THE SPEAKING SITUATION

The
You (speaker) speaking Your audience
situation

The occasion
FIND YOUR INTEREST.
Hobbies, special talents
Interesting places
Enjoyable readings you have read
What have I always been curious about
CONSIDERING THE AUDIENCE
AND THE OCCASION
Attitude : a learned disposition
to respond in a consistently
favorable or unfavorable manner
with respect to a person, an
object, an idea, or an event.

Demographic
Beliefs: are principles and are more
Characteristics: are
durable than attitudes because
facts about the make-
beliefs are hinged to ideals and not
up of a population.
issues.

Audience Analysis: A speaker analyzes an audience for demographics, dispositions

and knowledge of the topic.
SELECTING YOUR TOPIC
 Ted Talk What I Want to Know What the Audience will Learn
Possible Topics Why I Want to Know What I learned from past How this can be used by others
readings/resources
What more I can learn

What: Known to me:

Title:

Why: Gap to be Filled:

Title: What: Known to me:

Why: Gap to be Filled:

Title: What: Known to me:

Why: Gap to be Filled:

LESSON 1: FINDING AND NARROWING THE TOPICS

a. identifying a purpose
b. considering the audience and the occasion
A. IDENTIFYING A

PURPOSE
 SPEECH GOAL

General SPEECHI GOAL – reflects the intent of the speech

PERSUADE (to ask my audience to do something)
INFORM ( to give information to my audience)
ENTERTAIN (to tell a story or an experience I’ve had)
 B. CONSIDERING THE
AUDIENCE & THE
OCCASION
CONSIDERING THE AUDIENCE 10

AUDIENCE
Whenever we prepare an oral presentation,
a publication, or even a letter, the first issue
we consider is our audience. The person or
people for whom we intend our message
influence our content, format, organization,
sentence structure, and word choice.
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
Who is my audience? ( clients, customers, coworkers, classmates)
Will my audience consist of males, females, or a mixture of both?
What is my audience’s age range?
What is my audience’s level of education?
How large will my audience be?
 RELEVANT!
Audience: What does this have to do with me?
Topic is relevant in terms of:
• Timeliness - information is useful now or in
the future
• Proximity – information relates to audience
• Personal Impact - affects their personal lives
NOVEL!
The level of persuasion should equal the level of
resistance so proceed carefully and sensitively with
listeners.
Successful persuasion means that an audience is
persuaded to opposing views.
Choose an approach that is most appropriate for your
audience and the context of your speech.
 Unique!

UNIQUENESS OCCURS WHEN A

TOPIC RISES TO THE LEVEL OF
BEING EXCEPTIONAL IN INTEREST
AND KNOWLEDGE TO A GIVEN
AUDIENCE.
 15

HOW PEOPLE LEARN

People learn through elaborative rehearsal, which means
connecting new knowledge to what they already know and
believe (Bransford et al., 1999; Tigner, 1999).
• People learn what they regard as relevant to their lives
(Svinicki, 2004).
• People learn when they are motivated to do so by the
inspiration and enthusiasm of other people in their lives
(Feldman, 1998b).
• People learn better when the material evokes
emotional and not just intellectual or physical
involvement. In other words, a lasting learning
experience must be moving enough to make the
material memorable or to motivate people to want
to learn it. This learning pattern mirrors the
biological basis of learning, which is the close
communication between the frontal lobes of the
brain and the limbic system. From a biological
point of view, learning entails a change in the
brain: the establishment of desirable new synapses
(Leamnson, 1999, 2000; Mangurian, 2005).
HOW STRUCTURE INCREASES 17

LEARNING

Without having a structure of

the material in their heads,
students fail to comprehend and
retain new material
(Anderson, 1984; Bransford et al., 1999; Rhem, 1995;
Svinicki, 2004).
 4 H GUIDE TO SPEECH
EVALUATION

Head Make me think. Give me data. Make it compelling.

–

Give me a unique take on the subject. Bring me fresh ideas..make

me think!
Heart – Make me feel. Bring me into your story. If I don’t feel
it, I won’t remember it.
Hands – Ask me to take action. Make me do something.
Humor – Make me smile. Light things up with some humor.
(right amount, right kind, right purpose)
Principles and patterns of
organization
Presentation title 20
Developing the
Speech
•Introduction
•Body
•Conclusion
HOW STRUCTURE INCREASES
LEARNING

Without having a structure of the

material in their heads, students
fail to comprehend and retain
23

new material
(Anderson, 1984; Bransford et al., 1999; Rhem, 1995;
Svinicki, 2004).
 SPEECH
OUTLINE

• Logical Elements

•Tell them what you are going to

say(introduction)
•Tell them (body)
•Tell them what you said (conclusion)
Patterns of
Organization

Formulas for Speech Organization

•OIBCC – Basic Formula
Opening – grab attention
Introduction – “Why bring this topic up?”
Body – bulk of the presentation
• Remember that for every important point that you make, you must provide support and this
support can take the form of
–Statistics, analogies, testimony, illustrations, or specific examples
Conclusion – summarize briefly points
Close – last strong sentences that leave the audience with something to remember
• Must tie to your main idea and should tie to your opening
to be effective
Harvard School Formula
• For persuasive speeches
•PREPY
Point of View – “Smoking is hazardous for your life”
Reason – “Smoking causes cancer”
Examples/Evidence – “50,000 people die per year
from cancer”
Point of view restated – “If you want a long full life,
give up cigarettes”
“You”- oriented – “Take the first step tonight and
sign up for ‘no more smoking’ seminar”
Storytelling
Introduction
–Tell a story.
•Make a point.
–Tell another story.
•Make another point.
–Tell another story.
•Make another point.
Conclusion
A memorable conclusion ties together all three stories to
support the core message.
Key point

•Once you have chosen your main

points, you should arrange them using
a design that fits your material,
establishes your thesis statement and
specific purpose, and is appropriate
to your audience
• Informative Speech Patterns

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EJrK2U4N30
INFORMATIVE GOALS:
(WHAT THE AUDIENCE WILL LEARN/HOW THIS CAN BE USED BY THE AUDIENCE)

General goal: to inform the audience about techniques of

handwriting analysis

Specific goal: I want the audience to recognize the differences

between two major techniques used to analyze handwriting.
 PERSUASIVE GOALS:

General goal: to persuade the audience to donate their kidney

Specific goal: I want to persuade the audience to make a

written consent to donate their kidney to a specific foundation
Specific Goals for Informative Speech Topics
• Inform my audience on the frequency and use of deception in commercial advertising.
• Inform my audience about techniques in conducting genealogical research (family
history).
• Inform my audience about the uses of humor in learning environments.
• Inform my audience about strategies in critically evaluating information on the Internet.
• Inform my audience about the effects of color and ways that colors are used in business
and professional settings.
 Specific Goals for Persuasive Speech Topics
• Persuade my audience why it is (not) necessary to participate in a recycling program.
• Persuade my audience why Filipinos should (not) become bilingual.
• Persuade college students why they should (not) join a campus political organization of their
choice.
• Persuade my audience that marijuana should be legalized in the Philippines.
• Persuade my audience why the use of animals in cosmetics testing and medical research should
(not) be banned.
• Persuade my audience that college students should be required to take a foreign language class.

*reasons for/reasons against

PURPOSE STATEMENT
PURPOSE STATEMENT
Purpose must state OBSERVABLE/MEASURABLE BEHAVIOR:

NOT OBSERVABLE: At the end of my speech, the audience

will know some things about..

OBSERVABLE: At the end of my speech, the audience will

be able to list three points of interest in the town of….
INFORMATIVE GOAL
SPECIFIC PURPOSE STATEMENT:
AT THE END OF MY SPEECH, THE AUDIENCE WILL BE ABLE TO LIST THREE POINTS OF
INTEREST IN THE TOWN OF….

Thesis statement

Key point 1 Key point 2 Key point 3

Supporting Points: Supporting Points: Supporting Points:
Specific purpose statement:
39

At the end of my speech,

the audience will be able
to explain three ways in
which expectations can
influence us.
Specific purpose statement:

At the end of my speech,

the audience will be able
to list three disadvantages
of overthinking.
PERSUASIVE GOAL

reason 1 SUPPORTING
DETAILS/EXAMPLES

Thesis reason 2 SUPPORTING

DETAILS/EXAMPLES
Statement
reason 3 SUPPORTING
DETAILS/EXAMPLES
42
Specific purpose statement:
At the end of my speech, the 43
audience will be able to list
three reasons why Newton’s
laws of motion can be
practically applied in our lives.