Name : Anisa Basrianti

Class/NIM : K3-21/21018054
Subject : Assignment Thesis Writing

Title of Thesis : “Analysis of English Language and Literature Department of

Students' Interest in Using Slang in Classroom Speaking in the Second Year and Its
Impact at Universitas Negeri Padang”

CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Theories

1. Definition of Speaking
Language is a system or a tool of communication. Nunan in Bailey (2003: 48)
says: "Language produced by students (speaking or writing) was considered
productive". Brown adds in Zare (2012: 267) that if one can speak a language, it
means that one can hold a conversation with reasonable competence.

Speaking is a process of building and sharing meaning through. the use of verbal
and nonverbal symbols, in a variety of contexts (Chaney, 1998:13). Therefore,
the researcher concludes that speaking is a ability to produce the language and
share their ideas. Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that
speaking is probably the language skill that most language learners want to
improve as soon as possible. It can be formal or informal. Formal speech is used
when meet people for the first time or in academic situations. However, informal
speech is used with friends and family.

2. Definition of Sociolinguistics
A language is not only studied from the internal viewpoint but also from the
external one. Internally, it is studied based on its internal structures; whereas,
externally, it is based on the linguistic factors in relation to the factors beyond the
language.

When a study of language in which the linguistic factors are related to the factors
beyond the language, such as language use that is done by its speakers in a certain
speech community, it refers to sociolinguistics. According to Fishman
(1972:244), for instance, socially, the language use involves “Who speaks, what
language, to whom, when and where”. It calls as sociolinguistics.

The term sociolinguistics is formed from two words, namely sociology and
linguistics. Sociology refers to the science of society; and linguistics refers to the
science of language. So, sociolinguistics is the study of how language serves and
is shaped by the social nature of human beings. It involves some terms such as
language, linguistics, sociology or its aspects. Eastman (1975; 113) states that
sociolinguistics is “the study related to interaction of language and setting”. And
according to Wardhaugh, (1986: 12) which is concerned with investigating the
relationship between language and society with the goal of a better understanding
of language and structure how language functions in communication. And the
other hand, Holmes (2001) stated that all topics provide a lot of information about
 working language, as well as about social relations in a community, and the way
people mark aspects of their social identity through language.

3. Definition of Slang
Language variety is variations of the language used in situations, circumstances,
or of specific needs. Language variety that is used in the formal situation is called
standard language, while language variety that is used in an informal situation is
called non-standard. The non-standard English is a form of language that does not
fulfill any standard norms, which is classified into substandard or non-standard.
One example of the nonstandard English language is slang.

Slang is a non-standard use of the word in the language of a part social group.
Slang is something that everyone can easily detect but nobody can define it.
According to Partridge (1950: 69) that slang is mainly in spoken form, which is
used in social milieus and popular media, and to certain extern, it is used in the
movie script. Slang words also could be found in a movie script, it means that
slang is used in an informal situation and people usually use slang to talk with
their friends or their society but it is not polite to talk to elders. Cony (1996) adds
that slang is defined as the use of language by speakers to build or strengthen
social identity or cohesion within a group, or in line with trends and fashions in
society in general. Slang is one of the higher variations of the language used in
the community. The use of slang usually formed in abbreviating or removal of
one or more letters in a word, or even a change in sound and meaning. A word
has an important role in the language.

4. Types of word formation

There are types of word formation of slang language:
- Coinage
Coinage is the act of creating a new word or phrase that other people begin to
use.
Example :
Yeah nigga, I'm looking for my girl Felicia. Heard she was up here in one of
these rooms.

In this dialogue of movie script, one of the actors in this movie said the slang
word nigga to mention greeting for someone that is mostly used in African
Americans. So this slang belongs to coinage because the word nigga is
another way or a variation to greet a friend with a new word created either
deliberately or accidentally. This word includes a slang word because the
word nigga is listed in Urban Dictionary that has a meaning used to describe
a friend.

Nah, I already know how to gangbang. I'm just tryin' to learn how to make
some of this white people money.

In this dialogue, the slang word Nah is a word commonly used as an informal
situation for "no" and it is often used in text messages and casual writing. So
this word belongs to coinage because the word Nah is another variation to
say "no"with a new word created either deliberately or accidentally. This
 word includes a slang word because the word Nah is listed in Internet Slang
and also in Urban Dictionary that has a meaning used to describe "no".

- Blending
Blending is one of the many ways new words are made in English. It refers to
joining the beginning of one word and the end of another to make a new word
with a new meaning.

Example:
What's the use to having this dumbass knock if I gotta tell you my name
anyway?

The word “gotta” consists of two separate forms to produce a single new
term. They are ‘got’ and ‘to’ that can be classified as free morphemes because
it can stand alone as a word. The word formation that happens here is
blending. The word "gotta" is created by changing each part of the word. To
combine it into a new word, they change the last part of the word to into "ta".
So the beginning of the word got and then added it with the word "ta", and it
became "gotta". The word is listed in Urban Dictionary that has meaning
have to.

- Clipping
Clipping is the process of forming a new word by dropping one or more
syllables from a polysyllabic word,

Example:
You ain't gotta talk to my moms like that, man!
In this movie script, the word “mom” is a new vocabulary to describe
‘mother’ in an informal situation. So, the word “mom” belongs to clipping
because the word “mom” is omitted from the last part of the word from
‘mother’. This word is listed in Urban Dictionary that has meaning someone
who gave birth to you.

- Compounding
Compounding is a word formation process based on the combination of
lexical elements. The elements can be characterized as words, stems, or
lexeme, depending on the language and on the theoretical framework
adopted.

Example:
You little Crab ass niggas could've got this whole bus shot the fuck up! We
saw that bullshit you were throwing up out the window! Hit me up now!

Bullshit consists of two free morphemes, bull and shit. They can stand
independently as a word. This word is having a compounding process, where
the word ‘bull’ merging into the word ‘shit’ and makes the new lexical item
that has a different meaning from original words. Bullshit is listed in Collins
Dictionary and also in Urban Dictionary that has meaning to someone talk
nonsense or complete lies.
 - Acronym
Acronyms are formed from the first or first few letters of each of the words
they are based on. They are pronounced as a word and do not take full stops
or spaces.
Example:
It's Bone Thugs' new LP. It's good, Eric. It's gonna be huge when it drops.

The slang LP belongs to acronym process because of a word formed by

combining the beginning letters of each word to create a shorter and typically
quicker word to refer to ‘Long Play’. In this process, there is no special
change to create the word LP. It only shortens the base words ‘Long Play’ by
taking the first letter L and P and omitting the other letters. This word is listed
in the Urban Dictionary and Collins Dictionary of Slang.

- Multiple-processes
Multiple process is a word formation process which is happened by
combining more than one word formation processes to create a word (Yule,
2010: 60).

Example:
The fuck up, Blood!
(Addresses the whole bus) You youn muthafuckas wanna die today?!

The word Muthafuckas is derived from the word ‘mother–fucker’.

Muthafuckas is a word that consists of three morphemes; they are, ‘mother’,
‘fuck’ and ‘–er’. ‘Mother’ and ‘fuck’ are free morphemes that can stand alone
as a word, while ‘–er’ is a suffix that considered as a bound morpheme.
“Mother-fucker” is a word that having multiple–process in forming a new
word. First is having a compounding process between ‘mother’ and ‘fuck’ as
‘mother-fuck’. Then having inflection process which added a suffix ‘–er’ to
make the new words that have a different meaning from the word ‘mother-
fuck’. Although, this word is considered as the most frequent slang word to
say it is only listed in Urban Dictionary.

5. Definition of Colloquialism
Barzegar, (2010) states colloquial language is regarded as the simplest and
the most natural form of language used in daily communication by interlocutors
of different social, political, economic and academic status, and of different age
and gender . So, the majority of human daily interaction is in the form of
colloquial language. It is confirmed by Epoge (2012, p.134) that the term
“colloquial refers to the total set of utterances in a familiar, informal context” in
which interlocutors feel relaxation and face no social or academic pressure while
interacting such as interactions that are held at home, at work, at social gathering
or any place that do not add any psychological pressure on the interactant.