The Sumerian civilization was one of the earliest known civilizations in ancient

Mesopotamia, located in what is now modern-day Iraq. It emerged around 4000 BCE and
lasted until around 2000 BCE. The Sumerians were known for their advanced city-states,
such as Ur, Uruk, and Lagash, which were centers of trade, culture, and innovation.

One of the most significant contributions of the Sumerians was the development of
writing. They created a system of writing known as cuneiform, which involved using
wedge-shaped symbols pressed into clay tablets. This writing system was used for record-
keeping, administrative purposes, and literature.

The Sumerians also made advancements in mathematics, particularly in the development

of a numerical system based on the number 60. This system influenced later civilizations,
including the Babylonians and Greeks. Additionally, the Sumerians made significant
progress in astronomy, observing the movements of celestial bodies and creating one of
the earliest known calendars.

In terms of social structure, the Sumerians had a complex society with a ruling class of
priests and kings who governed the city-states. They also had a system of laws and
governance, with temples playing a central role in religious and political life. The
Sumerians believed in multiple gods and goddesses, with each city-state having its own
patron deity.

Overall, the Sumerian civilization laid the foundation for future civilizations in the region
and beyond. Their innovations in writing, mathematics, astronomy, and governance had a
lasting impact on the development of human civilization.