Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology

Department of Mechanical & Production Engineering

ASSIGNMENT on
Occupational Safety Issues in RMG Industry of Bangladesh

Course No : HUM 1209

Course Name : Society, Ethics &
Technology Date of Submission: 08/02/2024

Submitted To : Saida Sultana

Assistant Professor
Dept. of Arts & Science
Ahsanullah University of science & Technology
Submitted By :
Name ID Year-Semester Section
Ananyo Satatyo Arnob 20220207036 1-2 A
Md. Mubtasim Anjum Nabil 20220207119 1-2 A
Nahian Hasan Protiva 20220207130 1-2 A
Md. Sahim Mollah 20220207146 1-2 A
Masudul Hasan Ashik 20220207165 1-2 A

Program : B. Sc. in Industrial & Production Engineering (IPE)

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................2
1.1 Statement of the Problem.......................................................2
1.2 Objective of the Study............................................................3
1.3 Importance of the Study.........................................................3
1.4 Limitations of the...................................................................5

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................6

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY.........................................................9
3.1 Research Method: Qualitative Approach...............................9
3.2 Data Collection Tool.............................................................10
3.3 Research Settings.................................................................11
3.4 Sample Size..........................................................................12
3.5 Socio Demographic Profile..................................................13
3.6 Ethical Consideration............................................................14

CHAPTER 4: THEMATIC ANALYSIS..............................................15

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION............................................................19
5.1 Summary..............................................................................19
5.2 References........................................................................... 21
5.3 Appendix..............................................................................23

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Occupational Safety Issues in RMG Industry of Bangladesh

Chapter 1: Introduction

 1.1 Statement of the Problem:

The Ready-Made Garments (RMG) industry in Bangladesh has long been a cornerstone
of the nation's economic growth, providing employment for a significant portion of the
population. However, beneath the fabric of this thriving industry lies a pressing concern
– occupational safety issues that have implications for the well-being of the workforce.
The genesis of this problem is notably documented in incidents such as the Rana Plaza
tragedy, a catastrophic event that underscored the vulnerabilities within the industry's
safety practices.

Reports from reputable sources, including investigations by labor organizations and

governmental bodies, have shed light on a range of safety challenges faced by workers in
the RMG sector. From inadequate training and lack of access to safety equipment to
concerns surrounding structural integrity and emergency preparedness, these issues
demand immediate attention and systematic inquiry.

The gravity of the problem is heightened by the sheer magnitude of individuals whose
lives are intertwined with the RMG industry. As a vital source of employment for many
Bangladeshis, the industry's safety shortcomings resonate not only as occupational
hazards but as threats to the livelihoods and well-being of a substantial portion of the
workforce. This study aims to delve into the intricacies of these safety issues,
examining their root causes, consequences, and potential remedies to contribute to a
safer and more sustainable RMG industry in Bangladesh.

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  1.2 Objective of the Study:

Broad objective:

 To investigate and analyze workers perspective on safety condition in the

RMG sector

Specific objective:

 Investigate whether RMG workers receive proper safety training from the
company.

 Determine if emergency medical services are provided to RMG workers by

the company.

 Assess whether safety equipment and tools are provided to RMG workers at their
workplace during emergency situations.

 1.3 Importance of the Study:

This research holds paramount importance for several compelling reasons that transcend
the boundaries of the Ready-Made Garments (RMG) industry in Bangladesh.

1. Economic Significance: The RMG industry stands as a linchpin in the economic

landscape of Bangladesh, contributing significantly to the nation's revenue and
employment. A comprehensive understanding of safety conditions within this industry is
pivotal for sustaining its economic vitality. By pinpointing areas for improvement and
ensuring the well-being of the workforce, this study seeks to fortify the economic
resilience of the RMG sector.

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2. Global Reputation: The global reputation of the RMG industry is intricately linked to
its commitment to ethical and sustainable practices. Safety standards within the
workplace play a crucial role in shaping this reputation. A meticulous examination of
workers' perspectives on safety conditions is not only a testament to the industry's
commitment to ethical labor practices but also contributes to enhancing its global
standing. The outcomes of this study have the potential to influence international
perceptions and reinforce the industry's position as a responsible global player.

3. Livelihood of Many: At the heart of this study lies a profound consideration for the
livelihoods of the individuals who constitute the backbone of the RMG industry.
Workers within this sector rely on their employment for sustenance, and their well-being
directly impacts not only their individual lives but also the broader communities they
support. By addressing safety concerns, this research seeks to safeguard the livelihoods
of many,
ensuring a work environment that is not only economically viable but also conducive to
the overall welfare of the workforce.

In essence, this study transcends the boundaries of a conventional workplace analysis; it

resonates with the economic heartbeat of the nation, contributes to the global identity of
the industry, and safeguards the livelihoods of those whose daily toil shapes the fabric
of the RMG sector in Bangladesh. The importance of this study lies not just in its
academic pursuit but in its potential to catalyze positive change that reverberates across
economic, global, and individual spheres.

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  1.4 Limitations of the Study:

While undertaking this research endeavor, certain limitations were encountered that
warrant acknowledgment to provide a transparent perspective on the study's scope and
potential constraints.

Limited Time Frame:

One notable limitation of this study revolves around the constraint of time. The research
was conducted within a finite timeframe, imposing constraints on the depth and breadth
of data collection and analysis. The exigencies of time restricted the number of
interviews conducted, limiting the sample size to five participants. A more extensive
temporal scope would have afforded the opportunity to engage a larger and more diverse
pool of participants, allowing for a more comprehensive exploration of the intricacies
surrounding safety conditions within the Ready-Made Garments (RMG) sector.

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 Chapter 2: Literature Review

The Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry is a cornerstone of Bangladesh's economy,

contributing significantly to its GDP and exports. However, this booming sector carries a
dark side: persistent occupational safety hazards that threaten the lives and well-being of
its predominantly female workforce. This paper aims to examine the state of
occupational safety in the RMG industry of Bangladesh, focusing on worker training,
equipment provision, healthcare access, and improvements since the Rana Plaza disaster
in 2013.
Through a comprehensive literature review, we will analyze existing research, reports,
and articles to understand the scope of the problem, the factors contributing to poor safety
practices, and the effectiveness of post-Rana Plaza initiatives.

Safety Training for Workers:

Research indicates that a major deficit exists in providing adequate safety training for
RMG workers in Bangladesh. Several studies highlight the lack of mandatory training
programs, inadequate training content, and poor training delivery methods (Rahman et
al., 2020; Islam et al., 2019). Workers often receive minimal instruction on fire safety,
emergency procedures, and safe work practices, leaving them vulnerable to accidents and
injuries (World Bank, 2018). Studies by Haque (2017) and Hossain et al. (2016) further
emphasize the limited comprehension of safety regulations and practices among workers,
highlighting the need for effective training programs delivered in local languages and
utilizing participatory methods.

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Provision of Safety Equipment:

The availability and proper usage of personal protective equipment (PPE) remain crucial
concerns in the RMG industry. Research points to insufficient supplies of PPE, poor
quality of equipment, and lack of enforcement regarding their use (Rahman et al., 2020;
Islam et al., 2019). Workers often share or forgo PPE due to cost or discomfort,
increasing their exposure to hazardous substances and physical risks (World Bank,
2018). Studies by Chowdhury (2015) and Karim et al. (2014) emphasize the need for
employer- provided, high-quality PPE, coupled with training on proper usage and
maintenance.

Access to Healthcare and Medical Care:

Limited access to healthcare and inadequate medical facilities within factories further
exacerbate the issue. Research reveals a shortage of qualified medical personnel,
insufficient medical supplies, and inadequate awareness of occupational health hazards
among workers (Bhuiyan et al., 2019; Zaman et al., 2018). These shortcomings leave
workers untreated for work-related injuries and illnesses, further impacting their health
and well-being (World Bank, 2018). Studies by Hossain (2017) and Khan et al. (2014)
suggest the need for on-site clinics with qualified medical professionals, readily available
medication, and awareness programs on occupational health issues.

Post-Rana Plaza Developments:

Following the Rana Plaza tragedy, several initiatives were launched to improve worker
safety in the RMG industry. The Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh and
the Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety were established, focusing on factory
inspections, building renovations, and fire safety measures (Islam et al., 2019). However,
studies by Rahman et al. (2020) and Zaman et al. (2018) highlight the uneven
implementation of these initiatives, limited worker participation, and challenges in

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sustaining long-term change. While some improvements have been observed, concerns
remain regarding worker training, PPE use, healthcare access, and effective enforcement
mechanisms.

Conclusion:

Despite the economic significance of the RMG industry, the safety conditions for its
workers remain alarming. The literature review reveals a concerning lack of proper safety
training, inadequate provision of PPE, limited access to healthcare, and challenges in
ensuring sustained improvements post-Rana Plaza. To address these issues effectively,
collaborative efforts are needed from government agencies, garment manufacturers,
international organizations, and labor unions. Implementing mandatory and
comprehensive safety training programs, ensuring accessible and high-quality PPE,
providing on-site medical facilities, and strengthening enforcement mechanisms are
critical steps towards achieving safe and dignified working conditions for RMG workers
in Bangladesh.

Further Research:

This review provides a starting point for understanding the complex issue of occupational
safety in Bangladesh's RMG industry. Further research is needed to explore:

•The effectiveness of post-Rana Plaza initiatives in various factory types and locations.

•The gendered perspectives of female workers regarding safety concerns and training
needs.

•The role of technological advancements in improving safety monitoring and

enforcement.

8
•The long-term sustainability of safety improvements and worker empowerment
initiatives.

By addressing these areas, researchers can contribute valuable insights to inform policy
changes, industry practices, and interventions that prioritize worker safety and well-being
in the RMG sector.

Chapter 3: Methodology

 3.1 Research Method: Qualitative Approach:

In this study, a qualitative research approach was employed to explore and understand the
perspectives of workers regarding safety conditions within the Ready-Made Garments
(RMG) industry of Bangladesh. Qualitative research is a methodological approach that
emphasizes the exploration of subjective experiences, meanings, and social phenomena
within their natural context. Unlike quantitative research, which focuses on numerical
data and statistical analysis, qualitative research aims to uncover the richness and
complexity of human behavior and interaction. Qualitative research prioritizes depth over
breadth and aims to provide insights into the lived experiences, perceptions, and
interpretations of individuals and groups. It's about capturing those "how" and "why".

9
The qualitative approach was chosen for its suitability in capturing the subjective
experiences and perspectives of RMG workers regarding safety conditions. Given the
exploratory nature of the research questions and the need to understand the lived realities
of workers, qualitative methods offered the flexibility and depth required to delve into the
intricacies of the topic. By adopting a qualitative approach, this study aimed to provide a
rich, contextually embedded understanding of safety issues within the RMG sector,
contributing to a more nuanced analysis of the subject matter.

 3.2 Data Collection Tool:

In this study, data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, a

qualitative research method that allows for flexibility and depth in exploring participants'
perspectives and experiences. Semi-structured interviews combine elements of both
structured and unstructured approaches, providing a framework of predetermined
questions while also allowing for spontaneous follow-up inquiries and probes.

Prior to conducting the interviews, an interview protocol was developed to guide the
conversation and ensure consistency across interviews. The protocol included a series
of open-ended questions designed to elicit participants' perspectives on safety
conditions
within the RMG industry. Questions were formulated to explore topics such as safety
training, provision of safety equipment, emergency preparedness, and experiences with
workplace safety incidents.

Interviews were conducted in person at the participants' workplace or another

mutually agreed-upon location. The interviewer followed the interview protocol while
also
allowing for spontaneous follow-up questions and probes to delve deeper into

10
participants' responses.

10
Recording and Transcription: With participants' consent, interviews were audio and video
recorded to ensure accurate capture of the data. Following the interviews, recordings
were transcribed verbatim to create written transcripts for analysis. Transcription was
carried out meticulously to maintain the integrity of participants' responses and ensure
fidelity to their original expressions.

By employing semi-structured interviews as the data collection tool, this study aimed to
gather rich, nuanced insights into the perspectives of RMG workers regarding safety
conditions within their workplaces. The semi-structured format allowed for a participant-
centered approach, facilitating a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances
surrounding the topic.

 3.3 Research Setting:

The research and interviews were conducted in Ghazipur, Bangladesh, near the Utah
Fashion Ltd garment factory. Ghazipur is a prominent industrial area within the Dhaka
Division, housing numerous Ready-Made Garments (RMG) factories. Utah Fashion Ltd
is one of the key establishments in the region, providing employment to a significant
number of workers in the RMG sector.

The choice of Ghazipur as the research setting was deliberate, considering its
concentration of RMG factories and its representation of the broader RMG industry in
Bangladesh. Conducting the research in proximity to Utah Fashion Ltd provided
convenient access to a pool of potential participants and facilitated engagement with
workers directly involved in the RMG industry.

Overall, the research setting in Ghazipur, Bangladesh, near the Utah Fashion Ltd garment
factory, served as a fitting backdrop for conducting the study on occupational safety
issues in the RMG industry.

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  3.4 Sample Size:

The sample size for this study comprised five participants who were selected based on
their direct involvement in the Ready-Made Garments (RMG) industry within the
research setting of Ghazipur, Bangladesh. The decision to interview five individuals was
made considering the qualitative nature of the research and the depth of insights sought
from each participant.

While the sample size may appear small, qualitative research prioritizes depth over
breadth, aiming to glean rich and nuanced perspectives from a select group of
participants. In this case, the focus was on capturing detailed accounts of RMG workers'
experiences and perceptions regarding safety conditions in their workplaces.

While the sample size was limited to five individuals, the depth of the interviews and the
qualitative approach employed ensured that the data collected provided valuable insights
into the research questions.

Despite its modest size, the sample served as a meaningful representation of the broader
population of RMG workers in the research setting, offering valuable perspectives that
informed the analysis and findings of the study.

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  3.5 Socio Demographic Profile:

Socio-Demographic Profile of Participants:

- Age Range: The participants in this study ranged in age from 25 to 45 years,
with an average age of 32 years.

- Gender Distribution: The sample consisted of both male and female

participants, with a slightly higher representation of male workers.

- Education: The educational background of participants varied, with the majority

not even compeating secondary education (SSC) or higher.

- Years of Experience: Participants had an average of 8 years of experience

working in the RMG industry, with some individuals having over a decade of
experience.

- Other Relevant Factors: Marital status and household income were not included in
the socio-demographic profile due to their limited relevance to the research focus
on occupational safety issues.

Pseudonym Age Gender Education Years of

Experience
Shrabon 40 Male Grade 3 18
Rahim 30 Male Grade 7 6.5
Habiba 29 Female Grade 10 8
Khatun 35 Female Grade 9 9
Jomila 32 Female No Education 12

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  3.6 Ethical Consideration:

In conducting this research, careful attention was given to ethical considerations to ensure
the protection of participants' rights and well-being. Specifically, the following ethical
principles were upheld:

1. Anonymity: To protect the privacy and confidentiality of participants, their names

and any identifying information were kept confidential. Each participant was assigned a
pseudonym to maintain anonymity throughout the study.

2. Informed Consent: Prior to conducting interviews, participants were provided with

detailed information about the study's purpose, procedures, and potential risks and
benefits. They were given the opportunity to ask questions and provided voluntary
informed consent to participate.

3. Respect for Participant Preferences: Three participants expressed a preference

for anonymity and declined to have their identities revealed or to be recorded on video
during the interviews. Their wishes were fully respected, and alternative methods of data
collection were employed to ensure their comfort and confidentiality.

4. Data Security: Measures were taken to safeguard the security and confidentiality of
all data collected during the research process. Audio recordings and interview
transcripts were stored securely.

By adhering to these ethical principles, this study aimed to uphold the rights and dignity
of participants while conducting rigorous and ethical research on occupational safety
issues within the Ready-Made Garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh.

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 Chapter 4: Thematic Analysis

The findings of the study are presented through thematic analysis, identifying recurring
patterns and themes derived from the data collected through semi-structured interviews.
The thematic analysis revealed three predominant themes that encapsulate the
perspectives and experiences of participants regarding safety conditions within the
Ready-Made Garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh.

15
  Theme 1: Implementation of Safety Training

The first theme that emerged from the data is the implementation of safety training
programs within RMG factories. Participants reported a notable shift in company
practices following incidents such as the Rana Plaza tragedy, with many indicating that
they now receive regular safety training sessions. These training programs cover a range
of topics, including hazard identification, emergency procedures, and the proper use of
safety equipment. Participants expressed appreciation for these initiatives, highlighting
the importance of being equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate
potential workplace hazards.

When I worked for the

Colotex (Referring to
Colotex Appeal Limited), I
was given safety related
training. Like when there is
a earthquake, you are not
allowed to run, using the lift
is prohibited. You have to
slowly use the stairs to go
down. If there is a fire, we
have a fire door that we
need to use. There is a bell
that rings. If you find this
bell rigging, it means there
is a fire

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  Theme 2: Enhanced Accountability of Authorities

A second prominent theme identified in the data is the enhanced accountability of

authorities in addressing safety concerns within the RMG industry. Participants noted a
marked change in the response of factory management and regulatory authorities to
safety incidents and concerns raised by workers. In particular, there was a consensus
among participants that authorities now take greater responsibility for ensuring

Nowadays the authority

takes all the responsibility
(If a worker gets injured
while working). All of the
expenses are provided by
them. This was not like this
before. But you have to
inform the authority. If you
do not inform them and go
home without telling
anyone, they won’t take
responsibilities.

the safety and well-being of workers. This shift in accountability has been reflected in
improved communication channels, increased oversight, and prompt action in response to
safety-related grievances.

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  Theme 3: Emphasis on Safety Equipment Usage

The third theme that emerged from the data is the emphasis on the usage of safety
equipment among RMG workers. Participants reported that they are now provided with a
range of safety equipment, including personal protective gear such as helmets, goggles,
and gloves. Furthermore, participants noted that they are actively encouraged and
reminded to use these safety equipment while carrying out their tasks in the factory. This
emphasis on safety equipment usage reflects a proactive approach towards mitigating
workplace hazards and ensuring the well-being of workers.

They tell us to use all the safety

equipments. It wasn’t like this
back then. Now a lot of things
have improved. After the Rana
Plaza incedent, they made these
rules stricter

By elucidating these thematic patterns, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview

of the key findings derived from the thematic analysis of participant interviews. These
themes shed light on the evolving landscape of safety conditions within the RMG
industry of Bangladesh, highlighting both progress made and areas for further
improvement in ensuring the occupational safety and well-being of workers.

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 Chapter 5: Conclusion
 5.1 Summary:

The Ready-Made Garments (RMG) industry in Bangladesh has undergone significant

transformations in its approach to ensuring the safety and well-being of its workers,
particularly in the aftermath of the tragic Rana Plaza incident. This research endeavors to
delve into these changes, examining the perspectives of workers regarding safety
conditions within the industry and assessing the efficacy of measures implemented to
enhance workplace safety.

One of the key findings of this study is the implementation of specialized safety training
programs for RMG workers. In response to heightened awareness and regulatory
pressure following the Rana Plaza disaster, many companies have invested in
comprehensive training initiatives aimed at equipping workers with the knowledge and
skills necessary to identify and mitigate workplace hazards. These training programs
cover a range of topics, including emergency procedures, hazard recognition, and the
proper use of safety equipment. Participants in the study expressed appreciation for these
initiatives,
highlighting the value of being equipped with the necessary competencies to navigate
potential safety risks in the workplace.

Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of access to safety tools and
equipment in ensuring the well-being of RMG workers. Participants reported
improvements in the provision and availability of safety gear, such as goggles and
protective clothing. This signifies a positive step forward in addressing the physical risks
inherent in RMG work environments. However, it is imperative to ensure that these
safety tools are not merely symbolic gestures but are effective in providing genuine
protection against workplace hazards. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of the

19
functionality and accessibility of safety equipment are essential to uphold the integrity of
safety standards within the industry.

Additionally, the study sheds light on the evolving landscape of accountability within the
RMG sector. There is evidence to suggest an increased willingness among companies to
assume responsibility for workers’ well-being, particularly in the event of workplace
injuries. This shift in accountability is reflected in improved communication channels,
prompt action in response to safety concerns, and a commitment to providing medical
care and support for injured workers. Such initiatives underscore the industry’s
recognition of its duty of care towards its workforce and signify a positive departure from
past practices characterized by negligence and exploitation.

While the findings of this research paint a promising picture of progress in the realm of
occupational safety within the RMG industry, it is essential to acknowledge that
challenges persist, and further efforts are needed to sustain and build upon these
achievements. Training initiatives must be ongoing and tailored to address emerging
safety concerns and evolving industry practices. Moreover, there is a need for rigorous
evaluation and quality assurance mechanisms to ensure the effectiveness of safety
measures and the continuous improvement of safety standards.

In conclusion, the findings of this research underscore the importance of prioritizing

safety within the RMG industry and highlight the positive strides made towards achieving
this goal. By investing in training, providing access to safety equipment, and assuming
accountability for workers’ well-being, the industry demonstrates a commitment to
fostering safe and healthy work environments. However, this commitment must be
unwavering, and stakeholders must remain vigilant in their efforts to uphold and enhance
safety standards to safeguard the rights and dignity of RMG workers.

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  5.2 References:

1. Bhuiyan, M. H., Hasan, M. J., & Sarker, M. K. (2019). Occupational health and
safety risks and practices in the ready-made garment (RMG) industry in Bangladesh: A
comprehensive review. Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing &
Service Industries, 29(3), 393-424.

2. Chowdhury, T. I. (2015). Safety culture and occupational health risks in the garment
industry: A case of Bangladesh. International Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Health, 21(3), 206-214.

3. Haque, S. (2017). Safety knowledge, attitude and practices of ready-made garment

workers in Bangladesh. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 27(2),
319-325.

4. Hossain, M. A. (2017). Occupational health concerns in the garment industry in

Bangladesh: A review. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 3(4), 1-
4.

5. Hossain, M. A., Rahman, M. M., & Amin, R. (2016). Awareness and practices of
safety measures among the readymade garment workers in Bangladesh. Bangladesh
Journal of Medical Science, 15(4), 629-634.

6. Islam, M. T., Nahar, A., Sarker, M. R. I., & Islam, Md. S. (2019). Occupational
safety challenges and improvements in the Bangladesh RMG industry: A review.
Journal of Safety Science and Management, 3(2), 37-48.

7. Karim, R., Sarker, M. K., & Alim, M. A. (2014). Safety practices and risk
perceptions in the garment industry of Bangladesh: A field study. Global Business
Review, 16(3), 599-621.

8. Khan, H., Ali, I., & Amin, R. (2014). Knowledge and practices of occupational
health and safety among the workers in garment industries in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Journal of
21
Public Health, 16(6), 1058-1064.

22
9. Rahman, M. S., Islam, M. S., Islam, M. N., & Alam, M. T. (2020). Occupational
safety and health issues in the ready-made garment (RMG) industry of Bangladesh: A
review.
Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2020, 1-12.
(https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010047)

10. World Bank. (2018). Ready-made garment sector in Bangladesh: Challenges

and opportunities. World Bank Publications.

11. Zaman, M. S., Chowdhury, M. S. H., & Hossain, M. A. (2018). Occupational safety
and health in the ready-made garment (RMG) industry of Bangladesh: A review.
Journal of Public Health.

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 5.3 Appendix: Two of the workers we interviewed agreed to let us take a
video while taking the interview. Photographs of those are attached here:

24