袋鼠 L2 Lesson1 Logic Reasoning 逻辑推理

内容 Content：

（1）真假推理 True or false

（2）表格推理 Using the tables
（3）顺序推理 Find the correct order

一、真假推理 True or false

Sum up:
直接假设法：就是直接假设是谁干的，然后再去判断每句话的真假，最后再检查一下符不
符合题目的要求。Direct false approach is to directly assume who did it, and then to judge the
truth of each sentence, and finally check whether the condition meet the question's true or false
requirements

Example1:
一个用来做甜点的蓝浆果芝士蛋糕下午已经被吃了一半。当这些孩子的妈妈和他们核实时
他们的回答如下：
罗伯特：莎拉吃了蛋糕。
莎拉：罗伯特撒谎了。
托尼：别这样！我甚至没有打开冰箱。
他们中只有一个人说了实话。谁吃了蛋糕？
A blue berry cheesecake meant for dessert was already half-eaten in the afternoon.
These children’s replies when their mum checked with them.
Robert: Sarah ate the cake.
Sarah: Robert lied.
Tony: Come on! I didn’t even open the fridge.
Only one of them told the truth. Who ate the cake?

Practice1:
教室的窗户被打破了。校长的办公室里有四个学生。他知道他们中有一个人这么做了，他
也知道只有一个学生说了实话，但不确定是哪一个。
亚历克斯说：鲍勃做的
鲍勃说：迪恩做的
卡姆说：不是我
迪恩说：鲍勃撒谎了
谁打碎了窗户？
Classroom window was broken . The principal had four students in his office. He knew that one of
them did it, and he also knew that only one of the students told the truth, but not sure which
one.
Alex said: Bob did
Bob said: Dean did
Cam said: not me
Dean said: Bob lied
Who broke the window ?

Sum up:
矛盾推理法：找到互相矛盾的两个观点，如果其中一个是真的则另一个一定是假的。 Find
two contradictory ideas. If one is true, the other must be false.

Example2：
有三个不同颜色的盒子:红、黄、蓝。一个苹果在三个盒子中的一个里。下列陈述中只有一
个是真的，其他的都是假的。
苹果在红盒子里;
苹果不在黄盒子里
苹果不在红盒子内。
苹果在哪个盒子里?
There are three boxes with different colors: red, yellow and blue. One apple is in one of the three
boxes. Only one of the following statement is true, and the others are false.
Apple is in the red box;
Apple is not in the yellow box
Apple is not in the red box.
Which box is the apple in?

Practice2:
在古希腊神话中，三位女神说过以下话：
雅典娜（智慧女神）：“阿佛洛狄忒不是最美丽的”
阿佛洛狄忒（爱与美的女神）：“赫拉不是最美的”
赫拉（天后）：“我是最美丽的”
只有最美丽的女神说出真话，谁是最美丽的？
In ancient Greek mythology, three goddesses said the following:
Athena (goddess of wisdom): "Aphrodite is not the most beautiful"
Aphrodite (goddess of love and beauty): "Hera is not the most beautiful"
Hera (Queen of Heaven): "I am the most beautiful"
Only the most beautiful goddess spoke the truth, who is the most beautiful？
Practice3:
2015 Contest Problem
三名海盗被问到他们的朋友灰胡子有多少硬币和钻石。三个人对一个问题都说了实话，但
对另一个问题说了谎。他们的答案写在卡片上。那么，灰胡子拥有的硬币和钻石总数是多
少？
Three pirates were asked how many coins and how many diamonds their friend Gray beard had.
Each of the three told the truth to one question but told a lie to the other. Their answers are
written on the piece of paper pictured. What is the total number of coins and diamonds that
Graybeard has?

(A)11 (B)12 (C)13 (D)14 (E)15

Challenge1:
动物王国发生了一起双人盗窃案，由狮子法官审理，它对涉及到的四名嫌疑犯狐狸、松鼠
老虎、黄鼠狼进行了审问，四人分别供述如下:
狐狸说:罪犯在松鼠、老虎、黄鼠狼三人之中
松鼠说:我没有作案，老虎偷的
老虎说:在狐狸和黄鼠狼中间有一人是罪犯
黄鼠狼说:松鼠说的是事实
已知这四人中有两人说了真话，另外两人说的是假话，请找到两个罪犯。
A double theft case in the animal Kingdom was heard by the Lion Judge, who questioned four
suspects, the fox, the squirrel, the tiger, and the weasel, and each of them made the following
statements:
The fox said: The criminal is among the squirrel, the tiger and the weasel
Squirrel said: I did not commit a crime, the tiger stole
The tiger said:Between the fox and the weasel there is a criminal.
The weasel said: The squirrel is telling the truth
Two of the four are known to be telling the truth and the other two are lying. Please find the two
criminals.
Challenge2:
2019 Contest Problem

二、表格推理 Using the tables

Example1:
小奥、朋朋和程程都戴着太阳帽去参加野炊活动，他们戴的帽子一个是红的，一个是黄的
一个是蓝的。只知道小奥没有戴黄帽子，程程既不戴黄帽子，也不戴蓝帽子。请你判断小
奥、朋朋和程程分别戴的是什么颜色的帽子？ Xiao Ao, Peng Peng and Cheng Cheng all wore
sun hats to the picnic. One was red, the other was yellow, and the other was blue. Only Xiao Ao
did not wear a yellow hat and Cheng Cheng neither wore a yellow hat nor a blue hat. Can you tell
what color hats Xiao Ao, Peng Peng and Cheng Cheng are wearing respectively?

红帽子 黄帽子 蓝帽子

小奥

朋朋
 程程

Sum up:
列表法适用于需要猜测出具体的事物的问题。
列表时要将同一对象的两种不同表达方式分别用行与列标出，通过横向与纵向的不断比较
得出结论。
The list method is good for problems where you have to guess specific things.
When listing, two different expressions of the same object should be marked with rows and
columns respectively, and conclusions can be drawn by continuous comparison between
horizontal and vertical.

Practice1:
盘子里有香蕉、苹果、桔子三种水果，优优说：“每人只吃一种水果，我不吃桔子。”朋
朋说：“我既不吃苹果，也不吃桔子。”程程问：“请你猜一猜我们三人各吃什么水
果？”There were three kinds of fruit on the plate: bananas, apples and oranges. Youyou said,
"Each person only eats one kind of fruit. I don't eat oranges." "I will eat neither apples nor
oranges," said Peng Peng. Cheng Cheng asked, "Can you guess what kind of fruit we eat?"

香蕉 苹果 桔子

优优

朋朋

程程

Example2:
小王、小丁和小田三人中，一位是工人，一位是农民，一位是战士，现在只知道：小田比
战士年龄大，小王和农民不同岁，农民比小丁年龄小，请你想一想：谁是工人，谁是农民
谁是战士？Among the three of Xiao Wang, Xiao Ding and Xiao Tian, one is a worker, one is a
farmer and one is a soldier. Now we only know that: Xiao Tian is older than the soldier, Xiao
Wang and the farmer are different years old, and the farmer is younger than Xiao Ding. Please
think: Who is the worker, who is the farmer and who is the soldier?

工人 农民 战士

小王

小丁

小田
Practice2:
威廉、弗雷德里克和杰弗里共进晚餐。其中一个是牙医，另两人的分别是老师和司机。
弗雷德里克比司机年龄大。
威廉和老师年龄不一样。
老师比杰弗里年轻。
你能找到他们的职业吗？
William, Frederick and Jeffery meet for a dinner. One of them is a dentist and
the rest are teacher and driver respectively.
Frederick is older than the driver.
William is not the same age as the teacher.
The teacher is younger than Jeffrey.
Can you find out their occupations？

三、 顺序推理 Find the correct order

Example1:
在学校唱歌比赛中，前三名的获得者分别是淘气、笑笑和妙想。淘气说：“我的成绩比笑

笑低。”妙想说：“我的成绩比笑笑高。”请找到她们各自的名次。In the school singing

contest, the top three winners were naughty, Xiaoxiao and clever. Naughty said: "My grades are

lower than Xiaoxiao." Miaoxiang said: "My grades are higher than Xiaoxiao." Please find their

respective ranking.
Practice1:

Practice2:
布丽奇特、卡西和汉娜正在讨论她们上次数学考试的结果。汉娜给布丽奇特和卡西看她的
试卷，但布丽奇特和卡西不给任何人看她们的试卷。卡西说 :“我的分数不是全班最低
的。”布丽吉特补充说:“我的分数不是全班最高的。”三个女孩从高到低的排名是什么?
Bridget, Cassie, and Hannah are discussing the results of their last math test. Hannah shows
Bridget and Cassie her test, but Bridget and Cassie don't show theirs to anyone.Cassie says,"l
didn't get the lowest score in our class," and Bridget adds, "I didn't get the highest score" what is
the ranking of the three girls from highest to lowest?
A.Hannah,Cassie,Bridget
B. Hannah, Bridget,Cassie
C.Cassie,Bridget,Hannah
D.Cassie.Hannah.Bridget
E.Bridget.Cassie.Hannah
Challenge1:
贝贝、晶晶、欢欢、迎迎、妮妮参加了一次数学考试。考试排名公布之后，这五个人
有如下一段对话。
贝贝:“我比迎迎排名靠前。”
晶晶:“我排名第 1。”
欢欢:“我的排名在晶晶和妮妮之间。”
迎迎:“我排名第 2。”
妮妮:“欢欢排名在我之后。”
已知这五人刚好排在前 5 名，并且五人中只有一个人说了假话。
请根据以上信息，在下表中填入这五人的真实名次。
Bei Bei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying and Nini took a math exam. After the exam rankings were
released, these five people
There is the following conversation.
Bei Bei: "I rank higher than Yingying."
Jingjing: "I ranked first."
Huanhuan: "My ranking is between Jingjing and Nini."
Yingying: "I ranked No. 2."
Nini: "Huanhuan ranks after me."
All five are known to be in the top five, and only one of the five lied.
Based on the above information, please fill in the real ranking of these five people in the table
below.