Practical Research 2

Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Characteristics of
Quantitative Research
Practical Research 2
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Characteristics of Quantitative Research
First Edition, 2020

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the characteristics of quantitative research. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
• Lesson 2 – Kinds of Quantitative Research
• Lesson 3 - Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the characteristics of quantitative research
2. identify the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research
3. differentiate the kinds of quantitative research
4. identify the kind of quantitative research in a given example
5. explain the importance of quantitative research across fields of disciplines

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which term refers to the systematic inquiry or investigation?

a. conclusion b. hypothesis c. research d. questionnaire
2. Which of the following is an intelligent guess?
a. theory b. hypothesis c. law d. principle
3. How do you correctly describe quantitative research?
a. It is subjective.
b. It can be done without planning.
c. It needs statistics to test a hypothesis.
d. Results may be analyzed after a few interviews.
4. Where should a researcher formulate the conclusion?
a. impartial results c. preliminary readings
b. actual findings d. a very strong guess
5. To find out if a rock and a feather will reach the ground at the same time, which
kind of quantitative research is best applicable?
a. evaluative b. correlational c. experimental d. survey
6. To assess whether the student government's program on youth development is
effective, which kind of quantitative research should be used?
a. experimental b. causal-comparative c. interview d. survey
7. Why is close-ended question mostly used in quantitative research?
a. It is general and reliable
b. It is specific and replicable.
c. It is more general but not reliable.
d. It is more specific but not reliable.

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 8. In social media, a blog was posted by a certain doctor about preliminary
unpublished data suggesting that people with blood Type O were less likely to
test positive for covid-19 virus. People shared the said post saying that people
with blood Type O are safe from the virus. Which of the following correctly fits the
given situation?
a. It is true because there is no Type O patient at all.
b. All should believe the post because it was shared by a doctor.
c. It is alright to conclude because the post was based from research.
d. One should be cautious in sharing because the data is preliminary.
9. The price of commodities like rice, changes. What is the role of research in this aspect?
a. The price is insignificant.
b. The price depends on the buyer.
c. The price depends on the variety of rice.
d. The price depends on the quality of sack used.
10. When should empirical data be gathered and analyzed?
a. before doing the survey c. before doing the experiment
b. before doing the research d. before arriving at a conclusion
11. When should empirical data be gathered and analyzed?
a. before doing the survey c. before doing the experimenT
b. before doing the research d. before arriving at a conclusion
12. In the electronics gadget industry, new cellular phone models come out so soon,
even within the same. If you are the executive officer of a cellular phone
manufacturing company, what must you do to boost the business?
i allot more funds in research and development
ii put more manpower in research and development
iii. acknowledge the findings of the research and development department
a. i and ii only b. ii and iii only c. i and iii only d. i, ii and iii
13. Quantitative research is a popular choice, especially in industries. Why?
a. Companies do not have a target group.
b. Companies want to know the preference of customers.
c. Companies that are earning find research less important.
d. Companies are not so interested to know about the demand for a product.
14. What makes quantitative research empirical?
i. It can be examined and verified.
ii It uses references and related studies
iii. It is based on observation and experience
a. i and ii only b. ii and iii only c. i and iii only d. i, ii and iii
15. Which of the following can be considered makes the search for vaccine for
covid-19 longitudinal?
i. It deals with lots of variables
ii. It require series of tests and re-test
iii. It covers different groups of respondents or subjects
a. i only b. i and ii only c. i and iii only d. i, ii and iii

Lesson
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
1
Research is a very interesting topic. It is divided into two major types: qualitative and
quantitative research. The focus of the lesson is about characteristics of quantitative
research and it requires the basic skills in learning like reading and writing. In addition
to the basic communication skills mentioned quantitative research also requires
mathematical skills.

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 What’s In
In the previous module you learned about qualitative research. Before proceeding to the
lessons in this module, take time to read the major concepts about qualitative research:
• Qualitative research is an inquiry putting more emphasis on the experiences of the
individual.
• Qualitative research does not claim that findings from a specific situation can be
transferred to other situations as well.
• Qualitative research uses smaller sample size chosen purposively.
• Open ended questions are used to enable flexible discourse.
• Researcher is intimately involved in qualitative research.
• The "what", the "how" and the "why" questions are typically answered in qualitative
research.
• The research methods involved in qualitative research include interview, cultural
texts or ethnography, case study and personal or life story.
• It is an investigation that is non-numerical.

What’s New
Activity 1.0: Word Hunt
DIRECTION: In the word box below, find the 20 words hidden in the word grid. Copy
the words in your notebook and write down the meaning of each word. It will help you
gain better grasp of the lesson. If you need help, feel free to check a dictionary for words
you want to understand more.

O B S E R V A T I O N O P E V
R E G V A I O J B S F A S T E
G W E I Y F D I P O C X Y F A
A A S D E I T P R E L T S E G
N F A E X P E R I M E N T A L
I T A N P R M E D E A O E S O
Z I R C E E P C I A R E M I N
E B C E R D I I W S R O A B G
D G V E I I R S T U O B T L I
A H I X E C I E D R T J I E T
T N D P N T C F O E S E C T U
A O T E C I A R L M E C B R D
R K R N E O L W K E J T O A I
D R O S E N P L A N N I N G N
S F P I O U N T D T O V F D A
A G F V A C C U R A T E E E L
E P H E N O M E N A Z A M R S

ACCURATE EXPENSIVE FAST ORGANIZED PLANNING

CLEAR EXPERIENCE FEASIBLE OBSERVATION PRECISE
DATA EXPENSIVE LONGITUDINAL MEASUREMENT PREDICTION
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OBJECTIVE PHENOMENA SYSTEMATIC

You have already participated in a quantitative research many times but

maybe you are not totally aware.

Perhaps you have experienced going to a restaurant and you were

invited to ring a bell located at the door or you have been told to answer
a short piece of paper after dining. Either way, the restaurant wants to
get your opinion about your dining experiences as part of their research
data.

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 What is It
Quantitative Research is an objective, systematic, empirical investigation of observable
phenomena by gathering quantifiable data analyzed using mathematical, computational
or statistical techniques.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

CHARACTERISTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

OBJECTIV It is logical. There should be a Satisfaction of patients.

basis of WHAT the research is
about. It also answers HOW
MANY is to be measured.

CLEAR The researcher must know How much time does the
what he wants to find out doctor spend to attend to
through the variables and you as his patient?
indicators. The review of
related literature also gives
the direction of the research.

CLOSE-ENDED Questions must be leading to Which hospital

QUESTION the needed data. Answers department do you
from close-ended questions usually go?
are more reliable than from
open-ended questions.

SYSTEMATIC There is an orderly procedure Who are; how many are

to arrive at the discovery of the respondents? When to
truth or a scientific conduct; where to
acceptance. It is not hurriedly conduct? When to
done. analyze; how to analyze
data?

DEALS WITH That which is measurable: How many times in a

NUMBERS length, height, temperature, month do you go to that
frequency, cost, brand, level hospital?
of quality, level of feelings, etc.

FEASIBLE Workable. Practicable. MJCGSJ hospital is

Possible. accessible

Both qualitative and quantitative research has its strengths and weaknesses.

Strengths of Quantitative Research

1. It is objective. It aims to answer specific research questions. The researcher remains
separated from the subject matter or from the respondents.
2. It is empirical. It can be observed and verified. It can be experienced. It needs
evidence for validation and support. The references and related literature used, the
variables in the study are part of the supporting evidences.
3. It is data-driven. Its focus is on counting or measuring. Samples must be carefully
selected and reasonably-sized because they represent a target population. The
researcher depends on numbers or data to test the hypothesis.

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4. It is structured. Research instruments are structured. Categories of responses are
allowed to facilitate analysis of data in a quick and easy way to derive at a generalization.
It uses statistical tools to generate results.
5. It can be replicated. Through statistics, generalizations are drawn. Equivalent
measurement of the same set of variables may be done to ensure the results of the
hypothesis in a previous study. Relatively, results can be compared.

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

1. Large sample. It may require a large number of respondents to determine pattern.
This happens in longitudinal research and large-scale researches.

2. It is generally expensive. The large number of responses entails production of

research instruments with a ratio of 1:1 (1 research instrument: 1 respondent).
3. Close-ended. For certain kinds of research, especially, if the researcher limited the
options for respondents, it may affect the accuracy of the research.

What’s More
Activity 1.1: Segmentation
DIRECTION: Divide the question that follows into segments or by identifying what is
asked. Write your answer/s on the blank below each ellipse.

What percentage of patients are satisfied with the time taken by a doctor
to see a patient in the orthopedic section of JCG hospital during the summer of
2019?

number feasible

percentage of patients JCG hospital, summer2019

close-ended clear

what percentage patient satisfaction

What I Have Learned

1. Quantitative research is objective and deals with numerical data.

2. Statistical tools can faster process very large amount of data.
3.Quantitative research answers the questions what and how many.
4. Bigger fund is needed if larger number of data is to be gathered and analyzed.

What I Can Do
Activity 1.3. You can do this simple observation activity at home. Count the number
of people passing along your street wearing yellow-colored shirt without collar between
7:00 A.M. to 8:00 A.M. from Monday to Wednesday, then form the research question.
Research Question: How many people wearing yellow-colored shirt without
collar will pass by from 7:00 A.M. to 8:00 A.M.?

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 Assessment
DIRECTION: Complete the statements below by supplying the missing word/s.
1. The ______ must come from a sample of the target population.

2. Quantitative research answers the _____ and the _________ questions.

3. If a research can be verified, examined, observed, experienced, it is_________.

4. For quantitative research of national proportion, there must be much ______allotted
to finance its operation.

5. To be____________, quantitative research follows a set of orderly procedures.

References:
Cristobal, Amadeo P. and Cristobal, Maura Consolacion. Practical Research for Senior High
School 11 (2017) C & E Publishing, Inc.
Bermudo, et.al. Research Writing Made Simple (2010) Mindshapers Co., Inc.

Lesson
Kinds of Quantitative Research
2
It is intended to highlight that the ordinary use of the word “research” as how we use it
in daily studying in school should not be confused with the “research” we are referring
here in the lesson. There are different kinds of research based on the nature and
purpose of the research work. The objective of the lesson is to show the various
situations where quantitative research fits.

What’s In
* Qualitative research is intended to probe rather than count. Its tends to explain
research findings through interviews or focal group discussions.

* The researcher for qualitative research tends to be immersed in the topic and
the subjects; it is exploratory.

* Kinds of qualitative research include case study, phenomenology, grounded

theory, ethnography and history.
* Descriptive research aims at describing something, mainly functions and
characteristics.

What’s New
Activity 2.0. Jumbled letters
DIRECTION. Re-arrange the letters according to the given clue. Write the correct word
in the given box at the right.

TEEERXLPLIMA - something to do with trials

RNOOALERACTIL - deals with relationship

AANVTEOIUL - it is about value

EESRPIIDTVC - it tends to describe

AAETCPOMRVI - it tends to compare
Quantitative research is a design divided into two categories as experimental and non-
experimental research. Each is subdivided into each kind of research.

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 What is It

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

NON-EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
*researcher can investigate but *researcher can
cannot manipulate the investigate and can
variables manipulate the variables
using the control group
SURVEY
TRUE
CORRELATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL

CAUSAL - QUASI-
COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL

EVALUATIVE PRE-
EXPERIMENTL
Kinds of Quantitative Research

SURVEY RESEARCH

70
60 • Descriptive research that often use questionnaire
50 forms to collect data using multiple choice questions,
40 Open ratings or ranking questions
30
20 High
• Subjects are picked as randomly as possible with a
10 Low
0 specific target audience
Close
1/5/2002

1/7/2002

1/9/2002

• The more respondents result to more accurate

data; online or offline.
Example: election polls; SME, healthcare, etc.
CORRELATIONAL REEARCH
6
5 • It takes two or more than two variables and examine
4 how they correlate with one another.
Seri
3 es 1
• The variables do not connote causal relationship.
2 Seri

1
es 2 • The goal is to see whether one variable may predict
0
Seri other variables and their relationships.
es 3
Category 1
Category 3

• Variable B may cause C or vice-versa but the two

maybe caused by a totally different
variable without affecting the other.

Example: Is there a relationship between stress and depression?

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CAUSAL -COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

90

80 • This is also called the Ex-Post Facto research

70

60 • The goal is to discover a cause and effect between the

50
East two variables.
40 West

30 North
• The researcher has no control over the independent
variable so relationship between the two maybe
20

10

0 suggestive
1st Qtr 2nd 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
Qtr
Example: Does parent's income have predictive
relationship with student's stay in school?

EVALUATIVE RESEARCH

•It is a systematic assessment of the operation or program or policy,

services, etc.
1st Qtr •It is not a way to blame but a basis for improvement because it tells
2nd Qtr

3rd Qtr what works and what does not work.

4th Qtr

•It enhances decision-making for better use of resources.

Example: Effectiveness of the work immersion

program of JCG Senior High School

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL

In this experimental design the researcher randomly assigns

treatment to the experimental group.

• This design can prove or disprove the statement that

change in variable A can cause change in variable B using
statistics

Example: Use of pre-test, post-test, control group

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL

• This is also an experimental research but technically this is not a true

experiment if there is absence of randomly assigned groups.

Example: Does drinking coffee at night cause tardiness in school?

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL

• This is also an experimental research but comparison cannot proceed if a

control group is not assigned. Effects of variable , if any, cannot be determined.
Example: Yoga in the morning make Sports Track students more athletic.

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 What’s More
Activity 2.1: Labelling

DIRECTION: After learning the kinds of quantitative research, tell whether the
following ideas are feasible or not for research in your level. Label as (F), for feasible
and (NF), for not feasible, in the triangle on the right.

1. Hand-washing among male students.

2. Use of role-playing games in school.

3. Tardiness of G11 students.

4.Off-campus experiences.
5. Student leadership trainings.

What I Have Learned

• Quantitative research is divided into two major categories as
experimental and non-experimental.

• Questionnaire is the tool for survey research design.

• Examples of non-experimental quantitative research include

survey, correlational, causal comparative and evaluative research.

• Examples under experimental quantitative research are true

experimental, quasi-experimental and pre-experimental.

What I Can Do

Activity 2.2: Dial a Friend

DIRECTION: (Do this activity in your notebook). Conduct a simple online survey
limited to 10 of your friends in any of the following topics below and make a tally
board to see the results. Write a statement based on the data. Do it, in your notebook.
a) Their top three favorite OPM singers.
b) Their top three international destinations.
c) Their top three favorite basketball players
d) Their top three favorite movies.

Assessment
DIRECTION. Identify the kind of quantitative research being described. Write your
answer in the space provided.

_________________________ 1. It is also called the Ex-post Pacto research.

_________________________ 2. It can use online or offline polls.
_________________________ 3. There is absence of randomly assigned group.
________________________ 4. Variable C may cause D without affecting the other.
________________________ 5. There is treatment in the experimental group.