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b82ae872-1138-47f1-83eb-542747b5df1a
b82ae872-1138-47f1-83eb-542747b5df1a
iwoZ eè;dky
i`Foh jktjklks iqLrd panzojnkbZ
4oa'kksa dk mn;
xqtjkr ukxHkV~V (laLFkkid)
oRljkt (f=kif{k; la?k"kZ)
fefgjHkkst (dUUkkSt jkt/kuh)
;'kiky vafre 'kkld
ekyok
misUnz
jktk Hkkxs (/kjkuxjh) T;ksfr"k
xqtjkr & eqy jkt laLFkkid
Hkhe& (fnyokM+k tSu eafnj) (egeqn xtuoh lkseukFk eafnj yqVk)
Hkhe& (1178 esa eks- xksjh dks gjk;k)
oklqnso laLFkkid
v#.kksjkt (foxzgjkt gfjdsyh)
i`Foh jkt pkSgku
rjkbZu ds izFke ;q¼ (1191) esa i`Foh jkt pkSgku us eks- xksjh dks
ijkftr fd;k
i`Foh jkt vkSj t;pan dh csVh la;ksfxrk ls fookg
rjkbZu ds f}rh; ;q¼ (1192) i`Foh jkt pkSgku vkSj eks- xksjh ds chp
gqvkA bl ;q¼ esa i`Foh jkt pkSgku ekjk x;kA
panokj (1194) eks- xksjh }kjk t;pan dh gR;k
s
(1206 – 1290)
dqrqcqíhu ,sod (dqjku [kku @ yk[kcDl @ gkfre)
xq# & cf[r;kj dkdh] lsukifr = cf[r;kj f[kyth (ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky;)
fuekZ.k = dqrqc ehukj
dqcrqy bLyke efLtn (Delhi)
2½ fnu dk >ksiM+k (vtesj)
jkt/kuh = ykgkSj] e`R;q = pkSxku (Pole) esa ?kksM+s ls fxjus ls
bDrk ds LFkku ij uxn okf"kZd osru] lSfudks dks Tax Free oLrq 3. [kjkr&eqlyekuksa dk Hkwfe dj
4. [kqEl&lSfudksa ls yqV ij fy;k x;k
vykbZ feukj] vykbZ njckj
dj
lokZf/d eaxksy vkØe.k edku ?kM+h
lsukifr&efyd dkiQqj pkjkxkg pjh
blus iwjk Hkkjr thr&fy;k fdUrq gks;ly ugha ftr ik;kA
futkewíhu vkSfy;k us bls dgk Fkk esjs ?kj esa 10 nokts gSaA
dqrqcqíhu ewckjd 'kkg = v;ksX; ;k uXu jgrk FkkA [kwn dks [kfyiQk ?kksf"kr dj fy;k bldh gR;k [kwljks us fd;kA
[kwljks dh gR;k xkft efyd us fd;kA
(1320 – 1414)
= X;klwíhu rqxyd (xkth efyd)
ugj fuekZ.k] caxky vfHk;ku] egy fxjus ls e`R;q
futkewíhu vkSfy;k us dgk ^fnYyh nwj gSA*
& LoIu'khy @ fojks/kHkk"k dk feJ.k
jkt/kuh ifjorZu lkadsfrd eqnzk] fnoku&,&dksgh uked Ñf"k foHkkx] lkezkT; dk fc[kjko
blds njckj esa eksjDdks ls bCucrqrk vk;k Fkk ftldh iqLrd jsgyk gSA
(F.S.T.)
czkã.kksa ij tft;k dqrqcehukj dk iquZfuekZ.k
ugjksa dk tky ckx&cfxpk ckxokuh Ñf"k
uxjksa dk fuek.kZ (Ex– tkSuiqj) lYrur dk vdcj
vkRe dFkk&iQrqgkr&,&fiQjkst 'kkgh lokZf/d nkl
csjkstxkjh HkÙkk
blus v'kksd ds gfj;k.kk (Vksijk) rFkk esjB vfHkys[k dks fnYyh yk;kA
vfUre 'kkld ulh:íhu rFkk blds le; eaxksy lsukirh rSewj us vkØe.k fd;k vkSj bl oa'k dk var gks x;kA
(1414 – 1451)
laLFkkid = f[ktz [kka
(1451 – 1526)
= cgyksy yksnh (;g viQxkuh oa'k Fkk)
fldUnj yksnh us 1504 esa vkxjk dh LFkkiuk fd;kA
bczkghe yksnh 1526 ds ikuhir ds ;q¼ esa ckcj ds gkFkksa ekjk x;kA
fr:ey
vkjfoMw dks f'kokth us ejkBk esa feyk&fy;k
Note : fot;uxj dky esa osru ds cnys tfeu nh tkrh Fkh ftls uk;axj O;oLFkk dgk x;kA
Note : eqnzk & iSxksMk
Note : bl le; 4 izdkj dh Hkwfe Fkh& (i) flafpr] (ii) cxkuh (iii) mlj (iv) ouHkwfe
Hkkjr esa LFkkiR; dyk esa eafnjksa ds fuekZ.k dh 'kSyh cgqr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk j[krh gSA
Hkkjr esa izeq[k :i ls eafnjksa ds fuekZ.k dh tks 'kSyh gS og ekS;Z dky ls izkjaHk gksrh gS vkSj xqIr dky esa vius
pje ij gksrh gSA
eafnjksa dk orZeku Lo:i xqIr dky dh gSA
ukxj 'kSyh dh eafnj mÙkj Hkkjr esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA ;g mÙkj Hkkjr esa fgeky; ls ysdj
foaè;kpy ioZr rd feyrs gSaA ukxj 'kSyh fd eafnj dk tks xqcan gksrk gSA og uhps pkSM+k gksrk gS vkSj tSls&tSls mQij tkrk
gS iryk gksrs tkrk gSA ;g xqcan js[kh; gksrk gS ftls f'k[kj dgk tkrk Fkk f'k[kj ds mQij ,d fjax cuk fn;k tkrk gS ftls
vkeyd dgk tkrk FkkA vkSj vkeyd ds mQij ,d dy'k j[k tkrk Fkk vkSj dy'k ds cxy esa ,d èot j[kk tkrk FkkA
blds f'k[kj mQ¡ps ugha gksrs gSaA f'k[kj ds uhps Hkxoku dh ewfÙkZ j[kh tkrh gS tgk¡ Hkxoku dh ewfÙkZ j[kh tkrh gS mls xHkZ
x`g dgrs gSaA iwjs eafnj dk lcls izeq[k txg xHkZ x`g gh gksrk gSA xHkZ x`g esa T;knk HkhM+ u gks blfy, mlesa dbZ eaMi cus
gksrs gSa rkdh ogk¡ yksx izfr{kk dj ldsA xHkZ x`g ds njokts ij xaxk vkSj ;equk dh ewfÙkZ dh eqfÙkZ gksrh FkhA bl 'kSyh dh
eafnjks esa nks izdkj dh fl<+h gksrh Fkh 'kq:vkr dh tks flf<+ gksrh Fkh mls txrh] pcqrjk vxyh flf<+ dks fiB dgk tkrk
FkkA xHkZ x`g vksj eaMi ds chp [kkyh txg ugha gksrs FksA xHkZ x`g ds vanj gh inz{kh.kk iFk (ifjØek) gksrk FkkA ukxj 'kSyh
dh eafnj dHkh Hkh vdsyh ugha gksrh FkhA bls ikap eafnj ds xzqi esa cuk;k tkrk FkkA blhfy, bls iapk;ru 'kSyh dgk tkrk
FkkA bl eafnj ds pkjksa vksj ckmaMjh ugha jgrh FkhA ;gk¡ fdlh Hkh izdkj dk rykc ugha gksrk Fkk D;ksfa d mÙkj Hkkjr esa ufn;ksa
dh dksbZ deh ugha gSA vkSj eafnj esa dksbZ HkkO; xsV ugha gksrk gSA bl 'kSyh dh dbZ fo'ks"krk Fkh tks mfM+lk esa gS mls mfM+;k
'kSyh mldh ,d 'kk[kk eè; izns'k esa gS tks danfj;k egknso [ktqjkgks dk eafnj gSA ,d 'kk[kk xqtjkr esa Hkh gS ftls 'kksyadh
'kSyh dgrs gSaA
æfoM+ 'kSyh dk fodkl pksy vkSj iYyo
dky esa gq, FksA ;s eafnj gesa n{kh.k Hkkjr esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA n{kh.k Hkkjr esa
ikuh dh deh gksrh Fkh bl 'kSyh esa ogk¡ rykc gksrs gSaA ;g 'kSyh Ñ".kk unh ls
ysdj iqjh nf{k.k Hkkjr esa gSA bl 'kSyh esa HkO; esu xsV gksrs FksA ftls geyksx buVjsl
;k xksiqjk dgrs FksA esu xsV ds dkj.k gh ogk¡ pkjfnokjh cuh gksrh FkhA ;g eafnj
Hkh iapk;ru 'kSyh esa gh FkkA eafnj chp esa jgrh Fkh bl 'kSyh fd eafnj flf<+uqek
gksrh gSA vkSj flf<+uqek dks gh foekuu dgk tkrk FkkA blh dkj.k bl 'kSyh dks
foekuu 'kSyh Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA foekuu 'kSyh esa eaMi vkSj xHkZ x`g lVk ugha jgrk
gSA mlesa varjky jgrk gS D;ksafd ;gh ij ifjØek fd;k tkrk gSA xHkZ x`g ds ckgj
njokts ij ;{k vkSj ;{kh.kh dh ewfÙkZ yxh jgrh gSA
;g 'kSyh ukxj vkSj nzfoM+ 'kSyh dk fefJr :i gSA ;g 'kSyh foè; ls Ñ".kk unh rd feyrk gSA
blesa [kqys iznf{k.kk iFk gksrk gS vkSj e.Mi cgqr lqlftr gksrk gSA
dkuiqj
>kalh
flgiqj
[ktqjkgks (,e-ih-)
Hkqous'oj (mM+hlk)
iqjh (mM+hlk)
dks.kkdZ mM+hlk
ratkoqj
xaxS;dksMpksyiqje
egkofyiqje
nEcy
HkfDr vkUnksyu nf{k.k Hkkjr esa u;ukj 'kUrksa us fd;kA
'kadjkpk;Z v}Srokn dk fl¼kar fn;kA
= xq# xksfoUn flag (26 Dec 1666) = fl[ksa dk lSfud :i fn;k ftls [kkylk dgrs gSaA