh4if; um&dwfrSwyg;aom ypönf;aMumifh4if; *k[-"mwf

'ko-"mwfwdkY\ tqHk;o&onf 'DCodkYajymif;onf/

yHkpH/ *k [=*k[f+?(acs) + ? + wd = *l[wd/vsKdU0Suf\? zHk;vTrf;\/
*f+ K > L
(*l[,wd-vsKdU0Sufap\ç zHk;vTrf;ap\? um&dwf P,-ouf½kHom xl;\)
'k o='lof+P, (Pfacs) + wd = 'lo,wd/ysufpD;ap\? zsufqD;\/

'f+ K > L
ã 'ko"mwfum; um&draESmif;yJ 'kówd 'kóeH [kjzpfí 'DCrjyK&/ (tajcjyK-254)

'kówd('ko+,+wd) ysufpD;\? zsufqD;\? jypfrSm;\/
'kóeH(wd) 'ko+,/ zsufqD;jcif;? jypfrSm;jcif;? tjypf
82/ 0p 0o 0[m'De.rkuma&m 0ó a,/ abmuHa[m ,ypönf;aMumifh 0pç 0oç 0[ tp½Sdaom

"mwfwdkY\ 0tu©&mç 0\tqHk; ttu©&mudk O-jyK/
yHkpH/ 0p= 0pf+?(acs) , + aw/ 0k pf , aw/ ajymqdktyf\/
0f+?> K pö
86/ u&ó umowå rZÆweDrSd/ tZÆweD0dbwfaMumifh u&-"mwfonf umo-odkY ajymif;onf/

yHkpH/ u&=u&f+?(acs) +(0du&P) Mo + D/ (t)umod-jyKNyD/
umof (uGpdjzifhacs)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
333
97/ ,rSd 'g "m rm Xm [m yg r[ rxm'De.rD/ abmuHa[m ,ypönf;aMumifh 'g "m rm Xm [m
yg r[ rx tp½Sdaom "mwfwdkY\ tqHk;o&onf þodkYajymif;onf/
'g='f+-g> -D + ,+ aw/ 'D,aw-ay;jcif;ç ay;tyf\/
"D,aw-aqmifjcif;çaqmiftyf\? rD,aw-EIdif;,SOfjcif;çEIdif;,SOftyf\/
XD,aw-wnfjcif;(Xm"mwfüuHr½Sd) y[D,aw-y,fpGefYjcif;çy,fpGefYtyf\/
yD,aw-aomufjcif;çaomuftyf\? r[D,aw-ylaZmfjcif;çylaZmtyf\/
rxD,aw-vHk;axG;jcif;çvHk;axG;tyf\/
98/ ,Zóm.'dód/ abmuHa[m,ypönf;aMumifh ,Z-"mwf\ tp,onf £odkYajymif;onf/

yHkpH=,Z=,Zf+?(acs) + ,+ aw/ , Zf + ,+ aw/ylaZmfjcif;ç ylaZmftyf\
£ ZÆ
107/ u&óm uma&m p/ u&-"mwf½Sd u\tonf O-odkYajymif;onf/

yHkpH / u&= u &f+?(acs) + Mo + aw = uk½kaw-jyK\/
uf+?+> K K
117/ £ok,re.raEÅm apäm 0g/ £ok ,rk tmo-"mwfwdkY\ of rf onf päf-odkYajymif;onf/

yHkpH/ £ok=£of+?(acs) + ? + wd / £päwd-vkdcsif\? tvdk½Sd\/
ed+,rk=,rf+?(acs) + ? + wd/ ed,päwd-a½SmufMuOf\/
tmo=tmof+?(acs) + ? + wd= tpäwd-aexdkif\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
334
"mwf\ tptu©&mudk a'G;abmfjyKjcif;
"mwf\ tptu©&monf tcsKdUae&mü a'GabmfjzpfoGm;onf/ 4if;udk tAÇmo1-[kac:onf/

tAÇmo\ 'DConf &óodkYajymif;onf/ tAÇmo\ tqHk;\o&onf £ odkYr[kwf t-odkYajymif;onf/
tAÇmo\ tqHk;ü ed*¾[dwfvmonf/
tAÇmoüjzpfaom 'kwd,tu©&m pwkw¬tu©&mwdkYonf tpOftwdkif; yXrtu©&m wwd,tu©&modkY
ajymif;onf/ u-0*fonf p-0*fodkY ajymif;onf/ tAÇmoüjzpfaom rme"mwf\ rf-onf 0fç udw"mwf\
uf-onf wf-odkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/ tAÇmoüjzpfaom [f-onf Zf-okdYajymif;onf/
pnfrsOf;rsm;
53/ upGm'doPÖme.aruó&meH a'Gbma0g/ 54/ ykaAÁm.AÇmaom/
55/ &aóm/ 56/ 'kwd,pwkw¬meH yXr wwd,m/
57/ u0*¾ó p0a*¾g/ 58/ rmeudwmeH 0wwåH 0g/
59/ [ó aZm/ 60/ tEÅód0PÖmuma&m 0g/
61/ ed*¾[DwÍö/
c q o ypönf;
wdZç *kyç udwç rme"mwfwdkYaemif cçqço ypönf;oufonf/ xdkypönf;wdkYonf oD;oef;t"dyÜg,fr½Sd/

bmomjyefp&mrvdk/ bkZç Coç [&ç okç yg-tp½Sdaom "mwfwdkYaemif wHkypönf;teuf (iSm-[k
bmomjyef&onf) £pämo'´g\ teuf(vdkvm;\S vdkcsif\ç tvdk½Sd\-[k bmomjyef&onf)wdkYü cçqço
ypönf;wdkY oufMuonf/ þ cçqço ypönf;wdkYudk iSg+tvdk½Sd-[k bmomjyef&onf/ oçypönf;aMumifh
tAÇm\rSaemufjzpfaom yg-"mwfonf 0gç rme-"mwfonf rH-odkY ajymif;onf/ qçypönf;aMumifh
"mwGefAsOf;onf pf-odkY ajymif;onf/ cçypönf;aMumifh "mwGefAsOf;onf uf-odkYajymif;onf/ oçypönf;aMumifh
[&"mwfESifh Zd"mwfonf *DodkYajymif;onf/ (tajcjyK 235-244) wdZ-onf;cHjcif;/
*ky-uJh&Jhjcif;ç pufqkwfjcif;
pnfrsOf;rsm; udw-aq;ukjcif;
62/ wawm ygrmemeH 0grH aook/ rme-pl;prf;qifjcifjcif;
"mwfeuf
67/ AsÍÆeEÅó apm qypöa,ok p/ bkZç Co-pm;jcif;/
68/ aum ac p/ [&-aqmifjcif;
69/ [&ó *D ao/ ok-Mum;jcif;
yg-aomufjcif;
1 tAÇmo[laom trnfonf ouúwusrf;üvmaom trnfwnf;/tma½S;½Sdaom bmo"mwf Af-a'Gabmfvm? tm-udk &ójyKí
NyD;aomaMumifh tm-tydktvGef? bmo-½Gwfqdktyfaomtu©&m[k BuHMu\/ 'g'g-[k jzpfae&m0,f a½SU'gonf tydkxnfhí ½Gwfqdktyf
aomaMumifh ]tAÇmo}trnf&onf-[lvdk/ (tajcjyK 235)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
335
½kyfwGufyHk
(ok) ok + o + ? + wd=okólowd-em;axmifcsif\/
ovm?ok\-k'DCjyK
('g) 'g + ? (acs) + wd = ''gwd-ay;\/

'(&ó)
(qd) qd'd=qd'f+-d(acs) + ? (ya&mu©m) qd qd 'f ? = pdapä'-jzwfNyDwJh

'kwd,udkyxrajymif; pd pf(vm)£-{ajymif;
("m) "m + ? + wd = "m "m ? (acs) wd= '"mwd-aqmif\/

pwkw¬udkwwd,ajymif; 'g(&ó)
(ud) udw= ud wf + ? (acs) = ud udwf + q + wd = pdudpäwd-aq;uk\

pd(uudkpajymif;) pf (wf> pf)
(0dpdudpäwd-,HkrSm\-ü 0d+udw"mwfjzifh wGufyg)
(ud) udw= ud wf + ? (acs) = ud udwf + q + wd = wdudpäwd-aq;uk\?temudky,f\

wd(uudkwajymif;) pf(wf> pf)
yxr 'kwd, wwd, pwkw¬

u c * C i
p q Z ps Ú
w x ' " e
y z A b r

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
336
([m) [m + ? (acs) + wd = Z[mwd-pGefYBuJ\? pGefYvTwf\/
Z([udkZjyK?&ójyK)
(Zk[GwdçZka[mwd([k+t+wd)-ylaZmf\? Z[m&-aqmif,lNyDwJh? þ½kyfrsm;vnf; enf;wlyif)
(*k) *k yf + q + wd = Zd*kpäwd-uJh&Jh\? pufqkyf\? ½GHrkef;\

Zd(*-udkZ?Oudk£jyK) (yf> pf)
(C) Co= C of + ? (acs) + q + wd = ZdCpäwd-pm;jcif;iSgtvdk½Sd\? pm;vdk\

pwkw¬udkwwd,ajymif; C> * pf(of> pf) pm;csif\? qm\
u0*fudkp0*fajymif; *> Z
Z\tudk £ajymif; (Zd)
(yg) yg + o + wd = yd0gowd-aomufjcif;iSg tvdk½Sd\/

yf+g> -d 0g
(rm) rmef + ? (acs) + o + wd= pl;prf;\? qifjcif\/

rf > 0f rH
m > -d
-d> -D
(wd) wd Zf + ? (acs) + c + wd = wdwdu©wd-onf;nnf;cH\

uf
(bk) bk Zf + ? (acs) + c + wd-Akbku©wd-pm;jcif;iSgtvdk½Sd\?pm;vdk\?pm;csif\?qm\/

bf> Af uf
[& = [&f + ? (acs) = (*D) *D + o + wd - Zd*Dowd-aqmif,lvdk\/

*D ZD> Zd
0d + (Zd) Zd + o + wd = 0dZd*Dowd-atmifEdkifvdk\/
*D
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
337
emrfyk'fodkY ypönf;qufí Bud,mtjzpf toHk;jyKjcif;
(u)uwåm;\Oyrmejzpfaom emrfyk'fodkY tm,-ypönf;qufonf/ tm,-udk ]uJhodkY+jyKusifh}

[k bmomjyef&onf/ yAÁw-awmif+tm,-uJhodkYjyKusifh+wd-\=yAÁwm,wd-awmifuJhodkYjyKusifh\-
[k Bud,mjzpfvmonf/ oHaCm yAÁawm £0 twåmeH tmp&wd/oHaCm-oHcmonf? yAÁawm£0-
awmifuJhodkY? (oDvorm"dynmwdkYjzifh awmifBuD;vdk cdkifNrJatmif)twåmeH-rdrdudk? tmp&wd-jyKusifh\/
þ0gusü uwåm;yk'fum; oHaCm-wnf;/ xdkuwåm;yk'f\ Oyrme(EdIif;,SOfaMumif;)o'´gum; yAÁawmwnf;/
xdkyAÁwo'´gonf "mwfr[kwf? yAÁawm yAÁwmponfjzifh emrf*kdPf;pOfí &aumif;aom ½kd;½kd;emrfyifwnf;/
þuJhodkY uwåm;yk'f\ Oyrmejzpfaom emrfyk'faemif tmp&wdBud,m\ (jyKusifhjcif;) teufü
tm,ypönf;ouf/ (upönf;bm#D 'k 334)
("mwk½ly o'´grsm;aemif rme tEÅ ypönf;oufvnf;í yAÁwm,rmaem yAÁwm,aEÅm ponf jzpfEdkif\/
upönf;bm#D 'k 347)
ã a½S;urjzpfbl;yJ ,ckrS xdktjzpfrsKd; jzpfjcif;udk azmfjyzdkY emrfyk'fü tm,ypönf;qufí Bud,myk'fwnf

aqmufonf/ (upönf;bm#D 'k 337)
bko+tm,+wd=bkom,wd=vGefvGefuJuJjzpf\/
(a½S;u vGefvGefuJuJrjzpfyJ tckrSvGefvGefuJuJjzpf\[k qdkvdkonf)
eDv+tm,+wd=eDvm,wd- (a½S;u reDyJ tckrS vGefvGefuJuJ) eD\/
y@dw+tm,+wd=y@dwm,wd-(a½S;ynm½Sdr[kwfyJ ,ckrS q&morm;aMumifh)ynm½Sdjzpf\/
ed'´g+tm,+wd=ed'´g,wd-(a½S;utdyfaysmfolr[kwfyJ tckrS)tdyfaysmf\/
oDC+tm,+wd=oDCm,wd-vsifvsifjrefjrefjzpf\/
rE´+tm,+wd=rE´m,wd-av;av;aES;aES;jzpf\/
pyv+tm,+wd=pyvm,wd-vsyfay:avmvD\/
apw+tm,+wd=apwm,wd-aphaqmf\/
'kr®e+tm,+wd='kr®em,wd-pdwfraumif;jzpf\/
okre+tm,+wd=okrem,wd-aumif;aompdwfjzpf\/
MoZ+tm,+wd=MoZm,wd-tqDMoZm½Sd\/
awZ+tm,+wd=awZm,wd-wefcdk;½Sdoljzpf\/
eDv+tm,+wd=eDvm,wd-nKdnKdrJrJjzpf\/
',m+tm,+wd=',m,wd-oem;Muifem\/
u½kPm+tm,+wd=u½kPm,wd-oem;Muifem\/
rk'dwm+tm,+wd=rk'dwm,wd=0rf;ajrmufjcif;udk jyK\/
Oayu©m+tm,+wd=Oayu©m,wd-vspfvsL½I\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
338
ã ]]toHtp½SdonfwdkYudk jyK\}}[laom teufü tm,-ypönf; qufonf/
o'´+tm,+wd=o'´g,wd-toHudk jyK\/ (ua&mwsw¬)

a0&+tm,+wd=a0&m,wd-&efudk jyK\/
uv[+tm,+wd=uv[m,wd-jiif;cHkrIudk jyK\/
"ly+tm,+wd="lyg,wd-tcdk;udk jyK\/
'k'´de+tm,+wd='k'´dem,wd-raumif;aomaeYudk jyK\/
ok'de+tm,+wd=ok'dem,wd-aumif;aomaeYudk jyK\/
arC+tm,+wd=arCm,wd-rdk;udk jyK\/
yd,+tm,+wd=yd,m,wd-cspftyfonfudk jyK\/
ywåd,+tm,+wd=ywåd,m,wd-,HkMunfjcif;udk jyK\/
rr+tm,+wd=rrm,wd-ighOpöm[k jyK\/
oH"ly+tm,+wd=oH"lyg,wd-xuf0ef;usif awmufavmif\/
arwåm+tm,+wd=arwåmudk jyK\/
ukuúKpö+tm,+wd=ukuúKpöm,wd-ukuúKpöudk jyK\/ tvdkYvdkYjzpf\? ,HkrSm;oHo,½Sd\/
a'g[V+tm,+wd=a'g[Vm,wd-cspfjcif; jzpf\/
okc+tm,+wd=okcg,wd-okcudk cHpm;\/ (tEkb0ew¬)

'ku©+tm,+wd='ku©m,wd-'ku©udk cHpm;\/
wdwå+tm,+wd=wdwåm,wd-a&mifh&Jatmif cHpm;\/
uyP+tm,+wd=uyPm,wd-txD;usefonfudk cHpm;\/
u½kPm+tm,+wd=u½kPm,wd-u½kPmudk cHpm;\/
ywDw+tm,+wd=ywDwm,wd-ay:vGifonfudk cHpm;\/
tvdu+tm,+wd=tvdum,wd-cRwf,Gif;onfudk cHpm;\/
u|+tm,+wd=u|m,wd-cufcJaom trIudk jyK\/ (ygyw¬-raumif;rIjyKjcif;teuf)

rÈÅ+tm,+wd=rÈÅm,wd-rEÅmefudk jyK\? ynmudk jyK\/
*[e+tm,+wd=*[em,wd-½IyfaxG;onfudk jyK\/
upä+tm,+wd=upäm,wd-zGJUtyfonfudk jyK\/
udpä+tm,+wd=udpäm,wd-NidKjiifonfudk jyK\/
(upönf;bm#D 'k 337)
(ygVdaAm"d 50)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
339
ã rlvtoHudk twkjyKxm;aom o'´gudk tEku&Po'´g[kqdkonf/ xdktEku&Po'´gaemif ua&mwdteufü
tm,ypönf;qufí Bud,myk'f jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ (tEk+u&P=twkjyKjcif;)
pdpöd#-o'´gonf pd#fpd#f-[k jzpfaomtoHudk twkjyKxm;aomaMumifh tEku&Po'´gwnf;/

pd#mpd#m,wd(pd#mpd#+tm,+wd) pd#fpd#ftoHudk jyK\/ tmumoH-aumif;uifonf? w#mw#m,d
(w#mw#+tm,+-D)w#fw#ftoHudk jyKNyD/ tcsKdUpmü y#my#m,d-y#fy#ftoHudkjyKNyD[k ½Sdonf/ q&mwdkYu
ygXfysuf[k rdefYonf/ a'a0-rdk;onf? *Vm*Vm,aEÅ-*Vf*VftoHjyKvaomf? 0g-*sKH;*sKH;toHjyKvaomf?
(rm&oH,kwf) þ pd#pd#ç w#w#ç *V*VwdkYonf tEku&Po'´gwdkYwnf;/ (upönf;bm#D y 336)
tEku&Po'´gyHkpHrsm;
1/ bkuúm&H ua&maEÅm? bkwfbkwf(0kwf0kwf)[k a[mifvsuf

2/ [Hk[kuFuZmwdaum(jA[®aPm)[Hk[Hk[k toHjyKjcif;aobm½Sd\/
3/ pykpykum&uH? pyfpyf(jywfjywf)toH jyKí
4/ ok½kok½kum&uH? ½S½l; ½S½l; toH jyKí
5/ "uúpö ywwd? "uf"uftoHjyKí us\/
6/ y#my#m,wd? y#fy#fjrnf\/
7/ a'a0g p *Vm*Vm,wd? rdk;onfvnf; *VKH; *VKH; toHjyK\? 0g-*sKH;*sKH;rnf\/
8/ om Zmwd "D&w¬K? (okwfr[m0g | 47)
omZmwd-xdkZmwdonf? "D-xGDxGD[kjyKxdkufonf? tw¬K-jzpfavpGwum;/
9/ tZygave ]]a[a[}}wdoa'´ uawyd e edu©rwd/ ("r®y' | 113)
qdwfausmif;om;u a[;a[;[k atmfygaomfvnf; (qdwfronf)xGrfroGm;/
10/ om ]]ud&D}}wd o'´rumod/ (Zmwu | y 261)
xdkcGufonf us&dus&d[laomtoHudk jyKNyD/
(ygVdaAm"d 52-53)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
340
(c)uH\Oyrmejzpfaom emrfyk'fodkY þ,-ypönf;qufonf/ þ,-udk ]uJhodkY+jyKusifh}[k
bmomjyef&onf/ qwå-xD;+þ,-uJhodkYjyKusifh+wd-\=qwåD,wd-xD;uJhodkYjyKusifh\-[k Bud,m
jzpfvmonf/ tqwåH qwård0 tmp&wd/ 0eur®daum-awmtrIudkjyKvkyfaom awmifolonf? tqwåH
xDr[kwfaomopfcufudk? qwård0-xD;udkuJhodkY? tmp&wd-jyKusifh\/(xD;vkyfaqmif;\) þ0gusü tqwåH-
um; uHyk'fwnf;/ qwård0-ü qwåHum; xdkuHyk'f\Oyrmewnf;/ xdkOyrmejzpfaom qwåo'´gonf
qwåH qwåmed-ponfjzifh *kdPf;pOfEdkifaom emrfyk'fwnf;/ uHyk'f\Oyrmevnf;jzpfç emrfvnf;jzpfaom
qwåo'´gaemif þokwfu þ,-ypönf;ouf/
ã tmpm& teuf? tm"m&\Oyrme? þt*FgESpfcsufESifh nDnGwfuvnf; þ,ypönf;oufí emr"mwf

jzpfvmonf/
uk#D,wd=(uk#d,rd0gp&wd ygoma' bdu©K) &[ef;onf uk#düuJhodkY jymom'füusifh\/

ygom'D,wd=(ygoma' £0gp&wd uk#d,H bdu©K) &[ef;onf jymom'füuJhodkY uk#dü jyKusifh\/
(ygVdaAm"d 48? upönf;bm#D 'k 339)
(*)Oyrmer[kwfaom emrfyk'fodkY þ,-ypönf;qufonf/ þ,-onf rdrdzdkY+vdkcsif-[k t"dyÜg,f

&onf/ ywå-oydwf+þ,-vdkcsif+wd-\/ ywåD,wd-oydwfudkvdkcsif\-[k jzpfonf/
ywå+-D,+wd=ywåD,wd=rdrdzdkY oydwftvdk½Sd\/
y&du©m&+-D,+wd=y&du©m&D,wd=y&du©&m tvdk½Sd\/
0w¬+-D,+wd=0w¬D,wd=t0wftvdk½Sd\/
pD0&+-D,+wd=pD0&D,wd=ouFef;tvdk½Sd\/
"e+-D,+wd="eD,wd=Opömtvdk½Sd\/
C#+-D,+wd=C#D,wd=tdk;tvdk½Sd\/
y#+-D,+wd=y#D,wd=ykqdk;tvdk½Sd\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
341
(C)"mwfoabmoufa&mufaom emrfyk'fodkY P,-ypönf;qufí Bud,myk'fjyKvkyfEdkifonf/ P,-
onf jyK-[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ 'VS-NrJNrH+P,-jyK+wd-\='VS,wd-NrJNrHatmifjyK\/
"mwfoabmoufa&mufqdkonfum; blçu&-paom "mwfrsm;aemif tmcswf0dbwf udwypönf;rsm;
oufí qdkif&m uHuwåm;rsm; ½SdMuovdk þ'VS,aemifvnf; 'VS,wdç 'VS,aEÅm-ponfjzifh 0dbwfypönf;
oufí qdkif&m uHuwåm;rsm; ½SdEdkifonfudk qdkvdkonf/ yk&daom 0D&d,H 'VS,wd? yk&daom-a,musfm;onf?
0D&d,H-0D&d,udk? 'VS,wd-cdkifNrJatmifjyK\/ þyHkpHü yk&daom 0D&d,HwdkYonf 'VS,wdBud,m\ uwåm;çuH
wdkYwnf;/ (tajcjyKo'´g 207-212)
[w¬dem twduúrwd r*¾H = twd[w¬,wd/ r*¾H-vrf;udk? [w¬dem-qifjzifh? twduúrwd-vGefoGm;
\/ twd[w¬,wd-qifjzifhvGefoGm;\/ ]][w¬dem twduúrw}d}onf twd[w¬,wd\ teufjy 0gus
wnf;/ ][w¬,]csnf;qdkvQif vGefoGm;[laom teufxl;udk rjyEdkifaomaMumifh twdOyom& ulpGufí
twd[w¬,-[k qdk&onf/ ([w¬do'´gonf olcsnf;oufouf "mwk½lytrnfr&Edkif/ "mwfeufudka[maom
P,-ypönf;ESifh wGJ&í ]]twd[w¬,ç 'VS,}}ponfjzpf&mtcgrS "mwk½lytrnf&onf/upönf;bm#D 'k 345)
0DPm, Oy*g,wd *DwH = Oy0DP,wd/ *DwH-oDcsif;udk? 0DPm,-apmifhjzifh? Oy*g,wd-

oDqdk\/ Oy0DP,wd-apmif;jzifh oDcsif;qdk\/
'VSH ua&mwd 0D&d,H = 'VS,wd/ 0D&d,H-0D&d,udk? 'VSH-NrJpGm? ua&mwd-jyK\/ 'VS,wd-NrJpGmjyK\/
0dok'¨g a[mwd &wåd = 0dok'¨,wd/ &wåd-nOfhonf? 0dok'¨g-pifMu,fonf? a[mwd-jzpf\/ 0dok'¨,wd-
pifMu,f\/ ('VS,ç 0dok'¨,-wdkYüum; Oyom&rygyJ ua&mwdteuf a[mwdteuf jyEdkifaomaMumifh
Oyom&r[lpGufawmhyg)
ã emr"mwfrsm;onf uHa[mBud,mvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/
1/ yk&daom r*¾H twd[w¬,wd/ (uwåm;a[m 0gus)

2/ yk&daoe ra*¾g tw[w¬,D,aw/ (uHa[m 0gus)
3/ e#aum *DwH Oy0DP,wd/ (uwåm;a[m 0gus)
4/ e#aue *DwH Oy0DP,D,aw/ (uHa[m 0gus)
(ygVdaAm"d 50)
ã "mwfoabmoufa&mufaom emrfyk'fodkY P,-ypönf;tjyif tm&ç tmv qufívnf; Bud,myk'f

jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ (tm&ç tmv ypönf;wdkYonf u&"mwf jyKjcif;teufü oufonf)
oEÅH ua&mwd = oEÅm&wd/ oEÅH-Nidrfoufatmif? ua&mwd-jyK\? oEÅm&wd-NidrfoufatmifjyK\/

OyuúrH ua&mwd = Oyuúrmvwd/ OyuúrH-vHkvudk? ua&mwd-jyK\? Oyuúrmvwd-vHkYvudkjyK\/
(upönf;bm#D 'k 345-348)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
342
ã earm-o'´grSaemufü ua&mwdteufü tóypönf;oufu emr"mwfjzpfonf/ erówd wxm*wH?
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk ½Sdcdk;\/ ,if; eró"mwfaemif rme tEÅ wkH ypönf;oufvQif erórme eróEÅ
eródwkH-[k jzpf\/
ã opö-tp½Sdaom o'´gwdkYrSaemufü "mwf\teufü tmydypönf;oufu emr"mwfjzpf\/
opö+tmyd+wd=opömaywd(opöH tmpdu©wd)opöm qdk\/

tw¬+tmyd+wd=tw¬maywd(tw¬H tmpdu©wd)teuf qdk\/
a0'+tmyd+wd=a0'gaywd(a0'H+tmpdu©wd)a0'udk qdk\/
oku©+tmyd+wd=oku©maywd(oku©H ua&mwd)ajcmufaoGUonfudk jyK\/
okc+tmyd+wd=okcgaywd(okcH a0',wd)okcudk cHpm;\/
'ku©+tmyd+wd='ku©maywd('ku©H a0',wd)'ku©udk cHpm;\/
(upönf;bm#D 'k 345-348)
(ygVdaAm"d 52-53)
tmcswfyk'frS emrfyk'fjzpfjcif;
emrfyk'fu "mwfjzpfouJhodkY tmcsmwfyk'fuvnf; emrfyk'f jzpfEdkifygao;onf/ tmcsmwfyk'fu

emrfyk'fjzpf&mü (1) trnfa[mjzpfjcif; (2) tjcm;yk'fwyg;ESifh ,SOfjcif;[k ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/
1/ rmcvd? rmcvda*gomvwuúwGef;/ þü rmcvdyk'fonf (rm+cv"mwf+Mo0dbwf) Moudk

£jyKí rmcvd(racsmfapESifh)[k tmcsmwfBud,mjzpfonf/ odkYyif tmcsmwfyk'f jzpfapumrl emrf0dbwfoufí
emrfudk a[maomyk'fjzpfaomaMumifh emrfyk'f jzpf&avonf/ rmcvð a*gomvH? ru©vdem a*gomave-
[k emrf*kdPf;pOf&m\/
tnmod aum@anm? tnmodaum@nrax&f/ þü tnmod-[laom tmcsmwfBud,monf

trnfa[memrfyk'fjzpfonf/
£wd[ tmo? £wd-þodkY? £[-þavmuü? tmo-NzpfNyDwJh/ odkYjzpfNyD odkYjzpfNyD[laom pum;udk

pGJí £wd[mousrf;[k trnfrSwfxm;Muonf/ þü tmo[laom Bud,monf emrfjzpfvm&onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
343
2/ aum ar 0E´wd yg'ged? ew¬anm aumpd 0dZÆwd/
ar-ig\? yg'ged-ajcwdkYudk? 0E´wd-½Sdcdk;olum;? aum-tb,folenf;/ tanm-wpfyg;aom?

aumpd-wpHkwckaomudk;uG,frSDcdk&monf? 0dZÆwd-½Sdonf? ew¬d-r½Sd/
þyHkpHwdkYü 0E´wd 0dZÆwd[laom tmcsmwfyk'fwdkYonf aum[laom ew¬d[laom yk'fwpfyg;wdkESifh

,SOfjcif;aMumifh emrfyk'fjzpfMu&onf/ wpf0guswnf;ü Bud,mESpfck½Sd\/
xdkjyif aumar0E´wdyHkpHü ,çwo'´g (ed,wfç ted,wf) xnfhpGufí ESpf0guscGJum teufay;vQif

tmcsmwfjyefjzpfoGm;jyefonf/ a,m-tMuifolonf? 0E´wd-½Sdcdk;\? aom-xdkolum;? aum-tb,folenf;/
a,m-tMuifrSDcdk&monf? 0dZÆwd-½Sd\? aom-xdkrSDcdk&monf? ew¬d-r½Sd/ (ygVdaAm"d 54)
um½kduf0guswnfaqmufyHk
olwyg;tm;apcdkif;jcif; wdkufwGef;jcif; tjyKtrIudk azmfjyaomBud,monf um½kdufBud,mrnf\/

um½kdufBud,mudk ap-[k jrefrmjyefqdk&onf/ um½kdufBud,m\ ypönf;rsm;rSm aP P, Pmay Pmy,
wdkYjzpfMuonf/ "mwfESifhwnfyk'fodkY um½kdufypönf;rsm;qufaomtcg ]P}udk acsí quf&onf/
ypönf;qufyHk
1/ Asnf;wvHk;qHk;aom"mwfodkY um½dkufav;ypönf;vHk; quf&\/ xdkodkYqufaomtcg "mwf\tp

o&onf &Hcg 0k'¨djzpf\/
"mwf ypönf; wnfyk'f 0dbwf Bud,m jrefrmjyef
yp { ygap wd ygapwd csufap\

yp t, ygp, wd ygp,wd csufap\
yp tmay ygpmay wd ygpmaywd csufap\
yp tmy, ygpmy, wd ygpmy,wd csufap\
cdy { acay wd acaywd ypfcsap\

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
344
cdy t, acy, wd acy,wd ypfcsap\

cdy tmay acygay wd acygaywd ypfcsap\
cdy tmy, acygy, wd acygy,wd ypfcsap\
Ak" { aAma" wd aAma"wd odap\

Ak" t, aAm", wd aAm",wd odap\
Ak" tmay aAm"may wd aAm"maywd odap\
Ak" tmy, aAm"my, wd aAm"my,wd odap\
2/ Asnf;ESpfvHk;qHk;aom"mwfodkY um½kdufav;ypönf;vHk;quf&onf/ xdkodkYqufaomtcg AsOf;ESpfvHk;qHk;aom

aMumifh "mwf\tpo&onf 0k'¨drjzpfyg/
&u© { &au© wd &au©wd apmifha½Smufap\

&u© t, &u©, wd &u©,wd apmifha½Smufap\
&u© tmay &u©may wd &u©maywd apmifha½Smufap\
&u© tmy, &u©my, wd &u©my,wd apmifha½Smufap\
odu© { odau© wd odau©wd usifhap\

odu© t, odu©, wd odu©,wd usifhap\
odu© tmay odu©may wd odu©maywd usifhap\
odu© tmy, odu©my, wd odu©my,wd usifhap\
ykpä { ykapä wd ykapäwd ar;ap\

ykpä t, ykpä, wd ykpä,wd ar;ap\
ykpä tmay ykpämay wd ykpämaywd ar;ap\
ykpä tmy, ykpämy, wd ykpämy,wd ar;ap\
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
345
3/ pk&? 0d'? bZ paom pk&m'd*kdPf;"mwfrsm;odkY tmayESifh tmy,wdkYom quf&onf/ xdkodkYqufaomtcg
"mwf\tpo&onf 0k'¨djzpf\/
pk& tmay apm&may wd apm&maywd ckd;ap\

pk& tmy, apm&my, wd apm&my,wd ckd;ap\
0d' tmay a0'gay wd a0'gaywd cHpm;ap\

0d' tmy, a0'gy, wd a0'gy,wd cHpm;ap\
bZ tmay bZmay wd bmZmaywd cGJa0ap\

bZ tmy, bZmy, wd bmZmy,wd cGJa0ap\
4/ "mwf\wnfyk'fodkY um½kdufypönf;rsm; quf&onf/
bl> b0 { bma0 wd bma0wd jzpfap\

t, bm0, wd bm0,wd jzpfap\
tmay bm0gay wd bm0gaywd jzpfap\
tmy, bm0gy, wd bm0gy,wd jzpfap\
*rk> *pä { *apä wd *apäwd oGm;ap\

t, *pä, wd *pä,w d oGm;ap\
tmay *pämay wd *pämaywd oGm;ap\
tmy, *pämy, wd *pämy,wd oGm;ap\

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
346
5/ Ó? 'g? Xm paom tmo&qHk;aom "mwfodkY Pmay Pmy, quf&onf/
Ó tmay Óay wd Óaywd odap\

Ó tmy, Óy, wd Óy,wd odap\
'g tmay 'gay wd 'gaywd ay;ap\

'g tmy, 'gy, wd 'gy,wd ay;ap\
Xm tmay Xay wd Xaywd &yfap\

Xm tmy, Xy, wd Xy,wd &yfap\
6/ tmqHk;aom wnfyk'fodkY Pmay ESifh Pmy, quf&onf/
[m> Z[m tmay Z[may wd Z[maywd pGefYap\

tmy, Z[my, wd Z[my,wd pGefYap\
ok> okPm tmay okPmay wd okPmaywd Mum;ap\

tmy, okPmy, wd okPmy,wd Mum;ap\
*[> *PSm tmay *PSmay wd *PSmaywd ,lap\

tmy, *PSmy, wd *PSmy,wd ,lap\
um½kduf0gusrsm;
1/ tmp&da,m odóH 0d[m&H *apäwd/ q&monf wynfhudk ausmif;odkY oGm;ap\/

2/ 0gPdaZm ur®um&H ur®H um&,wd/ ukefonfonf tvkyform;udk tvkyfvkyfap\/
3/ ao|d 'goH ½ku©H qdE´maywd/ oaX;onf uRefudk opfyifudk jzwfap\/
4/ bdu©K omraP&H "r®H odu©my,wd/ &[ef;onf omraPudk w&m;udk usifhap\/
5/ aoemywd ywåð &|H &u©maywd/ ppfolBuD;onf ajcvsifwyfom;udk wdkif;jynfudk apmifha½Smufap\/
(yxri,fwef; ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; 150-155)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
347
abma[mBud,m
abmteuf[lonf wpHkwckxl;jcm;aom teufydkr[kwf? "mwf\ yifudkteufwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh

bl"mwfonf jzpfjcif;teufudka[maomaMumifh abmteufay;onfhtcg ]]bl,aw-jzpfjcif;}}[k
teufay;&onf/ wcgw&H bl,aw-jzpf&m\[k ]&m\}oHxnfhí teufqdkMuonfrSm tqHk;owfBud,meuf
xif½Sm;atmifqdkjcif;rQom jzpfonf/ ypöaw-csufjcif;? csuf&m\/
uHteuf[lonfrSmvnf; e*dk"mwfeufwGif tydk0ifvmaomteufwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh ]ypöaw-

csuftyf\}[k tyftoHygatmif teufqdkMuonf/ ]csuftyf\}[lonf csufjcif;Bud,monf xrif;j'yf
ü tyfae-uyfaeonfç xrif;j'yfESifhpyfaeonf[k qdkvdkonf/ ]vrf;udk oGm;tyf\}[l&müvnf; oGm;jcif;
Bud,monf vrf;ay:ü tyf-uyf-wyfaeonf[k qdkvdkonf/ (tajcjyKo'´g 214)
abmteuf[lonf uwåm;teuf uHteufra&maom oufouf"mwfeufomwnf;/ csJUOD;tHh-

ua&mwd-jyK\?(jyKwwf\)[l&mü jyK-[laom teufonf u&"mwf\teufç wwf[kaomteufonf
uwåKum&uac:aom uwåm;teufwnf;/ ypöaw-csuftyf\[l&mü csuf-[laomteufonf yp-"mwf\
teuf? tyf-[laomteufum; ur®um&uac:&aom uHteufwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh ]]ua&mwdç ypöaw}}wdkYü
u&-yp"mwfwdkY\ teuf0,f uHç uwåm; teufESifh ra&mbJ jyKçcsufpaom "mwfeufoufoufomwnf;/
jrefrmjyef&mü jyçcsufponfaemif jcif;[laom toHtydkxnfhí u&=u&aP-jyKjcif;ponfjzifh "mwfteuf
qdkMu\/ xdkqdk½kd;twdkif;yif u&D,aw-jyKjcif;ponfjzifh abmteufudk jrefrmjyefMuonf/ ]jyK&m\}[k
&mxnfhjcif;rSmvnf; jrefrmoHk; abmteufwrsKd;yifwnf;/
Bud,momrnjzpfí {u0kpfom/ /xdkabmukdyif Bud,m[kvnf; qdkMu\/ Bud,m[lonfum;

jyKaeyHktrlt&mç rD;rIwfvdkuf xrif;tdk;wnfvdkufESifh csufaeyHktrlt&mç ajcudkcsvdkuf ajr§mufvdkufESifh
oGm;aeyHk trlt&mtjcif;t&mwnf;/ xdktrlt&mtjcif;t&monf uwåm;trsm; uHtrsm;ESifh qufqHaeí
omrnjzpfae\/ vltrsm;oGm;&mü oGm;jcif;Bud,monf wpfrsKd;wpfpm;wnf;om/ xrif;trsm;udkcsuf&mü
csufjcif;Bud,monf wpfrsKd;wpfpm;wnf;om/ þodkU trsm;ESifhqufqHí omrmefwpfrsKd;wpfpm;wnf;om
jzpfaomaMumifh abmteufudka[maom Bud,myk'frsm;ü {u0kpfomjzpf&onf[k (ab'pdEÅmponf) qdkonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
348
yXryk&dofom/ / abmteuf[lonf "mwf\teufBud,m oufoufomjzpfaomaMumifh wkrS trS
o'´gwdkYESifh t&rwlEdkifMu/ xdkYaMumifh rZÑdr Owåryk&dofrsm;onfvnf; oufcGifhr½Sdacs/ 0dbwfrygvQif
yk'f&mr0ifaomaMumifh (vdifteufü yxrm0dbwf {u0kpfom ouf&ouJhodkY) xdkBud,momrnteufü
yXryk&dofom ouf&awmhonf/
ã abma[mBud,mü 0wårmef twåaemyk'f emra,m* {u0kpf wvHk;om owfrSwfavh½Sdonf/
awGUcJonf/ tokH;enf;onf/ (ygVdaAm"d tajccH 7)
t0kwåuwåm;ç t0kwåuH xnfh&yHk/ /uwåKoknm Bud,m emr ew¬d=uwåm;rSuif;aom

Bud,mr½Sd[k qdkaomaMumifh abmBud,m\ uwåm;udkvnf;aumif;ç our®uBud,mrsm;ü (uHygrS
xdkBud,mjynfpHkaomaMumifh) uHukdvnf;aumif; xnfh&\/ xdkodkYxnfh&m0,f uwåm;uHESpfrsKd;vHk;udkyif
abma[mBud,myk'fu ra[maomaMumifh t0kwåuwåm; t0kwåuHudkcsnf; xnfh&onf/
tmcsmwfBud,mwnfaqmufyHk tusOf;csKyf
1/ "mwf+*kdPf;rSwf(teufr½Sd)+wdponfh0dbwf
2/ "mwf+cqo(teufr½Sd)+wdponfh0dbwf
3/ "mwf+cqo(wkrdpäw¬)+wdponfh0dbwf
4/ "mwf+um&dwf+wdponf0dbwf
5/ emrfyk'f+tm,çtm&çtmv(uwåKyrmetpm&)wdponf0dbwf
6/ emyk'f+þ,(uHOyrme)+wdponf
7/ emrfyk'f+þ,+twdpäw¬+wdponf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
349
udwf
pmzwfol\ ,HkrSm;oHo,udk y,f½Sm;wwfaomaMumifh P-paom ypönf;rsm;udk udw=udwf

[kac:onf/ (ud&-y,f½Sm;jcif;+w)/ udwfypönf;roufyJ "mwfcsnf;xm;vQif ]]þ"mwfonf
uwåm;a[mavvm; uHa[mavvm;}} ponfjzifh ,Hk;rSm;bG,f½Sd\/ ypönf;ESifhwGJonfhtcg uwåm;a[mrSef;
uHa[mrSef;ponf od&ojzifh þ P-paomypönf;rsm;u xdk,HkrSm;rIudk y,fazsmufEdkifavonf/ xdkYaMumifh
xdkPpaom ypönf;onf wdkuf½kdufrkcstm;jzifh udwrnf\/ xdkudwypönf;ESifh wGJbuf&aom "mwfrsm;vnf;
ruif;&mruif;aMumif; t0dembm0enf;tm;jzifh udwtrnf&Muavonf/
om"e 7-yg;
udwfypönf;rsm;\ teufum; uwåKom"e ur®om"e u&Pom"e orÜ'geom"e tyg'geom"e

t"du&Pom"e bm0om"e-[k ckepfyg; jym;\/
Bud,mudk NyD;apwwfaomaMumifh om"ernf\/ Bud,mudk NyD;apwwfaom owådudk om"e[k
ac:onf/ wenf; NyD;aptyfaomaMumifh om"ernf\/ uwåm;onf NyD;aptyfaom Bud,monfvnf;
om"ernf\/ xdkYaMumifh om"eonf owådom"e Bud,mom"e[k ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ a½SUom"e 6-yg;onf
owådom"ewnf;/ bm0eom"eum; Bud,mom"ewnf;/
þpum;tpOft& xdkxdkypönf;rsm;onf a[mjytyfaom owådteuf Bud,mteufudkom rkcsom"e
ac:onf[krSwf/ xdkteufudk a[mjyaomypönf;-xdkypönf;ESifhwGJbufjzpfaom "mwfrsm;üum; teufudk
taMumif;jyKí um&Plypm&tm;jzifh uwåKom"eyk'fpaom tac:ta0grsm; jzpfMuavonf/
om"eteufoH
þodkYvQif owådESifh Bud,mudk rkcsom"e[k ac:&aomaMumifh a½SUom"e 6-yg;udk

teufay;onfhtcg owådoHygatmif teufay;&onf/ ]jyKwwf? csufwwf} ponfjzifh teufay;&mü
wwf-[la[m teufonf uwåKowådeufwnf;/ ]jyKtyf? csuftyf} ponfjzifh teufay;&mü tyf-
[la[m teufonf ur®owådeufwnf;/ ]jyKaMumif;? csufaMumif;} ponfjzifh teufay;&mü aMumif;-
[la[m teufonf u&Powådeufwnf;/ ]ay;&m}ponfjzifh teufay;&mü ay;urf;jcif;oabmygvsuf
&m-[laom teufonf orÜ'geowåd\ teufwnf;/ ]zJcJh&m xGufcJh&m}-ponfjzifh zJcGgjcif;oabmygvsuf
&m-[laom teufonf tyg'geowåd\ teufwnf;/ ]wnfae&mç tdyf,m}ponfjzifh teufay;&mü
wnf&moabmygvsuf &m-[laom teufonf t"du&Powåd\ teufwnf;/ ]jyKjcif;? csufjcif;}
ponfjzifh teufay;&mü jcif;-[la[m teufonf bm0teufwnf;/ (tajcjyKo'´g 282-283)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
350
om"e 7-yg; ykHpHESifh bmomjyefyHk
Aka'¨g (Ak"+w) odwwfaombk&m; (uwåK)

ylZdawm (ylZ+w) ylaZmftyfaombk&m; (ur®)
,meH (,m+,k) oGm;aMumif; jzpfaom ,mOf&xm; (u&P)
orÜ'gaem (o+y+'g+,k) aumif;pGmay;&mjzpfaomol (orÜ'ge)
ty*reH (ty+*r+,k) zJ&mt&yf (tyg'ge)
XmeH (Xm+,k) wnf&mt&yf (t"du&P)
b0eH (bl+,k) jzpfjcif; (bm0)
(o'óHcdyftajz 129)
udwfypönf;trsKd;tpm;
ypöKyÜEéumvduypönf;ç twDwumvduypönf;ç tem*wumvduypönf;ç awumvduypönf;ç

tAs,ypönf;[k udwfypönf; 5-rsKd;½Sd\/
ypöKyÜefumvudk a[maomypönf;udk ypöKyÜEéumvduypönf;-[k ac:\/ twdwfumvudk

a[maom ypönf;udk twDwumvduypönf;-[k ac:onf/ tem*wfumvudk a[maomypönf;udk
tem*wumvduypönf;-[k ac:onf/ umvoHk;yg;udk a[maomypönf;udk awumvduypönf;-[k
ac:onf/ 0dbwfç vdifç 0kpf wdkYaMumifh ½kyfaerajymif;aom ypönf;udk tAs,ypönf;[k ac:onf/
(pepfopfygVdo'´g 'k 587)
*pärmaem (*rk+rme) *päaEÅm (*rk+tEÅ) oGm;pOf? oGm;wkef;? oGm;&if;? oGm;qJ (ypöKyÜEéumvdu)
blawm (bl+w) jzpfNyD (twDwumvdu)
*grD (*rk+PD) oGm;vwHhaom? oGm;vwHhol (tem*wumvdu)
ukrÇum& (ukrÇ+u&+P) tdk;udk vkyfqJ vkyfNyD; vkyfvwHh=tdk;xdef;onf (awumvdu)
uwGm (u&+wGm) jyKí (tAs,)
(wke wGme wGm wa0 wma, wka, wHk -[k tAs,ypönf;ckESpfrsKd;½Sd\)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
351
ypöKyÜEéumvdu 2-ypönf;
1/ rmeonf umvtm;jzifh ypöKyÜef? om"etm;jzifh abm uH uwåm; oHk;rsKd;ü oufonf/
yHkpH/ *päD,rmeH (*rk+,+rme) oGm;jcif; (bm0om"e)

*päD,rmaem (*rk+,+rme) oGm;tyfonf (ur®om"e)
*pärmaem (*rk+t+rme) oGm;onf (uwåKom"e)
2/ tEÅonf umvtm;jzifh ypöKyÜef? om"etm;jzifh uwåm;teufü oufonf/
yHkpH/ *päaEÅm (*rk+t+tEÅ) oGm;onf
ã rmeonf tmeç tEÅ odkY ajymif;Edkifonf/
yHkpH/ o,maem (oD+t+rme) tdyfonf

'dóaEÅm ('do+,+rme) jriftyfonf
rme tEÅ qHk;aom yk'fudk *kdPf;cGJyHk
rme ypönf;qHk;vQif yk&dom'd*kdPf; pdwåm'd*dkPf; unm'd*kdPf;[k rSwfyg/ tEÅypönf;qHk;vQif

*päEÅm'd*kdPf; [krSwfyg/ *päEÅm'd*kdPf;0ifyk'frsm;udk þ(-D)xnfhvQif e'g'd*kdPf;[krSwfyg/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
352
udwfBud,m0gusa&;enf;
(1) uwåm;a[m 0gusü uwåm;ESifhudwfBud,m vdif 0kpf 0dbwf wl&onf/

(2) uHa[m 0gusü uHESifhudwfBud,m vdif 0kpf 0dbwf wl&onf/
ypöKyÜef uwåm;a[m rmeypönf; 0gusrsm;
(u) yk&daom 0d[m&H *pärmaem ywåH *PSmwd/

(c) yk&dom 0d[m&H *pärmem ywåH *PSEÅd/
(*) unm e*&H *pärmem ykyæH *PSmwd/
(C) unma,m e*&H *pärmema,m ykyæH *PSEÅd/
(i) rr ukvH *grH *pärmeH Ak'¨H 0E´wd/
(p) rr ukvmed *grH *pärmemed Ak'¨H 0EÉÅd/
ã u-0gusü uwåm;u yk&daom-[k yHkvdef {u0kpf yXrm0dbwfjzpfaomaMumifh udwfBud,mudkvnf;

yHkvdef {u0kpf yXrm0dbwfjzifh *pärmaem-[k xm;onf/
vu©Pteuf uHa[m rmeypönf;0gus
rEkaó[d oraPm r[D,rmaem aw rEkaó {0.rm[? ]]wkarS okcdaem a[mxm}}wd? tx

acg aw rEkóm oraPe 0kpörmem wH orPH {0H 0'EÅd ]]r,H baEÅ yarm'gr}}wd/
(rEkaó[d-vlwdkYonf? oraPm-&[ef;onf (tm[üpyf)? 0g-udk (r[D,rmaemüpyf)? r[D,

rmaem-ylaZmftyfaomf? awrEkaó-xdkvlwdkYudk? tm[-ajymNyD? (uð-tb,fodkYajymoenf;) wkarS-
oifwdkYonf? okcdaem-csrf;om jcif;½Sdukefonf? a[mEÅK-jzpfMuygapukefownf;? £wd-þodkY? (tm[)
txacg-xdktcg ü? awrEkóm-xdkvlwdkYonf (0'EÅdüpyf) 0g-wdkYudk? (0kpörmemüpyf) oraPe-
&[ef;onf? 0kpörmem-ajymqdk tyfukefvaomf? wHorPH-xdk&[ef;udk? {0H-þodkY? 0'EÅd-avQmufukef\?
(uð-tb,fodkYavQmufukefoenf;) baEÅ-t½Sifbk&m;? r,H-igwdkYonf? yarm'gr-0rf;ajrmufygukef\?
£wd-þodkY? (0'EÅd)
jrefrm/ / ewfu udk&ifudk ½Sdcdk;tyfaomf ]]tvHkpHkukefaom owGmwdkYonf &efr½SdMuygapukefownf;}}

[k xdkewfudk þodkYajymNyD/
ygVd/ /a'a0e omraPa&m 0E´D,rmaem wH a'0H {0rm[ ]]oaAÁ owåm ta0&m a[mEÅK}}wd/
(pepfopf ygVdo'´g 604ç 611ç)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
353
vu©Pw¬ç 0daooew¬ tEÅ rme ypönf; 0gus
(u) a'a0g 0d[ma& 0d[&aEÅm "r®H okPmwd/

(c) orPm 0ae 0d[&EÅm "r®H p&EÅd/
(*) 0d[ma& 0d[&aEÅm a'a0g "r®H okPmwd/
(C) 0ae 0d[&EÅm orPm "r®H p&EÅd/
(i) wGH 0d[ma& 0d[&rmeH a'0H yóod/
(u) a'a0g-ewfonf? 0d[ma&-ausmif;ü? 0d[&aEÅm-aevaomf (vu©P)

(*) 0d[ma&-ausmif;ü? 0d[&aEÅm-aeaom? a'a0g-ewfonf (0daooe)
(pepfopf ygVdo'´g 56-60)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
354
twDwumvdu 4-ypönf;
w? w0EÅK? wm0D? uå
wypönf; w0EÅKypönf; wm0Dypönf; wåypönf;[k av;ypönf;½Sd\/ xdkypönf;rsm;udk NyD;NyD;aom

twdwfteufudk a[maomaMumifh ed|ypönf;[kvnf; ac:\/
1/ wypönf;onf uwåm uH abm oHk;eufa[m\/ uwåm;ç uH teuf a[mcdkuf oHk;vdefç abmteufa[m

cdkuf eyHkvdefwnf;/
yHkpH/ blawm (bl+w) jzpf+NyD (uwåm;)

Zdawm (Zd+w) atmif+tyfNyD (uH)
*Dw (a*+w) oDqdk+jcif; (abm)
2/ w0EÅK wm0D uuåypönf;wdkYonf uwåm;teufü ouf\/ w0EÅKqHk;aomyk'fonf *kP0g'd*kdPf;wnf;/

wm0DqHk;aom yk'fonf &wåm'd*kdPf; yHkvdef þum&EÅ '@DESifhwl\/ wm0Dypönf;\ þudk £&ójyKvQif
eyHkvdefjzpf\/ &wåm'd*kdPf; £um&EÅ okcum&DESifhwl\/ wm0Dypönf;aemuf £eDypönf;qufvQif
*[ywm'd*kdPf; jzpf\/
yHkpH/ bkwå0g (bkZ+w0EÅK) pm;+NyD;ol

bkwåm0D (bkZ+wm0D) pm;+NyD;ol
bkwåm0deD (bkZ+wm0D+£eD) pm;+NyD;ol+r
'daEém ('g+uå) vª+NyD / (uGpdjzifh utEkAefacs? bd'g'dawmjzifh wudk £EéjyK)
(y'AsÍÆeed½kwådeDwd y 740)
ã wenf; - ('g+w)'g"mwfç uHa[mwjzifh aygif;pyfNyD;vQif ('daEém-vª+tyfNyD)[k bmomjyef&onf/
ã ur®ed 'kwd,m,H auåm/ ur®ed-t0kwåuHteufü? 'kwd,m,H-'kwd,m0dbwf½Sdvaomf? uwå&d-

uwåm;teufü? auåm-uåypönf;onf? a[mwd-jzpf\/
'geH 'daEém a'0'awåm uJhodkY ygVdpDonfhtcg 'geH-[laomuHü 'kwd,m½SdaevQif 'daEém[laom

Bud,mü uåypönf;onf uHudkra[m&? uwåm;udkom a[m&onf/ (tajcjyKo'´g 374)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
355
w-ypönf; yHkpH ajymif;vJyHk
epöH (ew+w) u+jcif;/ e wf + w = epö (e)

pö (ypö,m'ed|m edygwem odZÑEÅd)
e¥ (ew+w) u+jcif;/ e wf + w = e¥ (e)

¥ (ypö,m'ed|m edygwem odZÑEÅd)
tEkoda|m (tEk+omo+w) oGefoif+tyfNyD/ tEk + om of + w = tEkod| (wd)

(omo-rS oESifh &d|-rS &-aus) &d |
yka|m (ykpä+w) ar;+tyfNyD/ yk päf + w = yk| (wd)

|
0ka|m (0o+w) ae+NyD/ 0 of + w = 0k| (wd)

O|
0kaw¬m (0o+w) ae+NyD/ 0 of + w = 0kw¬ (wd)

w¬ (uGpd"mwk-jzifhjyKonf)
uka'¨g (uk"+w) pdwfqdk;+NyD/ uk "f + w = uk'¨ (wd)

' "
(w-onf "-odkYajymif;í a½SUu pwkw¬tu©&monf '-odkYajymif;onf)
'a¹m ('[+w) avmif+tyfNyD/ ' [f + w = '¹ (wd)

! ¡
ba*¾g (bEÆ+w) csKd;+tyfNyD/ b EfÆ + w = b*¾ (wd)

*¾
bkawåm (bkZ+w) pm;+NyD ^ tyfNyD/ bk Zf + w = bkwå (wd)

("mwGef Z-aus? w a'G abmfvm)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
356
tm½kaVSm (½k[+w) wufa&muf+NyD/ tm + ½k [f + w = tm½kVS
Vf [
oHykaPÖm (oH+yl&+w) aumif;pGmjynfh+NyD/ oH + yl &f + w =oHykPÖ
yk -dPÖ (O&ójyK? aemuf£o&acs)
bdaEém (bd'+w) uGJ+NyD/ cGJ+tyfNyD/ bd 'f + w = bdEé
-dEé (bd-ü -dudkacs)
qaEém (q'+w)zHk;+tyfNyD/ q 'f + w = qEé
? Eé

cDaPm (cD+w) ukefNyD/ cD + w = cDP
-DP
y[Daem (y+[m+w) y,f+tyfNyD/
okau©m (oko+w) ajcmufaoGUNyD/ ok of + w = oku©

u©
eD[a#m (eD+[&+w) xkwfaqmif+tyfNyD/ eD + [ &f + w =
yauúm (yp+w) usuf+NyD/ rSnfh+NyD/ y pf + w = yuú

uú

yuúaEÅm (y+urk+w) zJoGm;+NyD/ y + u rf + w = yuúEÅ
EÅ
ed0aw¬m (ed+0o+w) zHk;+tyfNyD/ 0wf+tyfNyD/ ed + 0 of + w = ed0w¬
w¬ (uGpd"mwkjzifhjyK)
wypönf; yHkpHajymif;yHk 20
pö ¥ &d| | O| Ow¬ " ¡ *¾ wå
[ £PÖ £Eé tEé þP u© # uú EÅ w¬
(pepfopf ygVdo'´g 49-50)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
357
wypönf;ESifhqdkifonfh pnf;rsOf;rsm;
32/ twDaw w w0EÅK wm0D/ w w0EÅK wm0D-ypönf;wdkYonf twdwfumvü jzpfonf/

33/ bm0uar®ok w/ w-ypönf;onf twdwfumv abmç uH teufü oufonf/
34/ Ak"*rm'dawå uwå&d/ Ak" *rk tp½Sdaom "mwfwdkYrSaemufü xdk"mwfwdkY\teufudk odtyfaomf
w-ypönf;onf uwåm;teuf umvoHk;yg;ü oufonf/
48/ ypö,m'ed|m edygwem odZÑEÅd/ ypönf;aMumifh rNyD;aom o'´gwdkYonf þokwfjzifh NyD;pD;EdkifMuonf/
49/ omo'doawm wó &da|m p/ omo"mwf 'do"mwf aemufrS wypönf; &d|odkYajymif;onf/
50/ om'd oEÅ ykpä bEÆ [Hom'D[d a|m/ oqHk;"mwf ykpäç bEÆç [Ho-tp½Sdaom "mwfrSaemufjzpfaom
wypönf;onf "mwGefESifhwuG |odkYajymif;onf/
51/ 0oawm O|/ 0o"mwfrSaemufjzpfaom wypönf;onf "mwGefESifhwuG O|odkYajymif;onf/
53/ "¡ba[[d "¡m p/ "ç ¡ç bç [-qHk;aom "mwfaemufu wypönf;onf "ç ¡-odkY ajymif;onf/
( "ç b + w / ¡ç [ + w / [ + w / )
" ¡ "
54/ bEÆawm a*¾g p/ bEÆ"mwfaemufrS wypönf;onf "mwGefESifhwuG *¾odkYajymif;onf/
55/ bkZm'De.raEÅm aem 'Gd p/ bkZtp½Sdaom "mwfwdkY\ tqHk;AsOf;omfausajymufí wypönf;onf
a'Gabmfjzpfonf/
56/ 0p 0g 0k/ 0p"mwf\ 0onf OodkY wcgw&Hajymif;í pçonf ausaysmufNyD; wçonf a'Gabmfjzpfonf/
57/ *kyg'DeÍö/ *kypaom"mwfwdkY\ tqHk;AsOf;onf ausajymufí wonf a'Gabmfjzpfonf/
58/ w&m'D[d £aPÖm/ w&paom "mwfrSaemufu wypönf;onf £PÖodkYajymif;í "mwGefAsnf;onf
ausaysmufonf/ (þPtjyKum; cD"mwfuJhodkY tu©&mwvHk;½Sdaom "mwfaemifom
rsm;\)
59/ bd'g'dawm £PÖ tEé þPm 0g/ bd'çpaom "mwfrSaemufjzpfaom wypönf;onf £PÖ tEé
þPodkYajymif;í tqHk;Asnf;onf ausaaysmufonf/
60/ oko yp ouawm u© uúm p/ okoç ypç ou"mwfwdkYrS aemufjzpfaom u© uúodkYajymif;onf/
tqHk;AsOf;onf ausaysmufonf/
61/ yuúrm'D[d aEÅm p/ ya½S;½Sdaom urk"mwfrS aemufjzpfaom wypönf;onf EÅodkYajymif;í tqHk;Asnf;
onf ausaysmufonf/
66/ [aEÅ[d a[mç [ó aVm 0g t'[e[meH/ '["mwf e["mwfrS wyg;aom [qHk;aom "mwfrS
aemufjzpfaom wypönf;onf [okdYajymif;onf/
"mwGef[onf VodkY wcgw&H ajymif;onf/
(tajcjyKo'´g udwfydkif;)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
358
wypönf;ygonfh udwfBud,m0gusrsm;
uwåm;a[m0gus
1/ ykawåm bwåH bkawåm/ om;onf xrif;udk pm;NyD/

2/ rdpäm'd|daum [0ð [kawm/ rSm;aomt,l½Sdolonf Avdewfpmudk ylaZmfNyD/
3/ &mZm bwåH bkawåm/ rif;onf xrif;udk pm;NyD/
4/ ,k0g ,k0wð &awåm/ vkvifysKdonf rdef;rysKdudk ESpfoufNyD/
5/ ,aomemrao|d abm*H pawåm/ ,ornfaom olaX;onf pnf;pdrfudk pGefYNyD/
6/ t&[H udavao[d 0d0dawåm/ &[EÅmonf udavomwdkYrS uif;qdwfNyD/
7/ au0a¥m e'd,m yg&H wdaPÖm/ wHigonfonf jrpf\ wbufurf;odkY ul;NyD/
8/ O'uukarÇm ar £'ged oHykaPÖm/ ,ck ig\ a&tdk;onf jynfhNyD/
9/ unm Ak'¨ó or®Kac ykyæH tmudaPÖm/ owdkYorD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ rsufarSmufü yef;udk BuJNyD/
10/ trÁ½ku©ó zvH yuúH/ o&ufyif\ toD;onf &ifhrSnfh\/
11/ A'&d½ku©ó u|H oku©H/ qD;yif\ xif;onf ajcmuf\/
12/ bdu©K twåaem 0d[m&awm y&a'oH yuúaEÅm/ &[ef;onf rdrd\ausmif;rS t&yfwyg;odkY oGm;\/
13/ omraPa&m {u0d[&awm {u0d[m&H ouFaEÅm/ udk&ifonf wausmif;rSwausmif;odkY ajymif;\/
14/ "Dwm ar ykwåH Zmwm/ ig\ orD;onf om;udk arG;zGm;\/
15/ ODoa&m ork'´ó {ua'ao Zmawm/ qm;iefa&(qyfjymajr)onf ork'´&m\ wpdwfwa'oü
jzpf\/
16/ or®morÁKa'¨g edAÁmeH ok*awm/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf edAÁmefodkY <uoGm;NyD/
17/ apma&m a*[EÅa& Xdawm/ olcdk;onf tdrftwGif;ü wnf\/ (a&mufae\)
18/ xderd'¨gbdblawm [kwGm oawåm rlaVSm/ xderd'ËSdufpyftyfonf jzpfí owå0gonf awGa0\/
19/ odae½k r[PÖa0 taZÑm*gaVSm/ jrifhrdk&fawmifonf BuD;us,faom orkj'mü ouf0ifNyD/
uHa[m0gus
1/ awe £odem okwåH bmodwH/ xdk&[ef;onf okwåefudk a[mtyfNyD/

2/ ,wdem jA[®ZmvokwåH a'odwH/ &[ef;onf jA[®Zmvokwfudk a[mtyfNyD/
3/ tEkoda|m aom r,m/ xdkoludk igonf qHk;tyfnyD/
4/ 'd|H ar ½lyH/ igonf tqif;udk jriftyfNyD/
5/ 0d[a*Fe uDa#m wka|m/ iSufonf ydk;aumifudk ESpfouftyf\/
6/ [oemum&aue 'óey&dom y[|m/ vl½Tifawmfonf Munfh½Iaomy&dowfudk &,f½Tiftyf\/
7/ t[dem ea&m 'a|m/ a>ronf vludk udkuftyf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
359
8/ r,m yaO§m yka|m/ igonf ykpämudk ar;tyf\/
9/ a,m*dem 0kodwH jA[®p&d,H/ a,m*Donf jA[®p&d,udk usifhoHk;tyfNyD/
10/ t&d,oHaCe &ma*g ba*¾g/ t&d,moHCmonf &m*udk zsufqD;tyfNyD/
11/ 0kwåH b*0wm okwåH/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf okwfawmfudk a[mtyfNyD/
12/ 0kawåm b*0wm tbd"ar®m/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tbd"r®mudk a[mtyfNyD/
13/ t|uxmp&da,[d {wH 0kwåH/ t|uxmq&monf þpum;udk qdktyfNyD/
14/ yg'y&dpm&dum, ywd yd,0gpm, Oawåm/ r,m;onf vifudk cspfzG,faompum;jzifh qdktyfNyD/
15/ r,m 0d[ma&m ok*kawåm/ igonf ausmif;udk apmifha½SmuftyfNyD/
16/ 0¹udem a0VK oaw¬e bdaEém/ vuform;onf 0g;udk "m;jzifh cGJtyfNyD/
17/ 'gaoe ua|m z&okem qdaEém/ uRefonf xif;udk ykqdefjzifh jzwftyfNyD/
18/ 'geomrdem 'geH bdu©Kó 'daEém/ tvªU½Sifonf &[ef;tm; tvªudk ay;vªtyfNyD/
19/ rdvu©Kem twåaem acawå tm0g#H cwH/ awmifolvl½kdif;onf rdrd\ v,fü wGif;udk wl;tyfNyD/
20/ ukrÇuma&e ukarÇm yuawm/ tdk;vkufolonf tdk;udk jyKtyfNyD/
w0EÅKç wm0D ypönf;ygonhf uwåm;a[m0gus
1/ "Dwm Mo'eH bkwåm0deD/ orD;onf xrif;udk pm;NyD;NyD/

2/ or®m'd|daum Ak'¨H [kw0g/ rSefaomt,l½Sdolonf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk ylaZmfNyD;NyD/
( þ0gusyHkpHrsm;onf y'AsÍÆeed½kwådusrf;rS jzpfonf )
w-ypönf;\ umv
twDaw w w0EÅK wm0D/ bm0 uar®ok w/ ESpfokwfjzifh w-ypönf;onf umvtm;jzifh

twdwfç om"etm;jzifh abm uH uwåm; üoufonf[kqdkonf/ xdkodkYqdkjcif;onf tmcswfBud,mwyg;ESifh
rqufoG,fyJ olYcsnf;oufouf y"meBud,mjzpf&aom 0gusrsm;udk &nf½G,fí qdkjcif;jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh
]]b*0wm a'odawm "ar®m - bk&m;½Sifonf w&m;udk a[mawmfrltyfNyD}}? ]]awe 0kwåH - xdkYaMumifh
qdktyfNyD}} ponfü twdwfteufom oifhjrwf\/ tmcsmwfBud,mESifh wGJpyf&onfhtcgüum; udwfypö,EÅ
yk'frsm;onf ty"me0daooerQomjzpfí 0daoosy"mejzpfaom tmcsmwfBud,mrsm;\ umvudkvdkufí
a[mMu&onf/ yHkpHum; - ]]£'H 0kwåH a[mwd?}} ]]bmodawm b0dówd}} ponfwnf;/ þü 0kwåH
bmodawm wdkYonf a[mwd b0dówd wdkYESifh pyf&aomaMumifh rdrdwdkYa[m½kd;jzpfaom twdwfumvudk
ra[myJ a[mwdt& ypöKyÜefumvudkvnf;aumif; b0dówdt& tem*wfumvudkvnf;aumif; a[mMu&
onf/ (upönf;bm#D 'k 471-472)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
360
uwåm;a[m udwfBud,m 36-0gus (udwfBud,mudk y"meBud,mtjzpfjzifh toHk;jyKyHk)
1/ a'a0g t*¾ð [kawm/ ewfonf rD;udk ylaZmfNyD/ 6-0gus

2/ a'0g t*¾a,m [kwm/ ewfwdkYonf rD;wdkYudk ylaZmfukefNyD/ 6-0gus
3/ wGH wH [kawm (wd)/ oifonf oifhudk ylaZmfNyD/ 6-0gus
4/ wkarS wkarS [kwm/ oifwdkYonf oifwdkYudk ylaZmfukefNyD/ 6-0gus
5/ t[H rH [kawm(wd)/ igonf ighudk ylaZmfNyD/ 6-0gus
6/ r,H tarS [kwm/ igwdkYonf igwdkYudk ylaZmfukefNyD/ 6-0gus (pepfopfygVdo'´g 'k 64? 621)
ã a'a0g t*¾ð [kawm/ a'a0g t*¾a,m [kawm/ a'a0g wH [kawm/ a'a0g wkarS [kawm/ a'a0g
rH [kawm/ a'a0g tarS [kawm/ ponfjzifh t0kwåuH 6-rsKd;udk vJvS,fxnfhvQif 6-0guspD jzpf\/
uwåm;ESifh udwfBud,m vdif 0kpf wl
u/ a'a0g t*¾ð [kawm/

c/ a'0g t*¾ð [kwm/
*/ unm t*¾ð [kwm/
C/ unma,m t*¾ð [kwma,m/
i/ rr ukvH unm t*¾ð [kwH/
p/ rr ukvmed unm t*¾ð [kwmed/ (pepfopfygVdo'´g 'k 622)
uHa[m udwfBud,m 36-0gus (udwfBud,mudk y"meBud,mtjzpfjzifh toHk;jyKyHk)
1/ a'a0e yk&daom eDawm/ ewfonf a,musfm;udk aqmiftyfNyD/ 6-0gus

2/ a'a0[d yk&dom eDwm/ ewfwdkYonf a,musfm;wdkYudk aqmiftyfukefNyD/ 6-0gus
3/ w,m wGH eDawm(wd)/ oifonf oifhudk aqmiftyfNyD/ 6-0gus
4/ wkarS[d wkarS eDwm/ oifwdkYonf oifwdkYudk aqmiftyfukefNyD/ 6-0gus
5/ r,m t[H eDawm(wd) igonf ighudk aqmiftyfNyD/ 6-0gus
6/ tarS[d r,H eDwm/ igwdkYonf igwdkYudk aqmiftyfukefNyD/ 6-0gus
(pepfopfygVdo'´g 'k 72? 631)
ã t0kwåuwåm;ae&mü 6-rsKd;udk vJvS,fxnfhvQif 6-0guspD jzpf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
361
abma[m udwfBud,m 36-0gus
1/ yk&daoe Ak'¨H ylaZwAÁH/ a,musfm;onf bk&m;udk ylaZmfjcif;(ylaZmf&m\? ylaZmf&rnf)/ 6-0gus

2/ yk&dao[d Aka'¨ ylaZwAÁH/ a,musfm;wdkYonf bk&m;wdkYudk ylaZmfjcif;(ylaZmf&m\? ylaZmf&rnf)/ 6-0gus
3/ w,m wH ylaZwAÁH/ 6-0gus
4/ wkar[dS wkarS ylaZwAÁH/ 6-0gus
5/ r,m rH ylaZwAÁH/ 6-0gus
6/ tarS[d tarS ylaZwAÁH/ 6-0gus (pepfopfygVdo'´g 'k 80? 647)
abma[mBud,m {u0kpfom½SdyHk
abm[lonf Bud,mwnf;/ a,musfm;aygif; odef;oef;jzpfaomfvnf; ylaZmfjcif;Bud,mrSm

wrsKd;wnf; wckwnf;om jzpfaomaMumifh ]ylaZwA
ÁH}[k {u0kpfom ½Sd&onf/ abma[mBud,monf
uwåm'udkvnf; ra[mç uHudkvnf; ra[mç Bud,mudkom a[m\/ abma[mBud,m[lonf Bud,mudk
a[maom Bud,mwnf;/ (pepfopfygVdo'´g 'k 647)
0daooew¬ uwåm;a[m udwfBud,m0gus (udwfBud,mudk 0daooeyk'ftjzpfjzifh toHk;jyKyHk)
1/ t*¾ð [kawm yk&daom *päwd/ rD;udk ylaZmfaom a,musfm;onf oGm;\/

2/ t*¾ð [kwH ukvH *päwd/
3/ t*¾ð [kwm unm *päwd/
4/ t*¾ð [kwm yk&dom *päEÅd/ rD;udk ylaZmfaom a,musfm;wdkYonf oGm;ukef\/
5/ wGH t*¾ð [kwH yk&doH yówd/ (pepfopfygVdo'´g 'k 68? 625)
0daooew¬ uHa[m udwfBud,m0gus (udwfBud,mudk 0daooeyk'ftjzpfjzifh toHk;jyKyHk)
1/ r,m eDawm yk&daom *päwd/ igonf aqmiftyfNyD;aom a,musfm;onf vm\/

2/ r,m eDwH ukvH *päwd/
3/ r,m eDwm unm *päwd/(pepfopfygVdo'´g 'k 76? 647)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
362
uHa[m wAÁ teD, ypönf; 0gus
1/ ea&e &axm uwåaAÁm/ vlonf &xm;udk jyKtyf\/

2/ r,m &xm uwåAÁm/
3/ w,m pD0&H uwåAÁH/
4/ r,m pD0&med uwåAÁmed/
5/ r,m 0DPm uwåAÁm/
6/ r,m 0DPma,m uwåAÁm/
7/ r,m &axm u&PDa,m/
8/ r,m yknH u&PD,H/ (pepfopfygVdo'´g 'k 82? 649)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
363
tem*wumvdu 10-ypönf;
PD CdPf PGK wk P
óH EÅK rme tme óEÅK
*grD(yk) oGm;vwHhavh½Sdol (*rk+PD) * rf + PD = *grD

*g
*grd (yk) oGm;vwHhavh½Sdol (*rk+CdPf) * rf + CdPf = *grd
*g
um&aum(wd) jyKtHh[k BuHí (u&+PGK) u & + PGK = um&u
um tu
ã BuHí-um; tydkteuf
uwåm (ykç£) jyKtHh[k BuHí (u&+wk) u & + wk = uwåm

w w+K> m
e*&uma&m (yk) NrdKUudk jyKtHh[k BuHí (e*&+u&+P) u & + P = um&
um
u&dóH - jyKvwHhjzpfí? jyKOD;rnfjzpfí (u&+óH) u & (-d) + óH = u&dóH
ua&maEÅm (yk?e) jyKvwHhjzpfí? jyKOD;rnfjzpfí (u&+Mo+EÅK) u&+Mo+ EÅK = ua&mEÅ

EÅ+K>?
uk½krmaem (wd) jyKvwHhjzpfí? jyKOD;rnfjzpfí (u&+Mo+rme) u& + Mo +rme =uk½krme

O
u&maem (wd)jyKvwHhjzpfí? jyKOD;rnfjzpfí (u& +tme) u&me
u&dóaEÅm (yke) jyKvwHhol (u&+óEÅK) u&(-d)+ óEÅK = u&dóEÅ

EÅ+K>?
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
28/ b0dówd *rm'D[d PD CdPf/ tem*wfumvü *rkpaom "mwfrSaemufü PD CdPf oufonf/

(PD CdPf wdkYonf wóDvteuf½Sd\)
29/ Bud,m,H PGKwa0g/ tem*wfumvü Bud,mteufudk odtyfaomf PGK wk ypönf; oufonf/
(jyKvkyfwwfol[k yk*¾KdvfoHygatmif rjyefyJ jyKtJh[k Bud,moHygatmifjyef&onf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
364
31/ ur®ed aPm/ teD;uHyk'f½Sdaomf tem*wfumvü Pypönf; qufonf/
32/ aoao óEÅKrmemem/ vHk;vHk; rjyK&ao;aom tem*wfç wydkif;wpjyKNyD;aomfvnf; rNyD;ao;aom

tem*wf ESpfrsKd;wGif wydkif;wpjyKNyD; rNyD;aomtem*wfü óEÅK rme tme qufonf/
(em&D0ufcefYjyKNyD;í wpHkwckaom taMumif;aMumifh em;NyD;rS usefem&D0ufcefY qufjyK&rnfudk
qdkonf)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
365
awumvdu 17-ypönf;
P t PGK wk tm0D uGd

&r® PD ½l Pku ,k &
wAÁ teD, Ps aw,s &dpö
ukrÇuma&m (y?e) tdk;udkjyKvkyfol? tdk;xdef;onf? ukrÇ+ u & + P = ukrÇum&

um Pf+?
ukrÇum&D (xD) tdk;udkjyKvkyfolr? tdk;xdef;onfr? ukrÇ+u&+P+þ = ukrÇum&D
okcumarm (wd) csrf;omudkvdkvm;ol? okc+ u rk + P = okcumr

um rf+ K Pf+?
t&dEárm (yk) t&dE´rrif;? t&d + ' rk + t= t&dE´r

t&d(Ek)>-H>ef rf+ K
wPSuFa&m (yk) wPSmudk n§if;qJwwfaombk&m;? wPSuF&bk&m;/ wPSm+u&+t=wPSuFu&

(þü u&"mwf n§if;qJjcif;a[m? Ekvm? ed*¾[dwfjyK? ifjyK)
&xum&aum (yk?e) &xm;udkjyKvkyfol? &xm;tvkyform;? &x + u & + PGK =&xum&u

um ? u
tEé'g,aum (yk?e) tpmudk ay;ol? tEé+ 'g + PGK = tEé'g,u
'f+-g>-g, ? u
tEé'g,dum (xD) tpmudk ay;olr/ tEé + 'g + PGK + tm= tEé'g,dum (,\t £ajymif;)
'g,aum (yk?e) 'g,um? ay;wwfol/ 'g + PGK= 'g,u
'g,dum (£) 'g,dumr? ay;wwfolr/ 'g + PGK + tm='g,dum
o&dwm (xD) trSwf&wwfol? o& + wk = o&dwm

o&(-d) wf+K> m
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
366
'gwm (yk) ay;wwfol? 'g+wk='gwm
Ówm (y) odwwfol? Ó+wk=Ówm
tbdbl (yk) vTrf;rdk;íjzpfonf? tbd+bl+ uGd =tbdbl
ur®H (e) trI?tvkyf? u & + & r® = ur®
acs
wóDvw¬ 6-ypönf;
opö0g'D (wd) trSefudk ajymavh½Sdol? opö + 0 ' + PD = opö0g'D

0f+?> g
"r®0g'D (wd) w&m;udkajymavh½Sdol? "r® + 0 ' + PD = "r®0g'D
0f+?> g
tm'De0'óm0D (wd) tjypfudk½Iavh½Sdol? tm'De0 + 'do + tm0D = tm'De0'óm0D
um½kaum (yk) jyKavh½Sdol? u & + Pk u = um½ku

um Pf + K
tEÅ*l (yk) tqHk;odkY oGm;avh½Sdol? tEÅ + * rk + ½l = tEÅ*l
rf+ K ½f + L
bmoaem (e) ajymavh½Sdol? bmo + ,k = bmoe
? e
a'goaem (wd) pdwfqdk;avh½Sdol? 'k o + ,k = a'goe
a'g ? e
yo,Sy0wåm (wd) vTrf;rdk;í jzpfavh½Sdol? yo,S + y + 0 wk + wk = yo,Sy0wåm
wf+ K w+K> m
ã udwfypönf;rSefvQif om"eteuf wyg;yg;udk a[m&onf/ wóDvpaomteufonf om"eteufr[kwf/
wóDvpaomteufü oufaom PDpaom ypönf;rsm;onf uwåKom"eü oufMuonf/ (tajcjyK 298)
wóDvjzpfwdkif; w'¨r®ponfrjzpf? wcsKdUygXfü ESpfck odkYr[kwf wpfckom &onf/ (upönf;bm#D 'k 441)
oDvç "r®ç om"kum&dwm/ oDv[lonf yk*¾Kdvfwa,muf\ tavhtvm0goemwnf;/ "r®[lonf

w*kdPf;vHk; womoemvHk; waqGrsKd;vHk; vlrsKd;wrsKd;vHk;\ trsm;oHk;jzpfwJh xHk;pH"r®wmwnf;/
om"kum&dwm[lonfum; rdrd\0goemtavsmuf odkYr[kwf trsm;\xHk;pH "r®wmtwdkif; aumif;pGmjyKjcif;
(av;av;pm;pm;jyKjcif; *½kwpdkufjyKjcif;)wnf;/ (tajcjyK 296)
jA[®+p&+PD= jA[®pm&D = jrwfaomtusifhudk usifhavh½Sdol (wóDv)
jrwfaomtusifhudk usifhjcif;oabm½Sdol (w'¨r®)
jrwfaomtusifhudk usifhjcif;ü aumif;pGmjyKavh½Sdol (om"kum&dwm)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
367
y#daCm (yk?e) a'go? ywd + [e + & = y#dC
y#d Cf+ ? &f + ?
tbdb0dwaAÁm (wd) vTrf;rdk;xdkuf\? tbd + bl + wAÁ = tbdb0dwAÁ
b0f(-d)
b&dwaAÁm (wd) arG;jr§Lxdkuf\? b& + wAÁ = b&dwAÁ
*reDa,m (wd) oGm;xdkuf\? *rk + teD,? *reD,
um&d,H (e) jyKxdkuf\? u & + Ps = um&d,

um &(-d) Pf + ,
vAÇH (wd) &xdkuf\? vb+Ps
'da|,sH (wd) jrifxdkuf\? 'd o + aw,s ='da|,s

'd o+w>| a ,s
va'¨,sH (wd) &xdkuf\ v b+ aw,s = va'¨,s

'f a+w>"
ã wAÁpaomudpöypönf;rsm;onf abmteufudka[m&mü abma[mBud,monf txnfj'yfr½Sd

Bud,momrn jzpfí eyHkvdif{u0kpfomjzpfonf/ uHa[m&mü vdifoHk;yg; 0kpfESpfyg;jzpfonf/
udpöypönf;wdkYu ]xdkuf}[kay;&aom t&[teufudkvnf; jyEdkifonf/ oifhay;&aom ,kwå-
teufum; t&[teufESifhoabmwlyif/ yHkpH- aw-oifyÍöif;opfonf? ,m0ZD0H-odu©my'ftouf½SdorQ?
eu&PD,H-rjyKoifh rjyKxdkuf/
udpöypönf;wdkYu ]Edkifç aumif;} [k ay;&aom ouúteufudkvnf; jyEdkifonf/ yHkpH- y&dbkÍÆdwaAÁm-
oHk;pGJEdkifç oHk;pGJaumif;\/ xdk t&[ç ouú teufwdkYonf om"eteufr[kwfMu/ udpöypönf;wdkYu
tydkjytyfaomteufwdkYwnf;/ Oyrm- tmvkyfod0dbwfonf vdifteuftjyif tmvkyfteufudk
tydkjytyfouJhodkYwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh t&[ ouú teufay;&mü om"e 7-yg;wGif ur®om"eü
yg0ifonf[k rSwf/ rSef\ - jyKxdkuf[lonf jyKjcif;Bud,monf xdktay:ü a&mufxdkuf\[laom Bud,m
ygykPeur®owådyifjzpfygonf/ jyKoihfç jyKEdkif-[k ay;&müvnf; enf;wl/ (upönf;bm#D 'k 452)
wAÁpaomypönf;wdkYonf uwåK u&P orÜ'ge tyg'ge t"du&P teufüvnf; oufonf/
ed,smeDa,m-xGufajrmufwwfaom t&d,mr*f(uwåK) e[meD,H-pifMu,foefY½Sif;aMumif;(u&P)
qyfjymrIefY? 'geDa,m-ay;&mjzpfaomykPÖm;(orÜ'ge) tmo0XmeD,m-tmoa0gwdkY\wnf&mjzpfukefaom
vGefusL;rItusifhwdkY(t"du&P) (upönf;bm#D 'k 453)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
368
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
1/ "mwk,m ur®m'drSd aPm/ tpüuHyk'f½Sdaom"mwfaemif Pypönf;oufonf/

2/ onm,r Ek/ 14/ Ek ed*¾[DwH y'aEÅ/ emrnfa[m&mü tpüuHy'f½Sdaom"mwfaemif typönf;oufí
uHyk'ftqHk;ü EkvmNyD;? 4if;Ekonf ed*¾[dwfodkY ajymif;onf/
15/ oH[enm, 0g a&mç aCm/ oHykAÁ [e"mwfrSaemufüvnf;aumif; wyg;aom"mwfrSaemufüvnf;aumif;
&ypönf;oufí [eonf CodkYajymif;onf/
9/ wóDvm'Dok PD wGm.0D p/ wóDv w'¨r® wóm"kum&dwm teufoHk;yg;wdkYü PD wk tm0D
ypönf;qufonf/
70/ tmum&EÅme rma,m/ PtEkAef½Sdaom ypönf;aMumifh tmtu©&mtqHk;½Sdaom"mwfwdkY\ tpdwftmonf
tm,odkYajymif;onf/ (tajcjyKo'´g)
Pypönf;ygaom udwfBud,m 0gus
0kwåuwåm; t0kwåuH udwfBud,m

bdu©K *grH ya0aom/ &[ef;onf ½GmodkY 0if\/
t&[H pwkopömed oarÁma"m/ &[EÅmonf opömav;ygwdkYudk xdk;xGif;od\/
PGKypönf;ygaom udwfBud,m 0gus

a,m 0¹uD &xó um&aum/ tMuifvuform;onf &xm;udk jyKwwf\/
aom 0¹uD &xH um&aum/ xdkvuform;onf &xm;udk jyKwwf\/
*[ywd ,mpuó tEéó 'g,aum/ tdrfh½Sifol<u,fonfawmif;pm;oltm; xrif;udk ay;\/
*[ywmeD ,mpuó tEéH 'g,dum/ tdrfh½Sifronfawmif;pm;oltm; xrif;udk ay;\/
'vda'´g ur®ó um&aum/ olqif;&Jonf tvkyfudk jyKvkyf\/
'vd'´D ur®ó um&dum/ olqif;&Jronf tvkyfudk jyKvkyf\/
ã PGKypönf; oufí NyD;orQ ½kyftaygif;udk uwåKom"ejyK? uwåm;a[m Bud,m[lí rSwf/

(y'AsÍÆeed½kwåd'DyeD y 704)
ã ,k PGK wk NyD? ypönf;rSD? q|DuH aeap/ (ed,H) / ,k PGK wk ypönf;ygaom udwfyk'f\ uHudk q|D
0dbwfESifh a&;&onf/ ,konf te-odkYç PGKonf tu-odkY ajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
369
wkypönf;ygaom udwfBud,m 0gus

ukrÇuma&m ukrÇó uwåm/ tdk;vkyform;onf tdk;udk vkyf\/
ukrÇuma&m ukrÇH uwåm/ tdk;vkyform;onf tdk;udk vkyf\/
'geomrd abmZeó 'gwm/ tvª&Sifonf abmZOfudk vª\/
'geomrd abmZeH 'gwm/ tvª&Sifonf abmZOfudk vª\/
rmwm ykwåó o&dwm/ taronf om;udk trSwf&\/
rmwm ykwåH o&dwm/ taronf om;udk trSwf&\/
½lypönf;ygaom udwfBud,m0gus

a,m oraPm yd@ygwH bdu©K/ tMuif&[ef;onf qGrf;udk awmif;avh½Sd\/
a,m bdu©K "r®H 0dnL/ tMuif&[ef;onf w&m;udk odavh½Sd\/
Pkuypönf;ygaom udwfBud,m 0gus

a*gCmwaum *0H tmCmwkaum/
EGm;owform;onf EGm;udk n§Of;qJavh½Sd\/
uóaum oó0yÜH um½kaum/
v,form;onf aumufpdkufjcif;udk jyKwwf\/
&dpöypönf;ygaom udwfBud,m 0gus

ur®um&aue oAÁur®H udpöH/
tvkyform;onf tvkyftm;vHk;udk jyKtyf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
370
Psypönf;ygaom udwfBud,m 0gus
t0kwåuwåm; 0kwåuH uHa[mudwfBud,m

epöud,m *DwH 0ZÆH/
uacsonfronf oDcsif;udk qdktyf\/
vk'áue t&nH *r®H/
rkqdk;onf awmodkY oGm;tyf\/
'geomrdaue Oyg[eH a',sH/
tvª½Sifonf zdeyfudk vªtyf\/
,wdem umr*kPH a[,sH/
&[ef;onf umr*kPfudk y,fpGefYtyf\/
bdu©K ygyuwwåH *g&,SH/
&[ef;onf raumif;rIjyKtyfNyD;onftjzpfudk uJh&Jhtyf\/
ok&m"kawåe ar&,H ay,sH/
aoaomufMuLo;onf ao&nfudk aomuftyf\/
,ka0e ,k0wd,m ykyæH a',sH/

vkvifysKdonf vHkrysKdtm; yef;udk ay;tyf\/
,wdem om,H ygeH ay,sH/
&[ef;onf naecif;ü tazsmf&nfukd aomuftyf\/
oyÜK&daoe oAÁrEkómeH 0w¬H a[,sH/ [m+Ps/
olawmfaumif;onf vltm;vHk;wdkYtm; t0wfudk pGefYtyf\/
orÁKa'ë taooawm oAÁ"ar®m aÚa,sm/
oAÁnKbk&m;onf tBuGif;rJh tm;vHk;udk odtyf\/

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
371
aemufqufwGJ awumvdu 10-ypönf;
£ wd £e &d&d, wku

&w¬K &dwk &mwk £u c
tm'd (yk) tp? tm+ 'g + £ = tm'd

'f+ g
rwd(xD) odjcif;? re + wd = rwd
r ef
Zdaem(yk) bk&m;½Sif? Zd + £e = Zde
Zf+ -d
ud&da,m(wd)jyKxdkufonf? u&+&d&d, = ud&d,
u &f+&f -d&d,
tm*EÅKaum(yk) {nfhonf? tm+ *rk + wku = tm*EÅKu
* rf>e
ow¬m(yk) q&m? omo + &w¬K = ow¬m
om+of &f+ ? w¬ K>m
ydwm(yk) tb? yg + &dwk = ydwm
yg + &f -d w + K>m
rmwm(xD) trd? rm + &mwk =
rm + &f -m w + K>m
*rdaum(yk) c&D;oGm; *rk + £u = *rdu
*rf+ K -du
okua&m(wd) vG,fulojzifhjyKtyf\? jyKvG,f\/ ok+ u & + c = oku&
&f+ ? cf+?
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
372
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
28/ onm,H 'gç"mawm £/ emrnfudka[m&mü 'a'G;'g"mwf "atmufNcKduf"m"mwfrSaemufü £ypönf;

qufonf/
30/ £w¬d, rwd,a0g 0g/ £w¬vdifü t wd , ypönf;wdkYonf 0duyftm;jzifh jzpfukef\/
ã emrfwkef;u unm'd*kdPf;0ifudwfyk'frsm;onf þokwfjzifh typönf; ,ypönf;oufNyD;rS £w¬d,rawm

tmypöa,mokwfjzifh tmypönf;xyfoufí jyD;Muonf/ &wåm'd*kdPf; £w¬dvdif £um&EÅyk'frsm;üvnf;
þokwfu wdypönf;om rsm;\/ (tajcjyKo'´g-319)
31/ u&awm &d&d,/ u&"mwfrSaemufü &d&d,ypönf; qufonf/
35/ Zdawm £e oAÁw¬/ tvHk;pHkaom umvü Zd"mwfrSaemuf uwåm;teuf £eypönf; oufonf/
36/ þoH 'kok[d c/ þoHedygwf 'kok Oyom&a½S;½Sdaom "mwfwdkYaemufü cypönf; oufonf/
43/ omom'D[d &w¬K/ omotp½Sdaom "mwfwdkYrS aemufü &w¬Kypönf;oufonf/
44/ yg'dawm &dwk/ ygtp½Sdaom"mwfwdkYrSaemufü &dwkypönf;oufonf/
45/ rmem'D[d &mwk/ rmetp½Sdaom "mwfwdkYrSaemufü &mwkypönf;oufonf/
46/ tm*rm wkaum/ tmykAÁ *rk"mwfrSaemufü wkuypönf;oufonf/
47/ baAÁ £u/ jzpfxdkuf\ [laomteufü £uypönf;oufonf/
(tajcjyKo'´g-316-332)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
373
tAs, &-ypönf;
wa0 wma, wHk wka,

wke wGme wGm
umwa0-jyKjcif;iSg jyKzdkY&m? u& + wa0 = umwa0

um
cg'dwma,-cJpm;jcif;iSg? cJpm;zdkY&m? cg' +wma, = cg'dwma,
cg'(-d)
umwHk? uwåKH-jyKjcif;iSg? jyKzdkY&m? u& + wHk = umwHk/ u & + wHk = uwåKH
um w
*aPwka,-a&wGufjcif;iSg? a&wGufzdkY&m= *P + aP + wka,= *aPwka,
umwke-jyKí? u& + wke = umwke

um
uwGm-jyKí? u& + wGm = uwGm
u &f
uwGme-jyKí? u& + wGme = uwGme
u &f
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
71/ ykAÁumav.uuwåKumeH wke wGme wGm 0g/ wlaom uwåm;½Sdaom a½SUaemuf Bud,mwdkYwGif
a½SUBud,mwdkYü wke wGme wGm ypönf;wdkY 0duyftm;jzifh jzpf\/
72/ wa0wkem'Dwk um/ wa0 wke paomypönf;wdkYaMumifh u&"mwfonf umodkYajymif;onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
374
udwfypönf;rsm;\ om"eESifhumvrsm;
ypönf; om"e umv
(1) w abm uH uwåm; tm"m& umvoHk;yg; (twdwfrsm;)
(2) wm0D w0EÅK uwåm; twdwf
(3) wke wGme wGm abm uwåm; twdwf
(4) wma, wHk wa0 abm tem*wf

wka,
(5) wAÁ wAs aw,s abm uH umv0drkwf
(6) wd abm uH u&P umvoHk;yg;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
yHkpHrsm;
(1) XdwH-wnfjcif;(abm) ylZdawm-ylaZmftyfaomol(uH) Aka'¨g-odwwfaombk&m;

,mwH-oGm;&m(t"du&P)
(2) bkwåm0D-pm;NyD;aomol? bkwå0g-pm;NyD;aomol?
(3) umwkç uwGmeç uwGm-jyKNyD;í
(4) uwåma,ç umwka,ç umwHkç umwa0-jyKjcif;iSg
(5) ygwAÁHç ygwAsHç ygaw,sH-aomufjcif;ç aomuftyf\
(6) owd-atmufarhjcif;ç atmufarhaMumif;? ormywåd-0ifpm;tyfaomormywf?

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
375
ypönf; om"e umv
(&) wk (wóDvw¬) uwåm;

(omrn) uwåm; umvoHk;yg; (&Hcg-tem*wfom)
(8) teD,ç Ps abm uH (rsm;)

u&P orÜ'ge t"du&P
(9) tEÅ uwåm; ypöKyÜef

rme abm uH uwåm; ypöKyÜef
(tEÅçrmea½SUóvmvQif tem*wfumv)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
yHkpHrsm;
(7) uwåm-jyKavh½Sdaomol(wóDvw¬) uwåm-oabmtm;jzifh jyKwwfol(w'¨r®)

uwåm-aumif;aumif;jyKavh½Sdaomol (wóm"kum&dwm)
uwåm-NyKNyD;ç jyKqJç jyKvwHhaomol? uwåm-jyKvwHhaomol
(8) u&PD,H-jyKjcif;çjyKtyf\? um&d,H-jyKjcif;çjyKtyf\?

eSmeD,H-pifMu,faMumif;jzpfaom qyfjym (u&P) 'geDa,m-ay;&mjzpfaomol(orÜ'ge)
XmeD,H-wnf&m (t"du&P)
(9) u&Hçua&maEÅm-oGm;aomol? u&rmaem-jyKaomol? u&D,rmaem-jyKtyf\? u&D,rmeH-jyKjcif;?

u&dóHç u&dóaEÅmç u&dórmaem-jyKvwHhaomol?
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
376
ypönf; om"e umv
(10) t 7-yg; umvoHk;yg;
(11) P 7-yg; umvoHk;yg;
(12) ,k 7-yg; umvoHk;yg;
(13) PD? tm0D wóDvw¬-3ç çtwårmeD uwåm; umvoHkyg;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
yHkpHrsm;
(10) ba0g-jzpfwwfaom b0? oH,arm-apmifhpnf;jcif;? [dwua&m-tusKd;pDyGm;udk jyKwwfaomol?

auma"m-trsuf? avmabm-vdkcsifjcif;? a'gaom-trsuf? oarÁma"m-aumif;pGmodjcif;
(11) ukrÇuma&m-tdk;udkjyKvkyfaomol? &ma*g-wufrufjcif;? pma*g-pGefYjcif;? ygaum-csufjcif;?

abmabm-pnf;pdrf? vmabm-&jcif;? yrma'g-arhavsmhjcif;?
(12) b0eH-jzpfjcif;? ÓPH-odwwfaomÓPf? 0peH-qdkaMumif;pum;? abmZeH-pm;tyfaomabmZOf?

XmeH-wnf&m? 'geH-ay;vSLjcif;? ygeH-aomufjcif;
aCmoaem-a<u;aMumfavh½Sdaomol? (wóDvw¬) aum"aem-trsufxGufavh½Sdaomol?
zEáem-trsufxGufavh½Sdaomol? r@aem-wefqmqifavh½Sdaomol?
aZmwaem-xGef;yavh½Sdaomol? 0¹aem-yGm;avh½Sdaomol?
(13) bm0D-jzpfavh½Sdaomol? pm*D-pGefYBuJavh½Sdaomol? "r®0g'D-w&m;udk qdkavh½Sdaomol?

jA[®pm&D-jrwfaomtusifhudk usifhavh½Sdaomol? oDC,m,D-vsifjrefpGmoGm;avh½Sdaomol?
b,'óm0D-ab;udk½Iavh½Sdaomol?(wóDvw¬)
y@dwrmeD-ynm½Sd[k rdrdudk,fudk rSwfxifaomôl (twårmeD)
twårmeD-twå[krSwfxifaomôl
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
377
ypönf; om"e umv
(14) ½kç ½l wóDvw¬ uwåm; umvoHk;yg;
(15) Pkç Pl wóDvw¬ uwåm; umvoHk;yg;
(16) Pd PD PGK wk wóDvw¬ uwåm; tem*wf
(17) uGd uwåm; t"du&P umvoHkyg;
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
yHkpHrsm;
(14) bdu©K-awmif;avh½Sdaom&[ef;(bdu©+½k)? pu©K-rsufpd(pu©+½k)? AE©K-aqGrsKd;(AE¨+½k)?

oAÁnL-tvHk;pHkudk odaomol(Ó+½l) avmu0d'l-avmuudkodaombk&m;(0d'+½l) 0d'l-ynm½Sd(0d'+½l)
ble[k-BuD;yGm;jcif;udk zsufqD;wwfaomol([e+½k) yg&*l-wbufurf;odkYa&mufwwfol(*rk+½l)
a0'*l-aA'ifukdwwfaomol(*rk+½l)
(15) um½k-jyKwwfaomvuform;(u&+Pk) 'g½k-cGJtyfaomopfom;('&+Pk)

yb*Fl-ysufpD;wwfaomw&m;(bEÆ+Pl)
(16) *grd-oGm;vwHhaomol(Pd) tm*grD-vmvwHhaomol(PD)

um&aum-jyKvwHhaomol(PGK) uwåm-jyKvwHhaomol(wk)
um&dç um&Dç um&aumç uwåm-jyKvwHhaomol
(17) rm&Zd-rm&fudkatmifwwfaombk&m;(Zd+uGd) o,rÇL-tvdkvdkyGifhawmfrlwwfaombk&m;(bl+uGd)

wk&a*g-vsifpGmoGm;wwfaomjrif;(*rk+uGd) ur®ZH-uHaMumifhjzpfonf(Ze+uGd)
'ge*¾H-vªzG,fudk,l&m tvªwif;ukwf(t"du&P) ovmu*¾H-pm;a&;wH ,l&mt&yf
(o'óHcdyftajz 129-154 aumufEkwfcsuf)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
378
Bud,m0daooetaMumif;
um&uudk txl;jyKwwfaom (xl;jcm;atmifjyKwwfaom) o'´gonf ]]um&u0daooe}}rnfouJhodkY

Bud,mudk txl;jyKwwfaom(xl;jcm;atmifjyKwwfaom)o'´gonf Bud,m0daooernf\/
yHkpH - rk'kH ypwd wnf;/
½Sifvif;csuf/ / wyom Owåarm [laomygXfü tusifhtm;jzifh-[k teufjrefrmjyefqdk&aom

wyom-o'´gonf Owåarm-[laom 0daooso'´gudk trsKd;tm;jzifh jrwfjcif;tp½SdonfrS txl;jyKwwfaom
aMumifh um&u0daooernfouJhodkY rk'kH ypwd-[laomygXfü rk'kH-El;nHhpGm(0g)El;nHhatmif (0g)El;El;eyfeyf
ypwd-csuf\/ rk'Hko'´gonf ypwd[laom Bud,mudk rEl;reyfcsufjcif; (aysmhatmif? wl;atmif?
reyfatmifcsufjcif;)rS txl;jyKwwfaomaMumifh Bud,m0daooernf\/
Bud,m0daooe\tjcm;trnfrsm;
xdkBud,m0daooeudk avmuDouúwo'´gusrf;wdkYü ]"mwk0daooe}trnfjzifhvnf;aumif;?

omoemawmfusrf;ü ]bm0eyHk}trnfjzifhvnf;aumif; ac:a0:oHk;EIef;onf/
Bud,m0daooeqdkif&m jrefrmtoH
tdk-[,f paom tmvkyfyk'frsm;ESifh avsmuf- vsuf- pGm- ojzifh- tm;jzifh- í- &um;- wuG-
yJ- tNrJ- NyD;í- ajzmifhajzmifh- aumufaumufauGUauGU- av;av;vHvH- aES;aES;auG;auG;-
xkdif;xdkif;rIdif;rIdif;- ½kd½kdaoao- av;av;pm;pm;- r½kdrao- rav;rpm; paom rsm;jym;vSaom
jrefrma0g[m&rsm;onf Bud,m0daooeqdkif&m jrefrmtoHrsm; jzpfMuonf/
Bud,m0daooeyHkpHrsm;
r[m&mZ-tdk;rif;jrwf oare-nDnGwfojzifh? nDnDnGwfnGwf

vmy-[,fbDvHk;iSuf a,bka,se-rsm;aomtm;jzifh
abm aov-tcsif;ausmufzsm tmrdomEk*¾a[e-tmrdojzifh csD;ajrmufjcif;tm;jzifh
bdu©a0-&[ef;wdkY edAÇ&H-wif;usyfpGm
wmw-cspfom;ç om;om; cdyÜH-vsifjrefpGm
tr®-tdktrdç rdcif A[kaom-Budrfzefrsm;pGm
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
379
okcH-csrf;ompGm o[om-taqmwvsifç uysmu,m
okcw&H-tvGefvG,fulpGm ok*kwåH-vHkvHkNcKHNcHK
om'&H-w½kdwao armeH-wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf
{urEÅH-oifhtyfavsmufywfpGm yumoH-yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
tbdPSH-rjywf *päaEÅm-oGm;vsuf
edpöJ-tNrJ 'aóaEÅm-jyvdk&um;? jyvdkonfjzpfí
edpöuyÜH-tNrJvdkvdk tedpöawm-rNrJaomtm;jzifh
rk[kwåH-watmifhavmuf pd&H-MumjrifhpGm
cPHcPH-jzKwfcsnf;½kwfcsnf; wk&dwH-vsifjrefpGm
,xmAmvH-rdkufonfhtavsmuf ,xmtukovH-rvdr®monfhtavsmuf
,xmrlVSH-awGa0onfhtavsmuf
ZmeH-odvsuf
Bud,m0daooetrsKd;tpm;
Bud,m0daooeonf (1) A[d'¨Bud,m0daooe (2) tA[d'¨Bud,m0daooe [k ESpfyg;tjym;½Sd\/

xdkwGif tmvkyfo'´gtaygif;onf Bud,mrStyjzpfaomaMumifh A[d'¨gBud,m0daooernf\/ rk'kH ypwd
tp½Sdaomyg|fü rk'kHtp½Sdaomo'´gonf Bud,mtwGif;jzpfaomaMumifh tA[d'¨gBud,m0daooernf\/
xdkwGif tA[d'¨gBud,m0daooeonf

(1) yxrmBud,m0daooe
(2) 'kwd,mBud,m0daooe
(3) wwd,mBud,m0daooe
(4) q|DBud,m0daooe [k av;yg;tjym;½Sd\/
xdkwGif (1) yxrm0dbwftqHk;½Sdaom Bud,m0daooeonf yxrmBud,m0daooernf\/
yHkpHum; - okcH o,wd ponfwnf;/ þü okcH-[laom Bud,m0daooeonf

yxrm0dbwftqHk;½SdaomaMumifh yxrmBud,m0daooernf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
380
(2) 'kwd,m0dbwftqHk;½Sdaom Bud,m0daooeonf 'kwd,mBud,m0daooernf\/
yHkpHum; - rk'Hk ypwd - ponfwnf;/ þü rk'kH-[laom Bud,m0daooeonf

'kwd,m0dbwftqHk;½SdaomaMumifh 'kwd,mBud,m0daooernf\/
(3) wwd,m0dbwftqHk;½Sdaom Bud,m0daooeonf wwd,mBud,m0daooernf\/
yHkpHum; - {uma[ae0 yg,mod - ponfwnf;/ þü {uma[e-[laom Bud,m0daooeonf

wwd,m0dbwftqHk;½SdaomaMumifh wwd,mBud,m0daooernf\/ 4if;udk (Bud,mudk vsifpGmNyD;apwwf
aomaMumifh) Bud,my0*¾[kvnf; ac:a0: oHk;EIef;onf/
(4) q|D0dbwftqHk;½Sdaom Bud,m0daooeonf q|DBud,m0daooernf\/
yHkpHum; - yg'ó Ou©dyeH - ponfwnf;/ þü yg'ó-[laom Bud,m0daooeonf

q|D0dbwftqHk;½SdaomaMumifh q|DBud,m0daooernf\/
xdkwGif trSwf (1)ESifh(2)wdkYü 0daoosBud,monf uwåm;a[m jzpftHh? Bud,m0daooeonf

yxrm 0daooejzpf&m\/ 0daoosBud,monf uHa[mjzpftHh? Bud,m0daooeonf 'kwd,mBud,m
0daooejzpf&m\/
wenf;/ /0daoosBud,monf tur®u"mwfjzpftHh? Bud,m0daooeonf yxrmBud,m0daooe

jzpf&m\/ 0daoosBud,monf our®u"mwfjzpftHh? Bud,m0daooeonf 'kwd,mBud,m0daooe
jzpf&m\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
381
½Sifvif;csuf
'kwd,mBud,m0daooejzpfyHk
rk'Hk ypwdü rk'kH[laom Bud,m0daooeonf eykHvdef{u0kpf 'kwd,m0dbwftqHk;½Sdaomyk'f

jzpfonf/ jzpfyHkrSm-tvHkpHkaom"mwfwdkY\teufudk u&"mwfteufudk ysHUESHYaomaMumifh our®u"mwfjzifh
NyD;aom ypwdBud,mudk ypwd- ]ypeH ua&mwd} [k our®u"mwfjzifh zGifhjyEdkif\/ þü ypeHonf
csufjcif;Bud,momrnudk a[m\/ xdkodkY omrnudk a[m&mü eyHkvdefjzifhom nTefjy½kd;½Sdonf/
omrnjzpf aomaMumifh {u0kpfjzifhvnf; nTefjy&onf/ 0daooejzpfaom rk'Hkonfvnf; ypeHyk'fuJhodkYyif
eykHvdef{u0kpf 'kwd,m0dbwsEÅ jzpf&awmhonf/
yxrmBud,m0daooejzpfyHk
bl"mwf u&"mwfwdkYonf "mwfeuftm;vHk;wdkYü ysHUESHUaom "mwfrif;rsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifh

our®u"mwfjzifhNyD;aom ypwd[laom Bud,mudkyif ypwd-ypeH b0wd[k tur®ubl"mwfjzifh
zGifhqdkEdkif\/ þü ypeHonf yxrEÅjzpfouJhodkY rk'kHonfvnf; yxrEÅyifjzpfEdkifao;onf/
tvm;wlyif okcH o,wdü o,wd-[laom tur®u"mwfjzifhNyD;aom Bud,mudk o,wd-o,eH

b0wd(tdyfjcif;onf jzpf\)[k tur®u"mwfjzifh zGifhqdkvQif okcH-onf yxrmBud,m0daooejzpf\/
o,wd? o,eH ua&mwd-[k zGifhqdkvQif okcHonf o,eH ua&mwdü o,eHuJhodkY 'kwd,mBud,m
0daooejzpfEdkifonf/
Bud,m0daooeü ]í} teufay;
Bud,mudk txl;jyKaom Bud,m0daooewdkYü ykAÁumvjzpfap ty&umvjzpfap ormeumvjzpfap

]í}[k teufay;&onf/ tcsKdU &um;-vnf; ay;&ao;onf/ [dwfteufoufygu ]í-&um;-aMumifh}[k
ay;&onf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
382
Bud,m0daooeoHk;rsKd;
Bud,m0daooeonf (1) ykAÁumvBud,m0daooe (2) ty&umvBud,m0daooe (3)

ormeumvBud,m0daooe-tm;jzifh oHk;rsKd;tjym;½Sd\/
xdkwGif (1) aemufumvü jzpfvwHhaom Bud,mwckudk txl;jyKwwfaom a½S;umvü jzpfNyD;aom
Bud,m0daooeonf (0g) Bud,mESpfckNyKdifvQuf½Sdae&m0,faemufBud,mudk txl;jyKwwfaom a½S;jzpfaom
Bud,m 0daooeonf ykAÁumvBud,m0daooernf\/
ykHpHum; - t[H tbd0E´d, 0u©mrd ponfwnf;/
(igonf ½Sdcdk;NyD;í qdkaytHh) þüa½S;jzpfaom ½Sdcdk;jcif;Bud,mu aemufjzpfaomqdkjcif;Bud,mudk

txl;jyKwwfaomaMumifh a½S;jzpfaom ½Sdcdk;jcif;[laom tbd0E´d,Bud,monf ykAÁumvBud,m0daooernf\/
(2) a½S;umvü jzpfcJhNyD;aom Bud,mwpfckudk txl;jyKwwfaom aemufumvüjzpfvwHåYaom

Bud,m0daooeonf ty&umvBud,m0daooernf\/
yHkpHum; - yk&daom 'Gg&H yd'[dwGm edu©rd - ponfwnf;/
(a,musfm;onf wHcg;udk ydwfvwåHYjzpfí (0g) ydwfawmhrnfjzpfí xGuf\) þü a,musfm;onf

wHcg;udk ydwfrnf[k BuHí a½S;OD;pGmxGuf\/ xGufjcif;Bud,mu a½S;jzpfí ydwfjcif;Bud,mu aemufusaeojzifh
yd'[dwGm Bud,m0daooeonf ty&umvBud,m0daooernf\//
(3) wlrQaomumvü jzpfaeaom Bud,wpfckudk txl;jyKwwfaom wlrQaomumvü jzpfaeaom

Bud,m0daooeonf ormeumvBud,m0daooernf\/
yHkpHum; - 'a@m wuúpö ywwd ponfwnf;/
(wkwfonf wufwufrnfí us\) þü avSum;ponfü wkwfusoGm;onfhtcg ]wufwufrnfjcif;}

Bud,mESifh ]usjcif;} Bud,m umvNyKdifwljzpfaomaMumifh wuúpö[laom Bud,m0daooeonf ormeumv
Bud,m0daooe rnf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
383
Bud,m0daooe Bud,m0daooswdkY\ uwåm; wl ^ rwl
t[H tbd0E´d, 0u©mrdü ½Sdcdk;jcif;Bud,mudk NyD;apwfaom uwåm;um; usrf;jyKq&m\ o'¨g

apwemjyXmef;aom pdwåKyÜg'fwnf;/ usrf;udk qdkjcif;Bud,m\ uwåm;um; usrf;\teufudk qifjcifaom
owd 0D&d, ÓPf jyXmef;aom pdwåKyÜg'fwnf;/ ,if;odkY pdwåKyÜg'fuGJjym;&um; owådjzpfaom uwåm;vnf;
uGJoifhonf/ ,if;odkY uGJoifhvsuf usrf;q&mwdkYonf usrf;OD;tp yPmrü t[H-[laom uwåm;wpfckwnf;
udkyif tbd0E´d,[laom Bud,m0daooeüvnf;aumif;? 0u©mrd[laom Bud,m0daooeüvnf;aumif;
pyfMuukef\/ xdkodkYpyfjcif;onf uwåm;wlí pyfoavmç uwåm;rlbJ pyfoavm (0g) uwåm;wpfyg;wnf;
jzpfoifhoavmç uwåm;ESpfyg; jzpfoifhoavm[k ar;zG,f½Sd\/
uwåm;wla,bk,s
uwåm;wlonf[k t½Sifupönf; q&mudk,fwdkif ykAÁumavuuwåKumeH wke wGme wGm-[k

okwfwnfí ajzMum;cJhonf/
tb,fhaMumifh uwåm;wl[k qdkoenf;[lrl owådrkacse um&uH [lonfESifhtnD Bud,meyægeowåd

onfomvQif uwåm;rnfonf/ ½Sdcdk;jcif;Bud,mudk NyD;apwwfaom owådvnf;wjcm;ç usrf;udkqdkjcif;Bud,m udk
NyD;apwwfaom owådvnf;wjcm; r[kwfygavm/ ,if;odkY owådwjcm;pDjym;ygvsuf t½Sifupönf;q&monf
tb,fhaMumifh uwåm;wl[kqdktyfygoenf;[k ar;tHh? 'AÁH XmEsLypma&e [lonfESifhtnD ½Sdcdk;½Sif;Bud,mudk
NyD;apwwfaom um&uvnf; usrf;q&myifjzpfonf? usrf;udkqdkjcif;Bud,mudk NyD;apwwfaom um&uvnf;
usrf;q&myifjzpfaomaMumifh uwåm;wl[k qdkonf/
uwåm;rwl tyÜu
t½Sifupönf;rdefYaom Bud,m0daooe Bud,m0daooswdkYonf uwåm;wlaom pum;onf

a,bk,senf;tm;jzifhom jzpfonf/ tyÜutm;jzifh uwåm;rwl(uwåm;uGJ)onfvnf; ½Sdao;\/
yHkpH - Z0eyÜd tEkyÜZÆdwGm 'Gdwådu©wåKH a0g|AÁear0 y0wåwd - ponfwnf;/
þü tEkyÜZÆdwGm [laom ykAÁumvBud,m\ uwåm;um; Z0eH-wnf;/ y0wåd-[laom ty&umv

Bud,m\ uwåm;um; a0g|AÁeH-wnf;/ xdkYaMumifh tyÜutm;jzifh uwåm;rwl(uwåm;uGJ)onfvnf;½Sdao;\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
384
usrf;n§dyHk
,if;odkYuwåm;rwlaomae&mrsKd;ü rdrdBud,m0daooe\ uwåm;udk Z0eóyd[k orÁmefjyifxm;í

rdrdBud,m0daooeudk tEkyÜZÆeawm-[k [dwfjyifum teufay;vdkufvQif {uuwåKuqdkaompum;ESifh
wajy;wnf; nDoGm;rnfjzpfayonf/
0daooeBud,m\ 0kpfocsFmxm;enf;
0daooeBud,m\ 0kpfocFsmonf 0daoosBud,m\ 0kpfocsFmtwkdif;om xm;½Sd&onf/
Bud,m0daooekyk'frsm;
"mwf\aemufü wke wGme wGm ypönf;rsm; qufoG,fxm;ygvQif Bud,m0daooeyk'f jzpfvm&onf/

wke wGme wGm ypönf;wdkYwGif wGmypönf; qufxm;aom yk'frsm;om toHk;rsm;onf/
yHkpHrsm;
*rk+wGm= *EÉm-oGm;í yp+wGm=ypdwGm-csufí

u&+wGm= uwGm-jyKí bkZ+wGm=bkÍÆdwGm-pm;í
ok+wGme=okwGme-Mum;emí u&+wke=umwke-jyKí
od+wGm=o,dwGm-tdyfí yg+wGm=yd0dwGm-aomufí
ed+o'+wGm=edod'dwGm-xdkifaeí Oy+oH+urk+wGm=OyouFrdwGm-oGm;í
tcsKdUaom"mwf\a½SUü Oyo*¾yk'frsm; qufoG,faomf wGmypönf;onf ,-tjzpfodkY toGifajymif;vJ

vmonf/
yHkpHrsm;
0d+tm+'g+wGm=Asm'g,-zGifh[í tbd=0E´+wGm=tbd0E´d,-½Sdcdk;í
tm+'g+wGm=tm'g,-,lí y+[m+wGm=y[m,-y,fí
0d+"m+wGm=0d"m,-pD&ifí O+|+wGm=O|m,-xí
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
385
Bud,m0daooeyg½Sdonfh ygVd0gusrsm;
(1) bm*daea,sm zvH £pädwGm O,smeH cdyÜH *päwd/

(2) y@dawm "eH &u©dwGm ouúpöH 'geH a'wd/
(3) rked e*&H *EÉm "r®H A[kH a'aowd/
(4) rEkóm &wåd,H Ak'¨H om'&H tbd0E´d, o,ðok/
(5) ola'g w@KvH *a[wGm rk'Hk ypwd/
(6) omraPa&m {urEÅH edoD'dwGm Ak'¨ó or®Kac *E¬H oZÑm,EÅd/
(7) OyZÑma,m o'¨d0d[m&dumeH tmrdomEk*¾a[e tEk*¾a[od/
(8) emr½lyged tedpöawm yó/
(9) tpöa,m rH baEÅ tpö*rm ,xmAmvH ,xmrlvH ,xmtukovH/
(10) 'g&aum *päaEÅm zvH cg'wd/
(1) bm*daea,sm-wlonf? zvH-toD;udk? £pädwGm-tvdk½Sdí? O,smeH-O,smOfodkY? cdyÜH-vsifjrefpGm?

*päwd-oGm;\/ (2) y@dawm-ynm½Sdonf? "eH-Opömudk? &u©dwGm-apmifha½Smufí? ouúpöH-½kdaopGm? 'geH-
tvªudk? a'wd-ay;vª\/ (3) rked-&[ef;onf? e*&H-NrKdUodkY? *EÉm-<uí? "r®H-w&m;udk? A[kH-rsm;pGm?
a'aowd-a[m\/ (4) rEkóm-vlwdkYonf? &wåd,H-nOfhü? Ak'¨H-jrwfpGmbk&m;udk? om'&H-½kdaopGm?
tbd0E´d,-½Sdcdk;NyD;í? o,ðok-tdyfMuukefNyD/ (5) ola'g-pzdkrª;onf? w@KvH-qefudk? *a[wGm-
,lí? rk'Hk-El;eyfatmif? ypwd-csuf\/ (6) omraPa&m-udk&ifonf? {urEÅH-oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm?
edoD'dwGm-xdkifí? Ak'¨ó-jrwfpGmbk&m;\? or®Kac-rsufarSmufü? *E¬H-usrf;pm;udk? oZÑm,EÅd-½GwftHukef\/
(7) OyZÑma,m-OyZÑm,fq&monf? o'¨d0d[m&dumeH-twlaewynfhwdkYtm;? tmrdomEk*¾a[e-tmrdojzifh
csD;ajrmufjcif;tm;jzifh? tEk*¾a[od-csD;ajr§mufNyD/ (8) emr½lyged-emrf½kyfwdkYudk? tedpöawm-tedpötm;jzifh?
yó-½Iavmh/ (9) baEÅ-t½Sifbk&m;? ,xmAmvH-rdkufrJonfhtavsmuf? ,xmrlVSH-awGa0onfhtavsmuf?
,xmtukovH-tukodkvftavsmuf? tpöa,m-tjypfonf? rH-wynfhawmftay:odkY? tpöm*rm-vTrf;rdk;í
a&mufygNyD/ (10) 'g&aum-uav;onf? *päaEÅm-oGm;vsuf? zvH-toD;udk? cg'wd-pm;\/
(Bud,m0daooetaMumif; yxrBuD;wef; ygVdo'´g toHk;tEIef; 79-90)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
386
om0w¬d,H ud& r[mok0aPÖm emr uk#KrÁdaum ta[mod ta¹m r['äem r[mabma*g
tykwåaum/ aom {u'd0oH ESmewdw¬H *EÉm ESwGm tm*päaEÅm tEÅ&mra*¾ orÜEéywåomcH {uH 0eyÜwð
'doGm ]]t,H ra[ou©m, a'0wm, y&d*¾[dawm b0dówD}}wd wó a[|mbm*H aom"maywGm
ygum&y&dau©yH um&maywGm 0gvkuH Moud&maywGm "Zy#muH OómaywGm 0eyÜwð tvuF&dwGm
tÍÆvð u&dwGm ]]oap ykwåH 0g "Dw&H 0g vab,sH? wkrSmuH r[mouúm&H u&dómrD}}wd yw¬eH uwGm
yuúmrd/ ("r®y' t|uxm y 2)
ud&-csJUOK;tHh? om0w¬d,H-om0w¬dNrdKUü? ta¹m-okH;aqmifcHpm;tyfaom umr*kPfç xkdumr*kPf\

taqmufttkHwkdYjzihf avmufvkH<u,f0aom? «]]ta¹m-<u,f0aom}}[k tvG,fay;Ekdifonf?» r['¨
aem-ajr0,fjr§Kyfxm;ç rsm;aomOpöm&Sdaom? r[mabma*g-aeYpOftNrJç okH;pJGtyfaom rsm;aom tokH;
taqmif&Sdaom? tykwåaum-om;orD;r&Sdaom? r[mok0aPÖmemr-r[mok0PÖrnfaom? uk#KrÁdaum-
ol<u,fonf? ta[mod-&SdcJhNyD/ aom-xkdr[mok0PÖol<u,fonf? {u'd0oH-wpfckaomaeYü? ESmewdw¬H-
a&csdK;qdyfokdY? *EÉm-oGm;í? ESwGm-a&csdK;NyD;í? tm*päaEÅm-jyefvmvaomf? tEÅ&mra*¾-vrf;c&D;\ tMum;ü?
orÜEéywåomcH-jynhfpkHaom t&Guftcuf&Sdaom? 0g-t&GuftcufESihfjynhfpkHaom? {uH-wpfyifaom? 0eyÜwð-
awmpkd;opfyifukd? (awm\ tBuD;qkH;jzpfaomopfyifudk)? 'doGm-jrifí? ]]t,H-þawmpdk;opfyifonf? 0g-ukd?
ra[ou©m,-BuD;aomtpdk;&ol[k qdktyfaom? 0g-wefcdk;BuD;aom? a'0wm,-ewfonf? y&d*¾[dawm-
odrf;ydkuftyfonf? b0dówd-jzpfvdrfhrnf?}} £wd-þodkYawG;í? wó-xkdawmpkd;opfyif\? a[|mbm*H-
atmuftzkdYukd? (atmufykdif;ukd)? aom"maywGm-&Sif;vif;apí? ygum&y&dau©yH-wHwkdif;tumt&Hukd?
um&maywGm-jyKapí? 0gvkuH-oJukd?Moud&maywGm-usJjzefYapí? 0g-cif;apí? "Zy#muH-wHcGefukuúm;ukd?
OómaywGm-pkdufxlapí? 0eyÜwð-awmpkd;opfyifukd? tvuF&dwGm-wefqmqifí? tÍÆvð-vuftkyfukd?
u&dwGm-jyKí? 0g-csDí? ]]ykwåH0g-om;ukdaomfvnf;aumif;? "Dw&H0g-orD;ukdaomfvnf;aumif;?
oapvab,sH-tu,fí&tHh? ({0H owd-þokdY&vaomf?) wkrSmuH-oifwdkYtm;? 0g-wkdYukd? r[mouúm&H-
BuD;pGmaom ylaZmfyojcif;ukd? u&dómrd-jyKygrnf? £wd-þokdY? yw¬eH-qkawmif;rIukd? uwGm-jyKí?
yuúmrd-zJoGm;NyD/ ("r®y'bm#D y 7-8)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
387
emr0daooe
tEG,fç trnfç trsKd;Zmwfç twwfç t½G,fç *kPf þteuf 6-rsKd;onf 0daooe rnfonf/
teufudk taMumif;jyKí o'´gonfvnf; um&Plypmtm;jzifh 0daooe rnf\/
a*gawåe a*gwarm emaxm/ emaxm-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? a*gawåe-tEG,fawmftm;jzifh?

a*gwarm-a*gwrçrnfawmfrl\/ þü bk&m;½Sif\ a*gwrtrnfawmfonf Zmwftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
*kPftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; &tyfaomtrnfawmf r[kwfç tEG,ftm;jzifh &tyfaom trnfwnf;/
þodkY *kPfponfrS xl;jcm;atmif jyKwwfaomaMumifh a*gawåeonf 0daooernf\/ a*gwrum;
txl;jyKtyfaomaMumifh 0daoos rnf\/ a*gawået& tEG,fawmf&í a*gwarmt& bk&m;j'yf&aomaMumifh
teuft& rwl&um; þ0daooeudk bdEém"du&P0daooe[k ac:onf/ (bdEé-0daoosESifh teuft&
jcif; uGJjym;aom + t"du&P-wnf&mteuf½Sd + 0daoooe)
þ0daooeyk'fwdkYü ]jzifhç tm;jzifh}[k oifhovdk teufay;Edkif\? pmpyfum; a*gawåeum; jzifh[lí
teufay;aomaMumifh a*gwarmü bdEém"du&P 0daooeç a*gwarmum; bdEém"du&P0daoos/
arm*¾vmefESifh umwEÅ/ ]]a*gawåe a*gwarm}} uJhodkYaom yHkpHrsm;ü b0wd-Bud,mudk

odtyf&tyfaomaMumifh xdkBud,mü pyfEdkif&um; ]a*gawåe} paom 0daooersm;ESifh ]]yuwd,m tbd½layg}}
ponfudk u½kdPf;[kyif qdkonf/ ]]a*gawåe-tEG,fawmftm;jzifh? a*gwarm-a*gwrrnfonf? b0wd-
jzpf\? yuwd,m-yifudk,ftm;jzifh? tbd½layg-vGefuJaomtqif;½Sdonf? b0wd-jzpf\}}[k ay;/
0daooetrsKd;rsKd;/ Bud,m0daooe emr0daooe [k 0daooeESpfrsKd;udk a½S;OD;pGm rSwfom;&m\/

]okcH o,wd} csrf;ompGm tdyf&\/ ]oare "m0wd} nDnDnmnm ajy;\/ ponfü okcHç oare wdkYonf
Bud,mudk txl;jyKaomaMumifh Bud,m0daooernf\/ r[aEÅm yk&daom-jrwfaom a,musfm;? a*gawåe
a*gwarm-tEG,ftm;jzifh a*gwrrnfawmfrl\}}ponfwdkYü r[aEÅmç a*gawåe wdkYonf emrfyk'fudk
txl;jyKaomaMumifh emr0daooernf\/
xdkemr0daooeum; wkvsm"du&P0daooeç bdEém"du&P0daooeç tbdEé0daooeç £w¬Lblw
vu©P0daooeç t*F0dum&0daooe paomtm;jzifh rsm;\/ xdkwGif ]r[aEÅm yk&daom}ü r[aEÅm
uJhodkYaom 0daooeonf (jrwfolvnf; a,musfm;ç a,musfm;vnf; jrwfol-[k t&wlaomaMumifh)
wkvsm"du&P0daooe rnf\/ ]a*gawåe a*gwarm}ü a*gawåe-uJhodkYaom 0daooeonf (a*gawået&
tEG,fawmf&í a*gwarmt& bk&m;½Sif&ojzifh t&rwlaomaMumifh bdEém"du&P0daooe rnf\/
y&rw¬awm pwk"m-ü ]y&rw¬awm}udk (y&rw¬awmt& y&rwf &íç pwk"mt&vnf; y&rw¬av;yg
&jyefojzifh t&rrjym;aomaMumifh) tbdEé0daooe[k ac:\/ ]]y#doE¨d b0*F pkwd 0aoe wdudpömed
emr - y#doE¨d b0if pkwdtm;jzifh oHk;udpö½Sdaom pdwfwdkYrnf\}} ü ]y#doE¨db0*Fpkwd0aoe}onf
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
388
oHk;udpöo½kyfudk azmfjyaomaMumifh o½lycsm0daooe rnf\[k qdkMuonf/ £w¬rÇLwvu©PESifh
t*F0dum&wdkYvnf; 0daooerS jzmí xGufvmaom emrnfwrsKd;wnf;/ t&if;cHrSm 0daooeyifjzpfonf/
(upönf;bm#D y-395-7)
ã xl;jcm;csuf*kPf wckckudk azmfjywJhyk'fudk 0daooe-[k ac:\/ 0daooeonf wkvsm"du&P

bdEém"du&P0daooe-[k ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ wkvsm"du&P0daooeyk'faemif 0dbwfckESpfoG,fvHk; oufEdkif\/
xaomç aom-[k teufay;vQif wkvsm"du&P0daooe rSwfyg/ tm;jzifhç ojzifh-[k teufay;vQif
bdEém"du&P0daooe jzpf\/ *kPfxl;jyyk'f 0daooeESifh txl;jyKcH *kPfydkif½Sifyk'f 0daoos þESpfckonf
tNrJwGJuyf qufpyfaeMu\/ wkvsm"du&P0daooeü *kPf;xl;jyKyk'f 0daooeESifh txl;jyKcH *kPfydkif½Sifyk'f
0daooswdkYonf 0dbwfcsif; wl&\/ bdEém"du&Püum; 0dbwfrwlyg/ þtcsufudk txl;rSwfyg/
(wkvs-wlaom? t"du&P-wnf&m½Sd? bdEé-uGJjym;aom? t"du&P-wnf&m½Sd)
(rpdk;&drf ygVdo'´g 550)
(1) a,m emare om&dykawåmwd 0dókawm/ (emr0daooeyHkpH)

(2) Aka'¨g Zmwd,m cwåda,m/ (trsKd;ZmwdyHkpH)
(3) w'[k yAÁZdawm Zmwd,m owå0ódaum/ (arG;zGm;jcif;ZmwdyHkpH) ZmwdESpfrsKd;½Sd\[k rSwf/
(4) aom odayÜe eVuma&m/ (odyÜ0daooeyHkpH)
(5) 0,om {ulewðaom/ (0,0daooeyHkpH)
(6) 0dZÆm, om"k/ ynm, om"k/
wyom Owåarm/ ok0aPÖe tbd½layg/ (*kP0daooeyHkpHrsm;)
(1) a,m-tMuifolonf? emare-trnftm;jzifh? om&dykawåmwd-om&dykMwm[lí? 0dókawm-

xif½Sm;\/ (2) Aka'¨g-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? Zmwd,m-Zmwdtm;jzifh? cwåda,m-cwåd,wnf;/ (3) w'[k-
xdkaeYü? yAÁZdawm-½Sif&[ef;tjzpfodkYa&mufolonf? oaEÅm-jzpfvsuf? Zmwd-arG;zGm;jcif;tm;jzifh?
owå0ódaum-ckepfESpfom½Sdao;olwnf;/ (3) aom-xdkolonf? odayÜe-twwftm;jzifh? eVuma&m-
usLx&Hvkyfolwnf;/ 0,om-t½G,ftm;jzifh? {ulewðaom-wck,kwfoHk;q,f½Sd\/ 0dZÆm,-twwftm;jzifh?
om"k-aumif;olwnf;/ ynm,-ynmtm;jzifh? om"k-aumif;olwnf;/ wyom-tusifhtm;jzifh? om"k-
aumif;olwnf;/ ok0aPÖe-a½Ttqif;tm;jzifh? tbd½layg-tvGeftqif;vS\/
ã a*gwr-trnfawmfonf trsKd;tm;jzifh &tyfaom trnfvnf; r[kwfç t&[H-paom

*kPfawmftm;jzifh &tyfaom trnfvnf;r[kwf-[k tjcm;aom trnf&jcif;\ taMumif;wdkYrS
txl;jyLwwfaomaMumifh a*gawåe-udk 0daooe[k qdk&onf/ þwwd,m 0daooeü ]tm;jzifhç ojzifhç
jzifh} [k oifhovdk teufay;Mu&onf/ (½lbm#D 405-6)
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
389
þ0gusrsm;½Sd wwd,m0dbwfqHk; yk'frsm;onf emr0daooeyk'f [kwf^r[kwf qHk;jzwfcsuf
(1) yuwd,m tbd½layg/ (2) a,bka,se rwådum/

(3) oare "m0wd/ (4) 0doare "m0wd/
(5) 'Gda'gaPe "nH udPmwd/ (6) o[aóe tóau udPmwd/ (½l 150)
(1) yuwd,m-yifudk,ftm;jzifh? tbd½layg-tqif;vSolwnf;/ (2) a,bka,se-rsm;aomtm;jzifh?

rwådum-ajrnufjzpfaomajr/ (3) oare-nDnGwfojzifh? "m0wd-ajy;\/ (4) 0doare-rnDnGwfojzifh?
"m0wd-ajy;\/ (5) 'Gda'gaPe-ESpfpdwfjzifh? "nH-pyg;udk? udPmwd-0,f\/ (6)o[aóe-waxmif
jzifh? tóau-jrif;wdkYudk? udPmwd-0,f\/
ã 0daooernfonf a*gwåemr ponfuJhodkY txl;jyKwwfaom owåd½Sd&onf/ yuwd

ponfwdkYum; xdkuJhodkY txl;rjyKwwfí 0daooeteufr[kwf[k t,l½SdMuonf/ odkYaomf ]]yuwd,m+
tbd½layg=yifudk,ftm;jzifh+tqif;vSol}} [k qdkvQif ]]e tvuFma&e+tbd½layg=wefqmtm;jzifh+vSolr
[kwf}}[k wefqmqifjcif;rS txl;jyKwwfonfom/
]]a,bka,e rwådum-rsm;aomtm;jzifh ajrnufjzpfonf? e tyÜaue rwådum-tenf;i,ftm;jzifh
ajrnufr[kwf? oare "m0wd - e 0doare "m0wd? 0doare "m0wd - e oare "m0wd? 'Gda'gaPe
udPmwd - e {ua'gaPe udPmwd? o[aóe udPmwd - e owm'dem udPmwd}}[k tjcm;
teufrsm;udk wm;jrpfEdkifaomaMumifh a,bka,se ponfwdkYonfvnf; 0daooejzpfoifhonfom/
arm*¾vmefüum; ]]yuwd,m tbd½layg b0wd? a*gawåe a*gwarm(a*gwrrnfonf)b0wd}}
ponfjzifh Bud,mxnfhí þü jytyfaom 0daooetm;vHk;udkyif u&Pumuü oGif;onf/
(½lbm#D y 407)
ã emrfyk'fudk pyfvQif bdEém"du&P0daoe? Bud,myk'fudk pyfvQif Bud,m0daooe pyf/

(½l *P²d y 535)
bdEém"du&P0daooe oHk;rsKd;
bdEém"du&P0daooeonf wwd,mbdEém"du&P0daooeç q|bdEém"du&P0daooeç

owårDbdEém"du&P0daooe-[k oHk;rsKd;½Sd\/
]]wyom Owåarm}}ü wyom-um; wwd,m0dbwfç Owåarm-um; yxrm0dbwf tqHk;½SdaomaMumifh

0dbwfcsif;rwlí wwd,mbdEém"du&P0daooe rnf\/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
390
]]&anm0 yk&daom a[mwd}}[laom 0gusü &anm-um; q|D0dbwfç yk&daom-um;
yXrm0dbwftqHk;½SdaomaMumifh 0dbwfcsif;rwlMuí q|DbdEém"du&P0daooe rnf\/ oifonf
rnfol\ tcsif;a,musfm;enf;[k wpHkwa,mufolu ar;vQif tuREfkyfonf aoa|; ykPÖm; ol<u,fwdkY\
tcsif;a,musfm;r[kwfç rif;\a,musfm;[k rif;jzifhtxl;jyKaom 0gusrsKd;wnf;/
]]a*a[0 edodaEém a[mwd}}[laom 0gusü a*a[0-um; owårD0dbwfç edodaEém-um;

yXrm0dbwftqHk;½SdaomaMumifh owårDbdEém"du&P0daooe rnf\/ ]]a*a[0 edodaEém a[mwd}}[laom
0gusüvnf; oifonf tb,fü aeoenf;[k wpHkwa,mufaomolu ar;vQif Z&yf wefaqmif; wJ
ponfü raeç tdrfüomvQif ae\-[k tdrfjzifh txl;jyKonfudk jyaom 0gusrsKd;wnf;/
(y'AsÍÆeed½kwådeDwdusrf; 'k 116)

ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
391
oE¨dtaMumif;
oE¨drnfyHk
vuform;onf ysOfESpfcsyfudk tMum;rjrif&atmif pyfouJhodkY yk'fESpfyk'fwdkY\tMum;udk rjrif&atmif

pyftyfaomaMumifh oE¨drnf\/
oE¨dpyfjcif; tusKd;rsm;um;-
½Gwfqdk&mü vG,fulapjcif;
Mum;em&mü om,memaysmfzG,f jzpfjcif; tusdK;wdkYjzpf\/
ykHpH-
o'¨g+£" [laom yk'fESpfyk'fudk o'¨D" aygif;pyfaomtcg ½Gwfqdk&müvnf; vG,ful Mum;em&müvnf;
om,memaysmfzG,fjzpfygonf/ þodkYaom tusdK;udk arQmfudk;í yk'fESpfyk'fwdkYudk aygif;pyfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;o&ESifh aemufyk'f\ tpAsnf;wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg aygif;pyfaom oE¨donf AsÍÆe

oE¨drnf\/
yHkpH-
]y&m+uarm}ü a½SYyk'ftqHk;tmo&ESifh aemufyk'f\tpjzpfaom ]u}Asnf; awGUqHkaomtcg
oE¨dpD&ifenf;t& aygif;pyfxm;aomaMumifh ]y&uúarm}[k jzpf\/
a½SUyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\ tpo&awGUqHkaomtcgüvnf;aumif;? a½SYyk'f\tqHk;
ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\ tpAsnf;awGUqHkaomtcgüvnf;aumif; aygif;pyfaomoE¨donf ed*¾[DwoE¨d
rnf\/
ykHpH-1
]wH+tw¬H}ü a½SUyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\tp t-o& awGUqHkaomtcg oE¨dpD&ifenf;t&
aygif;pyfxm;aomaMumifh ]wrw¬}[k jzpf\/
yHkpH-2
]oH+rawm}ü a½SUyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\tp r-Asnf; awGYqHkaomtcg oE¨dpD&ifenf;t&
aygif;pyfxm;aomaMumifh ]or®awm}[k jzpfonf/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
392
o&oE¨dpnf;rsOf;ESifh yHkpHrsm;
a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;o&ESifh aemufyk'f\tpo&wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg oE¨dpD&ifenf;t& aygif;pyfaom

oE¨donf o&oE¨drnf\/ o&oE¨dpD&ifenf;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
a½SUyk'f\tqHk;o&ESifh aemufyk'f\tpo&wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg
(u) a½SUo&udk acs&onf/

(c) aemufo&udk acs&onf/
(*) a½SUo&udk acsNyD; aemufo&udk &Hcg 'DC=o&½Snf jyK&\/
(C) a½SUo&udk acsNyD; aemufo&udk &Hcg 0k'¨d={Mo jyK&\/
(i) aemufo&udk acsNyD; a½SUo&udk &Hcg 'DC=o&½Snf jyK&\/
(p) to&\a½SUü £çþESif{ o&wdkY ½SdcJhaomf £çþESifh { o&wdkYudk &Hcg ,(-s)jyK&\/
(q) tçtmESifh {o&wdkY\ a½SUü Moç O o&wdkY ½SdcJhaomf Moç O o&wdkYudk 0-jyK&\/
(Z) o&\a½SUü twdç ywdç £wdo'´g ½SdcJhaomf twdç ywdç £wd-o'´gwdkYrS wd-udk p-jyK&onf/
(ps) o&\a½SUü tbdç t"do'´g½SdcJhaomf tbdudk tAÇç t"dudk tZÑ &Hcg jyK&onf/
(n) o&ESpfvHk;\ tMum;ü &Hcg ,ç0çrç'ç'çeçwç&çvç[ Asnf;rsm; xnfhoGif;&\/
(u)a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;o&ESifh aemufyk'f\tpo&wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg a½SUo&udk acs&onf/
yHkpHrsm; -
½ly + tm,weH = ½lyg,weH = (t+tm) / ½lyg½kH

t0dZÆm + tmoa0g= t0dZÆmoa0g=(tm+tm) / t0dZÆmo0
tZÆ + Oaygoaxm= tZÆKaygoaxm=(t+O) / tZÆ-,aeY? Oaygoaxm-OykofaeYwnf;/
,ó + £È´d,med=,ódÈ´d,med=(t+£) / ,ó-tMuifol\? £È´d,med-£aÈ´wdkYonf/
bdu©KeD + Mo0ga'g=bdu©Kaem0ga'g(þ+Mo) bdu©KeDwdkYudk qHk;rjcif;
rked + £aE´m=rkedaE´m=(£+£) / bk&m;? &[ef;wdkY\rif;
£w¬D + £È´d,H=£w¬dÈ´d,H(þ+£) / £w¬daÈ´/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
393
(c)a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;o&ESifh aemufyk'f\tpo&wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg aemufo&udk acs&onf/
yHkpHrsm; -
0aE´ + t[H = 0aE´[H ({+t) / t[H-igonf? 0aE´-½Sdcdk;yg\/

aom + t[H = aom[H (Mo+t) / aom[H-xdkigonf/
qm,m + £0 = qm,m0 (tm+£) / qm,m0-t&dyfuJhodkY/
pu©K + £È´d,H = pu©KÈ´d,H (O+£) / pu©KÈ´d,H-pu©KaÈ´/
pwåma&m + £ar = pwåma&mar (Mo+£) / £ar"r®m-þw&m;wdkYonf? pwåma&m-av;yg;wdkYwnf;/
(*) a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;o&ESifh aemufyk'f\tpo&wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg a½SUo&udkacsNyD; aemufo&udk &Hcg

'DC(o&½Snf)jyK&onf/
yHkpHrsm; -
Ak'¨ + tEkówd = Ak'¨gEkówd = (t-t-tm) Ak'¨gEkówd-bk&m;*kPfudktzefzef atmufarhjcif;/

twd + þawm = twDawm = (£-£-þ) twDawm-vGefcJhjzpfaom/
A[k + Oyum&H = A[lyum&H = (O-O-OD) A[lyum&H-rsm;aom aus;Zl;½Sd\/
o'¨g + £" = o'¨D" = (tm-£-þ) £"-þavmuü? o'¨g-o'¨gonf/
wxm + OyrH = wxlyrH = (tm-O-OD) wxlyrH-xdkOyrmtwl/
(C) a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;o&ESifh aemufyk'f\tpo&wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg a½SUo&udkacsNyD; aemufo&udk &Hcg

0k'¨d({Mo)jyK&onf/
yHkpHrsm; -
AE¨Kó + £0 = AE¨Kaó0 (t-£-{) AE¨Kaó0-aqGrsKd;\uJhodkY/

Oy + £u©wd = Oyau©wd (t-£-{) Oyau©wd-vspfvsL½I\/
Oy + £awm = Oayawm (t-£-{) Oayawm-jynfpHk\/
Zde + þ&dwH = Zdae&dwH (t-þ-{) Zdae&dwH-bk&m;a[mtyf\/
pE´ + O'a,m = paE´m'a,m (t-O-Mo) paE´m'a,m-v\xGufjcif;? vxGufcsdef/
,xm + O'au = ,axm'au (tm-O-Mo) ,axm'au-a&rSmuJhodkY/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
394
(i) a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;o&ESifh aemufyk'f\tpo&wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg aemufo&udkacsNyD; a½SUo&udk &Hcg
'DC(o&½Snf)jyK&onf/
yHkpHrsm; -
a'0 + £wd = a'0gwd (tm-t-£) a'0gwd-ewf[lí/

0d + twdywEÅd = 0DwdywEÅd (þ-£-t) 0DwdywEÅd-uif;ukef\/
ZD0dwa[wk + tyd = ZD0dwa[wlyd (OD-O-t) ZD0dwa[wlyd-touf[laomtaMumif;aMumifhvnf;/
0dZÆK + £0 = 0dZÆL0 (OD-O-£) 0dZÆL0-vQyfppfuJhodkY/
uðok + £" = uðol" (OD-O-£) £"-þavmuü? uðok-tb,ft&monf/
om"k + £wd = om"lwd (OD-O-£) om"lwd-aumif;NyD[lí/
(p) to&\a½SUü £þESifh {o&wdkY ½SdcJhaomf £þESifh {o&wdkYudk &Hcg ,(-s) jyK&\/
yHkpHrsm; -
0d + tÍÆeH = AsÍÆeH (,-£-t) AsOf;trSwftom;

t*¾d + tm*g&H = t*sm*g&H (,-£-t) rD;wif;ukwfodkY
e'D + t,H = e'sm,H (,-þ-t)
ar + t,H = rsm,H (,-{-t-tm) ar-igonf? t"d*awm-&tyfaom? t,H"ar®m-þw&m;onf/
aw + t[H = wsm[H (w-{-t-tm) aw-oifhtm;? t[H-igonf? {0H-þodkY? 0a',sH-qdk&m\/
aw + tó = wsó (w-{-t-tm) tó-xdk&[EÅm\? aw-xdkudavomwdkYonf? y[Dem-y,ftyf
ukefonf? a[mEÅd-jzpfukef/
(q) tçtmç{ o&wdkY\a½SYü MoçO o&wdkY½SdcJhaomf MoçO o&wdkYudk 0-jyK&onf/
yHkpHrsm; -
txacg + tó = txcGó (0-Mo-t) txacg-xdktcgü? tó-xdkolYtm;?
a,m + t,H = ,Gm,H (0-Mo-t-tm) ,Gm,H-tMuifolonf
aom + tó = oGó (0-Mo-t) aom-xdkoabmonf? tó-xdktm;? a[mwd-jzpf\/
aom + {0 =aoG0 (0-Mo-{) aom{0-xdkolonfomvQif
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
395
tEk + t'¨rmoH = tEG'¨rmoH (Mo-O-t) vç0ufwdkif;
ok + tm*wH = oGm*wH (0-O-tm) aumif;aomvmjcif;wnf;
e wk + {0 = eawG0 (0-O-{) r-om/ yHkpH - eawG0 t&[wd-rxdkufonfom/ ('D-1 yg 107)
(Z) o&\a½SUü twdç ywdç £wdo'´g½SdcJhaomf twdç ywdç £wd o'´gwdkYrS ]wd} udk ]p} jyK&onf/
yHkpHrsm; -
twd + tEÅH = tpöEÅH (p-wd-t) pifppf? {uef

ywd + ta,m = ypöa,m (p-wd-t) taMumif;
ywd + tm[&wd = ypöm[&wd (p-wd-tm) wzefaqmif\
ywd + {wd = yapöwd (p-wd-{) ,HkMunf\
£wd + {wH = £apöwH (p-wd-{) þodkYjzpfjcif;onf
£wd + tm'd = £pöm'd (p-wd-tm) þodkY tp½Sdonf
(ps) o&\a½SUü tbdç t"do'´g½SdcJhaomf &Hcg tbdo'´gudk tAÇç t"do'´gudk tZÑ jyK\onf/
yHkpHrsm; -
tbd + O*¾awm = tAÇK*¾awm (tAÇ-tbd-O) ysHUESHYí wufNyD

tbd + Moumaom = taAÇmumaom (tAÇ-tbd-Mo) vGifwD;acgif
t"d + tm*rm = tZÑm*rm (tZÑ-t"d-tm) &NyD? odNyD
t"d + Mo*ga[wGm = taZÑm*ga[wGm-0ifa&mufí
(n) o&ESpfvHk; awGUqHkaomtcg &Hcg ,ç 0ç rç 'ç eç wç &ç V(v)ç [ Asnf;rsm; xnfhoGif;&onf/
yHkpHrsm; -
,xm + {0 = ,xma,0 (tm-{-,) uJhodkomvQif

y + Opöwd = y0kpöwd (t-O-0) qdktyf\
v[k + {ówd = v[karówd (t-{-r) v[k-vsifpGm? {ówd-a&mufvwHh/
reom + tnm = reom'nm (tm-t-') reom-pdwfjzifh? tnm-odí/
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
396
,o®m + £[ = ,o®mwd[ (tm-£-w) ,o®m-tMuifaMumifh? £[-þomoemü
(yHkpHwl - wo®mwd[ om&w¬#D 'k 52)
tZÆ + ta*¾ = tZÆ'a*¾ (t-t-') ,aeYrS pí
oAÇd + {0 = oAÇda&0 (£-{-&) olawmfaumif;wdkYESifhomvQif
q + tbdnm = qVbdnm (t-t-V) ajcmufyg;aomtbdnmOf
ok + OZk p = ok[kZk p (O-O-[) tvGef(aumif;pGm) ajzmifhwfonf? tvGefajzmifhrwfol
AsÍÆeoE¨dpnf;rsOf;ESifh yHkpHrsm;
a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;o&ESifh aemufyk'f\tpAsOf;wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg oE¨dpD&ifenf;t& aygif;pyfaom

oE¨donf AsÍÆeoE¨drnf\/ AsÍÆeoE¨dpD&ifenf;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
(u) a½SUyk'f\tqHk; o&wdk(&ó)udk o&½Snf('DC) jyK&\/

(c) a½SUyk'f\tqHk; o&½Snf('DC)udk o&wdk(&ó) jyK&\/
(*) a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;o&udk acs&\/
(C) Oyom&yk'fESifh edygwfyk'faemif½Sdaom Asnf;udk ESpfvHk;qifh a'GabmfjyK&\/ Oyom&yk'fESifh
edygwfyk'fwdkYonf o&½Snf('DC) tqHk;½SdvQif o&wdk(&ó) jyK&\/
(u) a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;o&ESifh aemufyk'f\tpAsOf;wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg a½SUyk'f\tqHk; o&wdk(&ó)udk

o&½Snf('DC) jyK&\/
yHkpHrsm; -
r"k0 + rnwd = r"k 0g rnwd1 (tm-t-r) r"k0g-ysm;oumESifhtwl (ygyH-raumif;rIudk)

rnwd-xif\
rked + pa& = rkeDpa& (þ-£-p) rked-&[ef;onf? pa&-usifh&m\/
cEÅd + y&rH = cEÅDy&rH (þ-£-y) cEÅd-onf;cHjcif;onf? y&rH-jrwfaom Opömwnf;/
oG + u©mawm = oGmu©mawm (tm-t-u©) aumif;pGm a[mMum;tyf\/
OZk + p = OZl p (OD-O-p) ajzmifhaom? ½kd;ajzmifhaom? raumufuspfaom
1 oDvu©E¨0*¾tbde0#kDum y 220
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
397
(c) a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;o&ESifh aemufyk'f\tpAsOf;wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg a½SUyk'f\tqHk; o&½Snf('DC)udk
o&wdk(&ó) jyK&\/
yHkpHrsm; -
,'d 0g + om0au = ,'d0 om0au (t-tm-o) om0au0g-t&d,mom0ü4if;? ,'dylZ,aw-
tu,fí ylaZmfjim;tHh/ (oDvu©E¨0*¾tbde0#kDum y 5)
yk*¾vm + "r®'om = yk*¾v "r®'om (t-tm-") "r®'om-w&m;udkjrifukefaom?
(t|)yk*¾vm-½Spfa,mufaomyk*¾KdvfwdkYwnf;/ (r | 1 136)
abm0g'D + emr = abm0g'demr (£-þ-e) abm-[k qdkavh½Sdol
,xmbm0D + *kaPe = ,xmbm0d*kaPee (£-þ-*)
*kaPe-*kPftm;jzifh? ,xmbm0d-,xmbm0drnf\/
(*) a½SUyk'f {wç w wdkY\tqHk;o&wdkYESifh aemufyk'f\ tpAsOf;wdkY awGUqHkaomtcg a½SYyk'f {wESifhwwdkY\

Moo&udk acs&\/ to&xnfhoGif;&\/
yHkpHrsm; -
{aom + "ar®m = {o"ar®m (Mo-") {aom"ar®m-xdkw&m;onf/
aom + oDv0g = ooDv0g (Mo-o) aom-xdkolonf? oDv0g-oDv½Sd\/
aom + yn0g = oyn0g (Mo-y) aom-xdkolonf? yn0g-ynm½Sd\/
(C) Oyom&yk'fESifh edygwfyk'faemif½Sdaom Asnf;udk ESpfvHk;qifh a'GabmfjyK&onf/ Oyom&yk'fESifh edygwf

yk'fwdkYonf o&½Snf('DC) tqHk;o&½SdvQif o&wdk(&ó)jyK&onf/
yHkpHrsm; -
y + uarm = yuúarm (u-o'doa'Gabmfqifh) a½S;OD;pGm tm;xkwfjcxif;vHkYv? oGm;jcif;
0d + y,kawm = 0dyÜ,kawåm (y-o'doa'Gabmfqifh) r,SOfaom? uGJuGmaom
ok + y#dyaEém = okyÜ#dyaeém (y-o'doa'Gabmfqifh) aumif;pGmusifh\
O + *awm = O*¾awm (*-o'doa'Gabmfqifh) wufaom? xGufay:vmaom
'k + vb = 'kv’b (v-o'doa'Gabmfqifh) &EdkifcJ\
ed + 0geH = edAÁmeH (0=A) (0-o'doa'Gabmfqifh) edAÁmef
Oy + 'a0g = Oy'á0g ('-o'doa'Gabmfqifh) ab;&ef
tm + aumowd = tauúmowd ('DCtmudk &ótjyK? u-o'doa'Gabmfqifh)
y&m + uarm = y&uúarm ('DCtmudk &ótjyK? u-o'doa'Gabmfqifh) vkHYv
tm + omaom = tómaom ('DCtmudk &ótjyK? o-o'doa'Gabmfqifh) twGif;odkY0ifaomav
or®m + y"meH = or®yÜ"meH ('DCtmudk &ótjyK? y-o'doa'Gabmfqifh) aumif;aomvHkYv
'k + bdu© = 'kAÇdu© (A-to'doa'Gabmfqifh) tpm½Sm;jcif;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
398
ed*¾[dwoE¨dpnf;rsOf;ESifh yHkpHrsm;
a½SUyk'f\ tqHk;ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\tpo&wdkY awGUqHkaomtcgüvnf;aumif;ç a½SYyk'f\

tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\ tpAsOf; awGUqHkaomtcgüvnf;aumif; aygif;pyfaom oE¨donf
ed*¾[dwoE¨drnf\/ ed*¾[dwoE¨dpD&ifenf;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
(u) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\ tp0*fAsOf; awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwfudk 0*fAsnf;tm;

avsmfpGm i? Ú? P? e? r jyK&\/
(c) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\ tpo& Asnf; wrsKd;rsKd; awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwfudk

acs&\/
(*) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\ tp {o&ESifh [Asnf; awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwfudk

Ú-jyK&\/
(C) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\ tp ,Asnf; awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwfESifh ,-Asnf;udk

Ú-jyK&\/
(i) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\tp o&awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwudk rç'-jyK&\/
(p) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\tp o&awGUqHkaomtcg aemufyk'f\tp o&udk acs&\/
(q) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\tp AsOf;awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwfudk (-H)tHjyK&\/
yHkpHrsm; -
(u) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\ tp0*fAsOf; awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwfudk 0*fAsnf;tm;

avsmfpGm i? Ú? P? e? r jyK&\/
wPSH + ua&m = wPSuFa&m = (i - -H -u) wPSmudk n§if;qJwwfaom bk&m;

wH + ÓPH = wnmPH = (Ú- -H -Ú) xdkÓPf
wH + XmeH = wP²meH = (P- -H -X) xdkXme
wH + 'geH = wE´meH = (e- -H -') xdk'ge
wH + zvH = wrævH = (r- -H -z) xdktusKd;
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
399
yHkpHrsm; -
(c) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\ tpo& Asnf; wrsKd;rsKd; awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwfudk

acs&\/
wmoH + t[H = wmom[H (-H - t) wmoH-xdkolrwdkYtm;? t[H-igonf/

0d'leH + t*¾H = 0d'le*¾H (-H - t) 0d'leH-ynm½SdwdkYxuf? t*¾H-jrwf\/
t&d,opömeH+'óeH = t&d,opöme'óeH (-H - ') t&d,opömeH-t&d,opömwdkYudk?'óeH-odjrifjcif;onf/
Ak'¨geH +omoeH = Ak'¨geomoeH (-H - o) Ak'¨geH-bk&m;½SifwdkY\? omoeH-tqHk;tronf/
pd&H + y0goð = pd&yÜ0goð (-H - y) pd&H-MumjrifpGm? y0goð-t&yfwygüaeaom/
yHkpHrsm; -
(*) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\ tp {o&ESifh [Asnf; awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwfudk

Ú-jyK&\/
ypöwåH + {0 = ypöwåan0 (Ú- -H - {) udk,fpDyif

wH + {0 = wan0 (Ú- -H - {) xdkt&mudkyifvQif
wH + [d = wÚ§d (Ú - -H - [) xdkt&monfomvQif
{0H + [d = {0Ú§d (Ú- -H - [) þodkYomvQif
yHkpHrsm; -
(C) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\ tp ,Asnf; awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwfESifh ,-Asnf;udk

Ú-jyK&\/
oH + a,ma*g = oanma*g (Ú - -H - ,) ,SOfjcif;

oH + a,mZeH = oanmZeH (Ú - -H - ,) oHa,mZOf
oH + ,awm = onawm (Ú - -H - ,) aumif;pGmapmifhpnfjcif;
,H + ,a'0 = ,na'0 (Ú - -H - ,) tMuift&mudkomvQif
ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf
400
yHkpHrsm; -
(i) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\tp o&awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwfudk rç'-jyK&\/
wH + t[H =wr[H (r - -H - t) wH-xdkolYudk? t[H-igonf/

,H + tm[k = ,rm[k (r - -H - tm) ,H-tMuift&mudk? tm[k-qdkukef\/
"eH + {0 = "ear0 (r - -H - {) OpömudkomvQif
edE´dwHk + t&[wd = edE´dwkr&[wd (r - -H - t) edE´dwkH-uJh&Jhjcif;iSg? t&[wd-xdkufwef\/
,H + tedpöH = ,'edpöH (' - -H - t) ,H-tMuift&monf? tedpöH-tNrJr[kwf/
{wH + ta0gp = {w'a0gp (' - -H - t) {wH-xdkpum;udk? ta0gp-ajymNyD/
yHkpHrsm; -
(p) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\tp o&awGUqHkaomtcg aemufyk'f\tp o&udk acs&\/
uwH + £wd = uwEÅd (-H - £) jyKtyf\[lí

puúH + £0 = puúH0 (-H - £) bD;uJhodkY
wGH + tod = wGHod (-H - t) wGH-oifonf? tod-jzpf\
£'H + tyd = £'rÜd (-H - t) þt&monfvnf;
o'doH + {0 = o'doH0 (-H - {) wlonfomvQif
yHkpHrsm; -
(q) a½SYyk'f\tqHk; ed*¾[dwfESifh aemufyk'f\tp AsOf;awGUqHkaomtcg ed*¾[dwfudk (-H)tHjyK&\/
{0H + 0kawå = {0H0kawå (-H - 0) {0H-þodkY? 0kawå-qdktyfaomf/

wH + om"k+£wd = wHom"lwd (-H - t) wH-xdkpum;udk? om"lwd-aumif;NyD[lí/
{uH + or,H = {uHor,H (-H - t) tcgwyg;ü

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Pali Class AShin Garudhamma

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ukovum&D ygVdo'´gydkYcscsuf

ygVdo'´g ydkYcscsuf ed'gef;

ygVdbmomonf avmuü tNrJwnf½Sdaom bmom[k Ak'¨pmayu qdkonf/ urÇmysufaom

taMumif;t&m pmrsufeSm taMumif;t&m pmrsufeSm

tum&EÅ ykv’dif yk&dom'd*kdPf;pOf 1 twdwf0gusrsm; 36

taMumif;t&m pmrsufeSm taMumif;t&m pmrsufeSm

rme tEÅ ypönf;twGuf odrSwfzG,f 74 ygVdzwfpm wwd,^pwkw¬ yg&mZdu 115

taMumif;t&m pmrsufeSm taMumif;t&m pmrsufeSm

edygwfyk'f 185 yÍörD0dbsw¬tusOf; 285

taMumif;t&m pmrsufeSm taMumif;t&m pmrsufeSm

abma[m0gus 361 'kwd,mBud,m0daooejzpfyHk 381

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó

ygVdo'´g ESifh zwfpm

tum&EÅ ykv’dif yk&dom'd*dkPf;

0dbwf bmomjyefyHk 0dbwf bmomjyefyHk

yk&daom a,musfm; wk&a*Fg? taóm jrif;

tum&EÅ eyHkvdif pdwåm'd*kdPf;

166/ a,meH ed eyHkoau[d/ £ þ O OD Mo um&ef 5 rsKd;aemif a,m0dbwfonf &Hcg ed ajymif;onf/

y pdwå + od = pdwåH b0EÅmed pdwå + a,m = pdwåm

ur® o'´gü emç oç o®mç o®ð 0dbwfwdkYü pdwåxufydkaom ½kyfyHkpH ½Sdonf/

66/ psvawm oó aem 0g/ £ þ O OD rSaemufjzpfaom o onf aemodkUajymif;onf/

ur® + em = ur®em ur® + o = ur®Kaem

ur® + em = ur®Kem ur® + o®ð = ur®ed

tmum&EÅ £w¬dvdif unm'd*kdPf;

9/ tmaCm/ £w¬dvdifudk a[maom tmtu©&mudk Ctrnfrnfh/

y unm + od =unm p^q unm + o = unm,

obm + o®ð = obwð ^ obwd y&dom + o®ð = y&dowð ^ y&dowd

'Gdvdif wdvdif pum;vHk;rsm;

(c) 'gwaAÁm [laom Bud,myk'fjzpf&ef 'g"mwfodkY wAÁypönf;ESifh od0dbwfaygif;pyf

(u) Bud,monf tmcsmwfBud,m udwfBud,m[lí ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif pm;jcif;

yHkpHum;/ ,mp "mwfodkY typönf;ESifh wd0dbwf aygif;pyfay;aomtm;jzifh ,mpwd-awmif;\

(c) pm;jcif; aomufjcif; oGm;jcif; vmjcif;paom tjyKtrIBud,mudk jyKvkyfwwfaomaMumifh

yHkpHum;/ Xm"mwfodkY wypönf;ESifh emrfod0dbwf aygif;pyfay;aomtm;jzifh Xdawm [laom udwf

0wårmef0dbwf yk&dof 0kpfcGJyHk

yXryk&dof rZÑdryk&dof Owåryk&dof

{u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf {u0kpf A[k0kpf

emro'´g (Third Person) wkrSo'´g (Second Person) trSo'´g (First Person) [k

*pä-oGm;+ wd-\ = *päwd-oGm;\/ *pä-oGm;+ ? EÅd-ukef\ = *päEÅd-oGm;ukef\/

rSwfcsuf/ aemufrSm rdç r ½SdvQif a½SUu ? onf -g odkYajymif;onf/

*päf + ? + rd = *pämrd *päf + ? + r = *pämr

uwåm;a[m 0gus a&;yHk

1/ jyKvkyfol uwåm;yk'faemufü yxrm0dbwf qufoG,f&onf/

yHkpH/ yk&daom *grH *päwd/ a,musfm;onf ½Gm;odkY oGm;onf/

yk&daom *päwd/ a,musfm;onf oGm;\/ yk&dom *päEÅd/ a,musfm;wdkYonf oGm;ukef\/

wGH *päod/ oifonf oGm;\/ wkarS *päx/ oifwdkYonf oGm;ukef\/

1/ avmavmq,f jzpfaeqJudk ajymvdk&mü oHk;yg/

a*gy apmifha½Smuf 0¹ wdk;yGm; *l[ vQKdU0Suf

ã þ"mwfrsm;onf bl0g'd*kdPf;"mwfrsm; jzpfonf/ bl0g'd*kdPf;"mwfrsm;udk Bud,myk'fjyKvkyf&mwGif

ã bl0g'd*kdPf;ü o&0dbwfouf&mü typönf; rouf&/ Esmo/ (y'AsÍÆeed½kwådeDwd y 410)

21/ r,H ywåH vbmr/ igwdkYonf oydwfudk &ukef\/

40/ 'g&aum oraPe 0owd/ uav;onf &[ef;ESifhtwl ae\/

ã twlwuG [k t"dyÜg,f&aom o[ o'¨ð rygaomfvnf; wwd,mESifh a&;xm;aom pum;vHk;udk

ã tw¬d(½Sd\ç ½Sdukef\) ESifh (ew¬d-r½Sdç r½Sdukef) wdkYudk tenf;udef;Bud,mtaejzifhvnf;aumif;

ã p ESifh 0g onf orÁE¨edygwfyk'f (pum;qufpum;vHk;) rsm;jzpfMuonf/ p onf ESifhç 4if; [k

ã wwd,mudk aMumifh [k bmomjyefEdkifonf/

66/ omraPa&m 'gaee ywåH vbwd/ udk&ifonf 'geaMumifh oydwfudk &\/

(u) uwåm;ESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus

1/ t[H 0E´mrd/ uREkfyfonf ½Sdcdk;yg\/

(c) uwåm; uHESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus

1/ Aka'¨g "r®H bmowd/ bk&m;onf w&m;udk a[m\/

1/ 0gPdaZm *grH &axe *päwd/ ukefonfonf ½GmodkY &xm;jzifh oGm;\/

(C) uwåm;ç uHç orÜ'gefESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus

1/ Aka'¨g "r®H rEkómeH bmowd/ bk&m;½Sifonf w&m;awmfudk vlwdkYtm; a[mawmfrl\/

(i) uwåm;ç uHç tyg'gefESifh Bud,m ygaom 0gus

pä-oGm;+ wd-\ = päwd-oGm;\/ pä-oGm;+ ? EÅd-ukef\ = päEÅd-oGm;ukef\/

päf + ? + rd = pämrd päf + ? + r = pämr

yHkpH/ yk&daom grH päwd/ a,musfm;onf ½Gm;odkY oGm;onf/

yk&daom päwd/ a,musfm;onf oGm;\/ yk&dom päEÅd/ a,musfm;wdkYonf oGm;ukef\/

wGH päod/ oifonf oGm;\/ wkarS päx/ oifwdkYonf oGm;ukef\/

agy apmifha½Smuf 0¹ wdk;yGm; l[ vQKdU0Suf

ã þ"mwfrsm;onf bl0g'dkdPf;"mwfrsm; jzpfonf/ bl0g'dkdPf;"mwfrsm;udk Bud,myk'fjyKvkyf&mwGif

1/ 0gPdaZm grH &axe päwd/ ukefonfonf ½GmodkY &xm;jzifh oGm;\/

ok'¨0gus/ 'gaom grH päwd/ 'gaom-uRefonf? grH-½GmodkY? päwd-oGm;\/

]]omrdaum 'goH grH r,wd}}0gusü 'gaomonf päwdü rk"mwf\ uwåm;jzpfí

yHkpH/ omrdaum 'goH ^ 'gaoe ^ 'goó grH r,wd/

Bud,mudk jyKwwf jzpfapwwfaom owådonf um&urnf\/ ]yk&daom r¾H päwd- a,musfm;onf

(t) rf(oGm;) + -kH > -goHk = trmokH