GIT Q & A

Prof Dr. SMSaeed

1. What is the function Chemically and mechanically breakdown

of the oral cavity? food.

2. What are the types of

1. Orthokeratinized 2. Parakeratinized 3.
epithelium in the oral
nonkeratinized
cavity?

3. What parts of the oral

cavity have
Gums (gingiva), hard palate (roof of mouth),
keratinized stratified
dorsal surface of tongue
squamous
epithelium?

4. What parts of the oral

cavity have ventral surface of the tongue, floor of the
nonkeratinized mouth, mucosal surfaces of the cheek and
stratified squamous lips
epithelium?

5. What are tongue Mucosal elevations in the anterior region of

papillae? the dorsal surface of the tongue

pointed, thread like, conical, mastication,

6. Filiform papillae
majority, no taste buds

fungus shaped, scattered, less, dorsum taste

7. fungiform papillae
buds

8. circumvallate
dome shaped, few, a lot of taste buds
papillae

found on the lateral surface of the tongue,

9. foliate papillae
regular in shape, rudimentary in man

10. Taste buds are found

fungiform, circumvallate, foliate
on which papillae?
11. What kind of muscle
Skeletal.in many orientations
is in the tongue?

12. Lingual papillae are: mucosal projections

13. These extend from

the lingual papillae to
seromucous glands
the skeletal muscle of
the tongue...

1. They receive chemical food components

called TASTANTS dissolve in saliva 2. Enter
14. How do taste buds
through PORES on the surface of the taste
receive and relay food
bud to 3. Contact the TASTE CELLS. 4.
information to the
Interact with taste cell protein or ion
CNS?
channels 5. Cause electrical changes in taste
cells 6. impulses are sent to the brain

15. Taste buds are found

in what part of the
Oral and pharyngeal mucosa???
mouth, other than on
papillae?

16. What are the

principal cell types in neuroepithelial, supporting, basal
taste buds?

17. What are the four

stimuli for taste sweet, sour, salty, bitter (umami)
buds?

18. The major parts of Taste buds, striated muscle, lingual tonsil,
the tongue are? minor salivary glands

19. Where is the lingual Posterior third of the dorsal surface of the
tonsil located? tongue.

20. Can all taste buds

Yes, but with different magnitudes
perceive all tastes?

21. What are the four Adenoid, tubal tonsil, palatine tonsil, lingual
parts of the tonsil tonsil
 group Waldeyers
ring?

Enamel, dentin, cementum, periodontal

22. What are the
ligament, gingiva, alveolar process (bone),
components of teeth?
dental pulp

23. What forms enamel? ameloblasts

24. What is dentin made

odontoblasts
from?

25. What are the

amelogenin, enamelin, hydroxyapatite
components of
crystals, ameloblasts
enamel?

26. What are the predentin (type I collagen,

components of glycosaminoglycans), hydroxyapatite
dentin? crystals, odontoblasts,

27. Cementum is... cellular and acellular

28. The dental pulp in

nerves and soft tissue
bone is made up of:

29. Developing teeth

have enamel and
enamel
ameloblasts, adult
teeth only have...

30. Before dentin

predentin
matures, it is...

Terms Definitions

31. Which embryonic

layer does the GI
Endoderm
epithelium
differentiate from?

32. Where are the most Mucosa

drastic modifications
 of GI organ
appearance?

33. Name the three -epithelium

components of the -lamina propria
mucosa -muscularis mucosa

34. What are the

functions of the
conduction, absorption, secretion
mucosal epithelium?
(3)

35. What are the possible

epithelial Stratified squamous moist, simple columnar,
classifications of the stratified squamous parakeratinized
mucosal epithelium?

collagen fibers, elastin fibers, diffuse

36. What tissues can be
lymphoid tissue, lymph nodules, exocrine
found in the lamina
glands, small blood vessels, nerves,
propria?
lymphatics

37. Where is the

muscularis mucosa Esophagus
the most prominent?

38. In which direction is

the muscularis Longitudinally
mucosa oriented?

39. What is the purpose

contraction of muscularis mucosa aids in
of the muscularis
gland emptying and material transport
mucosa?

40. What innervates the Post-ganglionic fibers from the Meissner's

muscularis mucosa? plexus

41. How can you

differentiate the
The submucosa has coarser fiber bundles
submucosa from the
lamina propria?
42. What kind of tissue is
dense irregular CT
typical in submucosa?

43. When does the

submucosa hold The esophageal and duodenal submucosae
diagnostic features? are the only ones with mucous glands
What are they?

44. What structures can

Large plexus of blood vessels, lymphatics,
be found in the
nerves. Also can find Meissner's plexus
submucosa?

45. What is a Meissner's A bundle of preganglionic fibers in the

plexus? Where does it submucosa that originate from the Vagus
originate? nerve.

46. Where is the

The muscularis externa is smooth muscle all
muscularis external
along the GI tract other than the upper
smooth muscle?
esophagus, where it is skeletal muscle.
Where is it not?

47. How are the layers of

The inner layer is circular, the outer layer is
the muscularis
longitudinal
externa arranged?

The muscularis externa is innervated by

48. What innervates the post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from
muscularis externa? Auerbach's/Myenteric plexus between the
two muscle layers

49. What are the

Mainly peristalsis, also maintains tonus,
functions of the
propels food.
muscularis externa?

50. What makes up the

CT with blood vessels, lymphatics, and
adventitia of the GI
nerve fibers
tract?

51. When the adventitia When covered with a visceral peritoneum,

is called a serosa? the adventitia is called a serosa

52. What is the visceral a simple squamous mesothelium that

 peritoneum? surrounds organs which may project into the
body cavity

53. Where is the

esophagus located?
The esophagus is located behind the trachea.
What proportions of it
It has roughly 10" in the thorax and only 1" in
are in which regions?
the abdominal cavity. Only the 1" that
Which sections are
penetrates the diaphragm has a mesothelium.
covered in
mesothelium?

-Smooth Muscle Layers - innervated by

54. Describe the
postganglionic parasympathetic Auerbach's
innervation of the
and Meissner's plexus.
esophagus in terms of
-Vascular Smooth Muscle - innervated by
its smooth muscle
postganglionic sympathetic fibers from
layers, vascular
cervical and thoracic trunks.
smooth muscle, and
-Skeletal Muscle - innervated by efferent
skeletal muscle.
fibers of the Vagus (X) nerve

1. Warming / Cooling of food

55. What are three
2. Transport via gravity and muscular
general purposes of
contractions
the esophagus?
3. Glands secrete mucus for lubrication

56. Esophageal Mucosa:

Stratified squamous non-keratinized (moist)
Epithelium type.
epithelium. Esophageal cardiac glands in the
Glands in lamina
lamina propria secrete mucus. The
propria? How is the
muscularis mucosa is oriented mostly
muscularis mucosa
longitudinally.
oriented?

57. Esophageal
The esophageal muscularis mucosa appears
Muscularis Mucosa:
in bundles in the upper esophagus, but a
how does it appear in
thick continuous band in the lower
the upper esophagus?
esophagus. It is innervated by Meissner's
Lower esophagus?
plexus.
What innervates it?

58. Does the esophageal The esophageal mucosa folds at rest and will
mucosa fold when smooth out during swallowing.
swallowing or
 resting?

59. Which organs have

Esophagus and Duodenum are the only
glands in their
organs that have submucosal glands.
submucosa?

The esophageal muscularis externa has

60. How can you different muscle types at different sections.
determine the level of -Upper 1/3 - all skeletal muscle.
esophageal -Mid 1/3 - mix of skeletal and smooth muscle.
histological section? -Lower 1/3 - all smooth muscle with a chance
of observing lower esophageal sphincter.

61. What substances will

cause relaxation of the Nicotine, Peppermint, and Alcohol will cause
lower esophageal relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter.
sphincter? How does Reduces feeling of "fullness".
this make you feel?

62. What notable features Intrathoracic esophageal adventitia blends

are there of the with surrounding DICT
esophageal adventitia Intraabominal esophageal adventitia covered
in each of its two by visceral peritoneum.
sections?

63. What dramatic

The epithelium changes between stratified
changes can be seen
squamous epithelium to simple columnar.
in the transition
Also, there's a huge sphincter in between
between esophagus
them.
and stomach?

64. What is the condition Barrett's Esophagus is a result of repetitive

of Barrett's acid reflux destroying the epithelium.
esophagus? What Constant destruction and regeneration of
complication is epithelium leads to high probability of
associated with it? cancer.

65. What are the three The stomach stores food, acidifies and
general roles of the converts food to chyme, and secretes
stomach? digestive enzymes from its mucosa.

66. What are the Histologic: cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric

 histologic divisions of Anatomic: cardiac, fundic, pyloric
the stomach? The Histological divisions based upon gland
anatomic divisions? type.
How are the
histologic divisions
made?

Rugae are folds in mucosa/submucosa of

67. What are rugae?
gastric walls. They flatten when the stomach
When do they flatten?
is full.

68. What is the The gastric mucosa has a simple columnar

appearance of the epithelium that forms a sheet gland. Gastric
gastric mucosa? pits create furrows to form other glands.

69. What organs exist as

Only the stomach can form a sheet gland.
sheet glands?

The gastric epithelium is joined by gap

70. What characteristics junctions. It is continuous with the gastric
define the gastric pits that form glands. Individual cells have a
epithelium? 3-day life cycle. Its mucous secretions protect
itself from acid.

71. Classify gastric

glands and list their Gastric glands are simple branched tubular
individual sections. glands. Each has a neck, body, and base.
How far do they They span the entire length of the mucosa.
project downward?

The gastric lamina propria occupies the space

72. What features
between glands and pits. It has many blood
distinguish the gastric
vessels and occasional strands of muscularis
lamina propria?
mucosa.

Gastric Cardiac Glands:

73. State the location, Location - cardiac region (near esophageal
relative length, orifice)
component cells, and Length - ideally equal to the length of pit
primary function of Component Cells - mostly mucus secreting
gastric cardiac glands. cells, some parietal and enteroendocrine
Function - mucus secretion. Not much
 digestion.

Gastric Fundic Glands:

Location - fundic and body regions of
74. State the location,
stomach
relative length,
Length - much longer than depth of pits
classification, cell
Classification - Simple Branched Tubular
types, and function of
Cells - Mucous neck, parietal, chief,
gastric fundic glands.
enteroendocrine
Function - Major source of gastric juice

75. Mucous Neck Cells in Mucous Neck Cells are in the neck of the
gastric fundic glands: fundic glands. They appear basophilic in
Location, appearance, H&E stain. They produce an acidic mucous
role. secretion.

Parietal cells appear in the upper part of

76. Parietal Cells in fundic glands. They can form EM-visible
gastric fundic glands: canaliculi and have an abundance of
location, appearance, mitochondria (eosinophilic appearance) in
role. order to secrete H⁺, Cl⁻, Gastric Intrinsic
Factor

77. Purpose of Gastric

GIF binds to vitamin B₁₂ to allow for
Intrinsic Factor. What
absorption in SI, which is essential for RBC
condition is
maturation. Lack of Vitamin B₁₂ or GIF will
associated with a
lead to pernicious anemia.
defect in GIF?

Chief Cells appear as the dominant cell type

78. Chief Cells in gastric
in the lower half of fundic glands and stain
fundic glands:
as basophilic and foamy. They have apical
location, appearance,
zymogen granules. They are responsible for
role.
pepsinogen secretion.

Enteroendocrine cells appear at the bases of

79. Enteroendocrine Cells
fundic glands with variable staining and 12
in gastric fundic
different cell types for secreting different
glands: location,
hormone (endocrine or paracrine) Basally
appearance, role.
oriented granules.

80. Secretions of Enteroendocrine cells can produce gastrin to

 Enteroendocrine Cells increase gastric function, or serotonin for
vasoconstriction to reduce gastric activity.

Pyloric glands are located in the distal

stomach and appear overshadowed by their
81. Pyloric Glands:
wider and deeper pits. The glands are simple
location, relative
or branched tubular, and are often coiled to
length, classification,
make the glands seem small. Their nigh-
and role.
single role is to secrete mucus, but also have
other varied cells sprinkled in.

82. What structure has

the postganglionic The muscularis mucosa is innervated by
neurons for the Meissner's plexus.
muscularis mucosa?

83. What structure has

the postganglionic The muscularis externa is innervated by
neurons for the Auerbach's plexus. It is located between the
muscularis externa? circular and longitudinal layers.
Where is it located?

84. What muscle layer is

unique to the The inner oblique layer within the
stomach? What is its muscularis externa. It is used for grinding.
purpose?

85. Which muscle layer

of the muscularis The middle circular layer of the muscularis
externa is exaggerated externa thickens to form the pyloric
at the pyloric sphincter.
sphincter?

A gastric ulcer is a break in the gastric

86. What is a gastric
mucosa into the layers of muscle and
ulcer? What
adventitia. It is accompanied by anemia and
complications can
blood in stool. Can also cause sepsis as
arise from one?
stomach contents enter peritoneum.

87. Does the stomach The stomach has a serosa, with an adventitia
have a serosa? What is layer of loose CT
its adventitia layer
 comprised of?

88. Where are the

submucosal glands in Duodenum
the small intestine?

duodenum - 1 ft.
89. What are the lengths
jejunum - 8 ft.
of intestinal sections?
ileum - 12 ft.

90. What structures Plicae Circulares (ridges)- 2-3x

increase intestinal Intestinal Villi - 10x
surface area? By how Microvilli - 20x
much? Total - 500x

91. What features are Intestinal villi. Absorptive cells and goblet
related to intestinal cells. Blind-ended lacteals in the villi lamina
mucosa? propria.

Intestinal glands are simple tubular glands

92. Intestinal glands:
between villi. There are four cell types:
gland classification,
goblet, absorptive, Paneth, and
location, cell types,
enteroendocrine.

93. Which portion of

The basal half of intestinal glands is
intestinal glands are
mitotically active to regenerate the epithelial
mitotically active?
cells at the apical end of the villi.
Why?

High degree of vascularization (blood and

94. What features
lymphatic). Smooth muscle fibers extend
distinguish intestinal
from muscularis mucosa. Payer's Patches
lamina propria?
lymph nodules.

95. What is the major Entry site of the secretions of the gall bladder
duodenal papilla? and pancreas.

96. What type of glands

Compound tubular mucous glands.
are Brunner's glands?

97. Where is each Absorptive - luminal surface of villi.

intestinal cell type Goblet - interspersed within invaginations
 located? and crypts, not tips.
Paneth - very bottom of intestinal glands.
Enteroendocrine - basal half of glands.

Intestinal epithelial cells are tall columnar

98. Intestinal epithelial
cells with a brush border and a well-
cells: appearance,
developed glycocalyx to protect against
distinguishing
enzymes and activate others. They are bound
characteristics, and
together by junctional complexes and digest
role.
nutrients.

99. Goblet cells: Goblet cells are round cells that interrupt
appearance, columnar epithelial cells, which increase in
distinguishing frequency basally. Produces mucinogen
characteristics, and which reacts with water to create a protective
role. lubricant.

100. Paneth Cells: Paneth cells are found in bases of intestinal

appearance and glands with large eosinophilic granules that
purpose secrete lysozyme for antibacterial purposes.

101. Enteroendocrine cells are lighter staining and

Enteroendocrine Cells
granular in appearance. They respond to
- appearance patterns,
chyme by basally secreting hormones such as
purpose, examples of
secretin or CCK
secretions.

Can be paracrine or endocrine.

Secretin - triggered by acidity in chyme to
102. Triggers and
stimulate pancreatic centroacinar bicarb
functions of
secretion.
enteroendocrine
CCK - triggered by fatty acids and AA's to
secretion examples:
stimulate pancreatic enzyme and gall bladder
release.

Plicae circulares - found in the first 2/3 of the

SI, forms permanent mucosal ridges.
103. Two particular Duodenal glands (of Brunner) - compound
structures of tubular glands that have ducts emptying into
intestinal submucosa bases of intestinal glands. They produce
alkaline mucus and are stimulated by acidic
chyme.
104. General
features of the outer Muscularis externa - well developed
layers of the small Serosa - adventitia and visceral peritoneum
intestine

105. Macroscopic
visible cecum, retroperitoneal dive, visible
appearance and
transverse colon, not visible descending,
projection path of
visible rectum
colon

106. Which layer of muscularis externa exhibits the most drastic

the colon changes? change within the colon

107. Is the colon

No, the colon mucosa normally has a smooth
characterized by
surface with no plicae or villi
plicae or villi?

108. What are the

general functions of Water recovery and vitamin absorption
the colon?

The colonic mucosa has a tall columnar

109. Colon mucosa -
epithelium with absorptive, goblet, and
describe the
enteroendocrine cells. It also has simple
epithelium, glands,
tubular intestinal glands and a lamina
and lamina propria
propria with much CT and lymph nodules.

The colonic muscularis external's outer

110. What is special
longitudinal layer is composed of three
about the muscularis
discontinuous parallel bands called the
externa in the colon?
"teniae coli" that joins at the rectum.

111. What is
Loss of mucosa and submucosa. Results in
ulcerative collitis?
bloody stool, cramping, diarrhea
Symptoms?

112. Does the

No. The appendix mucosa looks similar to
appendix have villi or
the colon's. No villi or plicae.
plicae?

113. Why is the Young people have a higher concentration of

appendix subject to lymph nodules within the lamina propria of
 infection and rupture the appendix.
during youth?

114. How does the

The appendix submucosa appears like that of
muscularis externa
the large intestine. The muscularis externa,
and submucosa
however, appears similar to the small
appear in the
intestine as it does not have the teniae coli.
appendix?

The area of change between rectal stratified

115. What is the
squamous moist epithelium to the anal
pectinate line? What
canal's simple columnar. The muscularis
is special about its
mucosa disappears. The lamina propria
muscularis mucosa?
houses the hemorrhoidal venous plexus. The
Its lamina propria? Its
muscularis externa loses its longitudinal
muscularis externa?
layer, forms IAS with the circular layer.

116. What creates

The muscularis externa forms the internal
the internal anal
anal sphincter
sphincter?

117. What type of

The anus has stratified squamous
epithelium is found
keratinized epithelium.
in the anus?

118. Is the external

The EAS is not part of the GI tract. It has
anal sphincter part of
stratified squamous keratinized epithelium,
the GI tract? Why or
skeletal muscle, and is voluntarily controlled.
why not?

119. What kind of Apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands

glands and structures are the only glands seen in the anal
are seen in the anus? epithelium. It also has hairs.

120. What
The longitudinally-oriented rectal columns
landmarks are
of Morgagni end at the pectinate line.
specific to the rectum?

121. Do the glands

Yes, the simple tubular glands of the rectum
of the rectum differ
are shorter and more irregular than the rest of
from other colon
the colon.
glands?