Operating Systems By Mr. Jayson G.

Mauricio

Course Title: OPERATING SYSTEMS

Course Description: The course examines process synchronization; input/output, buffering, file systems; processor and memory management; virtual memory; job scheduling; resource allocation; systems modeling; performance measurement and evaluation.

LECTURE 1
What is Operating System? Operating System it is a program that acts as an intermediary between the user of computer and the computer hardware. Operating System is a set of software routines that sits between the application program and hardware. *routines: perform key support functions such as 1. communicating with peripheral devices 2. accepting and carrying out user commands a. load a program b. copy a file c. create a directory Operating System acts like an interface between the user and computer hardware. FOUR COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM 1. Hardware provides the basic computing resources (CPU, Memory, I/O Devices) 2. Application Program define the ways in which these resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users. (compilers, database system, games & business prog.) 3. Users the one who solve problems in many different application programs. (people and machines)
4.

Operating System control coordinates the use of hardware among the Various application programs for various users. - provides environment with other programs to do useful work. allocates resources requested by specific programs users to operate computer system fairly and efficiently.

PURPOSE OF OPERATING SYSTEM To provide environment in which a user can execute program. GOAL OF OPERATING SYSTEM 1. To make computer system convenient to use 2. To use the computer hardware efficient to use. FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM 1. As a Service Provider 2. As a Resource Manager O.S,as a Service Provider 1. Resource Manager * Program execution

Operating Systems By Mr. Jayson G. Mauricio

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process management: the creation and deletion of both user and system processes the suspension and resumption of processes The provision of mechanisms for processes synchronization The provision of mechanisms for process communication The provision of mechanisms for deadlock handling 2. I/O Manager * involve a file and I/O devices 3. File Manager a. Manipulation of Data b. Execution of Data c. Recovery & Archiving 4. Protection & Security *protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled, security eventually a password which every user having to authenticate himself to the system. 5. Accounting * to keep track the resources and what kind of computer resources. 6. Error Detection & Handling *operating system needs constantly be aware of possible errors. O.S. as a Resource Manager 1. Keeps track the status of its resources 2. Enforce a schedule among programs requesting resources 3. Allocate & De-allocate resources HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEM 0th Generation No O.S at all, machines is controlled hard-wired (Punch-card). - No existence of O.S only encoding *Encoding programming techniques that binary bit is presented through voltages. 1st Generation During 1950s, simple operating system were developed that allowed programs to be submitted in sequence and stored. - Batch Processing / Batch Oriented Processing. 2nd Generation During 1960s Multi-using was developed *Multi-using: 1. To store several programs in memory simultaneously 2. Share computer resources 3rd Generation Mid 1960, Multiprocessing, Multiprogramming, Time-Sharing, Real-time processing & Virtual memory were introduced. *Virtual Memory the ability of OS to expand the memory of computer sys. 4th Generation the period of Networking System & Distributed O.S that provide networking & communication function. - Open system were introduced - Interoperability & other network standard - Massive memory was develop (expansion) 5th Generation Multimode system (1980s)

Operating Systems By Mr. Jayson G. Mauricio

Provide higher resolution Speech synthesizers & Recognition Computer Vision Allow intelligent machines & Open System

*Multimode System connotes multi-processing & multiprogramming *Open System 1. Portability a system that can be applied in any kind of Computer environment 2. Availability source-code licenses in short notice 3. Scalability the code can be transferable and resizable 4. Interoperability a system that allow sharing of files and applications. TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 1. Single Programmed OS / Single Job Stream - allows execution of program one at a time. - One program active 2. Batched OS - allowed automatic job sequencing by a resident operating system and improved the overall utilization of the computer. - the common input devices were card readers & tape drivers. - The common output devices were line printers & card punches. - Console: a terminal that consists of switches 3. Multi-programmed OS - jobs are kept in memory at one time - having several programs running concurrently in the computer. 4. Time-sharing/Multi-tasking/Multi-using - logical extension of multi-programming. - Time shared OS: allows many users to share the computer simultaneously. Uses CPU scheduling. - Having several users running in the computer system. 5. Real-time OS - Type of OS that is designed for a particular task through the use of sensors. - Sensors brings data to the computer. - Real system is defined, fixed and time constraint. 2 FLAVORS OF REAL TIME SYSTEM: 1. Hard real-time system guarantees that critical task is completed on time. 2. Soft real-time system a critical real-time task get s priority over other task, and retains that priority until it completes. APPLICATION OF REAL-TIME SYSTEM 1. Satellite Communication 2. Robotics 3. Home Appliances Controllers 4. Nuclear weapon system 5. Scientific Experiment System 6. Industrial Control System 7. Automatic-Fuel-Engine-Injection System 8. Imaging/X-rays

Operating Systems By Mr. Jayson G. Mauricio

6. Distributed OS / Network OS - Network Operating System is an OS that provide features such as file sharing (WIN NT) across the network, that includes a communication scheme that allows different processes on different computers to exchange messages. - Distributed OS is a less autonomous environment. CRITERIA TO MEASURE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COMP.SYS 1. Throughput - the amount of work going on a computer system -measure of work is the number of processes that are completed per unit time. 2. Turnaround Time is the sum of the periods spent waiting to get into memory waiting in the ready queue, executing on the CPU,and doing I/O. - elapsed time from the job submission up to job completion. 3. Waiting Time - is the sum of the periods spent waiting in the ready queue. 4. Response Time - the amount of time it takes to start responding, but not the the time that it takes to output that response. 5. Availability - the measures of system accessibility 6. Cost 7. Ease of Use 8. Reliability 9. Security

CPU UTILIZATION It determines how efficient and reliable a computer system. To determine the efficiency of the CPU, it must be equal to 50%, the card reader must be equal to 25% and line printer must be equal to 25% . If the result of the computation will not meet the required percentage then, it is less efficient and reliable. FORMULAS: CR Time LP Time = = 1 card CR speed 1 line LP speed where: CR Speed = # of cards Time LP Speed = # of lines Time

CPU Time = number of instruction * CPU speed TOTAL Time= CPU Time + CR Time + LP Time To get the efficiency used the following formula: % Efficiency of Card Reader % Efficiency of Line Printer % Efficiency of CPU = (CR Time / Total Time) * 100 = (LP Time / Total Time) * 100 = (CPU Time / Total Time) * 100 _______________________ 100 %