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Implementation Of Maximum Power Point Tracking

Based On Perturb and Observe Algorithm For
Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine, and Fuel Cell Hybrid
System
Soedibyo Avian Lukman Setya Budi Mochamad Ashari
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia
dibyosoe@gmail.com avianlukmans@gmail.com asharimd65@gmail.com

Hilman Ridho Feby Agung Pamuji

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia
ridho.hlmn@gmail.com febyagungpamuji@gmail.com

Abstract— Photovoltaic, wind turbine, and fuel cell can
produce electrical energy by utilizing renewable energy. The
energy is clean and unlimited. Photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine,
and fuel cell hybrid system has high reliability and can produce
more energy than the standalone PV system. MPPT (Maximum
Power Point Tracking) is needed to maximize the input power by
placing the input current and voltage at the maximum point on
both voltage and current, so the power produced is also at the
maximum point. But there is a problem of integrating method of
the power generator since the constraint of the parallel generator
operation should be have the same voltage level. In this paper,
will be discussed about the P&O method, that can be used for
various characteristics of PV and does not require information of
wind turbine characteristics. As the results, Perturb and Observe
(P&O) algorithm on multi-input DC/DC converter can maximize
the output power up to 125,87% more power. Hopefully with this
research, it can help the advancement of the renewable energy
electricity generation research in the future.
Keywords— Photovoltaic (PV), Wind Turbine, Fuel Cell,
Multi-input DC/DC Converter, Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT), Perturb and Observe Algorithm (P&O) Method.
I. In t r o d u c t io n
The use of fossil fuels can cause various kinds of adverse
effects on the environment. such as increased carbon
emissions which can cause the greenhouse effect. Renewable
energy such as solar, wind, and fuel cells are needed because
they are clean and unlimited. Photovoltaics and wind
turbines convert non-linear energy. [2] Hybrid PV and wind
turbines make this system more reliable, simple, and can
reduce operating costs. [4] MPPT will place the operating
current and voltage at the MPP which the maximum output
power is obtained. The MPPT algorithm used in this paper is
Perturb and Observe Algorithm (P&O). This method is easy
to implement on PV, wind turbine, and fuel cell hybrid
system because it has a simple algorithm. However, it has a
disadvantage that there are oscillations under steady state
conditions caused by constant duty cycle changes. [6] [7]
Fuel cell is used as a power balance. This paper uses the
MPPT algorithm with the P&O method in PV, wind turbine,
and fuel cell hybrid system that are able to increase the
output power of this system.
II. L it e r a t u r e R e v ie w
A. Wind Turbine
Wind turbine is a device that can convert wind energy
into mechanical energy that is used to rotate wind turbine
rotors. The turbine is connected to a generator to produce
electrical energy. The parameters that affect the power
generated by the wind turbine are the wind speed and
characteristics of the wind turbine. [6] Wind turbine have
three operating areas, there are cut-in speed, nominal speed,
and cut-out speed. [8] Ideally, wind turbines are designed
with a minimum cut-in speed, a nominal speed that matches
the local wind potential, and a maximum cut-out speed. But
mechanically this condition is difficult to realize.
The mechanical power generated by the wind to rotate
the rotor can be expressed by the following formula.
prr.= ? ip C ^ ,p - ) R * r a (1)
Where Pm is Mechanical power (W), R is radius of wind
turbine (m), p is density of air (kg / m3), v is wind speed
(m/s), Cp is power coefficient, X is Tip Speed Ratio (TSR), P
is Turbine propeller angle to the wind direction.
For testing purposes, wind turbine are controlled with a
DC motor to simulate the state of the wind. DC motor will
accept DC voltage input and operate according to the given
input. DC motors and wind turbines are combined directly to
operate generators to produce electricity. The greater the
power output of the wind turbine, the input power required
by the DC motor is also greater. [4]

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B. Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (PV) is a semi-conductor component that
can convert solar irradiance into direct current. Photovoltaics
can be expressed in the form of equivalent circuits to
simplify the analysis process.
Fig. 2 Photovoltaic equivalent circuit
fp-v = IpA. - Iff- fse (2)
The equivalent circuit is a direct current source (Ipv),
diode and resistance (Rp and Rs). The series resistance (Rs)
models the voltage losses and the parallel resistance (Rp)
models the leakage current losses. [9]
The power generated by PV is affected by irradiance and
cell temperature. The greater the intensity of light obtained
by solar cells, the greater power will be obtained. However,
the greater the cell temperature of the PV, the smaller the
power it produces. So we need the right method to obtain the
maximum power that can be generated by PV.
C. Multi-input DC/DC Converter
Multi-input DC / DC Converter is a combination of
buck-boost and buck converters. Voltage input can be
obtained from PV voltage (Vpv) and wind turbine (Vwind).
Switching can be adjusted via M1 and M2.. If one voltage
input cannot produce voltage, then the other voltage input
can still provide a voltage source for using a converter.
Therefore, the multi-input DC / DC converter is suitable for
renewable energy applications. [4]
The output voltage, input current, and output current can
be expressed as:
+ (3 )
(4)
(5)
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D. Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine, and Fuel Cell Hybrid
System With Maximum Power Point Tracker
MPPT is a method for determining the operating point
that produces maximum power. The point that produces
maximum power is called the Maximum Power Point
(MPP). MPPT works by increasing or decreasing operating
voltage so that maximum power is obtained. [6] The MPPT
working scheme is by measuring current and voltage from
photovoltaics and wind turbines. Currents and voltages will
be processed in the MPPT algorithm and a duty cycle will
be generated which can produce power at the MPP point.
The Duty Cycle will control switching on the multi-input
converter.
Power input is obtained through the conversion of solar
and wind energy using photovoltaics and wind turbines.
Then, the voltage and current will be read at the sensor of
each photovoltaic and wind turbine. MPPT will operate
according to its algorithm to get maximum power. In the
MPPT algorithm a duty cycle will be generated which will
control switching on the multi-input converter. When the
power produced by wind turbine and PV is greater than the
load power (Pload), then the surplus energy will be used by
Electrolysis to produce hydrogen while the Fuel Cell does
not produce power.
Fig. 4 Hybrid photovoltaic/wind turbine/fuel cell based on P&O algorithm
Scheme
When the power produced by the wind turbine and PV is
equal to the load power (Pload), the Fuel Cell and
Electrolysis do not produce power. When the power
produced by wind turbine and PV is less than the load
power (Pload), then the lack of energy will be compensated
by the Fuel Cell by producing electricity while Electrolysis
is off or does not produce hydrogen. This hybrid system will
still be able to operate in a state where one input voltage
cannot provide voltage. Therefore, a hybrid system using the
MPPT P&O algorithm is expected to improve the efficiency
of the power generated so that the output power in this
system becomes more optimal.
E. Perturb and Observe Algorithm
The Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm is often used
in searching for Maximum Power Point (MPP) in PV and
wind turbines. This method can be used for various types of
characteristics of PV [3] and does not require information
about the characteristics of wind turbine systems. [6]
However, the P&O method has the disadvantage that there
is an oscillation in steady state conditions caused by
constant duty cycle changes.
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Perturb and observe algorithm is also called hill

climbing method. In this algorithm the MPPT method is
based on the calculation of output power. In this algorithm
the perturbation leads to change in the output power of
system. [15] If perturbation increases towards the maximum
power point then voltage must be increased. And if
perturbation decreases away from the maximum power
point then the voltage must be decreased. With this the duty
cycle is also changed and this process continues until the
maximum power point has reached. [14]

B. Implementation Multi-input DC/DC Converter System

The components used in DC / DC multi-input converter
system implementation are sold on the market. Table DC /
DC converter multi-input system implementation as follows:
Table 1 Implementation Converter Parameters_______________________
M u lt i- in p u t D C /D C V a lu e
K o n v e r te r P a r a m e te r
Micro Controller Arduino Nano
Switching Frequency 20 kHz
Fig. 5 Flowchart of Perturb and Observe Algorithm Inductor 4mH
Capasitor 470.ii F
Figure 5 shows the flowchart of perturb and observe
Diode MURI 560
algorithm. Firstly we determine the value of V(n) and I(n).
Then after finding power, we check the slope dP/dV at three Mosfet 1 IRFP4227
different conditions. [15] Mosfet 2 IRFP4227
If slope dP/dV= 0 at MPP Mosfet Driver TLP250
If slope dP/dV>0, at left of MPP S en sor V a lu e
If slope dP/dV<0, at right of MPP Current Sensor ACS712
Voltage Sensor Multiturn lOOkfi
III. Sim u l a t io n a n d Im p l e m e n t a t io n M u l t i - in p u t
DC/DC Co n v e r t e r

A. Simulation Multi-input DC/DC Converter System

Simulation multi-input DC / DC converter system using
PSIM software. This system consists of photovoltaic, wind
turbine, MPPT block located on PV and wind turbine, multi­
input converter, and resistor as a load. In this simulation, the
components used in ideal conditions so simulation results are
system in ideal conditions.
Fig. 8 Multi-input DC/DC converter prototype
If system input consists of PV with 1000 W / m A 2
C. Testing o f P V and wind turbine characteristic curves
irradiance and wind turbine with 8 m / s wind speed, 100
Watt input power will be generated for each input. On the The characteristic curve in Fig.9 and Fig.10 shows solar
PV input side it will produce 100 Watts of power and the panel does not work according to the nameplate caused by
wind turbine input side will produce 100 Watts of power. cell temperature at the time of operation, the value reaches
output voltage produced by converter based on this PV and 53 ° C and the age of the solar panel.
the wind turbine input is 40 V. In the simulation, power Maximum power obtained when the wind speed is 8 m /
losses are not calculated, so system generated 200 Watts s which is assumed to be the same as 800 RPM DC
output power. generator rotating speed. These three wind speed shows in
Fig.11 are the nominal wind speeds that be used as wind
turbine input in this paper.

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Fig. 9 PV characteristics power and voltage curves with iradian variations
Fig. 10 PV characteristics current and voltage curves with iradian
variations
Fig. 11 Wind turbine characteristics with wind speed variations
IV. Te s t R e s u l t s
This test is divided into three parts, there are MPPT tests
when converter is given a PV input, wind turbine input, and
both PV and wind turbine input. Each test will be compared
with the model without MPp T.
A. P V Input fo r MPPT Multi-input DC / DC Converter
In this test, data will be taken for three different
irradiance. For each irradiance will be compared between
converters using MPPT P&O and without M p P t P&O (fixed
duty cycle). Rheostat is used as load and according to full
load.
1) P V with Irradiance 954 ( I ' m 2.
The result shows that the average input power generated
under this irradiance condition is 65.15 Watt with average
output power of the converter is 58.63 Watt. The power
efficiency is at 89%. MPPT P&O tracking methods cause
changes in voltage and current due to changes in duty cycle.
The optimal voltage obtained under this condition is 16.04
V with optimal current is 4.06 A. Duty cycle rises slowly
towards the value of 0.87 and oscillate around the value of
the maximum power generated.
At the same time, the multi-input converter without
MPPT method, duty cycle is fixed at 0.7. With P&O
method, input power of converter is 65.15 Watt or 54,93%
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more power, while in converter without MPPT input power
is only 42.05 Watt.
2) P V with Irradiance 708 II ' m 2.
From the experiment, the average input power generated
under this irradiance condition is 42.59 Watt with output
power produced by the converter is 38.33 Watt. The power
efficiency is at 90%. The input voltage and input current of
the converter change until the optimal value is obtained due
to the MPPT P&O tracking method. The optimal voltage is
16.09 V with optimal current is 2.645 A. Duty cycle has
increased and oscillated around 0.78.
In this result, the multi-input converter without MPPT
method, duty cycle is fixed at 0.5. With the P&O method,
input power which produce by converter is 42.59 Watt or
56,79% more power, while in converter without MPPT
converter input power is 27,164 Watt.
3) P V with Irradiance 327 II'm 3.
The average input power generated in this test is 22.65
Watt and the average output power is 20,388 Watt. So we
get 90% of power efficiency. Duty cycle will change
according to the MPPT P&O tracking method and oscillate
around 0.45. The optimal input voltage of the converter is
19.44 V with optimal input current is 1.165 A.
The difference with the converter without MPPT method
is, duty cycle is fixed at 0.4. With the P&O method, input
power which generated by converter is 22.65 Watt or
43,81% more power, while in converter without MPPT the
input power is only 15.75 Watt.
Fig. 12 Converter input power comparison using MPPT P&O (Type 1 =
954 W/WT. Type 2 = 708 W /m ! . Type 3 = 327 W / m : )
P&O algorithm on this multi-input converter makes the
converter output voltage get its optimal value faster and the
output voltage is relatively constant when there is a change
in the input voltage. Input power has decreased at its
optimal value caused by a decrease value of irradiance. The
value of converter output power depends on the amount of
input power, duty cycle, and converter efficiency. The graph
shows output power has decreased due to a decrease in input
power.
With constant duty cycle operation, the converter cannot
adjust input voltage and output voltage to its optimal value.
When there is a change in irradiance, the converter will still
work on a certain duty cycle. This causes the input voltage
and output voltage of the converter not be at their optimal
voltage. Its make the output voltage value is not constant if
there is a change in the converter input voltage. Converter
without using the P&O algorithm cannot place the voltage
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and current at the optimal point because the duty cycle is
fixed. This causes the power generated is not optimal.
Fig. 13 Converter output voltage in irradiance variation
Fig. 14 Converter output power in irradiance variation
B. Wind Turbine Input fo r MPPT Multi-input DC / DC
Converter
In this test, a DC generator is used to replace the wind
turbine. The wind speed will be adjusted to the generator
rotation in RPM, the output power from the DC generator is
obtained as the input power of converter. The test was
divided into three different wind speeds. Because of DC
generator has a current rating of 2 A, the duty cycle and load
are adjusted in order to avoid the damage of the equipment.
These three tests will use a maximum duty cycle of 0.4.
1) Wind Turbine with 4 m/s Wind Speed
It is presumed the normal condition that a wind speed of
4 m / s will produce a DC generator rotating speed of 400
RPM. The average input power generated in this condition
is 24.87 Watt and the average output power is 22.88 Watt.
The the efficiency is at 92%. The optimal voltage at wind
speed of 4 m/s is 30.5 V and the optimal current is 0.815 A.
The duty cycle value will oscillate around the maximum
power value which is 0.38.
At the same time, the multi-input converter without
MPPT method, duty cycle is fixed at 0.3. With the P&O
method, the input power of the converter is 24.87 Watt or
120,28% more power. while in the converter without MPPT
the input power is only 11.29 Watt
2) Wind Turbine with 6 m/s Wind Speed.
With the same proportion as previous wind speed
condition, the wind speed of 6 m / s will produce a DC
generator rotating speed of 600 RPM. The input power
generated from this test is 45.37 Watt while the average
output power is 41.74 Watt. The efficiency is at 90.9%. The
optimal voltage at the converter input is 45.62 V with a
converter input current of 0.99 A. Changes in the input
voltage and current of the converter occur because of the
MPPT tracking method. the duty cycle will continue to
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change until the maximum power value is obtained at a duty
cycle of 0.36.
The duty cycle of multi-input converter without MPPT
method is fixed at 0.3. With the P&O method, the input
power of the converter is 45.37 Watt or 71,53% more
power, while the input power of the converter without
MPPT is 26.45 Watt.
3) Wind Turbine with 8 m/s Wind Speed.
With the presumed condition, the wind speed of 8 m / s
will produce a DC generator rotating speed of 800 RPM.
The average input power from this test is 83.06 Watt with an
average output power 76.41 Watt. So the efficiency is 92%.
The optimal voltage at the converter input is 60.89 V with
an input current 1.36 A. The MPPT P&O tracking method
causes the duty cycle changes until it reach the maximum
power according the wind speed of 8 m / s. There is an
oscillation of duty cycle around the value of 0.35.
In comparison, the multi-input converter without the
MPPT method, duty cycle is fixed at 0.3. With the P&O
method, the input power of the converter is 83.06 Watt or
62,79% more power, while in the converter without MPPT,
the input power is 51.02 Watts.
X( ) r " ■
5
<D
$ 60 ^
o
20 P
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301
T im e (s)
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Fig. 15 Converter input power comparison using MPPT P&O (Type 1 = 4
m/s, Type 2 = 6 m/s, Type 3 = 8 m/s)
The converter output voltage using the P&O algorithm
can adjust the voltage so that it stays dependent on the
optimal position quickly and the output voltage is relatively
fast to avoid changes in the input voltage of the converter.
Input power will change according to the wind speed. It
increases at its optimal value due to an increase in wind
speed. The value of power output depends on the amount of
power input, duty cycle, and the efficiency of the converter.
From the graph, the output power increases due to an
increase in power input.
A fixed duty cycle operation causes the converter not be
able to adjust the input voltage and output voltage to its
optimal value. When there is a change in wind speed, the
converter will still work on certain duty cycles only. This
causes the input voltage and output voltage of the converter
to not be at their optimal voltage. In addition, the output
voltage is not constant if there is a change in the converter
input voltage. Multi-input DC / DC converters without using
the P&O algorithm cannot place voltage and current at the
optimal point because the duty cycle is fixed. So its
produced less power than converter with the P&O
algorithm.
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Fig. 16 Converter output voltage in wind speed variation
Fig. 17 Converter output power in wind speed variation
C. P V and Wind Turbine Input fo r MPPT Multi-input DC /
DC Converter
This test is carried out by combining PV and wind
turbine input with three variations of irradiance and three
variations of wind speed. The input of the wind turbine is
replaced by a DC generator so wind speed will be adjusted to
the generator rotation in RPM. The load used at the test is
rheostat, but it is not according the full load that has been
calculated at the design. The DC generators have a current
rating of 2 A, so it is necessary to limit load and duty cycles.
These three tests use the duty cycle of the two MOSFET to a
maximum of 0.4.
1) P V with 327 W/mv irradiance and Wind Turbine 4
m/ s Wind Speed
With the presumed condition, the 4 m/s wind speed will
produce DC generator 400 RPM rotating speed. On the PV
side, converter input power is 22.93 Watt. On the wind
turbine side, converter input power is 46.55 Watt. So, the
total input power is 69.48 Watt. The converter output power
is obtained at 61.14 Watt so we get 87% converter
efficiency.
Converter input voltage and input current change
according to duty cycle caused by MPPT P&O tracking
method. The optimal voltage on the PV side is 18.47 V with
an input current 1.24 A. While the optimal voltage on the
wind turbine side is 30.8 V with an input current 1.51 A.
The optimal duty cycle on the MOSFET1 is 0.88 while the
duty cycle on MOSFET2 is around 0.38.
Comparing to the multi-input converter without P&O
algorithm, fixed duty cycle is set. The duty cycle of
MOSFET1 is 0.5 and MOSFET2 is 0.3. The result shows
total input power in this condition is 30.76 Watt. With the
P&O method, the input power of the converter is 69.48 Watt
or 125,87% more power, while in the converter without
MPPT the input power of the converter is only 30.76 Watt.
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2) P V with 545 W/m* irradiance and Wind Turbine 6
m/s Wind Speed
The 6 m/s wind speed will produce 600 RPM DC
generator rotating speed. On the PV side, converter input
power is 32.35 Watt. While on the wind turbine side,
converter input power is 88.46 Watt. So, the total input
power is 120.81 Watt. The converter output power is
obtained at 106.31 Watt. The efficiency is obtained at 88%.
P&O tracking method causes the converter input voltage
change according to the change of duty cycle. The voltage
will oscillation around the optimal voltage. The optimal
voltage on the PV side is 19.84 V with an optimal current
1.63 A. While the optimal voltage on the wind turbine side
is 45.14 V with an optimal current 1.96 A. Duty cycle on
MOSFET 1 and MOSFET2 will change until the maximum
power obtained according converter input. Optimal duty
cycle on MOSFET 1 around 0.86 and duty cycle on
MOSFET 2 around 0.36
Duty cycle on the multi-input converter without P&O
algorithm are fixed. Duty cycle on MOSFET 1 is 0.5 and
MOSFET2 is 0.3. The result shows total input power in this
condition is 57.17 Watt. With P&O method, converter input
power obtained 120.81 Watt or 111,31% more power, while
the converter without P&O only produces input power 57.17
Watt.
3) P V with 954 W/m2 irradiance and Wind Turbine 8
m/ s Wind Speed
With the same ratio, the 8 m/s wind speed will produce
800 RPM DC generator rotating speed. On the PV side,
converter input power is 31.37 Watt. While on the wind
turbine side obtained 107.27 Watt, so we get 138.64 Watt
for total input power. Converter output power obtained at
122.0 Watt so converter efficiency obtained at 88%.
The optimal voltage in PV side is 20.84 V with an
optimal current 1.51 A. While optimal voltage in wind
turbine side is 60.91 V with an optimal current 1.76 A. P&O
tracking method causes change duty cycle until optimal
value are obtained. The optimal duty cycle on MOSFET 1
around 0.87 and duty cycle on MOSFET2 around 0.35.
Fixed duty cycle are set in the multi-input converter
without P&O algorithm. Duty cycle on M o Sf ET 1 is 0.5
and MOSFET2 is 0.3. The result shows total input power in
this condition is 86.25 Watt. With P&O method, converter
input power is 138.64 Watt or 60,74% more power, while
the converter without P&O only produces input power 86.25
Watt.
Fig. 18 Converter input power comparison using MPPT P&O (Type 1 =
327 W/Wl! and 4 m/s, Type 2 = 545 W/™~and 6 m/s, Type 3 = 954
W /W and 8 m/s)
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The duty cycle in MOSFET 1 is according to irradiance,
and the duty cycle in MOSFET 2 is according to wind
speed. Through the MPPT P&O tracking method, the duty
cycle will continue change until an optimal converter input
voltage value is obtained. Converter output voltage value is
according to amount of converter input voltage and duty
cycle operation. The P&O algorithm on multi-input DC /
DC converter makes the converter output voltage get its
optimal value faster and the output voltage is relatively
constant when there are a change in the input voltage.
Input power will change if there is a change in irradiance
and wind speed. Input power has increased at its optimal
value due to an increase in irradiance and wind speed.
Converter output power value is according to input power,
duty cycle, and efficiency converter. From the graph,
converter ouput power increases due to an increase in power
input.
80
o
1 101 201 301 401 501 601
T im e (s)
■Vout P&O ---------- Vout Non P&O
Fig. 19 Converter output voltage in irradiance and wind speed variation
150
1 101 201 301 401 501 601
T im e (s)
Pout P&O Pout Non P&O
Fig. 20 Converter output power in irradiance and wind speed variation
V. Co n c l u s io n
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) based on the
Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm on multi-input
DC/DC converter can maximize the output power of hybrid
solar panel and wind turbine system. Multi-input d C/DC
converter using MPPT P&O method generated power greater
than multi-input DC/DC converter without using MPPT
P&O up to 125,87% more power in normal wind speed, 4 to
8 m/s.
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Re fe r e n c e s
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