Practical Research 2

Quarter 1 – Module 6 and 7:

Definition of Terms, the Research
Hypothesis and Review of Related
Literature
Practical Research 2 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 6-7: Definition of Terms, the Research Hypothesis and Review of Relate
Literature
First Edition, 2020

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Practical Research 2
Quarter 1 – Module 6 and 7:
Definition of Terms,
the Research Hypothesis
and Review of Related
Literature
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Practical Research 2 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Definition of Terms, the Research Hypothesis and Review of Related Literature.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
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In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
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Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Practical Research 2 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Definition of Terms, the Research Hypothesis and Review of Related Literature!.

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check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

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Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

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Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the

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 lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

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module.

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this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

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We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

(Quality Advisor, pqsystems.com) says that an operational definition, when

applied to data collection, is a clear, concise detailed definition of a measure. The need
for operational definitions is fundamental when collecting all types of data. It is
particularly important when a decision is being made about whether something is
correct or incorrect, or when visual check is being made where there is room for
confusion.

This module is divided into two lessons namely:

• Lesson 1 – Definition of Terms
• Lesson 2 – Research Hypothesis
• Lesson 3 – Review of Related Literature
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. recognize the terms and concepts to be defined;
2. differentiate conceptual definition from operational definition;
3. identify a directional and non-directional hypothesis; and
4. explain the purpose of related literature and studies.

What I Know

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What is described as simple, brief, attractive and reflects the problem of the study in
less than 15 words?
A. Background of the Study C. Title
B. Scope and Limitation D. Statement of the Problem
2. How is the “Definition of Terms” otherwise called?
A. Operational Definition C. Operational Diversion
B. Outright Definition D. Outright Diversion
3. An operational definition must be valid. Why?
A. It gives precise meaning to the spoken or written word.
B. It implies that a word may have a different meaning in different situations.
C. It implies that it should measure what it is supposed to measure.
D. both A and B
4. Which hypothesis states that there will be some kind of relationship between
variables, also called the “two-tailed hypothesis”?
A. directional B. non-directional C. semi-directional D. A,B or C
5. Where do you write the alternative hypothesis and the null hypothesis respectively?
A. Chapter 1 & 2 B. Chapter 2 & 3 C. Chapter 1 & 4 D. Chapter 3 & 4
6. How do you correctly describe the nature of hypothesis?
i. It can be tested –verifiable or falsifiable.
ii. It is moral or ethical question.
iii. It is considered valuable even if proven false.
A. i, ii, and iii B. i and ii only C. ii and iii only D. i and iii only
7. In a clinical trial of a new drug, the null hypothesis might be that the new drug is no
better, on average, then the current drug. How would you state the alternative
hypothesis if the new drug has a different effect than the old drug?
A. There is no difference between the two drugs on average.
B. There is no difference between the old drug and the new drug, on average.
C. The two drugs have same effects, on average.
D. The two drugs have different effects, on average.

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8.How would you correctly group the following references?
A. books, periodicals, newspapers, legal reports: related studies
B. thesis, dissertations, laws, theories: related literature
C. thesis, dissertations, laws, theories: related studies
D. books, periodicals, newspapers, legal reports: related literature
9. How would you describe the characteristics of related literature?
i. as recent as possible ii. relevant to the study iii. unlimited
a. i and ii only B. i and iii only C. ii and iii only D. i, ii, and iii
10. How important is the review of related literature?
i. To help place the work being reviewed in its context.
ii. To describe the relationship of each work to the research being undertaken.
iii. To identify new ways to interpret various gaps from previous researches.
A. i and ii only B. i,ii, and iii C. ii and iii only D. i and iii only

Lesson
Definition of Terms
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The definition of terms is one of the shortest part of the research. It might also
be the easiest part you can complete in your study.

In addition to careful preparation, what makes a good research is the

presentation of organized definition of terms. If everyone in the research team has the
same and clear understanding of what data to be collected and to collect the data in the
same way, then the research work can now proceed. Yet, sometimes, there are cases
when the terms or definitions are too vague. Hence, appropriate technology is required
to clearly state the definition of terms as viewed by the investigator.

What’s In

Activity 1.That’s It!

Directions: Identify the word(s) being described in the given items.
1. The symbol used to show relationship or dependence. _______________
2. Well-defined statement that guide the research work. _______________
3. It sets the stage for the presentation of the investigation. _______________

What’s New

Activity 2. Connect It Right

Direction: Draw a line to match the given definitions of the word, “exercise” from the
point of view of the researchers.
sports track student psychologist teacher

• A learning practice • A 20-minute • An approach to

for mastery of skills physical activity in address depression
a day for two weeks or stress levels

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 What’s is It

Defining terms and concepts of the investigation is important in any research

endeavour. It should be noted that not all terms used in the research be defined.
Boundaries should therefore be set. (Bermudo, et. al, 2010)
Conceptual definition or so called technical definition of the term comes from
authoritative sources like dictionary, books and other materials. (Bermudo, et. al, 2010)
The specific way in which a variable is measured in a particular study is called
the operational definition. It is critical to operationally define a variable in order to
lend credibility to the methodology and to ensure the reproducibility of the results of the
study. Another study may identify the same variable differently, making it difficult to
compare the results of these two studies.(iedunote.com)
An operational definition must be valid, which implies that it should measure
what it is supposed to measure. It must also be reliable, meaning that the results should
be the same even when done by different people or by one person at different times.
(iedunote.com)
The term operational definition refers to a precise statement of how a
conceptual variable is turned into a measured variable.
(researchmethodsx.blogspot.com)
Remember: when more specific definitions are stated, the data collected or
measured will be clearer, thus, future researchers can replicate the research or study.

What’s More

As you prepare your definition of terms in your research, consider these points
(Bermudo, et. al., 2010):

• Whatever and wherever it will be placed, all key terms and concepts of the
investigation should be defined. These terms and concepts should be could be found in
the title and the statement of the problem. However, after the research is completed, all
important terms in the discussion may also be defined.
• The presentation of the terms defined may be in alphabetical order or by logical
order.

What I Have Learned

In your notebook, write an essay explaining how the operational definition is related to
the validity of your research.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 3. Expand your thoughts.

DIRECTION: In a separate sheet of paper, assuming you are assigned to look into the
level of happiness of students with their stay in the senior high school. Write down five
versions of the word, “happiness” as to how it can be measured from different points of
view and choose which of the definitions will be applicable to the given case.

1 2 3 4 5

Chosen definition: _________________

Lesson

2 Research Hypothesis

Have you seen a lighthouse? It guides the seafarers in navigating the waters. In
research, the hypotheses are like lighthouses. They guide the the investigators to
stay focused on the variables, what must be measured and how do the variables affect
each other, if any. This lesson will help you form the research hypothesis as your central
direction to what the study intends to measure.

What’s In

Activity 1. Which one first?

Direction: From the set of words that follow, construct the correct sequence by filling
in the boxes. specific questions purpose statement broad statement

What’s New

Activity 2. Let Me Know

DIRECTION. Analyze and decide whether the following statements are Universal
Assumptions (US) or Study Assumptions (SA). Write the SA or UA in the ellipse.
1. Online learning is the best mode of learning. -
2. Cigarette smoking is dangerous to health. -
3. Breast milk is the best food for infants. -

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 What is It

Quantitative research questions inquire about the relationships among variables that
the investigator seeks to know. They are used frequently in social sciences research and
especially in survey studies. Quantitative Hypotheses, on the other hand, are
predictions the researcher makes about the expected relationships among variables.
(Creswell, 2008)

The hypotheses are intelligent tentative answers to the problems; the operationalization
of the research theory.; must be stated in the positive terms (alternative form).
Explanatory problems do not need hypothesis, only decision-making problems.
(Bermudo, et. al., 2010)

Nature of Hypothesis
(Prasad, 2001)
*It can be tested – verifiable or falsifiable
*Hypotheses are not moral or ethical questions
*It is neither too specific nor too general
*It is considered valuable even if proven false

Sample of a script for a quantitative research question

(Creswell, 2008)
Does _________ (name the theory) explain the relationship between ________
(independent variable) and _________ (dependent variable), controlling the effects of
___________ (controlling variable)?

Alternatively, script for the quantitative null hypothesis mght be as follows:

There is no significant difference between _________ (the control and experimental

groups on the independent variable) on ________ (dependent variable).

Format of hypothesis predicting simple relationships

(Bermudo, et. al., 2010)
There will be a direct (or positive, or negative, or inverse, or curvilinear) relationship
between level of knowledge and attitudinal change. Or as level of knowledge increases,
attitudinal change increases.

Non-directional hypothesis simply Directional hypotheses state the form

state that there will be some kind of of the difference.
relationship between variables.
Oftentimes, they are referred to as “two-
tailed” hypotheses.

Ex. There is a difference in the amount of Ex. Children from sectarian schools watch
television w atched by children from more television than children fron non-
sectarian and non-sectarian schools. sectarian schools.

Hypothesis may either be in the alternative or in the null form. Alternative or otherwise
called operational hypothesis (Ha), which is usually found in Chapter 1, is in the
affirmative, that is, without using no or not. The null hypothesis (Ho), which is used
in Chapter 4 along the data analysis specifically when statistical tests are performed, is
stated in the negative, that is with the use of no or not.

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 Example of null hypothesis
(Crewsell, 2008)
*An investigator might examine three types of reinforcement for children with
autism;verbal cues, a reward, and no reinforcement. The investigator collects behavioral
measures assessing social interaction of the children with their siblings.

A null hypothesis might read: Thers is no significant difference between the effects of
verbal cues, rewards, and no reinforcement in terms of social interactions for children with
autism and their siblings.

What’s More

Activity 3. I Can Do This

DIRECTION: In the given space, write the alternative hypotheses of the given sample
research below. Use your notebook if you need more space.
• In a clinical trial of a new vaccine for covid-19, the null hypothesis might be that
the new vaccine is no better, on average, than the current vaccine.
• Ho: There is no difference between the two covid-19 vaccines on average.
(the new vaccine has a different effect, (the new vaccine is better, on average, than
on average, compared to that of the the current vaccine)
current vaccine)
Ha:__________________________________ Ha: _________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________

What I Have Learned

DIRECTION: In your notebook or research journal, write (a) the difference between a
direction and non-directional hypothesis. (b) null and alternative hypothesis

What I Can Do

DIRECTION: You have already identified your research problem. Use your research
journal or your notebook where you will write the null and alternative hypotheses of
your quantitative research.

Lesson

3 Related Literature
The review of the related literature though written as Chapter 2 in most
research/thesis format, should be the first step in any research endeavor. Why is this
so? It is through the review of related literature and studies that the researcher is able
to conceptualize and formalize the research title and problems. The review of related
literature give the researcher ideas, concepts and principles on the topic he intends to
research. (Bermudo, et. al. , 2010)

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 What’s In

Activity 1: Sentence completion

DIRECTION: Write the missing word in the sentences below. Choose from the word
box found that follows.
1. In research, _________ are not moral or ethical questions.
2. A hypothesis is considered ______ even if proven false.
3. Two-tailed hypothesis is also called _________ hypothesis.
two- tailed valuable hypotheses literature

What’s New

Activity 2: Straight from the source

Direction: Re-arrange the letters to get the secondary sources of data.
1. AJLNORSU-______________ 3. ACDEIIINORST- _______________
2. ACIMNPRSSTU - ____________ 4. AEENPPRSSW - _____________

What is It

Cambridge dictionary (dictionary.cambridge.org)defines research as a detailed study of

a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new)
understanding.
Primary and Secondary sources
(Streefkerk,2019 in scribbr.com)

Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Examples include
interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. A primary source gives you
direct access to the subject of your research.
Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other
researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books. A
secondary source describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources.
Primary sources are more credible as evidence, but good research uses both primary
and secondary sources.

How do we differentiate related literature and related studies? (See, et al., 2000
as cited by Bermudo, et. al., 2010) defines related literature as all information which
has substantial bearing on the study at issue whose source/s could be quoted
appropriately. This generic expression is divided into two classes- the related literature
and studies.
Related Studies
(Bermudo, et. al.,2010)
Related Studies refers to theses, dissertations and research studies
substantially characterized by the presence of the following part: research problem,
hypotheses, objectives, related literature, methodology, findings, conclusions,
recommendations and bibliography.

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 Related Literature
(Cristobal and Dela Cruz-Cristobal, 2017)
The related literature examines facts and principles from other resources that
are related to the present study. That is, a research study on the learning curves of high
school students would utilize literature that deal with the same subject. These resource
materials include books, encyclopedias, published journals, newspapers, and
magazines.
The related literature, which is also called conceptual literature, serves to clarify
the different variables being studied. It removes vagueness surrounding the central
concepts of the research. As the literature is gathered, the different major variables, as
well as the sub-variables, are clarified and the delimitation of the study is established.
The indicators for each variable are identified and objectively established.
The major variable is the central idea of the entire literature. Its sub-variables
help specify which particular aspect of the major variable is being referred to. The
indicators, on the other hand, are specific information that describes the sub-variables.
Examples:
Major Sub-variable Indicator
variable
Study habits *time required for studying -employing patterned time
intervals for effective studying
*methods of studying -using mnemonics in memorizing
the terms
*place for studying -studying in one’s ideal
environment

What’s More

Easy Steps in Writing Related Literature and Studies

(Bermudo, et. al., 2010)

Finding related literature and studies is usually looked at as a difficult step

particularly for beginning researchers. This is so, because the beginning researcher does
not know how to go about it and what to research in libraries. Most often than not, what
researchers are trying to find in libraries are topics similar to theirs.
Students/researchers should try to remember that no studies similar or the same as
theirs could be found, otherwise, their studies duplicates similar with other studies. The
following tips could be helpful to new researchers in trying to look for related literature
and studies:
1.The researcher should always be guided by the topic under investigation. It is
suggested that the student should be able to identify the variables of the study, the
problems, the scope and delimitation and methodology.
2. Write down in a separate sheet or in an index card the titles of the theses, dissertation
and other materials researched. Write down the call numbers, the title, author, date of
publication, the school (for theses/dissertations). These will help you find the materials
with ease.
3. In the actual searching of the materials, it is advisable that for every topics
researched, one index card or paper be used. This to avoid the possibility of placing
different topics in one card. After the information has been written, always write in the
card the source of the information. Correct bibliographic entries should be observed.
Label the card with “Related Literature” or “Related Studies”.
4. After a reasonable search has been made, the index card should be arranged by topic.
Separate the card for related literature and related studies.
5. Organize the related literature and related studies reviewed. Group together similar
topics or related studies.
6. Write a summative description of the research literature and studies undertaken
noticing among others, the problems/objectives of the study, the scope, hypotheses and
methodology.

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7. Compare the related studies reviewed with the current study. Always take note of the
similarities and differences between the previous studies reviewed and the present
investigation.

General Guidelines in Citing Related Literature and Studies

(Calderon, et. al., 1993 at cited by Bermudo, et. al., 2010)
The following are the characteristics of related literature and studies:
1. The materials must be as recent as possible.
2. Materials must be objective and unbiased as possible.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study.
4. Materials must not be too few and not too many.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

(Bermudo, et. al., 2010)
However, if the problem is already defined, the review of related literature and studies
provides the researcher with the following:
1.It provides the needed information on the theories, concepts, and principles which are
essential in developing the conceptual and theoretical framework of the planned topic.
2.It provides the investigator with information about past researches related to the topic
under study. In other words, the review of related literature and studies is a proof that
the current undertaking is not duplicative of any other work.
3. It also helps the researcher identify the variables which were already studied in the
past and thus, serve as basis for identifying new or other variables in his present study.
In short, it is a proof that the current research is filling-in a research gap.
4. The sufficiency of related literature and studies also gives the researcher a feeling of
confidence or that there is sufficient reason to pursue the study.

What I Have Learned

Activity 3: Rewind and See

DIRECTION: (1)Write down in your notebook how many related literature and related
studies you cited in your output in practical research 1. (2) In a separate sheet, write
down 5 things you need to improve on for your output in practical research 2.

What I Can Do

Activity 4: Writing Workshop

DIRECTION: Complete the table below using your outputs in the previous modules and
lessons and check the alignment of the parts of your research. You may use a separate
sheet of paper if you need more space.
Title
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Alternative Hypothesis
Terms to define
Major variable
Sub-variable
Indicator

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. How is the “Definition of Terms” otherwise called?
A. Outright Definition D. Outright Diversion
B. Operational Definition C. Operational Diversion
2.What is described as simple, brief, attractive and reflects the problem of the study in
less than 15 words?
C. Scope and Limitation D. Statement of the Problem
D. Background of the Study C. Title
3.What makes an operational definition valid?
A. It implies that it should measure what it is supposed to measure.
B. It gives precise meaning to the spoken or written word.
C. It implies that a word may have a different meaning in different situations.
D. A,B, and C
4. Which hypothesis states that there will be some kind of relationship between
variables, also called the “two-tailed hypothesis”?
A. non-directional B. directional C. semi-directional D. A,B and C
5. In a clinical trial of a new drug, the null hypothesis might be that the new drug is no
better, on average, then the current drug. How would you state the alternative
hypothesis if the new drug has a different effect than the old drug?
A. The two drugs have same effects, on average.
B. The two drugs have different effects, on average.
C. There is no difference between the two drugs on average.
B. There is no difference between the old drug and the new drug, on average.
6.Where do you write the alternative hypothesis and the null hypothesis respectively?
A. Chapter 1 & 2 B. Chapter 1 & 4 C. Chapter 2 & 3 D. Chapter 3 & 4
7. How do you correctly describe the nature of hypothesis?
i. It can be tested –verifiable or falsifiable.
ii. It is moral or ethical question.
iii. It is not considered valuable if proven false.
A. i, ii, and iii B. i and ii only C. ii and iii only D. i and iii only
8.How would you correctly group the following references?
A. books, periodicals, newspapers, legal reports: related studies
B. thesis, dissertations, laws, theories: related literature
C. thesis, dissertations, laws, theories: related studies
D. books, periodicals, newspapers, legal reports: related literature
9. How would you describe the characteristics of related literature?
i. as recent as possible ii. relevant to the study iii. objective and unbiased
a. i and ii only B. i and iii only C.ii and iii only D. i,ii, and iii
10. How important is the review of related literature?
i. To help place the work being reviewed in its context.
ii. To describe the relationship of each work to the research being undertaken.
iii. To identify new ways to interpret various gaps from previous researches.
B. i and ii only B. i,ii, and iii C. ii and iii only D. i and iii only

Additional Activities

Exercise :In a separate sheet or paper, go back to the terms you need to define in
your research and set a schedule with your teacher for consultation.

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 Answer Key

Assessment What's More What I Know

1. B Answers will vary 1. C
2. C depending on the 2. A
3. A learner’s experiences, 3. C
4. A knowledge. 4. B
5. B 5. C
6. B 6. A
7. B 7. D
8. D 8. D
9. D 9. A
10. B 10. B

References
Bermudo, P.J. , et. al. (2010). Defining Terms and Concepts. In Research Writing Made
Simple (p.32). Manila. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Bermudo, P.J. , et. al. (2010). Identifying Variables. In Research Writing Made Simple
(p.27,28). Manila. Mindshapers Co., Inc
Bermudo, P.J. , et. al. (2010). Review of Related Literature and Studies. In Research
Writing Made Simple (p.46,48). Manila. Mindshapers Co., Inc
Cristobal, Jr. , A.P.& Cristobal-M.C. D. (2017). Related Literature. In Practical
Research 1 for Senior High School (112-113). Quezon City: C & E Publishing,
Inc.
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Research Questions and Hypothesis. Retrieved from
https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-
binaries/22782_Chapter_7.pdf (pp. 132-134)
Operational Definition. Retrieved from https://www.iedunote.com/operational-
definition
Operational Definition. Retrieved from
https://researchmethodsx.blogspot.com/2013/06/operational-definition.html
Prasad, S. , et. al. (2001). Developing Hypothesis and Research Questions. Retrieved
from http://www.public.asu.edu/~kroel/www500/hypothesis.pdf (p. 9)
Research. Retrieved from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/research
Streefkerk, A. (2018, revised 2019). Primary and Secondary Sources. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/primary-and-secondary-sources/
.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City

Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

City of Makati, Metropolitan Manila, Philippines 1212

Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862

Email Address: makati.city@deped.gov.ph

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