EFFECTS OF TARDINESS TO THESENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

STUDENTS

A Practical Research Proposal

Presented to the Senior High School Department
Maritime Education and Training Center
Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the Senior High School
Maritime Track

By:
Abayan, Francis Dave
Arnibal, Paul
Carin, Myke Jonfyl N.
Cuyos Gabrielle Joseph
Jaluag, Mark Arild
Padica, Luigi
Siarza, Nino
Tapia, Grendy Patpat
 ii

APPROVAL SHEET
This research proposal entitled “Effects of tardiness to senior highschool
students” prepared and submittes by Paul Arnibal, Francis Dave Abayan,
Myke Jonfyl Carin, Gabrielle Joseph Cuyos, Mark Arild Jaluag, Luigi
Padica, Nino Limar Siarza, Grendy Tapia of Senior High School Maritime
Track. University of Cebu-METC has been examined, accepted and
approved.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

NELSON CALISA JR.

CHAIRMAN

AVEGAIL S. PARADELA MELISSA V.OPORTO

ADVISER MEMBER

MS. OUCEL C. OMAMALIN ENGR. ALLAN R.

NAVARRO
BED Academic Coordinator Senior High School
Coordinator
UC-METC UC-METC

DR. NORMA O. OPLADO

Basic Education Principal

Date: September 26,201

 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION
Rationale 1
Theoretical Backgroud 3

THEPROBLEM
Statement of the Problem 7
Significance of the Study 8
Scope and Delimitation 9

DEFINITION OF TERMS 10
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 11

CHAPTER 3 THE RESEARCHER METHODOLOGY

Research Design 17
. Research Environment 18
Research Participant 18
Research Instrument 18
Research Procedure 19
Data Gathering 19

REFERENCES 20
APPENDICES 20
Appendix A 1 – Letter of Transmission 21
 iv

Appendix B 2 –Research Instrument 24

Appendix C 3 – Curriculum Vitae 25
 CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale

Tardiness is a common problem of most of the students anywhere

around the world. Even famous schools, local schools and private schools.

Tardiness is also a problem of the teachers because tardiness can decrease

the grades of the students and their knowledge.

The reason why the researchers conducted this study in University of

Cebu- Maritime Education and Training Center is because it is observed that

tardiness is apparent the students. Regardless of the distance, a lot of

students are tardy in terms of attending classes.

According to (beard, 1881) man was able to reassure time and has

been resent on time keeping to the point that has grown to fear that a delay

of a few moments might destroy hopes of lifetime. Furthermore (Sulta

Rashid 2013) countless people could be found wearing watches on their

wrist on regular basis, yet they are late they make themselves come to the

next appointment for their schedule

Additionally, the objective of this research is to determine the effects of

tardiness to Senior High School Students. To solve the problem through

intervention plan.
 2

Theoretical background

Is the structure that can hold or support a theory of research. In our

study, there are many effects of being tardy but we choose one that most of

the students are being late in school. Time management is the common

effects of being tardy because the students are lack of discipline towards the

time.

Pickle Jar theory

The pickle jar theory is very simple to understand and execute, the

experiment is actually a time management model that will aid you in

prioritizing your work and in reaching the milestone of your life. To

understand the concept, you can try it out practically. Take a pickle jar and

fill it with rocks. You observe that the spaces in between the rick stones

could be filled up by pebbles. The jar becomes more compact after filling it

with pebbles, but still, there are inconspicuous spaces that can be compacted

with sand. Now, pour water over it and close the lid.

The pickle jar is the replica of your life. The major responsibilities of

your life or your goals are represented by the rocks that occupy most of the

space. This infers that you should dedicate more time to such goals. The

chipped stones or the pebbles symbolizes your hobbies that require

comparatively lesser than the important goals. Lastly, the daily chores of
 3

your life are the sand particles that get placed perfectly between your goals

and hobbies. The distractive force in your life that takes away your attention

from the path of success is the water. Apart from teaching us the right way

to manage time, this theory also makes us aware of the fact that distraction

that lead to mismanagement should be avoided completely in order to follow

the right track. That is the pickle jar theory it relates to our study tardiness,

as the components of pickle jar relates to what you are doing, as said in

pickle jar that all the components relates to the proponents of your life. It

also includes how you did it and when you did it and as the study tardiness it

relates to the question when you did it.

Temporal Motivation Theory

Core theory of The Procrastination Equation Temporal Motivation Theory

(aka The Procrastination Equation) represents the most recent developments

in motivational research; it is an integrative theory from which most other

motivational theories can be derived. It suggests that the reasons why people
 4

make any decision can be largely represented by the following equation:

Motivation indicates the drive or preference for a course of action, what

economists call utility. Naturally, the higher the utility, the greater the

preference. On the top of the equation, the numerator, we have two

variables: Expectancy and Value. Expectancy refers to the odds or chance of

an outcome occurring while Value refers to how rewarding that outcome is.

Naturally, we would like to choose pursuits that give us a good chance of

having a pleasing outcome. On the bottom of the equation, the denominator,

we also have two variables. Impulsiveness refers to your sensitivity to delay.

The more impulsive you are, the less you like to delay gratification. Finally,

Delay indicates how long, on average, you must wait to receive the payout,

that is the expected reward. Since delay is in the bottom of the equation, the

longer the delay, the less motivated we feel about taking action. How does

this theory relate to procrastination? Essentially, we are constantly beset

with making decisions among various courses of action. Should we go to the

gym or watch TV? Should I make dinner or order-in? TMT suggests,

unsurprisingly, that we are more likely to pursue goals or tasks that are

pleasurable and that we are likely to attain. Consequently, we are more

likely to put off, to procrastinate, difficult tasks with unenjoyable qualities.

Even more important regarding procrastination is the effects of delay. We

 5

like our rewards not only to be large but also to be immediate. Consequently,

we will most likely procrastinate any tasks that are unpleasant in the present

and offer rewards only in the distant future. In other words, we would be

more likely to put off higher priority tasks if there are options available that

are immediately pleasurable (even if they have sizeable but delayed costs).

We tend to call such options temptations.

 6

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Effects of Tardiness to Senior High

School Students of University of Cebu- Maritime Education and Training

Center. This study is conducted during the first semester of the school year

2019-2020.

Specifically, this answers the following questions:

1. What are the effects of tardiness to Senior High School Students?

2. Based on the findings, what intervention plan could be proposed?

 7

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will benefit the following:

Student. This study helps Students to their academic performance in

school. This will help them as they will get our point how dark tardiness

really is. It will intimidate them to do tardiness so.

Parents. Are significant to this study because in study they can get

information about different student in school. There is a possibility that their

children can be of the student that being studied.

Teachers. Are significant to this study because teachers are

considered as the second parent of the students, if the students are inside the

school premises. So they also need to read this study because it can help

them identify what kind of students they are handling.

Administrators. The administrators will create a program that will

aware all the students of UC METC how tardiness can ruin your career as a

student and the student will get the point as the administrators well organize

it so.

Future Researchers. They will not have a hard time researching this

topic anymore because the researcher’s topic is really informative and the

researchers are really confident.

 8

Scope and Delimitation

This study is only limited to determine the Effects of Tardiness to the

Academic performance of Senior High School Students.

In this study, the researchers gathered information from other research

papers, thesis, published books and other resource materials. The researchers

use a researcher- made questionnaire. Each of the respondents is given the

same questionnaire to answer. The researchers use statistical methods in

analyzing the data. Respondents are limited only to Senior High School

Students of University of Cebu- Maritime Education and Training Center

(UC- METC).
 9

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Effects

Refers to the negative effects of tardiness to the Senior High School

Students.

Tardiness

Refers to students who have tried being late or tardy in class.

Senior High School

Refers to grade 11 and 12 Students in University of Cebu- Maritime

Education and Training Center who are enrolled in academic year 2019-

2020.

Intervention plan

The effective strategies that will make the study successful.

 CHAPTER 2
REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Going to school on time, not being absent and do the school activities

are some of the problem or a crucial determining factors of a student’s

success. Given the importance of being punctual, this study aims to explore

and find out the causes and effects of tardiness to students. In this chapter we

will be discussing about the background of our study that includes the

factors about tardiness, the different causes and effects to the students as

better students of their own lives in the near future. To have a concrete

justification of the study, the researchers provide some facts and theories

from authors, teachers and notable people from the reliable research

materials like online journals and research papers.

According to Weade (2004), reported that students with better

attendance and punctuality have higher grade point averages. While students

with poor attendance and punctuality have lower grade point averages.

According to Bilocura, Jay Arnel, a UP student, they we’re expected to

perform well with excellence in everything that they do, most especially in

the academic subjects. One factor that dictates the quality of performance of

a student is his or her punctuality that is, getting to school on time or being

tardy.
 12

According to ETC’s (2009), reported that the attendance and

punctuality policy clearly states that regular and punctual attendance is of

paramount importance in ensuring that all students have full access to the

curriculum. Valuable learning time is lost when students are absent or late.

One of the most recurring and the most frustrating problem that the schools

are having with their students nowadays is tardiness (Sprick and Daniels,

2007). It creates problems, not just to the students but also to the teachers

(Cowan Avenue Elementary School Community, 2007).

Cowan Crier, the official School Publication of CAESC, also states

that while having occasional tardy isn’t a big deal, unfailing tardiness is and

it gives students problems including being ill-prepared for the job market.

Thus, it is a lot important to value time and practice being on time while

being a student.

According to CAESC (2007) and Zeiger (2010), the most essential

learning time of the day for the student lies in the morning, specifically

between 8:00 to 9:30 AM. It is because the students are most mindful and

observant at this time of the day. It is also the reason why the most important

lessons and subject matters are discussed during this time. So when students

are late or are not present during this time of the day, they, in effect, miss out

most of the important lessons to be noted and learned.

 13

Reasons and factors of the students being late in the class affecting the

student’s punctuality may vary. There had been some theories that pointed

out that tardiness is caused by the personality of a person. Santillano (2010),

stated that psychological theorists considered some personality traits,

including low self esteem and anxiety as triggering factors of tardiness. She

also mentioned that while some theorists considered tardiness as an inborn

quality since our being early or late is partially biological determined, which

she also agreed, other experts also believed that some people are chronically

tardy for the reason that they consciously and unconsciously get good things

from it.

In the book cited by Santillano, Never Be Late Again: 7 Cures For

The Punctually Challenged, the author Diana Delonzor, suggested that some

personality traits could most likely lead to a person being often late. Some of

the traits included were struggling with self control, feeling nervous or

uncomfortable with social situations and getting distracted easily. Santillano

also discussed about the study conducted by Delonzor at San Francisco

States University in 1997 in which she surveyed 225 respondents about their

habits that makes them late from their appointment. It was also a test on the

personalities of the respondents that affect their habits. According to the

 14

results of Delonzor’s study, those respondents that were often tardy apt to be

anxious and gets destructed easily.

Nakpodia and Dafiaghor attributed lateness or tardiness to a lot of

factors or causes. Going late to bed and waking up late next morning are the

most common. The authors added film-watching late at night as a cause for

tardiness. The student may forget that he or she needs to be in school the

next day. The distance between the student’s home and school or solely the

school’s location is also considered by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor as a possible

cause for tardiness. Not just because it takes more time to get to school, but

according to the author the student is susceptible to more destructions and

hindrances along the way. Parent’s untimely tasks and commands are also

reasons that students come late to school. Habitual tardiness can also be

learned from other members of the family, especially from the older ones.

Lack of a firm and consistent policy on punctuality also encourages students

to come late at school since there are no consequences attached to lateness or

tardiness these causes of tardiness will lead to serious effects.

Tardiness among students has its own negative repercussions.

Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011) emphasized that lateness or tardiness is not

just the problem of the late student but it affects the surrounding people. A

student coming late in class destructs the rest of the students and disrupts the
 15

flow of the teacher’s discussion. It is even a burden to the student/s whom

the late students ask for what to catch up with. The rest of the effects given

by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor are about the welfare of the whole school, its

productivity and revenue. Knowing the possible effects of lateness or

tardiness, it is necessary for solutions to be executed.

Student’s studies have revealed that those students with perfect or

near-perfect attendance have good grades compared to those who missed

classes often and late-comers (Cowan Avenue Elementary School

Community, 2007). Moreover, as mentioned by Zeiger (2010), the results

from the survey report conducted by teacher shows that students with

measures (National Center for Education Statistics Indicators of School

Crime and Safety [NCESISCS] (2007)). It also causes the students to have

behavioral problems and to drop out. Lastly, Zeiger (2010) stated that

students who are frequently tardy to school are also more apt to be fired

from a job for showing up late.

Michael Gotfield (2014) explores the impact of tardy students’

behavior on their peers. Gotfield acknowledges that if teachers respond to

the educational needs of late students bi reallocating regular class time, then

other students are adversely affected and classroom instruction is slowed by

this disruption. ‘With tardy students entering school day at abnormal times
 16

and potentially missing a large number of cumulative instructional hours,

teachers must divert their attention away from regular teaching time and

towards remediation, he says. ‘As such, there are negative effects on

achievement generated when one student’s actions impede learning for other

classmates.

According to Tyre, A et al (2011) students are tardy for variety of

reasons, but being late to class can become a habit that can have a negative

effect on their success in school. Schools often establish an attendance

policy that includes punishment for multiple tardiness. A firm policy can

help schools promote student punctuality and accountability—traits that

students can carry with them even after they finish school.

Showing up too late to class, especially multiple times, can have the

effect of other people losing respect for you. Your teacher and student peers

can see that you do not show up on time, which can often imply that you feel

a sense of apathy or disregard for your education.

Disciplinary actions are often taken upon students who are tardy to

classes. Students may be given a detention for the first couple of offenses,

but then the discipline may become more severe with a suspension. Students
 17

may also lose points towards their final grade in the class if they are late on

numerous occasions.

Students who are late to classes may fall behind in their classroom

work. If a student misses the first part of a lecture, for example, he may miss

the notes that he will need to study for an upcoming exam. Some teachers do

not accept late homework, so they will not permit a student to turn in a

homework assignment if his tardy. This can result in an incomplete or failing

grade for the work.

Students who are late to class are less likely to feel organized and

prepared when they enter the class after a lesson is already in session. The

student may be embarrassed for his classroom disruption upon entering late

and may not be able to take out his necessary materials without causing

further disruption. Also, he may not be aware of what page the classroom is

reading in textbook, for example, or whether there will be a quiz on the

materials in the class is studying.

A study by Hammill Institute on Disabilities (Caldarella, Christensen,

Young & Densely, 2011), looked at decreasing tardiness in primary school-

aged students using teacher-written praise notes. The researchers found that

students who are frequently late to school often miss out on important
 18

opening announcements and academic activities. Teachers can become

frustrated as late students disrupts instruction, often requiring reteaching of

what they have missed. Tardy behavior can also negatively affect the overall

classroom environment, the study says. Arriving late to school can also

mean that students miss out on activities designed to build connections with

their peers, potentially impacting their social interactions and creating a

greater sense of alienation from their classmates.

 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study used a quantitative descriptive survey method of research.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPU

T

-“ Effects of -Quantitative -Design

Tardiness to the -Descriptive -Proposed

-Action
Senior High -Survey
-Plan
School -Data Gathering

Students -Analysis of

Data

-Interpretation

of Data

FIGURE 1

RESEARCH PLAN
 18

Research environment

The environment where the research is conducted is in the institution,

University of Cebu- Maritime Education and Training Center. It is located

on Alumnos, Mambaling, Cebu City. This school is known for teaching

maritime education. The variables include Senior High School students, their

performance, and time management. The research sources including the

review of related literature and theories are found in via online using laptops

and cellphones, the links of the websites are put in the references.

Research participants

There are total of 1,747 students in senior high school consisting 892

grade 11 students and 855 grade 12 students. We used Calmorin’s formula to

get the sample size of 100. We conduct our survey by using purposive

sampling method.

Research instruments

This study uses different questions about the effects of tardiness

toward to poor performance of the students. There are consists of 15

questions and answerable by “yes” or “no”. the questions were taken from

the review of related literature of this study.

 19

Research Procedure

Upon doing this research, the researchers think first for what the best

title to choose, the title to use to this study. After forming the title, the

researchers will then proceed to the survey to collect some information from

their respondents in a form of questionnaire. And lastly, the researchers will

tally, evaluate and analyse the answers of the respondents.

Data gathering

The researcher gathered data by conducting a survey through the

results of questionnaires, which were given to the respondents. The

questionnaire was given to the respondents and was answered by them. It

consists of 10 questions and answerable by “yes” or “no”.

Statistical statement

Frequency and percentage distribution.

Formula: %= (f/x)x100
Where:
%= Percent
f= Frenquency
n= Number of Class
 20

REFERENCES
Caldarella, P., Christensen, L., Young, K. R., & Densley, C. (2011).
Decreasing tardiness in elementary school students using teacher-
written praise notes. Intervention in School and Clinic, Retrieved November
21, 2018, from http://ww.teachermagazinw.com.au/articles/the-effect-of-
student-tardiness-on-learning

Gotfried, M. A. (2014). The achievement effects of tardy classmates:

Evidence in urban elementary schools. School Effectiveness and
school Improvement, 25(1), 3-28. Retrieves November 21, 2018, from
https://www.teachermagazine.com.au/articles/the-effect-of-student
tardiness-on-learning

Tyre, A., Feuborn, L., & Pierce, J. (2011). The effects of tardiness on
Students
Retrieved November 21, 2018, from
https://www.teachermagazine.com.au?articles/the-effect-of-student-
tardiness-on-learning

Muler, P. (2017). Pickle Jar Theory. Retrieved November 21, 2018, from
ToolsHero: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-peak-
experience/201109/maslow-and-management-theory

Hofman, E. (2011). Maslow and Management Theory. Retrieved November

21,2018 from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-peak-
experience/201109/maslow-and-management-theory

Albert Bandura (2009) Self-Efficacy Theory. Retrived November 21,2018

from https://iedunote.com/self-efficacy-theory
 21

APPENDIX A1
Transmittal Letter to the Adviser
September, 2019

Mrs. Avegail Paradela

Practical Research 2 Teacher

University of Cebu-METC

Alumnos, Mambaling Cebu City

Dear Mrs. Paradela,

Good Day!

My teammates and I are in need of an adviser who will guide us in making

our research proposal. I believe that with your guidance, our team can come
up with a good study and output. Hence. I would like to request you to be
our adviser.
Your positive response and commitment are greatly appreciated.
Kindly spare us your time for we need your help.

Sincerely yours,

Paul Arnibal

Lead researcher

Approved by:
Mrs. Avegail Paradela
Practical Research 2 Teacher
 22

APPENDIX A2
Transmittal letter to the Basic Education Principal
September, 2019

Dr. Norma O. Oplado

Basic Education Department
University of Cebu- Maritime Education and Training Center
Alumnos, Mambaling Cebu City

Dear Mam:
Good day!
We would like to ask permission to conduct our research study entitled
“Effects of tardiness to senior high school students’ as a requirement in
Practical Research 2. The study aims to identify the effects of tardiness to
Senior High School Students.

We are hoping for your positive response

Respectfully yours,
Paul Arnibal
Lead Researcher

Noted by: Approved by:

Avegail Paradela Dr. Norma O.
Oplado
Research Adviser Basic Education
Department Principal
 23

APPENDIX A3

Transmittal Letter to the Respondents

September, 2019

Dear Respondents

Greetings!

I am Paul Arnibal in Maritime Tvl at University of Cebu-METC, as

student who is currently enrolled in Practical Research 2. I am making a
study entitled “Effects of tardiness to senior high school students” together
with my teammates as prerequisite of the subject. I respectfully ask for a
moment of your time to let us conduct our study for the purpose of
identifying the Effects of Tardiness to Senior High School Students and to
have specific solution in this problem.

Sincerely yours,

Paul Arnibal
Lead Researcher

Noted By

Mrs. Avegail Paradela

Practical Research 2 Teacher
 24

APPENDIX B
Research Qeustionare

Questionare on the Effects of Tardiness to The Senior High School Students

Name (optional): Date: .

Direction: Put a check in the box for your preferred answer.
Arriving consistently late to school makes me… YES NO
1.) miss out an important announcements
2.) miss out an important academic activities
3.) miss some notes that I will need to study for upcoming
exam
4.) miss large number of cumulative instructional hours
5.) fall behind our classroom work
6.) less organized in school
7.) less prepared when I enter the class
8.) embarrassed for coming late to school
9.) disrupt flow of the teacher’s discussion
10.) lose points towards final grade
 25

CURRICULUM VITAE
Francis Dave Abayan
Brgy. Lawaan, Dumanjug, Cebu
f_abayan@yahoo.com
09991982242

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Francis Dave Abayan

Age : 18
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Birthplace : Cebu City
Birthdate : July 7, 2001
Parents : Elizabeth Abayan
: Arnold Abayan

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Senoir High School

University of Cebu Maritime Education and Training Center
Alumnos, Mambaling, Cebu City
Junoir High School
Concord Technical Institute
Cabreros,Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City
Elementary School
Dumanjug Central School Li-ong, Dumanjug, Cebu
 26

CURRICULUM VITAE

ARNIBAL PAUL C.
BrgyApas, Cebu City
jaypaularnibal16@gmail.com
09664409412

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Paul Arnibal C.

Age : 18
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Birthplace : Cebu City
Birthdate : May 17, 2001
Parents : Jenylyn Arnibal

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Senoir High School

University of Cebu Maritime Education and Training Center
Alumnos, Mambaling, Cebu City
Junoir High School
Apas Integrated Sr. High School

Elementary School
Camp Lapu-lapu Elementary School
 27

CURRICULUM VITAE
JALUAG, MARK ARILD S.
Brgy. Kimba Consojong , Talisay City
Markrild@gmail.com
09975633197

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Mark Arild S. Jaluag

Age : 18
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Birthplace : Bais City
Birthdate : February 4, 2001
Parents : Arlene S. Jaluag

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Senoir High School

University of Cebu Maritime Education and Training Center
Alumnos, Mambaling, Cebu City
Junoir High School
Okiot, National High School
Okiot, Bais City
Elementary School
Okiot, Elementary School
Okiot, Bais City
 28

CURRICULUM VITAE

CARIN, MYKE JONFYL N.

Brgy. Poblacion, Argao, Cebu City
mykejonfyl@yahoo.com
09994088493

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Myke Jonfyl N. Carin

Age : 17
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Birthplace : Cebu City
Birthdate : December 14, 2001
Parents : Phyllis N. Carin

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Senoir High School

University of Cebu Maritime Education and Training Center
Alumnos, Mambaling, Cebu City
Junoir High School
Saint Michael School
Poblacion, Argao, Cebu
Elementary School
Argao Center for Science Learning Inc.
Lamacan, Argao, Cebu
 29

CURRICULUM VITAE

TAPIA, GRENDY P.
308 Tres De Abril Taboan Street Cebu City
tapiagrendy@gmaill.com
09334685256

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Grendy P. Tapia

Age : 17
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Birthplace : Cebu City Medical Center
Birthdate : June 5, 2002
Parents : Jonathan S. Tapia

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Senior High School

University of Cebu Maritime Education and Training Center
Alumnos, Mambaling, Cebu City
2018-2020
Junior High School
CCDCAGMNHS
C. Padilla Street
2014-2018
Elementary School
San Nicolas Elementary School
Carlock St, Cebu City, Cebu
2008-2014