Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Supporting Inclusive
Growth and Sustainable
Development in
Africa - Volume I
Sustainability in Infrastructure
Development
Supporting Inclusive Growth and Sustainable
Development in Africa - Volume I
Elena G. Popkova • Bruno S. Sergi
Lubinda Haabazoka • Julia V. Ragulina
Editors
Supporting Inclusive
Growth and
Sustainable
Development in
Africa - Volume I
Sustainability in Infrastructure
Development
Editors
Elena G. Popkova Bruno S. Sergi
Moscow State Institute of International Davis Center for Russian and
Relations (MGIMO) Eurasian Studies
Moscow, Russia Harvard University
Cambridge, MA, USA
Lubinda Haabazoka
Graduate School of Business Julia V. Ragulina
University of Zambia Chair of Compliance and Controlling
Lusaka, Zambia RUDN University
Moscow, Russia
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans-
mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
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Contents
v
vi Contents
Index 349
Notes on Contributors
xi
xii Notes on Contributors
xvii
xviii List of Figures
xix
xx List of Tables
xxi
xxii Introduction
1 Introduction
It is well-recognised that energy is a basic requirement to human life and
activities. This requirement is so fundamental that there have been strong
movements for access to energy to be declared a human right (Bradbrook
and Gardam 2006; Pandey 2018). While the general use of energy is in
the economic sectors of residential, commercial, transportation and
industrial endeavours, the specific use of energy at the basic level is in
preparing food, keeping warm and lighting. There is now a more precise
and universally accepted definition and specification of energy access at
the household level which includes attributes of capacity, reliability,
affordability and cleanliness (IEA 2017). It is at this level that access to
energy is being touted to the legal position of a human right. The United
Nations has adopted the core attributes of the modern definition of
energy access in formulating the 7th Sustainable Development Goal
2 Off-Grid PV System
PV systems are deployed in on-grid or off-grid systems but are generally
and usefully deployed as off-grid systems in rural areas due to absence of
or difficulties to connecting to the grid. The off-grid form normally sub-
sists as a stand-alone PV system. A solar PV stand-alone power system has
6 S. Namukolo and A. Zulu
the most benefits in remote or rural areas where it exerts its advantages in
economy, space utilisation and environmental considerations (Chilumbu
and Zulu 2017).
A solar PV stand-alone system typically has three main components
and auxiliaries. The three main components are the PV array, the battery
bank and the inverter-charger. The PV array converts light energy to elec-
trical energy in the DC form under conditions of sunlight. The storage
batteries are charged by the DC power, and the inverter is used to convert
the DC voltage of the battery to the more-widely used AC form which
can be fed to AC loads. There is a limited amount of loads which can be
powered directly by DC power. The charge controller, maximum power
point tracker (MPPT) and other controls constitute the auxiliaries. More
details of these components are described in the following subsections.
The battery will store electrical energy for use during non-sunshine
periods or will serve loads during the day when the PV modules are not
generating sufficient power to meet usage requirements. PV systems use
deep-cycle batteries, which are different from the common shallow-cycle
batteries used in automobiles. Deep-cycle batteries, usually of lead-acid
type, are designed to controllably discharge and recharge up to 80% of
their capacity several hundreds of times (Masters 2012).
2.3 Inverter
2.4 Auxiliaries
(2) the current path to earth and (3) the earthing system (Dehn & Söhne
2015). These system components are described in the following
subsections.
The air-termination system is designed in such way that all the PV mod-
ules are in the protection zone defined by the air-termination system. The
design approach using the rolling sphere method can typically achieve
this criterion. It is important to observe that the height of air-terminal
and the quality of the air-termination rods to be selected will be influ-
enced by the class of lightning protection system. It is a good practice to
ensure that an adequate separation distance as specified by the standard is
maintained between the PV supporting frames and the air-termination
elements.
• surface earth electrodes being installed at least 0.5 m deep into the soil;
• four-wire connectors being used to interconnect the meshes; and
• joints in the soil and stainless steel strips being protected with an anti-
corrosive agent.
1 Resilient Off-Grid Solar PV Power Supply for Rural Communities 13
The requirements for the bonding of all conductive systems entering the
operation building from outside have to be included in the lightning
equipotential bonding. This requirement is fulfilled by the direct connec-
tion of all metal systems and by the indirect connection of all live systems
by means of lightning arresters.
Anticipated partial lightning currents can be prevented from entering
the building by applying the bonding near the entrance of the structure.
By this practice, the low voltage power supply in the operation building
can be protected by a multi-pole combined lightning current and surge
arrester. The DC lines entering the PV inverter will normally be pro-
tected in the building by a spark-gap-based lightning current arrester.
5 Conclusion
It has been argued in this work that, while off-grid PV plants can help to
achieve the objective of the United Nations’ 7th goal of affordable and
clean energy on energy access in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, the
resilience of such PV plants can be enhanced by including in the design
of the system aspects of protection against effects of lightning. While
14 S. Namukolo and A. Zulu
References
Ali, M. M. E., & Salih, S. K. (2013). A Visual Basic-Based Tool for Design of
Stand-Alone Solar Power Systems. Energy Procedia, 36, 1255–1264.
Bhatia, M., & Angelou, N. (2015). Beyond Connections: Energy Access
Redefined. ESMAP Technical Report-008/15. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Bradbrook, A. J., & Gardam, J. G. (2006). Placing Access to Energy Services
within a Human Rights Framework. Human Rights Quarterly, 28(2), 389–415.
Cecil, D. J., Buechler, D. E., & Blakeslee, R. J. (2014). Gridded lightning cli-
matology from TRMM-LIS and OTD: Dataset description. Atmospheric
Research, 135-136, 404–414.
Chilumbu, D., & Zulu, A. (2017). A Tool for Designing Small-Scale Stand-
Alone Photovoltaic Plants. In Proceedings of the Engineering Institution of
Zambia 2017 Symposium, April 7, Livingstone, Zambia.
Da Silva, I., Ondraczek, J., Batte, G., Ronoh, G., & Ouma, A. (2014). Diffusion
of Solar Energy Technologies in Rural Africa: Trends in Kenya and the LUAV
Experience in Uganda. 1st Africa Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and
Exhibition, March 27–29, Durban, South Africa.
Dehn & Söhne. (2015). Lightning Protection Guide. Dehn + Söhne GmbH.
Gomes, C., & Diego, A. G. (2011). Lightning Protection Scenarios of
Communication Tower Sites; Human Hazards and Equipment Damage.
Safety Science, 49(10), 1355–1364.
Grady, J. O. (2010). System Synthesis: Product and Process Design. CRC Press.
1 Resilient Off-Grid Solar PV Power Supply for Rural Communities 15
1 Introduction
Disputes can be resolved, according to the law, by judicial proceedings
and alternative methods of dispute resolution: mediation, negotiation,
conciliation, arbitration.
The main source of procedural law is the civil procedure act (Chapter
21 of the laws of Kenya), which defines special dispute resolution proce-
dures in section 4. The first is arbitration article 59 stipulates that this
method of dispute resolution must comply with the rules estab-
lished by law.
One of the features of this act is the establishment of an accredited
mediation committee, with the consent of the chief justice. This center
consists of the chairman of the Rules Committee; one member nomi-
nated by the Attorney-General; two members nominated by the Law
Society of Kenya and eight representatives of other bodies (Civil proce-
dure act, No. 21).
The Committee performs the functions of accreditation of mediators
and keeps their records, as well as training in this procedure.
E. P. Rusakova (*)
RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
e-mail: rusakova-ep@rudn.ru
According to the law, the judge has greater powers to promote media-
tion, the judge upon receipt of the statement of claim may, upon their
own conviction, if he considers that it will be effective to encourage par-
ties to turn to mediation procedure, as well as in case provided by law,and
the series of disputes the judicial mediation procedure is optional, analog
pre-trial dispute settlement as in Russia as well in Kenya. The peculiarity
of the mediation procedure is that the agreement accepted by the parties
must be registered in court, and is not subject to appeal, as well as other
alternative methods of dispute resolution.
If we take foreign experience as an example, the purpose of mediation
is not to achieve a binding agreement between the parties but only to
develop a mutually beneficial way to resolve the dispute (Rusakova,
E.P. 2018), but the Kenyan legislator went the other way in order to
improve the effectiveness of this procedure.
The law did not provide an exhaustive list of alternative dispute resolu-
tion methods but pointed to the active participation of the court in their
choice. It can be stated that the court plays an important role in the
choice of dispute resolution procedure, on an equal basis with the parties.
For the execution of decisions made in the course of alternative dispute
resolution, their registration in court is required.
2 Methodology
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a dialectical
approach to the knowledge of social processes and legal phenomena. The
objectives of this study also determine the application of the following
general scientific methods. The methods of analysis and synthesis are
used, firstly, to study the legal trends of the alternative dispute resolution,
and secondly, to compare the current procedure laws of Kenya. The fea-
tures of the study object are civil relations within the frameworks of using
new procedures of alternative dispute resolution in the different spheres
of relation and involving the use of private science methods, particularly,
the formally dogmatic method which is used to determine the new
sources of law.
2 Alternative Dispute Resolution in Kenya 19
3 Results
3.1 Arbitration
The arbitration procedure is governed by the arbitration act 1995 and the
international arbitration act 2013 of the Nairobi Centre. In Kenya, arbi-
tration is domestic and international arbitration (Inshakova and
Kazachenok 2014); the law clearly establishes the grounds under which
such a distinction can be made. As a general rule, they are similar to other
states (Dudin et al. 2016); however, there is a specificity, so international
arbitration will be, if the party does not have a place of business, it should
refer to his usual place of residence.
As in pro-arbitration countries (Rusakova et al. 2019), Kenya also
enshrines the obligation of the court to terminate the proceedings and
submit it to arbitration if it is found that an arbitration agreement has
been concluded between the parties, even if it is found to be invalid or to
have been applied to the dispute in question.
The definition of an arbitration agreement is similar to the provision of
the Russian law on international commercial arbitration, according to
which an arbitration agreement is an agreement between the parties to
submit a dispute to arbitration, all or certain disputes that have arisen or
may arise between them in respect of certain legal relations, regardless of
whether such legal relationship was contractual in nature or not
(Inshakova et al. 2016).
An important role in arbitration is played by the court, usually the
high court; if one of the parties could not agree with the other party the
candidacy of a sole arbitrator, or the other party does not agree with the
candidacy, the high court, if there are grounds, with the consent of the
parties or at the request of one of, appoint a sole arbitrator, and the court’s
decision is final and not subject to appeal. However, the court shall take
into account any requirements imposed by the parties to the arbitrator in
order to ensure its independence and impartiality, including taking into
account the nationality of the arbitrator, which may be different from the
nationality of the parties. The high court has been similarly proactive in
other procedural matters, including the jurisdiction of the arbitral
Tribunal.
20 E. P. Rusakova
assessment, the taxpayer is obliged to pay the amount of tax that is not
disputed. If the commissioner has established that the objections are not
justified, the taxpayer shall be notified, as for disputes related to the
assessment, the taxpayer can only count on a change in the origi-
nal amount.
It is interesting that only the decision that can be appealed can be
appealed. A person who is dissatisfied with a decision may appeal the
decision to the Tribunal under the provisions of the tax appeals Tribunal
act 2013. It is possible to appeal the assessment decision if the taxpayer
has paid a tax amount that is not disputed or has entered into an agree-
ment with the tax commissioner that is not the subject of the dispute. It
is then possible to appeal the decision to the high court if it considers the
complaint to be justified.
But the legislation of Kenya in article 55 of this law enshrines the right
of the parties to apply to alternative methods of dispute resolution; there
is only a period of 90 days from the date of resolution of the Tribunal
(Ermakova et al. 2018). The most effective way in this case is mediation.
If the parties fail to reach an agreement, the dispute will be considered by
a court or Tribunal.
4 Findings
As a result of the study, it can be stated that the legislation of Kenya is
fully focused on the peaceful settlement of disputes through arbitration,
mediation, judicial conciliation, tax commissioner.
The main source of alternative dispute resolution is the Constitution
of Kenya, namely, article 159 on the judiciary, namely, the principles on
which justice should be based, and one of the main principles is the pro-
motion of alternative dispute resolution methods, including conciliation,
mediation, arbitration and traditional dispute resolution mechanisms,
but the main condition for their application is compliance with appli-
cable law.
Arbitration as one of the most popular and well-known means of
resolving commercial disputes complicated by foreign elements in Kenya
is in line with world practice, as the arbitration act implemented the
24 E. P. Rusakova
References
Artemyeva, Y. A., Ivanovskaya, N. V., Voykova, N. А., & Frolova, E. E. (2016).
War to the Bitter End or Finally a Compromise? Prospects for Court Approval
of Tax Dispute Settlements with the Participation of Entrepreneurs in Russia.
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(36), 102009.
Dudin, M. N., Frolova, E. E., Artemieva, J. A., Rusakova, E. P., & Gugunskiy,
D. A. (2016). New Format of Interrelation between the Countries of Africa
and Russia: Problems and Perspectives of Relations Development. Man in
India, 96(10), 3485–3493.
Ermakova, E. P., Rusakova, E. P., Sitkareva, E. V., & Frolova, E. E. (2018). Main
Components of Protecting Consumers of Financial Products in Asian-
Oceanic (APAC) Countries. International Journal of Engineering and
Technology(UAE), 7(4), 157–162.
Inshakova, A. O., & Kazachenok, S. Y. (2014). Gradual Genesis of the Institute
of Arbitration Agreement: From Ancient Civilizations to Our Days. Bylye
Gody, 31(1), 56–61.
2 Alternative Dispute Resolution in Kenya 25
Inshakova, A., Kazachenok, S., Frolov, D., & Maruschak, I. (2016, Summer).
WTO Principles in the Jurisprudence of International Commercial
Arbitration: A Comparative Institutional Study of Great Britain and Russia.
Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, VII(3(17)), 535–542.
Rusakova, E. P. (2018). The Procedure for Resolving Private Law Disputes in the
BRICS Countries/Monograph. Moscow: Peoples’ Friendship University of
Russia (RUDN).
Rusakova, E., Frolova, E., Zankovsky, S., & Kupchina, E. (2019). Problems of
Implementation of Leadership in Dispute Resolution. In Proceedings of
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Regulations
Judicial Mediation. Retrieved from http://kenyalaw.org/kenyalawblog/wp-con-
tent/uploads/2016/04/Court-Annexed-Mediation-at-the-Judiciary-of-
Kenya.pdf.
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org:8181/exist/kenyalex/actview.xql?actid=CAP.%2021.
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media/TaxProceduresAct29of2015.pdf.
3
Engineering Skills Development
Through Mega Construction Projects
(MCPs)
Tshepo Jeremia Lephoto and Nthatisi Khatleli
»Vähän ajan perästä ette näe minua, ja taas vähän ajan perästä te
näette minut; sillä minä menen Isän tykö», sanoi Herramme
puhuessaan omasta kuolemastaan murheellisille oppilailleen. Joh.
16:16. Ja jos näin on Kristuksen kanssa, silloin on samoin myös
niitten kanssa, jotka ovat Kristuksen omat ja joita me rakastamme.
He ovat osalliset Hänen kuolemaansa ja sentähden myös osalliset
Hänen ylösnousemiseensa. Uskokaamme tämä siunattu sanoma
kokonaan ja olkaamme rauhassa. Vähän aikaa näemme heitä, ja
vähän ajan kuluttua emme näe heitä. Mutta miksi emme? Siksi että
he ovat menneet Isän tykö — kaiken elämän ja voiman, kaiken valon
ja rakkauden lähteeseen ja alkuperään, että he saisivat elämää
Hänen elämästään, voimaa Hänen voimastaan, valoa Hänen
valostaan, rakkaudestaan — eikä varmaankaan turhan takia.
Totisesti ei turhan takia. Sillä jos he seurasivat Kristusta täällä maan
päällä eivätkä käyttäneet lahjojaan ainoasti itseään varten, jos he
tulevat Kristuksen kaltaisiksi nähdessään Hänet semmoisena kuin
Hän on, niin totisesti eivät he käytä lahjojaan itseään varten, mutta
Kristuksen tavalla käyttävät niitä rakkaittensa hyväksi. He voivat
varmaankin samoin kuin Kristus tulla ja mennä näkymättöminä.
Samoin kuin Kristus voivat he kenties hengähtää rauhattomiin
sydämiimme ja sanoa: »Rauha olkoon teille!» Eikä se ole turhaan —
sillä mitä he tekivät meidän edestämme ollessaan vielä maan päällä,
sen he voivat tehdä paljoa kokonaisemmin ollessaan taivaassa. He
näyttävät jättäneen meidät ja me kenties itkemme ja murehdimme.
Mutta se päivä on tuleva, jolloin harso otetaan pois silmiltämme ja
me näemme heidät semmoisina kuin he ovat — Kristuksen kanssa
ja Kristuksessa ijankaikkisesti — emmekä enää muista suruamme
ilon tähden, että vielä yksi ihmisolento on tullut ainoaan totiseen,
todelliseen ja ijankaikkiseen maailmaan, jossa ei ole tautia, ei
epäjärjestystä, muutosta, katoovaisuutta eikä kuolemaa, sillä sehän,
ei ole muu kuin Isän helma.
M.S.S. Sermons.
SYNNIN SYVYYDESTÄ.
Jumala tietää yhtä hyvin kuin te, jopa tuhannen kertaa paremmin,
mitä vastaan teidän on taisteltava. Hän tietää sen — mitäpä Hän ei
tietäisi? Rukoilkaa sentähden Häntä. Huutakaa Hänen puoleensa,
että Hän tekisi teidän tahtonne Hänen oman tahtonsa kaltaiseksi,
jotta te rakastaisitte, mitä Hän rakastaa, vihaisitte, mitä Hän vihaa ja
tekisitte, mitä Hän toivoo teidän tekevän; näin tulette te varmaan
huomaamaan todeksi, että ne, jotka koettavat tehdä oikein ja
kuitenkin tietävät, etteivät he itse voi tehdä oikein, Jumala on johtava
oikeaan.
National Sermons
National Sermons.
National Sermons.
National Sermons.
National Sermons.