Notes- final exam in understanding the self.

 The physical self

o Introduction
 Physical appearance as one of the major concerns of today- influence of media.
 People are concerned with how others perceive us that in return, we control our
behavior to present favorable and appropriate images to others.
 Self-presentation- not only the social behaviors but his/her physical body as
well.
o The Self As Impacted By The Body
 The physical self has gained attention in the fields of psychology, anthropology,
and sociology.
 The physical self- the concrete and tangible aspect or dimension of the person
which is primarily observed and examined through the body. (kanang tinuod,
makita nato sa reality and magunitan. And makita nato sya ug maggunitan
through the body)
 An important component in the study of the person’s self and identity.
 William james- said that the self is the sum total of all that man can call his
(money, body, family, clothes)
 These things are also described by russel w. Belk as part of our
extended self.
 William james- a renowned psychologist and a pioneer of American sociology
 The body is the initial source of sensation and is necessary for the origin
and maintenance of personality.
 Erik erickson- experience is anchored in the ground plan of the body.
 Sigmund freud- the physical body is the core of the human experience.
 Maurice merleau ponty- placed the body at the center of human existence, as a
way of experiencing the world.
 The body- is the way for us to make sense of the world and our environment.
 We experience life through our bodies and senses allowing us to
interpret the world around us.
 The body is not just an object. We are also our bodies. The body is the
vehicle for our expression in the world.
 It is the sight for articulation.’
 Sociology questions:
 To what extent do we have control over our bodies
 How significant is the body
 What images of the body influence people’s expectations?
 Body culture- sociologists, historians, philosophers and anthropologists (sports
and medical studies) spoke about the interest in bodies.
 Ulrich beck and Anthony giddens (sociologists)- the body is the only fix-point of
self identity.
 The change in relation to the modern body concerns dress reform and the
appearance of the naked body.
 Pale to tanned (reversed the social-bodily distinctions)
 Nudism became a radical expression of this body-cultural change.
 A contrasting model within modern body culture is delivered by mass sports.
  In gymnastics and physical training, the body is disciplined by subjecting
it to scientific, social geometrical or aesthetic order.
 Body studies has expanded rapidly.
 The Impact of Culture on Body Image and Self-Esteem
 Well-dressed, elegant, good-looking, attractive—things that are associated with
beauty by Kenny and Nichols.
 Pretty Privilege- attractive persons are treated more favorably.
 Standards of beauty and appearance are the product of a diverse mix of cultural
and historical influences.
 Physical appearance is dealt with with utmost importance.
 Some people are lucky to be born with standardized beauty.
 People learn to live with these imperfections; however, some chose to modify
themselves through surgery.
 Breast augmentation (favorite), liposuction, extra breast padding.
 Patients and surgeons find ways to sculpt a more ideal physique.
 Plastic surgery procedures are popular in women

 Male ideal features- abs, powerful strength, chiseled features.e

 This pursuit for perfection does not only affect men but women also, even little
girls (spend time worrying about our look)
o Body Image and Identity
 Body image issues have grown dramatically because of individual responsibility,
self-determination, and the advance of technology and modern sciences.
 Body image as a separate field of academic inquiry is still relatively young
 Sukhanova and Thomashoff (Body Image and Identity in Contemporary
Sciences)
 bring together contributions of PSYCHOTHERAPISTS, PSYCHIATRISTS,
AND SCHOLARS in the fields of social sciences and humanities.
 To explore representations of the body in literature and the arts across
different types and cultures.
 Gave an analysis of the social construction of the ideal body in terms of
beauty, gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, class, and disability
o Traces the mechanisms which define the role of the physical
appearance in the formation of identity and the assumption of
social roles.
 Body Image- can be internal (personal) or external (social)
 How we think of how attractive our body is.
 Refers to the person’s perception his/her body’s level of attractiveness
of his/her body
 Somebody’s own impression of how his/her body looks.
(internal/personal)
 May also be our sense of how others view our bodies. (external/social)
 Can imply satisfying or unsatisfying feelings.
 Lies at the heart of adolescence and it is the mental representation of
our body.
 Beauty
  Inner beauty- inner qualities of a person
 External beauty- physical characteristics of a person
o Combination of qualities, features that are pleasing to the eyes.
 Body beautiful- ideal body
 Muscular “adonis” built- for men
 Coca- cola contoured figure- for women
 Both strive to achieve the body that he/she admires.
 Attraction to a person’s body increases if the body is symmetrical and in
proportion.
 Proportional body is considered to be healthier.
 The presence of aesthetically based cultural goods and their ever-increasing
influence in modern society poses a new conceptual opportunity to Sociology.
 Aesthetic Capital- covers the privileges and wealth people receive from
aesthetic traits, face, body, clothes, and others. (gwapa actress, maot comedian)
 This concept lies in enabling sociology to better understand inequality
and the socially based forms of wealth available.
 Samantha Lovascio- visually appealing traits impact our lives from modest
importance (friends) to great importance (job)
 Attraction to body Image and aesthetic capital is increasingly becoming today’s
preoccupation, as it becomes the basis upon one’s identity and self- esteem are
built.
o THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF “BODY IMAGE”AND “SELF-
ESTEEM”
 Culture- the shared patterns of thoughts, beliefs, behaviors, and habits in both
material and symbolic realms.
 Includes
o Language
o Technology
o Economic
o Political
o Educational Systems
o Religious and Aesthetic Patterns
o Social Structures
o So on…
 Harry Triandis- according to him, social scientists highly recognized that the self
is shaped, in part, through interaction with groups.
 Through culture, society shapes us in many ways. (where do we practice the
shared belief: society)
 Body image is both internal and external (
 How we perceive our bodies visually
 How we feel about our physical appearance
 How we think and talk to ourselves about our bodies
 Our sense of how other people view our bodies.
 Consideration of the body as a subject for study has increased in recent years.
 According to Kenny and Nichols, this is done through new technologies,
forms or modification, debates about obesity and issues of age being
brought to focus by the media.
 Our bodies are not only biological but also cultural.
 We all shape and manipulate ourselves (body builders) as we create our
own unique style everyday
o Dress and style
o Wax and shave
o Diet and exercise
o Introduce mechanical agent to our body (flesh and technology)
 Encyclopedia of Body Adornment (De Mello)
o All cultures have tried to change their bodies to meet their
cultural standards of beauty and their religious or social
obligation.
o Modifying and adorning one’s body is part of the complex
process of creating and recreating their personal and social
identities.
o Body Adornment (TEMPORARY)- practice of physically
enhancing through styling, hair styling, painting nails, use
makeup, and clothing.
o Body Modification (MOSTLY PERMANENT)- physical alteration
of the body through surgery, tattooing, piercing, scarification,
branding, genital mutilation, implants and other practices.
 Shameful Bodies: Religion and Culture of Physical Improvements
(Michelle Lelwika)
o Examines how traditional religious narratives and modern
philosophical assumptions come together in the construction
and pursuit of better body in contemporary western societies.
o According to De Mello, culture of physical improvement trains
us not only to believe that all bodily processes are under our
control, but to feel ashamed about those parts of our flesh that
refuse to comply with the cultural ideal.
o Lelwika clarifies that such shame is not a natural response to
being fat, physically impaired, sick, or old.
 Body shame- is a culturally conditioned reaction to a
commercially-fabricated fantasy of physical perfection
 Audrey Tramel (2013)- the predominance of pop culture in today’s
society influences teenagers about the way that they see themselves.
o Pop Culture- also known as popular culture- a culture that is
widely accepted and patronized by the public (pop music)
o Pop culture influences how teens define themselves (boy band
exo, teens copy them)
 Self-definition- refers to the way a person sees himself.
o For teens, this is influenced by a large extent by personal
choices.
 Personal choices are also influenced by the images and
associations teens glean from pop culture on a daily
basis.
o Pop culture influences self-definition as it becomes their
benchmark or basis.
 o they adopt characteristics and behaviors from various
celebrities and models in pop culture.
o Self-definition can be naturally tied to self-esteem and
confidence.
 These two are critical components of a healthy
disposition throughout maturation and into adulthood.
 Pop culture icons extend their visibility into brands (sell products
carrying their name)
 When teenagers see the celebrity endorsing a brand, they are
influenced to patronize the brand.
 Other than commercialism, these brands have associations that tie into
self-definition or social groups within a teenager’s life.
 Celebrity brand tie into an acceptance level among teenagers such that
some teenagers feel that they must own a particular brand in order to
be accepted.

 Hyper-mediated society- we are beset with media images,

advertisements, representing appropriate bodies or skin.
o The media creates ideals in the form of celebrities and models.’
o Gives us pressure to conform to their standards of beauty.
o Makes us worry about our appearance, they define what is
attractive or not.
 Contemporary culture is obsessed with the body.
o Media tells us how we should look like, dress, act, weight
o Media tries to improve the look of the models through filter,
equipment, high-end quality cameras and lights, expensive
make up.
 As a result, when we are facing our bare face on the
mirror we become dissatisfied, insecure, and conform
to society’s standard of beauty.
o Annie Lenox, stuff that fuels the fashion and beauty industries.
o Beauty has become a currency system, assigning hierarchical
value to women, encouraging escalating consumerism.
 Human beauty can cause a great deal of pain (to those who do not live
up to the standards) - FEATHERSTONE
 The closer the resemblance of the body the standardized prototype, the
higher the exchange value of an individual. FEATHERSTONE
 THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON THE ADOLESCENT’S UNDERSTANDING OF BEAUTY
o Genesis M. Javellana- media plays a large role in how teenagers view themselves by
shaping what teenagers suppose to look like and how they should act.
o Interenet- most frequently used media
o Magazines- have the strongest negative relationship with the weight of the
respondents.
o Teenagers copy the celebrities they look up to.
o They become insecure when people on media look too good.
 IMPACT OF MEDIA ON THE SELF-ESTEEM OF THE ADOLESCENT
o fields of eating disorders, media, psychology, health psychology, and mass
communication.
 Mass media- extremely important source of information and reinforcement in
relation to the nature of thin beauty ideal, its importance, and how to maintain
it.
o Repeated exposure to media and to both direct and indirect pressures from media to be
thin constitute risk factors for body dissatisfaction, concerns overweight, and disordered
eating behaviors in adolescents and girls and young women.
o Media effects:
 Internalization of the thin beauty ideal
 Social comparison
 Activation of the thinness schema.
o Davies & Furnham- average teenager is sensitive and critical to his/her physical self.
 Constant exposure to cultural standards of beauty in evaluating body image may
produce a non-normative shift in the form of dieting practices which may lead
to eating disorders as a result of:
 Body image dissatisfaction
 The feeling of a discrepancy between actual and ideal body image.
 Body image dissatisfaction
 a strong predictor of depression
 exercise dependence
 eating disorders
 steroid use
o Boys’ body image is generally more positive than girls since they are more to welcome
weight gain.
 Cultural Ideal Hypothesis by Simmons and Blyth- puberty brings boys closer to
their ideal body while girls shift from theirs.
 Boys: big and strong || girls: slim
 Adolescent girls are more likely to express body dissatisfaction and result to
dieting.
o Caufman and Steinberg- girls in western culture are more concerned about physical
appearance and more worried about how others may think of them compared to other
countries.
 If the body shape is far from dominant cultural ideal of slimness, teens are more
likely to develop low self-esteem and negative body image.
o Fredrickson and Roberts- western girls are socialized to constantly think of whether
their bodies and physical appearance are pleasing to others or not.
o Strice and Withenton- body image dissatisfaction is a strong predictor of depression in
US
o Croll- body image is the dynamic perception of one’s body—looks, feels, moves.
 88% of girls feel negatively about their body, shape, and size
 49% say that they know someone with eating disorder
 33% say that they are at the right weight for their body
 58% wants to lose weight
 9% want to gain weight
 66% of girls says that their current size is too large
 21% of male feel the same
  33% of males think their current size is too small
 10% of female think the same
 85% of women worry about how they look

 Puberty for boys bring characteristics that are admired by society but the
situation is not the same for girls.
o Girls exposed to barbie dolls are reported to have lower self-esteem and a greater
desire for a thinner body shape.
o Brownell and Napolitano- BARBIE AND KEN
o Media’s exposure to thin-ideal image on women posed a great impact on their self-
esteem.
 Body dissatisfaction
 Eating disorders
 Negative mood
 Decreased self-esteem
 Self-Esteem and its Significance
o Self-Esteem- self-worth & self-respect
 Important part of success
 Too little can make you feel defeated or depressed
 Too much can make you narcissistic, irritating, and can destroy relationships.
 It is important to strike a balance in the middle
 A realistic but positive view is ideal.
 Self-esteem- in psychology, it is referred to as the person’s overall sense of self-
worth and personal-value
 It is how much you appreciate and like yourself
 Personality trait that is stable and enduring
 Can involve variety of beliefs about yourself
 It can play a large role in one’s motivation and success
o Low self-esteem may hinder you in achieving more
o Healthy self-esteem can help you achieve your goal
 One of the basic human motivationsself
 Maslow- people need both esteem from other people and inner self-respect for
an individual to grow as a person and achieve self-actualization.
 Those who constantly receive critical or negative assessments will likely
experience problems with low self-esteem.
 Inner thinking, age, potential illness, disabilities, physical limitation can also
affect self-esteem
 Too much self-love- entitled, irritating, and might have clinical narcissism.
Sexual Self
 Introduction
o Puberty
 is the start of the sexual development in an individual.
 Physical changes start and as an individual continues to adolescence
these changes are highlighted as sex hormones, undergoing physical
changes and producing feelings that are sexual in nature.
 Learn about human sexuality to get to know one’s own body and
responses and establish his/her sexual self.
o Sexual Self
 part of yourself where you learn and understand your sexual
development.
 Understand how people’s sexual activity, beliefs, misconceptions, and
unlimited access to the internet on sex can influence your own sexual
behaviors and responses.
o 1. Sexual Development
 lifelong process that starts at the moment of conception.
 Part of human development. But, not everyone is expected to have the
same pattern of changes or the same pacing.
 3 reasons why an individual’s sex is Important in Lifelong
Development
 Children come under increasing cultural pressure to develop
attitude and behavioral patterns that are appropriate for
members of their sex (girls should behave, boys should be
strong)
 Learning experiences are determined by the individual’s sex.
Children learn what is appropriate for their sex. (females should
cook and clean, males should know how to fix things)
 The attitude of parents and other significant family members
because of their sex. Strong preferences for a child of a given
sex have marked influences on parents’ attitudes affecting
relationship with the child. (being strict to females, and letting
males do what they want)
o 1.1. Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development and the Concept of
Erogenous Zone.
 Freud- believes that every child goes through a sequence of
developmental stages and that the child’s experiences during these
stages determine adult personality and characteristics.
 Adult personality is formed by end of the 5th year of life.
 Each stage has an erogenous zone association with stimulation
and pleasure.
  Fixation- occurs when a person does not develop normally from
stage to stage but remains overly involved with a particular
stage.
o Gratify his/her needs in simpler or more childlike ways
than in an adult mode thar would result in normal
development.
o 1.2 The Human Reproductive System
 Only one sperm can ever penetrate the egg.
 Sex - not just in reproduction (for humans), it serve other purposes as
well.
 Strengthens relationships
 Encourages a man to take care for his child
 Improves health and well-being
 1.2-a. The Female Reproductive System
 Ovaries - produce 400,000 eggs every 28days
 Ovum - 100,00 times larger than the sperm cell
 Egg cell - carries the X chromosome
 Puberty - ages 8-13
o Bodily changes
o Menarche (Greek word for moon and beginning)-the
first menstrual period
 would seal growth spurt and signal female’s
sexual maturity.
 1.2-b The Male Reproductive System
 Testes - produce 200 million sperm cells/spermatozoa every
week
o Carries X or Y chromosome (sex determining cell)
 Puberty - 10-15 years old
o Explains why some girls look more mature.
 Testosterone hormone - causes most of the changes in a boy’s
body
 Men need sperm to reproduce
 Brain also changes
o The hormones in men brains are constantly active
 Explains why men are said to think about sex
more than women.
o 1.3 Human Sexual Response
 Biological factor- prime people for sex.
 Androgens
 Estrogens
 Progesterone
 Four Phases of people’s sexual responses
 Excitement (desire)- Sexual urges in response to sexual cues or
fantasies
o Arousal- subjective sense of sexual pleasure and
physiological signs of sexual arousal
  Male: penile tumescence (increased flow of
blood into penis)
 Female: Vaso congestion- blood pools in the
pelvic are
 Vaginal lubrication and breast
tumescence
 Plateau - brief period before orgasm
 Orgasm
o Males feeling of inevitable ejaculation followed by
ejaculation
o Females: Contractions of the walls in the vagina
 Resolution - decrease in arousal after ejaculation.
 Sexual Motivation (Libido)
 Person’s overall sex drive or desire for sexual activity.
 Motivated by Biological, Psychological, and Social Factors
o Sex Hormones (biological) - in most mammals, this
controls their ability to engage in sexual behavior
 Do not directly regulate the ability to engage in
sexual intercourse in humans
o Personality and stress (psychological)
o Work and Family (social)
o 1.4 The Basic Biology of Sexual Behavior: Teen Sexual Behavior
 change from child to adult- dangerous phase
 Believed that sex appeal is a personal quality that people need
to develop to the fullest.
 Parents and adolescents do not share the same view on sex.
 Parents - hold caution and restraint
 Adolescence - raging sexual desires and hormones, are tempted
to ignore caution and restraints.
 TV, movies, music, internet- influence adolescents
o Internet - provide unlimited access to information
about sex
 Teenagers feel safe because they are
anonymous online
 Sexual Predators know this and manipulate
young people into relationships and meet them
in person.
o 2. Human Sexuality
 Sexuality - more than sexual feelings or sexual intercourse
 An important part of who a person is and what he/she will
become.
 Includes all the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors associated
with
o being female or male
o being attractive
o being in love
o being in a relationship
  sexual intimacy
 sensual and sexual activity
 also includes enjoyment of the world (5 senses)
o 2.1 The Five Circles of Sexuality
 Sensuality
 Awareness and feelings about your own body and others’ body
especially your partner.
 Allows us to feel good about how our bodies look, feel, and
what they can do.
 Enjoy the pleasure our bodies give us.
 Sexual Intimacy
 Ability to be emotionally close to another human and to accept
closeness.
 Includes:
o Sharing intimacy
o Caring about another
o Liking or loving a person
o Emotional risk-taking
o Vulnerability to a loved one
 Sexual Identity
o A person’s understanding of who or she is.
o Sense of being female or male
o Consists of three interlocking pieces and each piece is
important.
 Reproduction and sexual health
o Person’s capacity to reproduce
o Behaviors and attitudes that make relationship healthy
and enjoyable
 Sexualization
o People behave sexually to influence, manipulate, or
control other people.
o Shadowy side of human sexuality
o Behaviors can range from harmless to sadistically
violent, cruel, or criminal.
 Flirting
 Seduction
 Withholding sex to punish or gain
 Sexual harassment
 Sexual abuse
 Rape
o Should not be exploited nor exploit.
 Sexuality in adolescent youth (ages 13-19)
 Increased interest in romantic and sexual relationships
 Strong emotional attachments to partners, express feelings
within sexual relationships
 There is no way to predict how an adolescent will act sexually
  Adolescents explore relationships, fall in and out of love, and
engage in sex before 20.
o 2.3 The Chemistry of Lust, Love, and Attachment
 Physiological and psychological- being turned on, in love, and attached
 Brain- most important sex organ
 Brain is responsible for sexual attraction and not the genital areas.
 Lust- driven by sex hormones
o Testosterone (male) || estrogen (female)
 Excite the feeling of lust within the brain
 Attraction- one of the most beautiful moments of life
o A person actually starts to feel the love.
o Three main neurotransmitters
 Adrenaline
 Dopamine
 Serotonin
 Attachment- takes the relationship to advance levels
o Bearing a child and loving them wholeheartedly
o Two major hormones:
 Oxytocin
 Vasopressin
o 3. The Diversity of Human Sexuality
 There are many rules || nothing to do with sexuality
 Pressure to be feminine or masculine increase during adolescent
 Needs to understand that perceptions about gender roles affect
whether they feel encouraged or discouraged.
 Gender bias- stereotyped opinions about people according to their
gender
 Female- less intelligent
 Male- cannot raise children
 American Psychological Association (1975)- called psychologists
(concerned with the well-being) to take the lead in removing the stigma
of mental illness that has long been associated with LGBT.
 the prejudice and discrimination have shown negative psychological
effects.

 Sexual orientation- enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or

sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes.

 Sense of identity based on those attractions, related behavior,

membership in a community of others who share the same
attraction.
 How to know their sexual orientation?
 Sexual orientation may arise without any prior sexual
experience.
 Some people know before engaging in relationships
 Some engage in sexual activities (same sex or other sex)
  Prejudice and discrimination.
 Sexual orientation and coming out during adolescence
 Adolescence – time when people separate from their families
|| autonomy
o Period of experimentation || they may question
o Being aware of sexual feelings is a normal task
o They may have same sex feelings that cause confusion
but decline overtime.
o Some desire and engage in same sex behavior but do
not identify as LGBT because of the stigma.
 Exploring same-sex attraction leads to LGBT identity
o Acknowledging this will end the confusion
 When they receive support from important people in their life
they live a satisfying a healthy life.
 Youths who come out early need more support
 LGBT face bias, prejudice, bullying, and discrimination which
may lead to suicidal thoughts, high-risk activities, greater
mental and health risk.
o Sexual Health and Sexually Transmitted Diseases/Infections
 Factual information is needed so youth will become aware about male
and female reproductive systems function and how conception and
STDs occur
 They can make informed-decisions to about sexual expression
and to protect their health.
 Sexual Intercourse
 One of the most common behavior among humans
 May produce pleasure that often culminates in orgasm in
females and males
 May result to pregnancy and STDs
 Youth need accurate health information.
 Premarital Sex
 Sexual activity practiced by people who are not married
o Non-marital sex
o Youthful sex
o Adolescent sex
o Young-adult sex
 2014 Pew Study- premarital sex was considered unacceptable in
muslim nations
 People who engage in premarital sex needs to take precaution
from STIs(HIV and AIDs), and unplanned pregnancy
 Sexually Transmitted Diseases/Infections
 Known as Venereal Diseases to Sexually transmitted Disease to
Sexually Transmitted infection
 You do not have to be ill to infect someone
 Passed through sexual contact or genital
 HIV/AIDs
 HIV
 o Human Immunodeficiency Virus
o Causes aids
o Preventable and manageable but not curable
 AIDS
o Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus
o Breakdown in body’s immune system
o Have developed in people who have been infected by
HIV
 Bodily fluids
 Intravenous (IV) drug abuse
 Sexual Intercourse
 448 million new infections
 ‘
o 3.2 Teenage Pregnancy
 Pregnancy in females under 18 at the end of pregnancy
 Risks
 Low birth weight
 Premature labor
 Anemia
 Pre-eclampsia
 Number of adolescent pregnancies are much higher
 Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy
 Comprehensive sex education
 Access to birth control
 In US free access to birth control along with education
decreased the rate of abortions and teenage pregnancy
 education
 Dutch approach
o Seen as a model by other countries
o Focuses on:
 Values
 Attitudes
 Communication
 Negotiation
 Biological aspect of reproduction
o Media encourages open dialogue
o Health-care system guarantees confidentiality and non-
judgmental approach
 Abstinence only education
 Evidence does not support the effectiveness as it does not
increase HIV infection and does not decrease the rate of
unplanned pregnancy
o 3.3 Family Planning/Responsible Parenthood
 Mandatory topic
 Also known as responsible parenthoods
 Regulates and spaces the births of children
 Giving birth according to the health and economic conditions and the
right age of the mother
 Promotes healthy and happy family || recovers health and strength ||
growing healthier and well-cared

 Family Planning Methods / Methods of contraceptions

 Contraception - birth control/ fertility control
 Method or device to prevent pregnancy
 Natural Birth Control
o Without the use of artificial/modern ways
o Requires commitment, discipline, self-control
o Includes:
 Abstinence
 Fertility awareness method
 Rhythm
 Calendar or standard days method
 Outercourse
 Continued breastfeeding
o Approved by the catholic church
 Artificial Birth Control
o Use of modern/contemporary measures
o Includes:
 Contraceptive
 Birth control pills
 Diaphragm
 Condoms
 Spermicide
 Cervical cap
 Today sponge
 Birth control patch
 Birth control shot
 Birth control impant
 IUD
 Tubal ligation
 Tubal implants
 Emergency contraception
 o

Material/Economic Self
 People have a core set of behavior, attitudes, beliefs, and values that constitite their selves
 It is a sum of who you are
 Their concepts of selves can change depending on circumstances.

o The Materials Self

 William James- Harvard Psychologist and giant of the American intellectual self
o people had a material self
o A man's self is the sum of all that he can call his
 Body, family, clothes, assets
 They feel triumphant and feel like dying if it fades
 All physical elements are part of the material self
o Clothes
o Possessions
o What you are passionate of
o What do you spend for
 People crave for things that will decorate them
 The material self is constituted by our bodies, clothes, immediate family and home
o We become affected because of our investments of self within these things.
 Objects help make a person and show what the person is made of.
o Use and display of wealth
o National cultures and value systems
o Luxury goods
 Money can powerfully influence our thoughts and actions in ways that we're not aware of
o Curtis - cash fan have serious bearing on one's belief regarding the way a person
view himself/herself.
 Evidence Behind The Idea That Money Truly Change People
o Social and Business Value
 Heyman and Ariely- there are two motivations for completing a given task.
 Social- recognized a task's social value, a person sees it as a worthy
investment of time and usually happy to help out.
 Business- when offered money as motivation, people start thinking less of
the social aspect.
o Self-sufficiency and service
 People who are conscious of money typically strive to be more self-
sufficient.
o Self-View
 The amount one earns could have an effect on how he/she views both
himself/herself and others.
 Class essentialism - differences between classes are based upon identity
and genetics rather than circumstance
 An idea that wealthy people believe in.
 Poor people tend to believe that social class was not related to
genes, essentially anyone can be poor and rich.
  Wealthy people believe that being rich was part of the genetics and
identity, they are entitled to wealth, life is fair and everyone
deserves what they have
o Ethics
 Those who perceive themselves to be in higher class were the most likely to
engage in unethical behavior, particularly when a symbol of wealth was
introduced.
 Piff ( self-interest maximization )
 Those who are wealthy are more likely to ask "what is it for me"
 They actively work toward the most benefit for themselves
o Addiction
 Many addictions begin because a person gets a positive response from a
certain type of behavior.
 Behavioral or process addiction
 Seeking out that behavior (shopping or gambling) again and again
for the same outcome trigger an addiction
 Compulsive motivated by a process that leads to a positive
outcome, not by dependency on an addictive substance
 Earning money can be very addictive for some individuals.
 The positive feeling that follows after obtaining money can cause a
chemical reaction in the brain that feels good.
 Can result in severe preoccupation with money and put a strain in
relationships.
 2. Shaping the way we see ourselves: The roles of consumer Culture on our Sense of
Self and Identity
o 2.1 Possessions and The Extended Self
 People believe that their possessions is part of themselves
 If their possession is unintentionally lost, they lose a part of them as
well.
 Goffman
o Thorough review of the evidence of deliberate lessening of
self-manifested in such institutions. (mental hospital,
prison, military)
o Deprivation of possessions to create a new standardized
identity which eliminates uniqueness and lessens and
individual's sense of self.
o The new self will be less unique and involve more of a group
identity
 Diminishes sense of self may come about after losing possessions due to
theft and casualty.
 Rosenblatt , Walsh , Jackson - process of grief and mourning may
follow.
 Handbag snatching and losing a photograph of a loved one
 can produce emotional long-term effects on victims
 Impaired sense of security
 Distrust and feel suspicious towards other people
 Develop fear of walking in public and even familiar places
  Possessions as having high sentimental value than functional
 Belongings as an extension of themselves so they feel the loss as a
threat to their self-identity.
 Victims of national disasters also lose a part of their identity, they go
through a process of grief similar to losing a loved one
 Immediate family is also a part of themselves
 When they do wrong we feel shameful
 When they are insulted our anger flashes
 Our home is also a part of us
 Its scenes are a part of our lives
 Awakens the tenderest feelings of affection
 We do not easily forgive the stranger visiting it
 We all have blind impulse to watch over our body, to deck it with
clothing, cherish parents, wife, and babies, and to find ourselves a
home.
 There is a connection between wealth and well-being
 Juliet Schor
o Cycle of work and spend - work more to buy more
o The level of consumption is set mainly by people's choices
about how much to work, and therefore how much income
to earn.
o They choose between work or leisure time
o Income earned determines the level of consumption
o It is an individual’s preferences that determine the quantity
of consuming and free time
 Whatever quantity must be optimal.
o They reward themselves by consumer expenditures after
working for long hours.
o 2.2 Special Cases of Extended Self
 Collections (I Shop, Therefore I am)
 Belk
o Humans and animals once primarily assembled collections
of necessities for future security.
o Today humans assemble collections of non-necessities for
distinction and self-definition.
o Collecting has become a significant activity in our consumer
society as it has become more widely affordable through
the distribution of money and time available to the general
population
 Goldberg and Lewis
o Collectors who are inhibited and uncomfortable in social
interaction, surround themselves with favored objects upon
which they project human-like qualities
 Talk and find comfort to these objects
 In this sense, collections can be seen as transition
objects or security blankets for adults
  Compulsive tendencies urge them the increasing desire to collect as
much as they can
o Gives them greater feeling of security
 Becomes a basis of the sense of self and identity.
 I shop therefore, I am. || I have, therefore I
am.
 Pets as Extended Self
 Pets
o Are regarded as a representative of the self
o Inferred characteristics of people from their pets.
o There is a relationship between personality and choice of
pets
o They are regarded as family members.
o Name, feed, take care, and mourn the death of our pets
o Pet death mourning is similar to that which occurs due to
the loss of a home or the loss of the limb.
o Pets are instrumental and are often used as transition
objects for children and parents.
o Pets can be therapeutic.
 Body Parts
 Among the most central part of the extended self
 Cathexis- self-extension
o Charging of an object, activity, or idea with emotional
energy by the individual.
o Commonly applied to body parts
 Women tend to cathect body parts to a greater
degree than men, and that reflects self-acceptance.
 Body parts are more attached to the body making it to be more
strongly cathected than material possessions.
o The loss of body parts result to loss of identity and one’s
very being.
CONCLUSION
 Material Self
o Refers to all the physical elements that reflect who a person is which
includes:
 Body
 Possession
 Home
 Family
 Clothes
 Practical interests
o Body- innermost part of the material self
o Luxury and Materialism- by products of the material self
SPIRITUAL SELF
 Introduction
o Man is composed of body and soul
o Body – material world
o Soul – spiritual world
 SPIRITUAL WORLD – transcendental dimension of life.
o Development of a balanced spirituality – major concerns which integrates well
with his/her psychological maturation
 Psycho-spiritual integration
 can help in bringing about social transformation
 exposes the individual to different situations or cases
o that awaken in him/her the desire to make a difference
in his/her life as he/she searches for the meaning of
his/her life.
 1. Concept of Spirituality
o Spiritual Self – who we are at our core
 More permanent
 Subjective and most intimate
 An aspect of self which develops a certain level of spirituality
 man’s way of seeking and expressing the meaning and purpose
of life.
 Speaks quality of relationships
 God
 Self
 Others
 Institutions
 God’s creation
o By respect
o Forgiveness
o Service
o Prayer
 Shows great refinement or high level of Christian Maturity and concern
with the higher things in life (Sacred or divine)
 Specified in the deepening of faith
 Leads to a deeper communion with the divine
 Direct and personal connection with the divine
 Embraces all faith, social, and political ideologies
 Aids the person in distress, crisis, or discomfort (spiritual, emotional, or
physical
 Seeks significant change through self-awareness
 Healing process that leads to personal development
 1. 1 .The Spirit and the Soul - life
 o Sprit – ruach or pneuma (Greek)
 Breath || breath of life
 Disposition of an individual
 Habitual attitudes
 Man’s supernatural powers
 Part of us which all life and power of God flow
 Life-giving part of man
 Ethical factor
 Enable man to serve God and to participate in the supernatural order.
o Soul – nephesh (Hebrew) || psyche (Greek)
 Originally means throat or neck
 Human life
 The animating principle of human nature
 Modern psychology – will, mind, the seat of emotion. Conscience
 Natural man
o Hebrew’s concept of man is holistic
 Sees the distinction between the natural and supernatural in respect to
the soul and spirit
o Filipino- Espiritu/espirito
o Visayan- ginhawa
o Tagalog- hininga
o Ilocano- anges

o SOUL
 Non-physical aspect of the person
 Complexity of human attributes
 Consciousness
 Thought
 Feeling
 Will
 Distinct from the physical body
 Person’s emotional and moral nature, private thoughts and feelings
 Spiritual part of a human being and believed to continue to exist after
the body dies
 Subject to future reward and punishment
 Innermost aspect of a person, signifies the breath of life
 The spiritual soul causes the body to be alive

 1.2 The Traditional Understanding of Self

o The soul according to the Indigenous Filipino
 Kaluluwa, kadkadduwa, kararwa- came from the root word “duwa”
 The soul has two existence
o One physical, connected to the body and life
o Other spiritual that exists on its own
 Ilocano (kadkadduwa)
  kadkadduwa
o companion
o doubling kad intensifies companionship
 constant companion
 inseperable partner
 attached companion

 tagalog – kaluluwa
 bagobos – gimokud
 bukidnons – makatu
 ilokanos – kadkadduwa
 Ilonggos – Dungan // Kalag
 Visayans – Dungan (willpower)
 Cebuanos – kaluha
 Mindoro folks – karadwa or kalag
 Kankanays or cordillera – ab-abiik
 Used for spiritual self applicable to trees, stones, rivers, etc.
 IKARARUA (Mariano Gatan)
 Gives direction and wholeness to the man
 Body stays alive independently from the soul, but the soul, even
if separated from the body, can experience material wants or
needs
 When the person is frightened, the ikararua leaves the body
while the body remains alive
o Mangaggaokao – performed to invite the soul to return
to the body

 Kaluluwa- soul of the deceased person

 The soul of the living person is their kakambal
o Malay or tiny voice
o The consciousness which is the individual’s capacity to
think, reason, to learn, and to have a willpower
o Kakambal may travel at night and have troublesome
encounters which causes nightmares

 Dungan
o Comes out of the body and takes on a visible form
(lizard, butterfly, insect
o May leave the body voluntarily when a person is asleep
o When a person can see himself in his dream, his other
self has left the physical body
o The dungan’s travel outside the body should be free
from accidents
o Only when a person has safely returned home would
the owner be able to wake up
o What happens to the Dungan happens to the physical
body too.
 Causes of withdrawal of the soul
o Voluntarily – if it is badly maltreated
o Involuntarily – if the child is frightened
o Involuntarily – lured or captured by bad spirits or
engkantu
 Sickness – temporary loss of soul
 Death – permanent loss of soul

 Dungan
o Willpower
o Strong Dungan - Intellectual and psychological capacity
to dominate or persuade others to one’s way of
thinking
 Is capable of causing sickness or seriously
weaken other persons who have weaker
Dungan
o Constant companionship may lead to spiritual
competition between two Dungan and results to
sickness of the one with the weaker Dungan.
o Has to be strengthened in a religio-magical rite to
prevent or cure body illness caused by inherent
weakness
 Creates satisfactory well-being
 Intelligence, willpower, good health

 at death, the kalag leaves the body via nose, earsm eyes and
other orifices and goes with the air until it eventually finds
another body to enter
 Patulod – rite performed to ensure that the kalag will go to its
final destination
o Performed at the third day after the burial
o Kalag will not come back to visit the living and cause
illness

 FOUR SOULS THAT ANIMATE THE BODY IN EARLY ILOKANO

o Kararwa
 soul proper
 vital element
 can leave after death
 name presently used for the Christian Soul
o Karkarma
 Second soul
 Leave the body when one is frightened
 Can be stolen
 Failure to return, owner becomes insane
  Sacrifices and attendant ceremonies to lure
back
 Natural vigor, energy, strength, or power
 Mind or reason
 Counterpart of psyche
o Aniwaas ( aningaas or alingaas )
 third soul
 can leave the body when asleep
 visits places
 if awaken, he may lose his aniwaas and become
insane
o Ar-aria
 Fourth soul
 Liberated soul of the dead
 Visits relatives and friends
 Pray and perform a duty
 Howling of dogs
 Makes noises
 2. LOOB AND PERSONHOOD
o Loob

 Magandang loob
 Well-intentioned || promotes the well-being of others
 People of goodwill
 Masamang loob
 Bad character
 Related negatively with others
 Purified kalooban is supported by prayer
 Acquires commitment
 Happens through forms of sacrifices
o Prayers and abstinence
 Penitensia during Good Friday
 Penitents reenact the suffering of Jesus Christ
 They emerge as a new man
 Prayer and ritual can be a source of power
 2.1 God’s Kagandahang-Loob
o Amulet ( Anting-anting)
 Source of power
 Users of anting-anting believes that the word of Christ and the things
used in Catholic Liturgy are a strong source of power
 The word of God has the power to produce a desire result
 The effectiveness depends on the proper execution of certain
rituals and the following of strict rules
o Holy Week – supposedly the best time for obtaining, testing, and recharging the
powers of anting-anting.
o Kagandahang-Loob
 Kindness, generosity, benevolence, helpfulness
  Appropriate description of God
 Connotes all that is good in a person
 Quality of being that roots in every heart
 God’s saving activity
 2.2 Loob and Prayer
o Prayer – the first expression of man’s interior truth
 Christian’s acknowledgement and awareness of the true nature of the
loob
 This loob is made in the image and likeness of God
 Constituted by being related to God
 Active receptiveness
 Active listening to what God is revealing through one’s loob
 The recognition, acknowledgement, acceptance of the
relatedness to God of our loob
 Conscious communion
 Fruit of the Holy Spirit working in our hearts, enabling us to turn
to God and with confidence
 Free gift || pagbabalik-loob
o Interior Truth – core of one’s personhood
 Loob
 Ultimate organizing center of of human reality
o Those persons whose loob is pure is granted super powers by God
 Heal the sick
 Speak in different tongues
 Interpret signs
 3. Finding and Creating Meaning – Viktor Emil Frankl
o Meaning is something to be discovered rather than to invent
 Inner happiness
 Satisfaction
o Existential Vacuum
 Life is meaningless, no direction
 We fill it with worldly pleasures
 Business, conformity, anger, hatred
o Viktor Emil Frankl
 Vienna, Australia
 March 26, 1905
 Logotherapy – helping to find meaning and purpose
 3.1 Three Ways of Discovering Meaning in Life
o Experiential Value
 Experiencing something or someone we value
 The love we feel towards another
o Creative Values
 Traditional existential idea of providing oneself with meaning
 Becoming involved in one’s project or in the project of one’s own life
 Creativity and passion in art, music, writing
o Attitudinal Values
 Practicing virtues (compassion, bravery)
  Achieving meaning by way of suffering
 The ultimate goal is transcendence
 3.2 the Practice of Religion
o Religion
 People’s way of connecting themselves to God as they search for the
meaning of life
 Beliefs and behaviors related to supernatural beings and power
 Organized system of ideas about spiritual spheres
 Ceremonial practices
 Ways of relating with the supernatural or the DIVINE
 Functions:
 Practice of Religion: effect on happiness and overall sense of
personal well-being
 Regular religious attendance: less psychological distress
 Love as the central aspect of the meaning of life but religion is
still important in making judgements and decisions
 Cohabitation rate is seven times higher among persons who
seldom or never attend religious services
 Improves health, learning, economic well-being, self-control, self-
esteem, and empathy
 Reduces social pathologies
 Creates a moral community
 Provides emotional support
 Creates rites of passage as in the case of sacraments
 Serves as a mean to find answers to ultimate questions
 Shape people’s view of the universe
 Powerful agent of social change
 3.2a Rituals
o Rituals
 Patterned form of behavior that have something to do with the
supernatural realm
 Repetitive in nature
 Religious or secular
 Requires a considerable amount of time or personal sacrifice
 Vegans of Phuket, Thailand – annual vegetarian festival
o Self-torture
 Oil
 Fire walking
 Piercing
 Life-cycle rituals
 Rites of passage
 Makes a status of change from one important life stage to
another
 Christian Sacraments
 Rituals of Pilgrimage
o Round trip to a place considered sacred || devotion or
ritual
  Sacrifices
 Offering of something to supernatural beings
 To please or to express gratitude to deities
 HARANG
o Visayan Fishing Village
o Process of:
 Purification
 Invocation
 Entreaty
 Offering
 Feast
 KANYAW
o Cordillera
o Expression of thanksgiving to deities
o Expression of solidarity
 BUKLOG
o Subanens in Aurora, Zamboanga
o Honor the spirits and plea for favors
o Symbol of the fellowmen of Subanen and spiritual
journey to their Creator
o 3.2 b MAGIC
 Tricks and illusions
 Impossible things happen through trickery or deception
 Special talent or skill
 Manipulates human perception
 But to anthropologists:
 Refers to activities by which a person can force the supernatural
to behave in certain ways (good or evil)
 Gives the ability to a person to control the forces of nature
 Healing, keeping away evil, seeking truth, vengeful purposes
 Answers our need to have some control of our lives and also of others
with the ability to control the supernatural forces
 Tries to explain the unexplainable || provides comfort and a coherent
view of the world.
 1. Reduces stress 2. Reinforcing group norms and identity 3. Provides
sanction 4. Provides a sense of the world.
 Leads to avoidance or healing of illness
 Entertainment: magic captivates with expert showmanship
 Promotes and advances the art of stage magic
o 3.3 c WITCHCRAFT
 Kulam
 An idea that certain people have an inborn power to harness spirits or
energies for specific purposes
 A belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power
capable of causing harm, including sickness and death.
 Understood closely with sorcery
 Considered evil – anything that disrupts life and happiness
  Magic or power that is worked for illegal or antisocial ends
 Food remnants, hair, nail, clothes from victims to inflict harm
 Why is witchcraft still practiced:
 Provides explanation to inexplicable (illness or natural disasters)
 A community to come together
 Focus their energies to something
 Reassert their communal identity
 To explain misfortune
 Provides an outlet for feelings of hostility and frustration
o 3.3 What the Bible says about Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft
 Bible – our guide in the practice of our religion
 God alone is worthy of our adoration
 Such acts that contradict the statement above are considered idolatrous
and unacceptable
 Violation of the first commandment
 Submission to the said practices may lead us away from our ultimate
end, God.
 Reassess our practices
 Jesus clear guide in the commandment of love – love of God and love of
neighbor
POLITICAL SELF
 INTRODUCTION
o TWO OF THE OLDEST SCHOOL IN THE WORLD
 University of Santo Tomas – Manila
 University of San Carlos – Cebu
o First Southeast Asian country to gain independence
o The only country to hoist the flag upside down when in war
o Philippine Eagle – largest eagle in the world
o Reticulated Python – largest snake and longest reptile
o 90% of glam species is found in the Philippines
o Many monuments of Jose Rizal
o Dr. Abelardo Aguilar – helped the discovery of antibiotic erythromycin
(Ilosone)
o Carlos P. Romulo – the first Asian president of the United Nations
o 7100 islands
 Camiguin – has the most number of volcanoes per square kilometers in
the world
o 170 spoken languages and 200 ethnic groups
o Longest season in the world – Christmas in the Philippines
o Philippine Basketball Association – first and oldest in Asia
o Text Capital of the World
 1. Developing a Filipino Identity : Values, traits, community and Institutional Factors
o Precolonial era: government system in small units called BALANGAY
 Balangay – derived from the wooden boat used by a community of
families for their living
o Antonio Pigafetta – scribe of Magellan
 his notes stated the Filipino natives were autonomous and economically
prosperous
o Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
 a Spanish colonizer
 made a kinship pact // sanduguan with the native chieftain Sikatuna of
Bohol
 the sanduguan symbolizes a mutual promise to help one another in
times of needs
 was grounded on the Filipino Value: katapatan (true to one’s
promise)
 filipinos valued their word but Spaniards did not
 forced labor || monopolized the market || stole lands || gave
limited freedom || kept the Filipinos ignorant
 o Indios – Filipino natives
 Reminded themselves of the original pact
 Fought against oppressors, Spaniards
 Dr. Jose Rizal – used his talent and skill as a writer and a poet to awaken
the Filipinos about the abuse of Spaniards
 Burned the spirit of pagka-makabayan (patriotism)
 Wrote Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
o Showed the tyranny, oppression and domination of
Filipinos under colonial rule
 Never been involved in the planning of a bloody revolution
 Mi Ultimo Adios
o Last poem
o Seemed to agree in a bloody revolution planned by
Bonifacio
 Andres Bonifacio
 Justified the need for a bloody revolution
 Kalayaan - liberty
 Pakikipagkapwa-tao (being faithful to the goodness of other)
1. The revolutionary movements against Spaniards began to claim
only little and scattered victories all over the country
2. Americans intervened.
3. 1898, Filipinos gained Independence from Spain
4. Americans remained and continued to intervene in the affairs of
the Philippines
5. Filipino natives suspect the intention of the Americans and the
Philippine-American war occurred
6. Surrender of Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Philippines
a. Signified the end of revolutionary struggles
7. Desire for freedom is still burning
8. Manuel Quezon – political pragmatist
a. Brought the fight to the US congress
b. Won the Jones Law
c. Became the Commonwealth President
9. 1946 – gained freedom.
 2. Establishing a Democratic Culture
1. Gained independence from Americans
2. Filipino Democracy started to take shape
3. Japanese occupied and established the Japanese Sponsored Philippine Republic
4. President Jose Laurel – cushioned the impact of violence by gaining the trust of the
Japanese and serving the sufferings of Filipinos
 Guerilla who fought in Malacanang
5. Defeat of Japanese in World War II
6. Regained Philippine Independence
7. Struggled to rebuild communities and structures of democracy
 8. Establishment of 1973 Marcos Constitution
 Placed the country under the authoritarian rule of President Ferdinand Marcos
9. Filipinos lost their freedom
10. After 13 years, Filipinos got fed up with corruption, violence, and injustice
11. EDSA revolution ( compelling message that Filipinos valued freedom dearly )
12. The promulgation of 1987 Constitution
 Defined how the institutions and systems of government function in a way of
democracy
13. Filipinos became vigilant and assessed the government and the democratic processes of
the government and communities
14. Filipinos engage in peaceful and assertive means of participation to democratic election
and representation
15. Filipinos have matures in their quest for real independence
 1987 constitution
1. Protection of Filipino Workers (local or abroad) || Equality for employment
opportunities
2. Right of workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and negotiations, peaceful
concerted activities
3. Recognize the rights of farmers and land owners || cooperatives and farmers’
organizations
4. Protect the rights of subsistence fisherfolks
5. May pursue and protect legitimate and collective interest through peaceful and lawful
means
6. Ensures the right of the people and their organizations to effective and reasonable
participation
7. Provides a system of initiative and referendum where people can directly propose and
enact or reject laws passed by congress or local legislative body.
 Ensures the rights of individuals
 Develop a democratic culture that is fit to the long-standing desire of the
Filipinos to achieve peace and liberty
1. PHYSICAL SELF
- Physical Self is an aspect of ourself that deals with our physical
appearance including our weight, height, or features that can be seen
through the naked eye. It is an aspect of self that can be touched and
exists in the real world that can be examined and observed.
2. SEXUAL SELF
- is an aspect of the self that is responsible for dealing with our sexual
development and allows us to understand our sexual feelings and
thoughts and how different factors affect our sexual response and
behavior.

- Sexual development a continuous process and starts at the moment

that we exist in our mothers’ womb. It is caused by hormones that our
body produces. All of us will go through sexual development but we are
not expected to go through the same exact process.

- Sexuality - is a topic not limited to sexual intercourse. It is a contributes

a critical role for the lives of many especially in building our sense of
identity. It includes all the feelings, thoughts, and behavior that is
related with our sexual orientation, being in relationship, or being
attractive.

o five circles of human sexuality

 sensuality
 sexual intimacy
 sexual identity
 reproduction and sexual health
 sexualization.
- Sexual Orientation – the identity that we possess based on the
attraction that we feel for the person who belongs to the opposite sex
or the same sex. It is who we are sexually and the gender orientation we
identify ourselves in.
3. Material Self
- is an aspect of our self that is composed of all the things that we can call
ours. Assets, possessions
 - Social and business value, Self-sufficiency and service, self view, ethics,
addiction
- Materialism – material possession and physical comfort is more
important than spiritual values
4. Spiritual Self
- An aspect of the self that refers to our true self, it is who we really are.
- Our most intimate self because we cannot change for the benefit of
others
- It deals with our relationship with our God, our church, our religion, and
our practices.
5. Political Self
- Political self is composed of values, learnings, and knowledge that we
have continuously acquired as a Filipino from our history or the present
phenomenon.