EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH: PREJUDICE:

● Speaking without preparation.

● Natural and conversational.
● Carefully planned but not completely
written out.
● Not read or memorized; an outline is
used.
Examples:
1. Explaining curfew violation to parents.
2. Answering a teacher's question.
3. Guiding a younger person in a task.
IMPROMPTU SPEAKING:
● Delivering a speech without prior
preparation.
● Builds self-confidence.
● Opens unexpected career opportunities.
● Develop impromptu speaking skills for
last-minute situations.
● Preconceived opinion not based on
reason or experience.
● Pre-judging someone without knowing
them deeply.
Common Bases:
Negative feelings, stereotyped beliefs,
discrimination tendencies.
Formed Without Evidence:
Based on race, ethnicity, nationality, gender,
sexuality, religion, disability, class, age.
Contributes to wars, enslavement, abuse, crimes.
Increases the risk of depression, anxiety, suicidal
thoughts.
BIAS -Tendency to lean towards or against
something without a neutral view.

HOW TO PREPARE: Positive Bias:

1. Adjust Your Attitude: Inclination to think positively about a particular
2. Positive mindset sees it as an thing.
opportunity. Negative Bias:
3. Prepare: Inclination to think negatively about a particular
4. Clearly state the main point, reason, and thing.
example.
5. Slow Down: Example:
6. Take deep breaths to remain calm. Manager favoring candidates with good
7. Pay attention to body language. personality.
Impact:
● Results in irrational decisions, isolation,
Voice Projection: rejection.
Vary loudness and tone for engagement. ● Creates barriers and increases the risk of
Avoid sounding monotonous. mental health issues.
Diction and Enunciation:
Speak with clarity and pronounce words well.
Recording and listening can help improve. INCLUSIVITY:
Rate: Definition:
Vary speed and use pauses for emphasis. Act of not excluding any member of society due
to differences.
Ensures fair treatment for all in the workplace.
Essence:
Treating everyone fairly regardless of social Mythical, Biblical, Literary, Historical, Pop
background, gender, or disability. Culture.
Effects:
LITERARY DEVICES ● Helps understand new information by
connecting to well-known.
LITERAL MEANS: ● Adds credibility to arguments.
Definition: ● Encourages thinking and relating current
● Actual, dictionary meaning of a word. topics to previous knowledge.
● Language that means exactly what it
appears to mean. RESEARCH PAPER
Characteristics: MEANING OF RESEARCH:
● Avoids exaggeration or embellishment. ● Search for Knowledge:
● Conforms to the most obvious meaning. ● Research is like a quest for
● Word-for-word representation. understanding, moving from what's
FIGURATIVE MEANS: already known to what's yet to be
Definition: discovered.
● Language going beyond normal word Voyage of Discovery:
meanings. It's a scientific journey, systematically exploring
● Involves a deeper, hidden meaning in and uncovering relevant information about a
the words. specific topic.
METAPHOR: Art of Scientific Investigation:
Definition: Research is an art form in the scientific realm,
● Figure of speech comparing dissimilar involving the skillful investigation of facts and
things without "like" or "as." phenomena.
Example: "A good laugh is sunshine in a house."
Purpose: WHAT IS A RESEARCH PAPER:
Expresses one thing as another for vivid Definition:
description. ● A research paper is an academic
write-up that delves into a topic,
SYMBOLISM: offering analysis, interpretation, and
Definition: arguments based on thorough
Literary device using objects to convey independent research.
meanings beyond literal. Skills Needed:
Example: "Light symbolizes purity, goodness, ● Crafting a research paper requires a
and enlightenment." deep understanding of the subject,
interaction with various sources, and
ALLUSION: contributing an original perspective to
Definition: ongoing discussions.
Figure of speech referencing a famous person,
place, event, or work. CHOOSING A TOPIC:
Example: "Stop trying to save everyone; you're ● Avoiding Overused Subjects:
not Wonder Woman." Opt for topics that haven't been excessively
Types: explored, steering clear of common and
exhausted themes like abortion, death penalty,
same-sex marriage, bullying, gun control, and Set of coherent ideas, making the study's ideas
freedom of religion. easy to communicate.
● Go for the Unexplored:
Choose subjects that offer room for new insights Theoretical Framework:
and perspectives, adding value to the existing Collection of interrelated concepts guiding the
body of knowledge. research.

AVOID PERSONAL STORIES AND RESULTS:

INFORMATION: ● Presenting Findings:
Research Papers vs. Personal Narratives: ● Showcase statistics, tables, figures that
● Stick to reliable sources, not personal reveal specific study findings.
experiences. DISCUSSION:
● AVOID OPINION-BASED OR ● Interpreting Results:
OFFENSIVE CONTROVERSIAL ● Discuss the implications and
TOPICS: interpretations of the presented results.
Fact-Driven Approach:
● Keep your research paper unbiased; CONCLUSION:
avoid presenting personal opinions on Restating Thesis and Parts:
controversial issues. Concisely restate the thesis and key elements of
the research.
AVOID TOPICS THAT AREN’T
SIGNIFICANT: IMPLICATIONS:
Choose Meaningful Topics: Significance and Contributions:
Ensure your research addresses significant Discuss the implications of your study and how
issues; don't waste time on irrelevant subjects. it contributes to the field.

THE TITLE: ABSTRACT:

Attractiveness and Accuracy: Mini-Version of the Paper:
Craft a concise, attractive title that accurately A concise summary conveying rationale,
reflects your paper's content. methods, results, conclusions.

TYPES OF RESEARCH: ABSTRACT COMPONENTS:

Motivation/Problem Statement:
Qualitative Research: Why the problem matters and what gap your
Exploration-oriented, understanding underlying research fills.
reasons, opinions, and motivations. Methods/Procedure/Approach:
Quantitative Research: Details on how the research was conducted.
Focuses on numerical data, quantifying attitudes, Results/Findings/Product:
opinions, and behaviors. Main outcomes and discoveries of the research.
Conclusion/Implications:
CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL Principal conclusions and broader implications.
FRAMEWORK:
Conceptual Framework: ABSTRACT SHOULD NOT CONTAIN:
Avoid Unnecessary Elements:
No abbreviations, references to tables, or
unrelated information.

PARTS OF AN ARTICLE
IMRAD FORMAT
I - INTRODUCTION
M - METHOD
R - RESULSTS
A - AND
D - DISCUSSION

NAME OF THE JOURNAL:

Scholarly Journal Indicators:
Look for words like "journal" in the title for
scholarly sources.
VOLUME AND ISSUE NUMBER:
Identification in Journal Articles:
Commonly used in scholarly journals to
organize articles.
EXPERT AUTHORS:
Author Credibility:
Articles are written by educated and experienced
experts in the field.
ABSTRACT:
Article Summary:
Found in journal articles, offering a brief
overview of the research findings.