The Commonwealth of Nations, often simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is an

international association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are

former territories of the British Empire from which it developed.The chief
institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on
intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-
governmental relations among member states. Numerous organisations are associated
with and operate within the Commonwealth.

The Commonwealth dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the
decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its
territories. It was originally created as the British Commonwealth of Nations
through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference, and formalised by
the United Kingdom through the Statute of Westminster in 1931. The current
Commonwealth of Nations was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949,
which modernised the community and established the member states as "free and
equal".

The head of the Commonwealth is Charles III. He is king of 15 member states, known
as the Commonwealth realms, while 36 other members are republics, and five others
have different monarchs. Although he became head upon the death of his mother,
Elizabeth II, the position is not technically hereditary.

Member states have no legal obligations to one another but are connected through
their use of the English language and historical & cultural ties. Citizenship of a
Commonwealth country affords benefits in some member countries, particularly in the
United Kingdom, and Commonwealth countries are represented to one another by high
commissions rather than embassies. The Commonwealth Charter defines their shared
values of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, as promoted by the
quadrennial Commonwealth Games.

Members of the Commonwealth

country date of Commonwealth membership
United Kingdom 1931
Canada 1931
Australia 1931
New Zealand 1931
South Africa 1931 (left in 1961; rejoined 1994)
India 1947
Pakistan 1947 (left in 1972; rejoined 1989)
Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) 1948
Ghana 1957
Malaysia (formerly Malaya) 1957
Nigeria 1960
Cyprus 1961
Sierra Leone 1961
Tanzania 1961 (Tanganyika in 1961; Tanzania in 1964 upon union with Zanzibar
[member 1963])
Jamaica 1962
trinidad and Tobago 1962
Uganda 1962
Kenya 1963
Malawi 1964
Malta 1964
Zambia 1964
the Gambia 1965 (left in 2013; rejoined 2018)
Singapore 1965
Guyana 1966
Botswana 1966
Lesotho 1966
Barbados 1966
Mauritius 1968
Nauru 1968 (joined as special member; full member since 1999)
Swaziland 1968
Tonga 1970
Samoa (formerly Western Samoa) 1970
Fiji 1970 (left in 1987; rejoined 1997)
Bangladesh 1972
the Bahamas 1973
Grenada 1974
Papua New Guinea 1975
Seychelles 1976
Solomon Islands 1978
Tuvalu 1978 (joined as special member; full member since 2000)
Dominica 1978
Kiribati 1979
Saint Lucia 1979
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1979 (joined as special member; full member
since 1985)
Vanuatu 1980
Belize 1981
Antigua and Barbuda 1981
Maldives 1982 (joined as special member; became full member in 1985; left in
2016; rejoined in 2020)
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1983
Brunei 1984
Namibia 1990
Cameroon 1995
Mozambique 1995
Rwanda 2009
Gabon 2022
Togo 202

The Commonwealth differs from other international bodies such as the United Nations
or the World Trade Organization. It has no formal constitution or bylaws. The
members have no legal or formal obligation to one another; they are held together
by shared traditions, institutions, and experiences as well as by economic self-
interest. Commonwealth action is based upon consultation between members, which is
conducted through correspondence and through conversations in meetings. Each member
country sends an emissary, called a high commissioner, to the capitals of the other
members.

The member states’ heads of government make up the primary decision-making

component of the Commonwealth. The Head of the Commonwealth, a title historically
belonging to the British Crown, is largely ceremonial. Succession to the post is
non-hereditary and is determined by the Heads of Government. The Commonwealth
Secretariat, headed by a secretary-general, organizes and coordinates Commonwealth
activities and facilitates relations between member states. The Secretariat is
responsible to the Board of Governors, composed of the member states’ high
commissioner to the United Kingdom. At high-level international events, the
Commonwealth is represented by the Chair-in-Office, which rotates between member
states every two years.

A Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting is held every two years. At the meeting
in Singapore in 1971, members adopted a declaration that restated the
Commonwealth’s voluntary and cooperative nature and committed the organization to
promoting international peace, fighting racism, opposing colonial domination, and
reducing inequities in wealth. This declaration was echoed at the meeting in
Harare, Zimbabwe, in 1991, when leaders further committed the organization to human
rights and democracy. In 2011, in Perth, Australia, leaders tasked the Commonwealth
with drafting a charter; the charter—which enshrined core principles such as
democracy, human rights, freedom of expression, sustainable development, access to
health and education, and gender equality—was adopted at the close of 2012

Britain has huge overseas investments, both government and private, in the
Commonwealth. When Britain joined the European Economic Community (later succeeded
by the European Union [EU]) in 1973, the trade privileges of member countries began
to be reduced. Now Commonwealth members have trade agreements with the EU. Malta
and Cyprus are members of both the Commonwealth and the EU; they remained in the EU
even after Britain left in 2020. Many of the exports of Commonwealth countries go
to other member countries. In 1996 the Commonwealth Africa Investment Fund was
established to increase investment in that continent. There are also significant
educational links between members, as many British teachers travel overseas and
many students from Commonwealth members study in Britain.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

England (London) St George, Scotland (Edinburgh) St Andrew, Wales(Cardiff) St
David, Northern Ireland (Belfast) St Patrick

UK
Political system: constitutional monarchy
The king performs mainly ritual functions, being a symbol of the state and the
stability of the political system.

The King is the UK head of state, but his powers are largely symbolic and
ceremonial, and he remains politically neutral. He receives daily dispatches from
the government in a red leather box, including briefings ahead of important
meetings, or documents needing his signature.

Monarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom.

In a monarchy, a king or queen is Head of State. The British Monarchy is known as a
constitutional monarchy. This means that, while The Sovereign is Head of State, the
ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament.
Although The Sovereign no longer has a political or executive role, he or she
continues to play an important part in the life of the nation.
As Head of State, The Monarch undertakes constitutional and representational duties
which have developed over one thousand years of history. In addition to these State
duties, The Monarch has a less formal role as 'Head of Nation'. The Sovereign acts
as a focus for national identity, unity and pride; gives a sense of stability and
continuity; officially recognises success and excellence; and supports the ideal of
voluntary service.

The main responsibility of the Prime Minister is to form a government, that is, to
create a Cabinet that can maintain the support of the House of Commons after being
appointed by the Monarch. He coordinates the policies and actions of the Cabinet
and various government departments, representing the "face" of Her Majesty's
Government. The monarch exercises many of the royal prerogatives on the advice of
the prime minister.
The current Prime Minister of Great Britain is Rishi Sunak (since October 25,
2022), leader of the Conservative Party of Great Britain
The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the
highest legislative body in the United Kingdom and the Royal Overseas Territories.
Parliament has a bicameral structure and includes an upper house called the House
of Lords and a lower house called the House of Commons. Members of the House of
Lords are not elected and consist of: Lords Spiritual (the highest clergy of the
Church of England), Lords Temporal (peers) and Lords of Appeal.
The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber consisting of 650 members
elected by majoritarian constituencies. The House of Lords and the House of Commons
meet in separate rooms in the Palace of Westminster in London. By custom, all
ministers, including the prime minister, are chosen exclusively from parliament.

Royal titles: Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount and Baron.

The monarch's children and grandchildren (if they are children of the monarch's
sons), and the children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales are automatically
entitled to be known as prince or princess with the style His or Her Royal Highness
(HRH). Peerages, often dukedoms, are bestowed upon most princes prior to marriage.
Peter Phillips and Zara Tindall, children of the King's sister, Princess Anne, are
therefore not prince and princess. Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor and James
Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex, though entitled to the dignity, are not called
prince and princess as their parents, the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh, wanted
them to have more modest titles. The King reportedly wants to reduce the number of
titled members of the royal family.
By tradition, wives of male members of the royal family share their husbands' title
and style. Princesses by marriage do not have the title prefixed to their own name
but to their husband's; for example, the wife of Prince Michael of Kent is Princess
Michael of Kent. Sons of monarchs are customarily given dukedoms upon marriage, and
these peerage titles pass to their eldest sons.
Male-line descendants of King George V, including women until they marry, bear the
surname Windsor. The surname of the male-line descendants of Queen Elizabeth II,
except for women who marry, is Mountbatten-Windsor, reflecting the name taken by
her Greek-born husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, upon his naturalisation.
A surname is generally not needed by members of the royal family who are entitled
to the titles of prince or princess and the style His or Her Royal Highness. Such
individuals use surnames on official documents such as marriage registers.

Royal residences
1. Buckingham Palace
2. St James's Palace
3. Windsor castle
4. Clarence House
5. Sandringham
6. Balmoral Castle
7. Holyroodhouse Palace
8. Hillsborough Castle

The sovereign's official residence in London is Buckingham Palace. Announcements of

the births and deaths of members of the royal family are traditionally attached to
its front railings. Both Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, the monarch's
weekend home in Berkshire, are used to host state visits. The Palace of
Holyroodhouse and Hillsborough Castle serve as official royal residences when the
monarch is in Scotland or Northern Ireland, respectively.
Clarence House served as the official residence of Charles III when he was Prince
of Wales from 2003 until he inherited the throne on 8 September 2022. Another
London residence of his when Prince of Wales was St James's Palace, which he shared
with the Princess Royal and Princess Alexandra. Princess Alexandra also resides at
Thatched House Lodge in Richmond. The King also privately owns Sandringham House in
Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, which are his personal property. He
inherited them from Elizabeth II upon her death.
The Prince and Princess of Wales and the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester have their
official residences and offices at apartments in Kensington Palace, London. The
Duke and Duchess of Kent reside in Wren House in the grounds of Kensington Palace.
The Duke and Duchess of Sussex's official residence in the United Kingdom is
Frogmore Cottage, near Windsor. The Duke of York lives at the Royal Lodge in
Windsor Great Park, while the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh reside at Bagshot Park
in Surrey.

Periods of English history

Prehistoric Britain
(up to 43)
Roman Britain
(43—approx. 400)
Post-Roman Britain
(approx. 400—approx. 500)
Anglo-Saxon period
(approx. 500–1066)
Norman era
(1066–1154)
Plantagenet era[en]
(1154—1485)
Tudor era
(1485—1558)
Elizabethan era
(1558—1603)
Stuart era
(1603-1714)
Jacobean era
(1603-1625)
Caroline era
(1625—1642)
Civil Wars, Republic and Protectorate
(1642—1660)
Stuart Restoration and Glorious Revolution
(1660-1688)
UK education
(1688—1714)
Georgian era
(1714—1811)
Regency
(1811—1830)
Victorian era
(1837—1901)
Edwardian era
(1901-1910)
World War I
(1914-1918)
Interwar period
(1918—1939)
The Second World War
(1939-1945)
Post-war Britain
(1945—1979)
Modern Britain
(1979-present)

Year Date Event

55 BC 1 January [1] Roman General Julius Caesar invades Great Britain for the
first time, gaining a beachhead on the coast of Kent.
54 BC ? Caesar invades for the second time, gaining a third of the country.
These two invasions are known as Caesar's invasions of Britain

43 ? Aulus Plautius leads an army of forty thousand to invade Great Britain.

Emperor Claudius makes Britain a part of the Roman Empire. This is known as the
Roman conquest of Britain.
50 ? London is founded.[2][3]
61 ? Boudica's organised rebellion against the Romans is defeated

122 ? Emperor Hadrian orders a wall to be built to mark Roman territory of

Britain in the north.
197 ? Britain is divided into two parts - Britannia Superior and Britannia
Inferior

206 ? Governor Lucius Alfenus Senecio repairs Hadrian's Wall and appeals for
help from the Emperor against the northern tribes.
208 ? Emperor Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla take personal command
of the army in Britain.
209 ? Severus and Caracalla lead an expedition against the Caledonii, and
build forts at Cramond and the Tay estuary.
210 ? Caracalla leads an expedition against the rebellious Maeatae tribe.
211 ? 4 February – Severus dies at York, while preparing another expedition
against the northern rebels.
Caracalla, now Emperor, abandons territory north of Hadrian's Wall, and returns to
Rome
c. 214 ? Britain divided into two provinces, Britannia Superior and
Britannia Inferior, with administrative centres at London and York respectively
c. 220 ? Saxons raid south-east coast; forts built at Reculver and
Branodunum (Brancaster).
245 ? Many thousands of acres of modern-day Lincolnshire are inundated by a
great flood.
255 ? Work begins on a riverside wall in London.
259 ? Rebel leader Latinus Postumus proclaims Britain as part of his "Empire
of the Gauls".
270 ? Construction of forts along the Saxon Shore begins in response to
increased raiding.
273 ? Stone walls built around St Albans.
274 ? Postumus's Gallic Empire is reabsorbed into the Roman Empire under
Aurelian.
277 ? Imperial edict lifts restrictions on British wine production.
General Victorinus puts down revolt, and settles Burgundian and Vandal prisoners in
Britain.
286-296 Britannic Empire
287 ? Mausaeus Carausius takes power in Britain and proclaims himself Emperor
289 ? Carausius defeats Emperor Maximian in a naval battle.
293 ? Finance minister Allectus murders Carausius and seizes power; employs
Frankish mercenaries.
296 ? Julius Constantius defeats Britons near Silchester, killing Allectus;
prevents retreating Franks from sacking London
297 ? Re-building of forts near Hadrian's Wall begins.
Constantius returns to Gaul.
First mention on record of the Picts attacking from the north in Eumenius'
Panegyrici Latini

Year Date Event

1017 ? Cnut the Great is crowned king of England in London.
1034 25 November Malcolm II of Scotland dies at Glamis. He is succeeded as king of
Scotland by his grandson Duncan I the Diseased of Scotland.
1035 12 November Cnut dies. He is succeeded as king of England, Denmark and Norway
by his son Harthacnut.
1040 17 March Harold Harefoot dies at Oxford. Harthacnut, his brother, succeeds
him as king of England.
14 August Duncan the Diseased is killed in action at Elgin, Moray
attempting to suppress a rebellion by Macbeth, King of Scotland, Mormaer of Moray,
who replaces him as king of Scotland.
1042 8 June Harthacnut dies, probably due to a stroke after excessive
drinking at a wedding in Lambeth. He is succeeded as king of England by his brother
Edward the Confessor.
1057 15 August Battle of Lumphanan: Macbeth is killed in battle at Lumphanan by
Duncan the Diseased's son Malcolm III of Scotland. He is succeeded as king of
Scotland by his stepson Lulach.
1058 17 March Lulach is assassinated by Malcolm III, who succeeds him as king
of Kingdom of Scotland.
1066 5 January Edward the Confessor dies, probably after a series of strokes. He
is succeeded as king of England by his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson.
28 September Norman conquest of England: William the Conqueror, duke of
Normandy, lands with an army at Pevensey.
14 October Battle of Hastings: Harold Godwinson is killed in battle against
the forces of William the Conqueror at Battle, East Sussex, causing the collapse of
his army.
25 December William the Conqueror is crowned king of England at Westminster
Abbey.
1078 ? The construction of Tintern Abbey begins.
1086 12 june A census begins whose results would be collected in the Domesday
Book.
1087 9 September William the Conqueror dies at Rouen. He is succeeded by one son,
Robert Curthose, as duke of Normandy and by another, William II of England, as king
of England.
1093 13 November Battle of Alnwick (1093): Malcolm III and his eldest son are
ambushed and killed at Alnwick by an army of knights led by Robert de Mowbray, earl
of Northumbria.
1100 2 August William II is killed by an arrow through the lung while hunting
in the New Forest. He is succeeded by his brother Henry I of England.
? The White Tower of London is completed
1135 1 December Henry I dies of illness.
22 December Stephen, King of England is crowned king of England at
Westminster Abbey.
1137 ? The Anarchy: Stephen enters Normandy in an attempt to conquer it from
Empress Matilda, his rival for the succession in Normandy and England.
? Gruffudd ap Cynan, king of Gynedd, dies. He is succeeded by his son
Owain Gwynedd.
1154 24 October Stephen dies of a stomach disease. He is succeeded as king of
England by Henry II of England, grandson of Henry I.
1164 ? Henry II issues the Constitutions of Clarendon, which provided that
members of the Catholic Church accused of serious crimes would be tried and
sentenced in secular courts.
1170 28 November Owain dies.
29 December Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, is murdered in
Canterbury Cathedral by followers of Henry II.
1189 6 July Henry II dies of illness at Château de Chinon. He is succeeded as
king of England by his son Richard I of England.
1192 December Richard is captured near Vienna on the orders of Leopold V, Duke
of Austria, duke of Austria, while returning from the Crusades.
1194 4 February Richard is released following the payment of fifty tons of silver
to Austria.
? Battle of Aberconwy: Llywelyn the Great defeats his uncle Dafydd ab
Owain Gwynedd, one of two princes of Kingdom of Gwynedd, in battle.
1199 6 April Richard dies of a crossbow wound sustained two weeks earlier
during a siege of Château de Châlus-Chabrol. He was succeeded as king of England by
his brother John, King of England
1209 November The pope Pope Innocent III excommunicates John.
1215 15 June John agrees to Magna Carta, granting political rights including
the right to a fair trial to his barons.
1216 19 October John dies of illness. He is succeeded as king of England by his
son Henry III of England.
1237 25 September Henry III and Alexander II of Scotland sign the Treaty of
York, under which the latter renounced his claims on English territory in
Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland.
1240 11 April Death of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, prince of Wales; Dafydd ap
Llywelyn succeeds to the throne of Gwynedd.
1246 25 February Death of Dafydd ap Llywelyn; Llywelyn ap Gruffudd succeeds to the
throne of Gwynedd (he does not claim the title of prince of Wales until 1258).
1249 6 July Death of Alexander II, king of Scots; Alexander III succeeds to
the throne of Scotland.
1263 2 October Battle of Largs, an inconclusive battle, is fought between Haakon
IV of Norway and the Scots.
1264 14 May Simon de Montfort leads rebel English barons to defeat Henry III
at the Battle of Lewes.
1266 2 July Scotland and Norway sign the Treaty of Perth under which Scottish
control of the Western Isles is acknowledged.
1267 September Henry III of England recognises the authority of Llywelyn ap
Gruffudd in Wales.
1272 16 November Death of Henry III, Edward I succeeds to the English throne.
1277 July England annexes Wales, a state of affairs which lasted until 1283.
1279 ? Statute of Mortmain.
1282 11 December Death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales; Dafydd ap
Gruffudd succeeds to the throne of Gwynedd.
1283 3 October Death of Dafydd ap Gruffudd; English conquest of Wales.
1287 ? Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd in Wales.
1294 29 September Revolt of Madog ap Llywelyn in Wales.
1297 11 September William Wallace and the Scots defeat the English at the
Battle of Stirling Bridge
1305 23 August Capture and execution of Scottish resistance fighter William
Wallace by the English on a charge of treason.
1307 7 July Death of Edward I, Edward II accedes to the English throne.
1314 24 June Decisive victory for Scotland over England at the Battle of
Bannockburn.
1316 28 January Revolt of Llywelyn Bren in South Wales.
1322 16 March Edward II defeats a rebellious baronial faction at Battle of
Boroughbridge.
1327 25 January Edward III usurps the English throne.
21 September Edward II is killed.
1328 ? England recognises Scotland's independence in the Treaty of Edinburgh–
Northampton
1338 ? Edward III claims the throne of France, initiating the Hundred Years'
War.
1348 June The Black Death first arrives in England and ultimately kills c. one
third of the population.
1356 19 September Battle of Poitiers.
1377 21 June Death of Edward III, his grandson Richard II accedes to the
English throne.
1381 30 May - November Peasants' Revolt of 1381.
1392 ? Statute of Praemunire.
1399 30 September Henry Bolingbroke usurps the English throne becoming Henry
IV
1413 20 March Henry IV dies and is succeeded by his son, Henry V.
1415 25 October Henry V is welcomed back to England after a major victory at the
Battle of Agincourt, France.
1422 31 August Henry V dies and is succeeded by his son, Henry VI.
1471 21 May Henry VI is murdered and Edward IV is restored to the English
throne.
1483 9 April Death of Edward IV, Edward V accedes to the throne.
1485 22 August The Battle of Bosworth Field ends the Yorkist reign of Richard
III and ushers in Tudor reign, with the reign of Henry VII.
1487 16 June The Battle of Stoke is fought between Henry VII and Lambert
Simnel a Yorkist claimant to the throne. It is the last battle of the Wars of the
Roses
1509 22 April England – Henry VIII crowned and married to Catherine of Aragon.
1513 9 September England and Scotland – James IV and thousands of Scots killed in
defeat at Flodden.
1516 ? England – Royal Mail is originally established.
1521 ? England – Lutheran writings begin to circulate.
1525 ? England – Henry VIII seeks an annulment of his marriage, which is
refused.
1526 ? England – Cardinal Wolsey orders the burning of Lutheran books.
1532 ? Scotland – Creation of the College of Justice and the Court of Session.
1534 3 November Act of Supremacy passed by Henry VIII
? England – Treasons Act 1534.
1535 22 June England – Execution of Cardinal John Fisher.
6 July England – Execution of Thomas More.
1536 6 October England – Execution of William Tindale in Antwerp.
1542 14 December Scotland – Mary, Queen of Scots, accedes to the Scottish throne.
1547 28 January England – Edward VI crowned King.
1549 6 June - 17 August England – Prayer Book rebellion in south-west.
1553 July England – Mary I accedes to the throne.
1558 17 November England – Elizabeth I accedes to the throne.
1559 ? England – Act of Supremacy 1559.
2 May Scotland – John Knox returns from Geneva to promote Calvinism.
1560 1 August Scotland – Parliament legislates protestant reformation of the
Church of Scotland.
1567 24 July Scotland – The Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, abdicates and flees
Scotland after an uprising by Protestant lords
1571 ? England – Treasons Act 1571.
1582 ? Scotland – Establishment of the University of Edinburgh by Royal
Charter.
1587 8 February England and Scotland – Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at
Fotheringay Castle in Northamptonshire on 8 February
1588 8 August England – Spanish Armada destroyed.
1592 ? Scotland – James VI enacts the "Golden Act" recognising the power of
Presbyterianism within the Scottish church
1603 24 March England – Death of Queen Elizabeth I. James VI of Scotland
crowned King of England (as James I of England).
1605 5 November England and Scotland – The Gunpowder plot is uncovered, in which
Guy Fawkes and others attempted to blow up the king, James VI and I and the
Parliament of England.
1606 10 April England - King James I issues the First Virginia Charter,
establishing the Colony of Virginia in North America.[4]
1618 29 October England – Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh
1625 27 March England and Scotland – Death of James VI and I.
1639-1644 ? England and Scotland – At war in what became known as the
Bishops' Wars.
1640 November England – The Long Parliament summoned.
1642 22 August England – English Civil War begins (see Timeline of the English
Civil War).
1652 ? England – Tea arrives in Britain.
1666 2 - 6 September England – The Great Fire of London ravages the city.
1688 11 December England – The Glorious Revolution replaces James II with William
III.
1689 April Scotland – The Claim of Right Act 1689 is enacted by the Parliament of
Scotland.
16 December England – The Bill of Rights 1689 is enacted by the Parliament of
England.
1694 27 July England – The Bank of England is established
1707 1 May The Kingdom of Great Britain comes into being,[5][6][7][8] and Queen
Anne becomes its first monarch.
1713 11 April Signing of the Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of the Spanish
Succession.
1714 1 August Queen Anne dies. Accession of George I, Elector of Hanover.
1721 3 April Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
1727 11 June King George I dies and George II ascends the throne.
1742 16 February Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington becomes Prime Minister.
1743 27 August Henry Pelham becomes Prime Minister.
1754 16 March Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle becomes Prime
Minister.
1755 15 April Samuel Johnson published his A Dictionary of the English
Language.
1756 16 November William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire becomes Prime Minister.
1757 29 June Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle becomes Prime
Minister for the second time.
1760 25 October King George II dies and George III ascends the throne.
1762 26 May John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute becomes Prime Minister.
1763 16 April George Grenville becomes Prime Minister.
1764 ? The Castle of Otranto is written and published, which was the first-
ever story classed as a gothic horror story.
1765 13 July Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham becomes
Prime Minister.
1766 30 July William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham becomes Prime Minister.
1768 14 October Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton becomes Prime Minister.
1770 28 January Frederick North, Lord North becomes Prime Minister.
1775 19 April The American War of Independence begins.
1776 4 July The Declaration of Independence is created and the new country is
recognised as the USA.
1777-1779 November 1777 - July 1779 The world's first iron bridge called The
Iron Bridge, is built-in Shropshire.
1782 27 March Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham becomes
Prime Minister for the second time.
4 July William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne becomes Prime Minister.
1783 2 April William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland becomes Prime
Minister.
4 September The American War of Independence ends with the Treaty of Paris.
19 December William Pitt the Younger becomes Prime Minister.
1785 1 January The Times is first published and becomes the first newspaper to
have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, such as
The New York Times
1801 1 January The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland comes into being,
[9] and King George III becomes its first monarch.
1801 17 March Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth becomes Prime Minister.
1804 10 May William Pitt the Younger becomes Prime Minister for the second
time.
1805 21 October The naval Battle of Trafalgar takes place.
1806 11 February William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville becomes Prime Minister.
1807 25 March The Slave Trade Act 1807 is passed.
31 March William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland becomes Prime
Minister for the second time.
1809 4 October Spencer Perceval becomes Prime Minister.
1810 Discovery of the first complete Icthyosaur by Mary Anning
1812 8 June Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool becomes Prime Minister.
1815 18 June The Battle of Waterloo takes place.
20 November The Napoleonic Wars ends.
1819 SS Savannah undergoes the first steamship transatlantic crossing.
1820 29 January King George III dies and George IV ascends the throne.
1821 5 May The Guardian is first published, as The Manchester Guardian.
1823 Discovery of Plesiosaurus Mary Anning
1825 27 September The Stockton and Darlington railway, the world's first
public passenger railway, opens.
1827 12 April George Canning becomes Prime Minister.
31 August F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich becomes Prime Minister.
1828 22 January Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington becomes Prime Minister.
Discovery of Pterodactylus by Mary Anning
1829 13 April The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 is passed.
1830 26 June King George IV dies and William IV ascends the throne.
22 November Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey becomes Prime Minister.
1832 7 June The Great Reform Act is passed, doubling the franchise.
1833 28 August The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 gains royal assent, banning
slavery throughout the British Empire.
1834 ? The Conservative Party is founded.
16 July William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne becomes Prime Minister.
14 August The New Poor Law is passed.
17 November Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington becomes Prime Minister
for the second time.
10 December Robert Peel becomes Prime Minister.
1835 18 April William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne becomes Prime Minister for
the second time.
1837 20 June The reign of Queen Victoria begins.
1838 1 August The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 enters into force, abolishing
slavery in the British Empire.
1840 10 January The first postage stamps (Penny Post) come into use.
June Vaccination for the poor is introduced.
1841 30 August Robert Peel becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1842 Summer The first peacetime income tax is introduced.
1846 27 January The Corn Laws are repealed.
30 June John Russell, 1st Earl Russell becomes Prime Minister.
1848 Late February The Communist Manifesto is published by Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels.
1850 The East Coast Main Line opens.
1851 1 May The Great Exhibition opens.
1852 23 February Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby becomes Prime Minister.
19 December George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen becomes Prime
Minister.
1853-1856 16 October 1853 - 30 March 1856 The Crimean War is fought between
Russia and a British alliance who feared Russian expansion in the Balkans,
resulting in allied victory.
1854 ? Doctor John Snow discovers that cholera is from contaminated water[10]
1855 6 February Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston becomes Prime
Minister.
29 June The Daily Telegraph is first published.
1858 20 February Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby becomes Prime Minister
for the second time.
1859 12 June Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston becomes Prime Minister
for the second time.
1861 14 December Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, dies at the age of 42.
1863 10 January The London Underground opens, the oldest underground railway
network in the world.
1865 29 October John Russell, 1st Earl Russell becomes Prime Minister for the
second time.
1866 28 June Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby becomes Prime Minister
for the third time.
1867 15 August The 1867 Reform Act doubles the franchise and the Dominion of
Canada was created.
1868 27 February Benjamin Disraeli becomes Prime Minister.
29 May The last public execution is carried out.
3 December William Ewart Gladstone becomes Prime Minister.
1869 The West Coast Main Line opens.
1870 17 February The Elementary Education Act 1870 is passed, introducing
universal education in England and Wales.
1872 6 August The Education (Scotland) Act 1872 expands access to primary
education and makes it compulsory in Scotland.
1874 20 February Benjamin Disraeli becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1880 23 April William Ewart Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the second
time.
26 August The Elementary Education Act 1880 is passed, making primary
schooling compulsory in England and Wales.
1885 23 June Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury becomes Prime
Minister.
25 June The Reform Act 1885 is passed.
1886 1 February William Ewart Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the third
time.
21 June Construction begins on Tower Bridge in London.
25 July Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury becomes Prime
Minister for the second time.
1887 November The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes first appears in print.
1892 15 August William Ewart Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the fourth
time.
1894 5 March Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery becomes Prime Minister.
1895 25 June Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury becomes Prime
Minister for the third time.
1896 4 May The Daily Mail is first published
1900 27 February The Labour Party is founded.
1901 22 January Queen Victoria dies and Edward VII ascends the throne.
1902 12 July Arthur Balfour becomes Prime Minister.
9 August Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra.
31 May Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.
1903 September The Lib-Lab pact enables Labour to break into national politics.
1904 8 April Entente Cordiale signed between Britain and France.
1905 5 December Henry Campbell-Bannerman becomes Prime Minister.
1908 5 April H. H. Asquith becomes Prime Minister.
27 April The Summer Olympics open at White City in London.
27 October Parliament approves old age pensions.
1910 6 May King Edward VII dies and George V ascends the throne.
1911 22 June Coronation of King George V and Queen Mary.
1912 13 April Royal Flying Corps established.
14 - 15 April The RMS Titanic sinks after hitting an iceberg. Over 1500
crew and passengers die.
1914 4 August World War I: Great Britain declares war on Germany in response to
the invasion of Belgium.
5 November Britain declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
1916 6 December David Lloyd George becomes Prime Minister.
1918 6 February Women get the vote for the first time - women over the age of 30
who met a property qualification could vote as a result of the Representation of
the People Act 1918.
1 April The Royal Air Force is founded, becoming the first independent
air force in the world.
11 November World War I ends.
1919 1 December Nancy Astor becomes the first woman to take her seat in
parliament.
1921 The Great Britain road numbering scheme.
1922 18 October The BBC is founded as the British Broadcasting Company.
23 October Bonar Law becomes Prime Minister.
1923 22 May Stanley Baldwin becomes Prime Minister.
1924 22 January Ramsay MacDonald becomes Prime Minister.
4 November Stanley Baldwin becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1926 4 May - 12 May The 1926 United Kingdom general strike takes place.
1928 2 July Women receive the right to vote on the same terms as men (over
the age of 21) as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1928.
September The first film with dialogue is shown in Britain, The Jazz
Singer.
30 September Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin.
1929 5 June Ramsay MacDonald becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1931 ? The Dominion of Canada later has more recognition as Canada.
1934 30 November The LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman built in Doncaster becomes
the first steam locomotive to reach 100 mph (160 km/h).
1935 7 June Stanley Baldwin becomes Prime Minister for the third time.
1936 20 January King George V dies and Edward VIII ascends the throne.
5 - 31 October The Jarrow March protest occurs.
10 December King Edward VIII abdicates the throne over his proposal to marry
American divorcee Wallis Simpson. Automatic accession of George VI.
1937 12 May Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.
28 May Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister.
30 June First available in the London area, the 999 telephone number is
introduced as the world's first emergency telephone service.
1938 3 July The LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard built in Doncaster breaks the land
speed record for the fastest steam locomotive, reaching 203 km/h (126 mph); the
record still stands.
1939 3 September British entry into World War II.
1940 10 May Sir Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister.
1945 8 May World War II ends in Europe.
26 July Clement Attlee becomes Prime Minister.
24 October Britain becomes a founding member of the United Nations.
1947 15 August India gains independence from Britain.
1948 1 January British Rail is established.
5 July The National Health Service is founded, bringing state-funded
healthcare to all.
29 July - 14 August London hosts the 1948 Summer Olympics.
14 November Birth of Charles, Prince of Wales.
1950 15 August Birth of Anne, Princess Royal.
29 August British troops arrive to support US forces in the Korean War.
1951 26 October Sir Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1952 ? Autocode, regarded as the first compiled programming language, is
developed by Alick Glennie.
6 February Death of King George VI. Automatic accession of Queen Elizabeth
II.
1953 25 April James Watson and Francis Crick publish their discovery of the
structure of DNA.
2 June Coronation of Elizabeth II.
1954 6 May Roger Bannister breaks the four-minute mile with a time of 3:59.4.
1955 6 April Anthony Eden becomes Prime Minister.
22 September Commercial television starts with the first ITV broadcast.
1956 17 October Britain opens its first nuclear power station, Calder Hall.
1957 10 January Harold Macmillan becomes Prime Minister.
1958 5 December The British motorway system opens with the M6 Preston bypass.
1960 19 February Birth of Prince Andrew, Duke of York.
1961 1 July Birth of Diana, Princess of Wales.
1963 27 March The first report of the Beeching cuts - a railway restructuring
plan - was published, The Reshaping of British Railways.
19 October Alec Douglas-Home becomes Prime Minister but lasts only 363 days.
1964 10 March Birth of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.
16 October Harold Wilson becomes Prime Minister.
1965 24 January Death of Sir Winston Churchill.
8 November The death penalty is abolished officially.
1967 27 July The Sexual Offences Act 1967 legalises homosexuality between men
over 21.
27 October The Abortion Act 1967 is passed, legalising abortion on certain
grounds.
1969 2 March Concorde, the world's first supersonic airliner, makes its maiden
flight.
1970 19 June Edward Heath becomes Prime Minister.
1971 15 February Decimal Day; the United Kingdom introduces a decimalised
currency.
1972 22 January The United Kingdom signs the Treaty of Accession in a ceremony in
Brussels which was attended by Prime Minister Edward Heath in preparedness for
membership of the European Communities from 1 January 1973.
1973 1 January The United Kingdom joins and becomes a member state of the
European Communities.
1974 4 March Harold Wilson becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1975 5 June The United Kingdom chooses to remain a member state of the
European Communities in a non-binding referendum.
1976 5 April James Callaghan becomes Prime Minister.
September Britain becomes the first major Western state to be forced to ask
to borrow money from the International Monetary Fund.
1978 25 July Louise Brown becomes the first human in history to be born via in
vitro fertilisation.
1979 4 May Margaret Thatcher becomes the first female Prime Minister.
27 August The IRA kill the Queen's cousin Lord Mountbatten.
1981 24 June The Humber Bridge opens, the longest single-span bridge in the
world.
29 July Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer.
1982 21 June Birth of Prince William of Wales.
2 April - 14 June The Falklands War is fought against Argentina, resulting in
a British victory and the United Kingdom reclaiming the Falkland Islands.
2 November Channel 4 launches across most of England, Scotland and Northern
Ireland.
1984-1985 6 March 1984 - 3 March 1985 The UK miners' strike takes place, a
major strike and protest to prevent Margaret Thatcher's government from closing
down the British coal mining industry.
1984 15 September Birth of Prince Harry of Wales.
1986 25 December The Christmas episode of the soap opera EastEnders becomes the
most-watched programme in the United Kingdom with a viewing of 30.1 million.
1988 3 March The Liberal Democrats are founded.
1989 12 March Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web.
1990 28 November John Major becomes Prime Minister.
1991 18 - 26 May Helen Sharman becomes the first British person and the first
European woman in space.
1994 6 May The Channel Tunnel opens, the first physical connection between the
United Kingdom and France.
1996 ? A sheep named Dolly becomes the first mammal to be cloned from an adult
somatic cell.
1997 2 May Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister.
1 July The United Kingdom hands Hong Kong back to China, marking the end
of the British Empire.
31 August Diana, Princess of Wales, dies due to a traffic collision in
Paris.
1999 6 May First elections to the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly take
place which will now be responsible for aspects of Scotland and Wales's governance.
2 December The Good Friday Agreement comes into effect, two agreements
intended to bring about the end of the Troubles in Northern Ireland.
31 December The Millennium Dome and London Eye are opened to mark the new
millenniu
2002 9 February Princess Margaret dies.
30 March Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother dies aged 101.
2003 20 March - 1 May The United Kingdom, alongside the US, invades Iraq.
2005 9 April Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles.
2007 27 June Gordon Brown becomes Prime Minister.
2010 11 May David Cameron becomes Prime Minister.
2011 29 April Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.
2012 30 March The Shard tops out in construction, becoming the tallest building
in Western Europe.
27 July - 12 August London hosts the Olympic Games for the third time.
2013 17 July Same-sex marriage is legalised in the United Kingdom.
22 July Birth of Prince George of Cambridge.
2014 18 September The Scottish independence referendum takes place; Scotland
decides to remain part of the United Kingdom.
2015 2 May Birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge.
9 September Queen Elizabeth II becomes the longest-reigning monarch in
British history.
15 December Tim Peake becomes the first British ESA astronaut to board the
International Space Station.
2016 23 June The United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union.
13 July Theresa May becomes the second female Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom.
5 - 21 August Great Britain ranks second on the 2016 Summer Olympics
medal table with 27 Gold Medals, the best result since 1908.
2018 23 April Birth of Prince Louis of Cambridge.
19 May Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle.
2019 15 January The motion to approve the Brexit withdrawal agreement - otherwise
known as the "meaningful vote" - was rejected 202–432. This was the largest defeat
on a government motion in history.[11][12]
24 July Theresa May formally tenders her resignation as Prime Minister to
Queen Elizabeth II, and is succeeded by Boris Johnson.
2020 31 January The United Kingdom leaves the European Union.
23 March - 2021 A national lockdown takes place due to the coronavirus
pandemic. Freedom of movement is restricted and this becomes enforceable in law.
Non-essential shops and services close.
2021 9 April Death of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, at the age of 99.
2022 6 February Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee, marking 70 years on the
British throne.
6 September Liz Truss becomes the third female Prime Minister in British
history, and the last British prime minister under the reign of Queen Elizabeth II.
8 September Queen Elizabeth II dies aged 96.
Upon the death Queen Elizabeth II, her eldest son, Charles III, acceded to the
throne as King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms. Aged 73,
he became the oldest person to accede to the throne.
20 October Liz Truss resigns as British Prime Minister and leader of the
Conservative Party after 45 days and is succeeded by Rishi Sunak England's first
British-Asian Prime Minister.
2023 6 May Coronation of Charles III and Camilla as King and Queen of the United
Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms