Comment [m1]: General Comment
1.Use A4 paper (81/2 x 11") and a margin of 3.0
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
THE CHALLENGES OF FOOD SECURITY IN WALIYTA TOWN
(IN CASE OF DAMOT GALE WORDA)
A SENIOR ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
ECONOMICS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR B.A DEGREE IN ECONOMICS
PREPARED BY:- ADMASU ABYE
ADVISOR:-BIRHANU G. (Ms.)
MAY 2023
WOLAYITA, ETHIOPIA
cm on the left is for binding.
2. A margin of 2.5 cm each on the right, top and
bottom of the page is required. The same margins
should be applied to all pages including those of
the figures and tables.
3.Use 1.5 spacing for the body of the text, except
for tables and references, where you need to use
single spacing. Do not indent paragraphs. Do not
start a sentence with a figure or number, for
example, 66 departments, instead, write sixty-six.
4.Times New Roman font is required throughout
the documents.
Comment [m2]: Replace it
Determinants Of Food Security in Damot Gale
Wereda, SNNP, Ethiopia.
Comment [m3]: The cover page of the thesis or
research proposal is presented in 14-point font size.
Comment [m4]: Cover page style
TITLE
CANDIDATE’S NAME
NAME OF ADVISOR (S) (QUALIFICATION
OF ADVISOR/S)
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS, WOLAITA
SODO UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ART
IN ECONOMICS
WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA
JUNE 2015
Contents
Acronyms ........................................................................ II
CHAPTER ONE .............................................................. 1
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 1
1.1 Back ground of the study .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Research Questions......................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Objective of the study ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 General Objective of the study .......................................................... 4

1.4.2 Specific Objective of the Study .......................................................... 4

1.5 Significance of the study ................................................................................................................. 4

1.6 Scope of the study........................................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Organization of the Study ............................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................. 6

2. Literature Review ........................................................ 6
2.1 Theoretical Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Definition and basic concepts of food security ................................... 6

2.1.2 Measures of food Security ................................................................. 7

2.1.3 Theoretical Approaches to the challenges of food security ................. 8

2.1.4 Determinate of food Security In urban area ...................................... 8

2.1.5 Food security and Role Government ................................................. 9

2.2 Empirical Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 10

2.2.1 Food Security status in Ethiopia ..................................................... 10

I
CHAPTER THREE ....................................................... 14
Methodology .................................................................. 14
3.1 Methodology of the Study ............................................................................................................ 14
3.1.1 Description of the study area .......................................................... 14

3.1.2 Source of Data ................................................................................ 14

3.1.3 Method of Sampling ........................................................................ 14

3.1.4 Method of data analysis and presentation ....................................... 15

3.2. Map of case study town ............................................................................................................... 16

3.7 Time Schedule ............................................................................................................................. 16
3.8 budget ........................................................................................................................................... 17
Comment [m5]: Use authomatic table of
content

Comment [m6]: Statrt with new page

Acronyms
ADLI=Agricultural Development Led Industrialization

DES= Dietary Energy Supply

FII= Food Inadequate Index

NGO= Non-Governmental Organization

SSAC= Sub Saharan African Country

WB= World Bank

C= Calorie

MASL= Mean above sea level

II
FAO= Food aid organization

III
CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
Comment [m7]: For all second lenel headings
1.1 Back ground of the study 1.The second level headings, i.e. subheadings,
are numbered consecutively with Arabic
numerals in an outline numbering system (e.g.,
Food security is a challenge in both developing and developed world; the difference lies in the 1.1., 1.2., etc. for subheadings of Chapter 1; 2.1.,
2.2., etc. for Chapter 2; etc.).
magnitude of the problem and the proportion of the population that is an affected. Within 2.Second level headings are written in bold title
case letters, i.e. the first letter of each major word
of the headings is written in upper case letters. All
developed nations, the challenges to food security can be combated through targeted remaining lower level headings are written in
sentence case, i.e. only the first letter of the
intervention, such as food aid, which can be addressed through direct food relief strategies, such heading will be in upper case unless required by
grammatical or nomenclature rules.
as food stamps, or indirectly through subsidized food production. Similar approaches have been
used with in developing nations, unfortunately with a smaller amount of success. For food
insecure region, and particularly for developing nations- like the majority of the countries in
Africa are cause of this can be attributed to inability of the poor to gain access to food,(Sarah K,
2013) .

As food is among the first priority of human need, problems related to food must be given due
attention. The question of food was much related to the performance of an agricultural sector of a
country or a region at large .Even if it is true that wealth country can offer to purchase the food,
they need from abroad. Unfortunately sub-Saharan African country (SSAC) were not wealthy
and have only accumulated large external debts and hence food imports were not satisfactory
long term solution (Hansen, 1986).In addition for poor countries such as ours agricultural sectors
performance goes hands with the food security sub-sector because of the deadly fact that over
whelming majority gets people resides in sector for their very relevance food survival
(Anderson.S.A1990). Comment [m8]: Use recent information

The current government strategy of agricultural development leads to industrialization(ADLI) Comment [m9]: ??????

states of agricultural sector is the driving force of the economy and argues for investment in
agriculture as both a motor for economic growth and means of ensuring house hold, individual
and national food security to address the challenges (FAO,2003). Comment [m10]: ?????

1
Ethiopian government assured that Ethiopian food security strategy would be achieved only
when the people have to participation in agricultural production lead to self-food sustenance at
any level of the given society. If is the pillage for the nation that would be achieved food security
in quality and as well as quantity of food production (FAO,1983). Comment [m11]: Use recent info

Besides all these potential for food production millions of people in the country are chronically
food insecure and even a good harvest year partly on food aid to meet their food requirement.
Their food insecurity is resulted from the process of that result in increasing destination is
difficult for the population to cope up with even slight variation on the climate and accessibility
to market and also other factor world bank (WB.1986).

Never less, the government involves conjunction with the international community for meeting
towards the development of a program for meeting and even ultimately allocating the recurring
need for the food insecure population. However the government alone cannot do so and hence
needs the support and cooperation all civil society and the public at large. Finally the researcher
tried to see how to solve challenges of food security in Hawassa town. Comment [m12]: ??????????????????
Shame for you

1.2 Statement of the Problem

One of the fundamental needs of human being is food thus food security was the accesses by all
people at all time to meet the dietary needs for productive and healthy life. But the food security
adequacy of food supply at global level never granted food security at national level (WB, 1996).
In Ethiopia the seriousness of food shortage problems varies from one area to another depending
on the state of nature and extent of development of areas. According to various sources many
periods of food shortage have been recorded in Ethiopia. Most of which are concentrated drought
and famine prone areas (Webb, 1998).
Many research works will be done concerning these issues in Ethiopia. Some of the research
work done on the issue try to examine the concept of food security as well as the challenges of
food security and cause of food insecurity in the country. Dr.Mulat concluded that natural
resources degradation, extreme poverty due to increase population growth, subsistence
agriculture totally depend on erratic and variable rainfall are major cause’s food insecurity.

2
Again Getahun, concluded that technological challenges, demographic challenges, infrastructure
challenge, as well as institutional challenges are the major, challenges to food security in
Ethiopia (Tesfahun, 2003). Comment [m13]: Too old information

 The poor performance Ethiopia agriculture consequently it wide spread food insecurity
an estimated 5% to 6% of the country population is food insecure or live below the
poverty line (Befekadu, 1999).Combination of several factors had been cited as possible Comment [m14]: ?????????????

reasons for this increased level of vulnerability of food insecurity. The major cause of
food security in Ethiopia is highly related with food production and hence the rate of
changes in per capital food production very low compare to the rate of population
growth.

Accordingly in woliyta town food insecurity involves in the town. In which a number of people
have get problem of challenges to get enough food for themselves. This is on the fact that
combination of factors that affect food security in waliyta town is that such as; unpredictable
weather, using back warding farming system, land fragmentation, the fluctuation of rain fall
from time to time, and not access to market integration with surrounding woreda.

The problem of food security in the area is relate to that most of the time the supply of food crop
comes from the surrounding woreda due to this society live in the town are not get crops as well
as other agricultural products on time, even though the products are reach the society their cost is
high because of the consideration of transportation cost. This lead to the market would be more
inflated in price. Because of this reason people in the town do not have equal share of
agricultural products in the market.

Even though, some studies are related to the challenges of food security and the function of
government to reduce the impacts of food insecurity on the society. But they have not fully
investigated, hence the researcher will attempt to fill these gaps expect the following question to
be addressed:-

3
1.3 Research Questions
 Is there any gap between food supply verses food requirement what its trend through
time is?

 What are major cause and dimension of food insecurity in Wolaita town in case of
Damot Gale woreda? Comment [m15]: ???????????????

 What is the function of government and contribution to solve food insecurity in the
given area of study? Comment [m16]: How did you get data for the
function of government and its contribution

 What is the people’s contribution to solve food insecurity in the given area of study?

1.4 Objective of the study

1.4.1 General Objective of the study

The general objective of the study is to assess the challenges of food security and the role of
government to reduce the effect of food security in the woliyta town in case of Damot Gale
woreda. Comment [m17]: Replace with: Determinants Of
Food Security in Damot Gale Wereda, SNNP,
Ethiopia.

1.4.2 Specific Objective of the Study

The specific objective of the study is to investigate;

 To identify the major cause of food shortage.

 To describe the extent of food insecurity.

 To assess the role of government.

 To increase the contribution of people based on food security. Comment [m18]: Should be the same with
research questions

1.5 Significance of the study

 The paper will help the public to give knowledge related to challenges of food security
well and good understanding.

4
  The paper will be use as the secondary source or material for other researchers who can
be study further more on food security and other related issues.
 The paper use for reference for policy making about reducing the challenges of food
security.
 It will be high contribution to get information about food security and government
function on it. Comment [m19]: No need of bulleting

1.6 Scope of the study

This study is limited to the challenges of food security in the given society being create the
healthy and active social groups and also to show in what condition the government is practicing
in the case area to reduce or insuring its effect on the society.

1.7 Organization of the Study

This paper will contain five chapters. Chapter one states about the introduction part of the paper,
Chapter two literature review, Chapter three methodology of the study ,Chapter four data
presentation and analysis And The last chapter contains conclusion and recommendation about
the paper. Comment [m20]: ?????????????????

5
CHAPTER TWO

2. Literature Review
2.1 Theoretical Literature Review

2.1.1 Definition and basic concepts of food security

Since the world food conference in 1974 due to food crises and major famines in the world, the
term food security was introduced, evolved, developed and diversified by different researchers.
Maxwell and Frankenberg (1992) listed 194 different studies on the concept and definition of
food security and 172 studies an indicator.. In the work by Maxwell and Frankenberg a
distinction is made between process indicators (those that describes food supply and food
accesses) and outcome indicators (those describe food consumption). (Maxwell and
Frankenberg, 1992)
Food security was under stood as adequacy of food supply at global and national levels until the
mid-1970. This view favored merely food production oriented and over looked the multiple
forces which in many ways affected food access .Evidence show that during the last two
decades, food production has been increasing in the world. However, large amount of food at
global level does not guarantee food security at national level. Moreover, availability of enough
food at national level does not necessarily ensure house hold food security. For instance, in 1990,
the calorie supply at global level was more than 110 percent compared to the total requirement.
However, during the same period, more than 100 million people were affected by famine and
more than a quarter of the world’s population was short of enough food (UNDP, 1992).
Although food production has been increasing from time to time, food insecurity, malnutrition
and hunger and much more serious problems would remain the main agenda in the globe today
(Barrett, 2002).

Food security refers to availability at a time of adequate world supplies of basic food supply, to
sustain a steady expansion of food consumption (Debebe, 1995) food security is attached when

6
all people, at all times, have physical and economical access to sufficient, safe and nitrous food
to be healthy and active .From this definition, the core concepts has been identified as adequacy
of food supply or availability; stability of supply, without fluctuations or shortages from season
to season or from year to year ; accessibility to food, quality and safety food. This definition
explicitly focuses on four main concepts; sufficiency, access to food, security and time.
Sufficiency refers to calories required for an active and health life and access to food shows
access to food through production, purchase, exchange or through gift. In addition security and
time refers to absence between vulnerability risk and insurance, and where food insecurity can be
chronic transitory respectively (Tesfahun, 2003).

2.1.2 Measures of food Security

The most widely available and used variable for estimating food security is the daily per capital
food supply or dietary energy supply (DES), which is measured as calories per day for average
per capital dilatory energy supply for most countries of the world .

A measure aimed at directly capturing the extent and magnitude of food deficiency is food
inadequate index (FII) developed by FAO. The FII estimates of the portion of the population that
is under nourishing together with the gaps between the average daily calories requirement.
While studying the researcher will be measure food security by using the time gap the individual
or the households that can get food harmony times per day. The other measurement that the
researcher will be use what kinds of food that the house holds gets related to quality and quantity
of food that the household or family that can get. There are two key indicators of food security:
the status quo gap and nutrition gap. The status quo gap is a safety net criterion, which measures
the difference between the projected food supplies (calculated as domestic production plus the
commercial imports minus nonfood uses and a base period per capital consumption.(FAO, 2006)

The nutrition gap is a comparison of relative well-being to commercial imports, and the
difference between the projected food supplies and the amount of food needed to support the
minimum per capital nutritional standards.

7
2.1.3 Theoretical Approaches to the challenges of food security
The general approaches have pointed out a number of environmental and socio- economic
attributes assumed to explain famine and food security. The principal one includes rapid
population growth, war and civil strife, drought, ecological degradation, government
mismanagement, unequal access to resource and unequal exchange, socio- economic and
political dislocation (Getachew, 1995).The argument of this approach is that one or combination
of these can disrupt food production. However, production failure may or may not result in
famine or food insecurity. Due to this fact, the attributes (factors) are not precise explanations of
the causation of the process of famine. It is in response to this major problem weakness that the
specific approaches of famine emerged (Degafe 2002).
Comment [m21]: Your study area is not rural

2.1.4 Determinate of food Security In urban area

Food availability in an urban area is largely determined by food supply to cities. Food supply
systems include a complex distribution chain which involves wholesalers, intermediaries,
distributions and street vendors. Such distribution chain has the potential of increasing the price
of food which has negative consequence due to vulnerability of the urban poor to price increases.
This venerability mainly stems from limited income or limited opportunities to generate income.
Notably, access to food goes hand-in-hand with income availability. The urban poor often pay
more for food since they are forced to buy small quantities of food due to limited income.
(Charlvan, 2011)

As could be noted, food price are critical factors and determinate of urban food security .There
are factors to which the urban poor are extremely vulnerable. According to Garrett, food price
depends on five factors. Which are; the efficiency of the food marketing systems in urban areas,
the buying patterns of the household .This refers to whether the family buys their food in bulk or
in small quantities as well as where they purchase their food; the ability of the household to
produce some of the food its needs through systems of urban agriculture; the house hold’s access
to public transfers such as food aid programs or subsidies, and macroeconomic policies of
government, including food policies (IBID).

8
2.1.5 Food security and Role Government

Both federal and regional government have given great attention for food security and strategic
of food price. The government has to promote and initiative both rural and urban society to pick
up from food starvation and food shortage problem. During the time now, the government has to
practice with in any sector that exercised to food self-sufficient both in regional and federal
government towards of each member of the society.

The practice of the government shows that government has given attention for food security and
related problems of food shortages. On the other hand, NGOS and donors have given great
attention to rural and urban social groups to eliminate food related problems as well as health
protection of the society as whole. The federal and regional government has also to establish
price control method to create balance price of food and other related consumable goods. The
strategy has stated in both federal and regional government to food security has as follows:

 Increasing agricultural production to better extension program that lead the society food
self- sufficient.

 Improving agricultural practice.

 Natural resource rehabilitation and conservation.

 Infrastructural developments to link both rural and urban areas to unit at once or join
them at a network to create good development.

 Promote labor based cash (cash and food for work) strategy to motivate the rural society
participation in common goods.

 Government intervention related food and healthy condition to create good and active
social groups.

 Promotion of improving storage faculties.

9
  To promote the rural credit assistance that help the rural and urban society to promote
their food sufficient by working more and profitable by that credit that the government
given for them. (CSA, 1997)

Generally, food security and government intervention have the relationship of one part of a coin
that means that they are not separate with each other. Due to this fact that government must have
to give attention for food security strategy in alarming rate to be create good and active social
groups in political, economic and other social aspects or issues.

2.2 Empirical Literature Review Comment [m22]: In this part

Using old citation is not allowed.
 Such review should preferable be of the works
done in the past 10 years.
2.2.1 Food Security status in Ethiopia 1.

Endowed with considerable potential that Ethiopia has self-sufficient in staple food and it
classified a net exporter of food grain until here are late 1950’s .But after that year domestic food
supply was becoming reduced to the food requirements of the people .Even though self-sufficient
amount of food has produced, it has so challenges to distribute equally to the given society as
whole in a good manner (Befikadu and Birhanu 1999/2000).

Ethiopia is one of the largest recipients of food aid in sub-Saharan Africa and also food security
is a major concern in the country. The proportion of food aid in the total production amounted 10
percent between 1985 and 2000.The intensity and severity of food insecurity has been rising over
the years. In average 6.6 million people were affected each year between 1991/92 and 2002/03,
compared to 4.5 million between 1980/81 and 1990/91 .In addition, an estimated 40-60 percent
of country’s population is food insecure , while 45 percent live below poverty line
(Tesfahun,2003).

A significant food insecurity and poverty in Ethiopia has been suffered from inadequate food
access since 1960’s (Tesfaye, 1999). Various confirmed that in the country food insecurity was
wide spread. The country has highest number of food insecure people in East Africa region
(IGAD, 1992). The food crisis in 2003 caused by drought over a prolonged period endangered
the food security situation of 15.5 million people. As result, the number of relief dependent

10
population has increased from 4 million people in 1995 to 10 million people in 2000 (DPPC,
2003).

As world vision Ethiopia (2000) stated specific source of household food security in Ethiopia
includes food primarily based on crops and livestock production cash income from different
source (mainly market based) institutional assistance programs included credit financial support,
food aid relief, employment generation scheme, food , wild plants and animals including fish.

As studied by (ShiferawFeleke) food security having determine the demand a food both
households and individual have produced goods (foods) and market purchased goods that must
have contain the sufficient amounts of calories(C) that can available within the respective food
items. It shows that the food is secure from food challenges that becomes good food item
sufficient calorie contain. (ShiferawFeleke, 2003)

Other study by Ash Imago and Hellas (2000) revealed that the challenges of food security have
positively related to the deterioration of household and individuals assets as well as their
incomes. They also states that the cause for food shortage is that the transition of commercial
agricultural products that have related negatively with food security. The study also stated that
the deterioration of ecological condition of production has also the cause for hanger and food
insecurity include areas of the productive locality. Food security is sometimes equated at national
level “food self-sufficiency” some nation’s food production deficit enjoys considerable national
food security. The import to satisfy their population’s food consumption needs the volume and
nature of these countries exports, which produce the income to pay for food imports, allows
some food deficit nations to enjoy considerable food security. Such security probably will
continue as long as the potential of economy profiling nations encourages food security
(example Spain).In addition such security probably will continue as long as the potential
economy is to producing food export (example ,USA) . On the other hand, some countries have
national food self-sufficiency but export so much food that many of their own citizens go hanger
(example, Brazil). Some nation is neither produces enough food nor have an import capability to
satisfy consumption need. In such countries, chronic hunger is an abundant .Thus national food
security is not to be under stood simply as national self-sufficient of whether people on the whole

11
arable to consume a minimum diet, the production diet, source of which are reasonably secure
(FAO, 2003).

Studies stated by (BefikaduBirhanu) are a concerted extension effort combined with good rain
has helped increase cereal production during the time of 1995.However; the yield of the
production output is not increase because of the fact that the growth of the population has been
increased more than the output of the production. This shows the farm size person per hectare is
becoming low and low. Therefore, it leads to create the shortage of food and become challenges
of food security to feed the given society. It is one of a serious threat to the prevalence of food
security in the country. (Befikadu, 1999)

Combination of factors such as adverse changes in climate, poor technology, soil degradation
and policy induced as well as growing of problems insecurity in Ethiopia. The extent of food
insecurity in Ethiopia in recent years has become alarming as cited by (FAO, 2003).

This condition leads to shift between chronic and acute food insecurity of drought prone areas
with low variable rain fall. High population density and low natural endowment the major cause
for temporary and chronic food insecurity in Ethiopia are outlined below as quoted by (Ibid).

Recurrent drought in agricultural development, Ethiopia is heavily depends on rain fall lack of
adequate rainfall combined with variability in the onset and duration of rain fall has remained a
major treat to agricultural production in Ethiopia for most small holder farming and pastoral
system. Rainfall is the major source of moisture for crop and livestock production, irrigation and
water diversification schemes are less practiced hence food production has been seriously
affected.

Limited source of alternative income opportunity have left the Ethiopian households susceptible
to ill development copping mechanism. Since rural poverty is wide spread and very few
government sources are available emergency response capacity is limited.

Population pressure, uncontrolled growth of rural population has food production and
productivity has not increased significantly to cop up with the increased population.

12
Limitation in technology: Agriculture interrelation has followed the same pattern of service
development in the area of fertilizers improved seeds and pesticides provision looking
compressive package of innovation at household level, provision of new technology is at
rudimentary stage.
Environmental degradation: The existing natural resources are the base for accelerated
agricultural development and for meeting the security and other necessities of its people.
Limited access to credit: Credit stimulates supports and accelerates the use of technological innovation,
which will increase the production and productivity.
The demand for food is directly related to the size of growth rate of a population. Rapidly
increasing population requires a fast increasing on agricultural production to maintain the current
level of consumption. This is true of the world as a whole. However, it is dominant factures in
developing countries like Ethiopia. Generally, people demand for food has increased enormously
in recent years. In the past, several decades increasing agricultural product demand that were
caused by rapidly growing population were resulted mainly by expanding the area under crop.
Government food production policy and often more generally agricultural policy have
contributed to the poor performance of food and agricultural production.(Ibid)

From the above studies; they said food security is related with population growth, the amount of
calorie that the food contains, exportation of agricultural products is negative effect on food
security. But the researcher will be study to show the gap that food security and the role of
government have to positive relationship and to narrow the wide range of challenges of food
security and to reduce these factors with the society as a whole with the help of government. The
researcher wills also trays to show that to what extent the government has to play significant role
on food security. The study also focus how this gaps are filled to alleviate this challenges and
create good and active social groups and to show the gaps of food insecurity from past to present
at the study area.

13
CHAPTER THREE

Methodology
3.1 Methodology of the Study

3.1.1 Description of the study area

The study will be conducted in Wolaita town, in Damot Gale woreda. Damot Gale woreda is a Comment [m23]: ??????????????

woreda in Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional Ethiopia .part of Wolaita zone ,
Damot Gale woreda ,is located at south western by Sodo zuria, on the north west by Boloso Sore
and Damot pulasa ,on the north by the hadiya zone .on the east by dgiuna fango, and southeast
by Damot Weyde .The administrative center of Damot Gale is Boditi. The town is full fills all
infrastructural facilities vital for any type of investment.

Current Population: - Based on the 2004 E.C/2019G.C National Population and Housing Census, Comment [m24]: ??????? there is no housing
census in 2004.
the current projected population of wolayita is 213,245 inhabitants, of whom 104,006 were males
and the rest 109,239 females. Like any other parts of Ethiopia, the population growth of this
town is most alarming.

3.1.2 Source of Data

The objective of the study all necessary and relevant data will be obtained from both primary and
secondary data. The primary data will be gathered through structure question. Whereas the
secondary data source will be collected from both published and unpublished documents, such as
book, economic journal, reports and internet. The nature of primary data source is more relevant
than the secondary source in that it gives relatively more reliable data than secondary sources.
The secondary source will be used in order to strengthen the information required and purpose
necessary suggestion for the problem.

3.1.3 Method of Sampling Comment [m25]: Simple random sampling

method is not recommendable for large number of
population.
1.In this part You must discuss
2.how wolaita zone is selected from SNNP,
The researcher will use simple random sampling technique. Because of this method of data 3. how damot gale woreda is selected from
wolaita zone,
collection is simple and avoids the probability of making personal bias. It will be easier for the 4.how house holds will be selected. It should be
representative. Where did you get sampling
researcher to administer and number of the unit is simple for a given cost. frame

14
The method will be relatively accurate in collection of data according to the objective of the
study. Since it is difficult to collect the necessary data from the whole population that will be
engaged in economic activity and reducing poverty in the Damot Gale Woreda. The total
numbers of household in the woreda are 213,245. Due to this the researcher will use 66 clients Comment [m26]: use sample size determination
formula
as a sample size, which are full representative of the total population obtained based on the
following formula, which is developed by (Lind, 1999).

( )
n= ( ) ( )( )

Where, n=sample size

Z= level of confidence

N= Total population
e = sample error
P= probability of success
1-p= probability of failure
The total household population (4500) with 10% of level of significance and the sample size will Comment [m27]: 213,245
be:
( ) ( )
N= ( ) ( )( )

3.1.4 Method of data analysis and presentation

For the analysis of data which will be obtained from both primary and secondary data sources
will be edited, classified, and organized in to homogenous classes based on their common
characteristics. The data processing mechanism analysis to use descriptive methods of analysis.
This is organized in suitable and meaning full interpretation by using percentage; graph, pie chart
and table will be used. Comment [m28]: Is it possible to know the
cause of food insecurity with descriptive method.
Please use econometric method

15
 3.2. Map of case study town
Comment [m29]: It should be under description
of study area

Location map of Damot Gale woreda. Source: Extracted from Eth-GIS By the Author, 2014

3.7 Time Schedule

16
No Activities Dec January Feb Mar Apr. May Jun

1 Title selection X

2 Literature search X

3 Proposal writing X

4 Data collection X

5 Data analysis reporting X

6 Submission to adviser X
first draft

7 Final submission and X

presentation

3.8 budget
In order to under taker the proposal process effectively and efficient .it is necessary to prepare
cost budget, the table given below show the cost that is expected will be incurred in the proposal
grocers.

no Item Quantity unit cost total cost in birr

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1 Paper *1/4da 125 250birr

2 Pen 4 100birr

3 Flash 32gb 450 600birr

4 Internet cost 60 90birr

5 Transportation 10 20 200 birr

6 Miscellany cost 1525 birr

7 Printing cost 70 5 350 birr

8 Total 3115birr

Comment [m30]: Reference

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