Summary

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition that gradually affects memory and mental
ability. Notwithstanding many years of study, a right opportune conclusion actually should be
covered. Utilizing state of the art AI and profound learning strategies like Convolutional Brain
Organizations (CNN), Irregular Woodland (RF), Backing Vector Machines (SVM), and
conceivably others, this exploration desires to close this educational hole to the issue of
sectioning and grouping Attractive Reverberation Imaging (X-ray) checks for Alzheimer's
sickness. Indicative exactness and power will be further developed through various AI and
profound learning approaches as opposed to a solitary strategy.
The review will utilize a wide assortment of excellent X-ray datasets from sources like ADNI,
PhysioNet, and Kaggle to direct an intensive examination. As a rule, specialists just approach
information from one explicit source, seriously restricting their investigation's profundity and
broadness. The exploration is separated into two areas: in the first place, the mind districts most
impacted by Alzheimer's sickness are sectioned utilizing a multi-calculation procedure, and
afterward, the relating phases of the illness are designated to the fragments. The review proposes
that utilizing AI and profound learning procedures can further develop symptomatic exactness
contrasted with a solitary calculation.
The examination early and exact distinguishing proof of Promotion is being concentrated
because of its critical job in controlling this extreme neurodegenerative problem. A huge number
of individuals overall experience the ill effects of Alzheimer's sickness, which causes mental
crumbling, cognitive decline, and a definitely decreased way of life. It is still difficult, despite
numerous studies, to diagnose diseases early, when they are most treatable and manageable.
Postpones in treatment because of erroneous conclusion might speed up illness advancement and
increment medical services costs. Subsequently, there is a basic interest for new symptomatic
innovations that can help speedy and exact location of Promotion, eventually supporting patient
results and illuminating better medical care procedures.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Random Forest
(RF), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Alzheimer's
Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
 1. Introduction
Neurodegenerative disorders are a group of diseases in which the nervous system gradually loses
its ability to operate normally [1]. All throughout the world, healthcare systems are struggling to
keep up with the rising prevalence of nervous system illnesses, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's,
and Huntington's. They frequently cannot be cured and cause a slow but steady loss of mental
and physical capacity, lowering the standard of living for those who suffer from them [2]. Due in
part to the world's ageing population, neurological diseases are becoming increasingly common,
placing a heavy financial strain on healthcare systems everywhere. AD is a neurological ailment
that results in the steady decline of mental abilities over time, most noticeably memory and the
ability to reason. . 60% to 80% of all dementia cases occur due to this disease [3]. The disease
appears through various symptoms, including confusion, disorientation, and difficulty with
thinking and problem-solving, which interfere with regular life activities.
In 1906, German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer initially described the condition based on his
observations of a patient named Auguste Deter. Insanely erratic conduct was displayed by the
patient. Insanely unpredictable behaviour exhibited by the patient. The histological hallmarks of
Alzheimer's disease, including amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, were present in her
brain, discovered during an autopsy after her death [4].
Alzheimer’s disease impacts millions of people all around the world. Nearly 50 million
individuals worldwide live with dementia, with Alzheimer's disease being a major contributor
[5]. Because the prevalence of AD rises with age, it is becoming an increasingly urgent issue in
nations with ageing populations. In any case, it's not just an old individual's sickness; people as
youthful as 40 would get beginning stage Alzheimer's.
Alzheimer's sickness conclusion is as yet testing to accomplish. Mental tests and actual
assessments are standard in traditional methodologies, despite the fact that they are not
definitive. Attractive reverberation imaging (X-ray) and positron emanation tomography (PET)
are instances of clinical imaging headways that have expanded indicative precision yet should be
broadly accessible [6].
A brief and exact determination is expected for the condition to be really overseen and treated.
Interventions that lessen the severity of symptoms and slow the rate at which they get worse can
be beneficial to patients and the people who take care of them.
Promotion is one of the most widely recognized and pulverizing types of dementia, affecting
millions around the world. Cognitive impairment, memory loss, and difficulty with routine tasks
are hallmarks of this disease, which can ultimately result in severe disability and dependence.
The early and right ID of Alzheimer's illness stays a serious trouble regardless of escalated study
and advances in clinical science [7].

Figure. 1. Healthy neuron vs Alzheimer’s disease neuron [31]

Figure 1 illustrates the contrast between a healthy neuron, characterized by intact structure and
connectivity, and an Alzheimer’s disease neuron, which shows significant structural damage and
diminished connectivity.
The critical need to enhance Alzheimer's disease diagnostic procedures drives this investigation.
The diagnostic techniques now in use are generally subjective and have a low sensitivity for
detecting the disease in its earliest stages [8]. Timely medical therapies can reduce deterioration
of health and enhance the patient's quality of life, but they can only be initiated if the patient is
diagnosed early [9]. Weaknesses in the healthcare system are putting a tremendous burden on the
system, including the healthcare system.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative ailment characterized by slowed mental
processing speed found mainly in the elderly [10]. Deterioration in cognitive abilities such as
memory, reasoning, and problem-solving is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and is a significant
contributor to the disease's hallmark symptom: the loss of autonomy [11]. Severe cognitive and
functional losses are associated with advanced stages of AD, necessitating round-the-clock care.
Symptom management and maybe delaying the progression of the disease requires prompt
diagnosis and treatment [12]. Memory ability to reason and communicate is negatively impacted
by dementia, a neurological disorder. It has a devastating effect on daily living and is most
common among the elderly [13].
Creating an effective diagnostic technique for the rapid and precise diagnosis of Alzheimer's
disease is the primary objective of this research. Considering the inadequacies of independent
methodologies, we expect to utilize computational techniques that join different ML and
profound learning calculations. The review means to further develop the conclusion precision
and generalizability of the strategy by using excellent Attractive Reverberation Imaging (X-ray)
datasets from different sources.
The larger issue of improving healthcare outcomes through technological advancement is the
focus of the study. By offering a new point of view on Alzheimer's infection finding, it desires to
impact both hypothetical conversations and certifiable medical care rehearses. Social effects
incorporate better treatment arranging and long haul care techniques for patients, medical
services suppliers and parental figures.

1. Related Work
Cerebrospinal liquid examination is a piece of the demonstrative rules for Promotion biomarker
records, mind imaging information, clinical and family ancestry, and mental and
neuropsychological testing. Allioui et al. [14] neuroimaging has focused mainly on analyzing the
region of interest (ROI) to examine AD-related brain alterations. However, this miss changes
outside of the contested areas. In neuroimaging modalities, machine learning (ML) techniques
and intense learning (DL) methods present the opportunity to employ systematic approaches to
automatic categorization and object-based detection. Computer vision and medical imaging
fields rely heavily on CNNs and CapsNets, especially for research Allioui et al. [14] involving
MRI scans to detect or predict AD. Considering the inclusion of 3D spatial information in a 2.5D
context, the U-Net model has been applied to enhance segmentation accuracy and feature
identification in brain segmentation tasks.

Helaly et al. [15] ADNI and NITRIC datasets were used for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis with
deep learning methods. The U-Net, SHPT-Net, and RESU-Net neural network designs were all
used. The study performed exceptionally well, with an accuracy of 94.34% and a Dice
coefficient of 93.5%. The hippocampus was a specific area of strength.
Buvaneswari and Gayathri [16] deep learning-based segmentation method for reliable diagnosis
of AD using the ADNI dataset. In order to replace the time-consuming voxel-based
morphometry method, the authors Buvaneswari and Gayathri [16] stress the importance of using
appropriate feature segmenting techniques to detect more minor features of brain regions and an
efficient classification model. Another deep learning model Zhang et al. [10] shows how to
accurately classify Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia using ResNet-101 and
SegNet for brain segmentation using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The
suggested method seeks to automatically and quickly diagnose Alzheimer's disease by
identifying subtle morphological changes in the brain resulting from the disease. Zhang et al.
[10] trains ResNet-101 for classification using seven morphological features collected from 240
sMRI images using SegNet and achieves a sensitivity of 96% and an accuracy of 95% over 240
ADNI and MRI images.

Marghalani and Arif [17] medical fields, image processing and computer vision methods are
employed to diagnose brain diseases. Automatic diagnosis is made more quickly and accurately
using CV methods and machine learning algorithms than by hand. Brain tumour and AD
detection have benefited from machine learning applied to MRI imaging. The suggested method
in Marghalani and Arif [17] consists of four steps: acquiring MRI pictures, preprocessing,
extracting features, and classifying them. Features are extracted from regions of interest in an
image using the Bag of Features (BoF) model Marghalani and Arif [17], this allows for creating
a visual lexicon. The BoF model is employed to extract features. For this purpose Marghalani
and Arif [17] uses a classifier based on SVM. Brain tumour MRIs, Alzheimer's disease MRIs,
and regular brain MRIs all have an average classification accuracy of 97%. When comparing the
fixed grid size to the SURF-based feature extraction, the former is determined to be marginally
superior.

Memory loss and cognitive dysfunction are two indications of dementia. Despite its widespread
prevalence, no agreed-upon approach to diagnosis or therapy exists. Dementia is detected and
treated sooner using computational diagnostics based on MRI scans of the brain. A method
Marghalani and Arif [17] that makes use of deep learning techniques to segment and classify AD
from 3D brain MRI data. The brain tissue was segmented using the Gaussian Mixture Model
(GMM) and CNN, and AD was classified using the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and
SVM. On the AD-86 and AD-126 datasets, we found excellent segmentation accuracy (Dice =
0.96) and classification accuracy (AUC = 0.88) Tuan et al. [18]. The technique Tuan et al. [18]
was highly accurate, as demonstrated by its performance on the publicly available OASIS picture
dataset.

Maqsood et al. [19], splitting AD classification methods into several groups based on the number
of classes they divide data into (binary and multiclass). The suggested approach uses a pre-
trained convolutional network, AlexNet, to classify and diagnose Alzheimer's disease stages
utilizing 3D MRI data through transfer learning and fine-tuning. The proposed system Maqsood
et al. [19], could classify multiclass unsegmented images with overall accuracy of 92.85%.

Hussain and Shiren [20] compares Watershed Transformation training with and without
Watershed Transformation training to extract features from brain MRI images. They also
examines the performance RF and SVM models. To train and check the accuracy of the models,
cross-validation was used. Accuracy, precision, recall, and the F1 score were just a few metrics
used to evaluate the models' performance.

Krashenyi et al. [21] multiple studies have suggested either classical ML or DL approaches for
use in AD diagnostic and detection systems. Conventional ML methods have been used in
previous research to assess MRI and brain function to diagnose. A fuzzy logic method for
identifying AD from PET and MRI data was proposed by Krashenyi et al. [21] and employing
fuzzy possibilistic tissue segmentation and SVM-created AD CAD system classifiers. Lazli et al.
[22] suggested utilizing a pre-trained CNN deep learning network called ResNet50 to identify
AD in MRI scans. The performance of the CNN model was assessed using multiple classifiers,
including Softmax, SVM, and RF. For models using the MRI ADNI dataset, the proposed model
achieved an accuracy of between 85.7% and 99% Krashenyi et al. [21].

Islam and Zhang [23] explains how deep learning applied to Brain MRI data to detect and
categorize Alzheimer's disease. SVM classifiers employing MRI, demographic, and genetic data
used in previous studies and linear SVM have been used to diagnose AD in T1-weighted MRI
scans. These methods include the use of dimensionality reduction and variation techniques, deep
belief networks, random forest classifiers, sparse autoencoders, 3D CNN models for AD
detection and classification, and a variety of other methods. This paper Islam and Zhang [23]
proposes a multiclass AD detection and classification model based on a deep neural network and
the OASIS database. After training and testing for less than an hour on the OASIS dataset, the
model outperforms approaches that are more conventional with an accuracy of 73.75%.

Feng et al. [24] method leverages a deep learning architecture that integrates 3D-CNN and FSBi-
LSTM for AD diagnosis was suggested. Primary features are extracted using 3D-CNN from MRI
and PET inputs. High-level semantic and spatial information is extracted from the 3D-CNN
output using FSBi-LSTM. Combining the modalities' learnt features, a SoftMax classifier was
used to diagnose a disease. Reorienting, down sampling, intensity correction, skull stripping, and
cerebellum removal are only some preprocessing steps applied to the MRI data. After
segmenting the brain, grey matter (GM) masks are extracted and spatially aligned to the MNI
brain atlas. There is a strict alignment between the PET data and the MRI space. By reducing the
resolution of MRI and PET scans to 64 by 64 by 64, memory is conserved without sacrificing
classification accuracy. Average accuracy rates for distinguishing AD from normal control (NC),
pMCI from NC, and sMCI from NC are 94.82%, 86.36%, and 65.35%, respectively, using the
proposed method.

The proposed strategy by Hussain et al. [25] employs a novel 12-layer CNN model. Comparisons
are made between the model's results and those of previously trained models like InceptionV3,
Xception, MobileNetv2, and VGG19. The OASIS dataset, a cross-sectional collection of 416
participants, was used for the experiment. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans were
collected from male and female patients aged 18 to 96. There were 416 participants, and 100 of
them had Alzheimer's disease. Seven fundamental steps comprise the suggested method: data
collection, preprocessing, labelling, the proposed 12-layer CNN model, and model performance
demonstration. The recommended Maqsood et al. [19] 12-layer CNN model outperformed all
others on the OASIS dataset with an accuracy of 97.75%. In comparison, the accuracy of
InceptionV3, Xception, and MobileNetV2 were 90.62%, 84.37%, and 81.24% correspondingly.
VGG19 was barely half as accurate as the competition. Notwithstanding its unrivaled f1-score
execution, the proposed model had a higher region under the ROC bend than the pre-prepared
models Hussain et al. [25]. This exhaustive survey of the writing is compactly summed up in
Table 1.
 Table 1. Summary of Literature Review
Ref Year Methodology Dataset Key Accuracy Findings Limitations
Techniques

[14] 2019 Neuroimaging OASIS ROI Analysis 92.71% Misses Limited to specific
changes brain regions (ROI)
outside ROI

[15] 2022 Deep ADNI, U-Net, SHPT- Accuracy: High exclusive use of
Learning NITRIC Net, RESU-Net 94.34%, performance ResNet blocks and a
Dice: in DCGAN for dataset
93.5% hippocampal augmentation,
segmentation suggesting that
exploring other pre-
trained models and
GAN types might
enhance performance

[16] 2021 Deep ADNI ResNet-101, Sensitivity: Efficient in Its dependence on

Learning SegNet 96%, diagnosing extensive preliminary
Accuracy: AD investigation and the
95% need for large datasets
of healthy and
diseased images for
effective deep
learning-based
classification of
Alzheimer's Disease

[17] 2019 Machine TCIA), Bag of Accuracy: Effective in Comparison of feature

Learning XNAT, Features, SVM 97% AD and brain extraction methods
Oasis, tumour needed
and a detection
few
from the
Google
search.

[18] 2022 Deep AD-86, GMM, CNN, Dice: 0.96, High Requires improved
 Learning AD-126 XGBoost, SVM Accuracy: accuracy in brain tissue
0.88, 0.80 AD segmentation,
classification enhanced CNN
architecture for
accuracy

[19] 2019 Deep OASIS AlexNet Accuracy: Effective in Limited dataset

Learning 92.85% multiclass diversity, only using
AD OASIS repository for
classification Alzheimer's research

[20] 2023 Machine OASIS Watershed 95% Comparative Performance metrics

Learning Transformation, study on comparison needed.
RF, SVM feature
extraction

[21] 2016 Machine ADNI ResNet50, Accuracy: Effective in Difficulty

Learning SVM, RF 85.7% - AD diagnosis distinguishing AD and
99% MCI due to similar
feature overlap.

[22] 2018 Machine ADNI Fuzzy Logic, 94.82%, Focused on Noise and partial
Learning SVM 86.36%, PET and volume effect
and MRI data introduce uncertainty
65.35% in image segmentation

[23] 2017 Deep OASIS CNN, SVM Accuracy: Outperforms Needs exploration of
Learning 73.75% traditional semi-supervised
methods methods for enhanced
Alzheimer's disease
detection.

[24] 2019 Deep OASIS 3D-CNN, Accuracy: Effective in Requires extensive

Learning FSBi-LSTM 94.82%, multiclass preprocessing
86.36%, AD diagnosis
65.35%

[25] 2020 Deep OASIS 12-layer CNN Accuracy: Outperforms Existing models'
other pre- performance not
 Learning 97.75% trained adequately
models demonstrated against
pre-trained models

The current landscape of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) research, primarily using neuroimaging and
deep learning techniques, reveals a consistent pattern of research gaps. While studies achieve
high accuracy in specific aspects like hippocampal segmentation and AD diagnosis, they often
rely heavily on limited datasets such as ADNI and OASIS. This reliance results in challenges
like insufficient differentiation between AD and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and
limitations in capturing variations outside predefined regions of interest (ROI). Besides, the
viability of these strategies in assorted or greater datasets remains underexplored. The prevalent
utilization of explicit models or methods, as ResNet blocks or Convolutional Brain
Organizations (CNN), without extensive correlations with different models, features a hole in
understanding the maximum capacity of fluctuated approaches in Promotion research.

2. Problem Statement
In the domain of clinical imaging, huge progressions have been made, yet the early and precise
conclusion of Alzheimer's Illness (Promotion) stays a significant test. Current symptomatic
strategies are in many cases restricted by their dependence on particular calculations and
compelled datasets, prompting issues in precision and generalizability. This exploration tends to
these holes by proposing a brain network design that merges complex AI and profound learning
methods. Using different, excellent X-ray datasets, the model plans to upgrade demonstrative
accuracy, especially in fragmenting Promotion affected cerebrum districts like the hippocampus.
A critical aspect of this approach is the recognition that diagnosis accuracy improves with larger
training datasets or effectively used data augmentation. Future improvements will focus on
segmenting additional brain tissues and refining the algorithm within the model, specifically
targeting the reduction of information loss in down-sampling processes. By enhancing the
architecture of the CNN model, this method seeks to substantially improve the classification
accuracy, thereby revolutionizing AD diagnosis.

3. Research Objectives
The following are the research objectives:
 i. Develop a Diagnostic Model: To develop an efficient Alzheimer's disease diagnostic
model for rapid and precise diagnosis by combining machine learning and deep learning
methods.
ii. Segmentation and Classification: To partition the damaged regions of the brain and
categorize them according to their illness progression.
iii. Comparative Analysis: To evaluate the model's ability to diagnose Alzheimer's disease
and to contrast with existing single-algorithm methods in detecting Alzheimer's Disease.
iv. Validation and Generalizability: To validate the model's effectiveness using cross-
validation techniques and assess its generalizability across different demographic groups.

4. Research Methodology
The main goal of this research is to evaluate and enhance the accuracy of MRI image classifiers
in determining the stages/classifications of Alzheimer's disease dementia. To accurately diagnose
AD using MRI images, this study will employ a rigorous and all-encompassing research process
that combines machine learning and deep learning algorithms.

Figure. 2. Proposed Model for Alzheimer's Disease Detection

5.1 Data Collection:

When we first start our study, we will mostly be focused on gathering MRI datasets. From well-
known tools and repositories like ADNI [28], PhysioNet [29], Kaggle [30], and others, we want
a lot of high-quality MRI datasets. ADNI is a global research project that actively supports
Alzheimer's disease research and treatment development. It gives a thorough assortment of
clinical information, neuroimaging checks, and biomarker tests. [28]. PhysioNet is a storehouse
of openly accessible clinical exploration information, oversaw by the MIT Research center for
Computational Physiology. It offers a rich asset of datasets and programming devices in the field
of biomedical examination, especially zeroing in on complex physiological signs. [ 29]. Kaggle
is a famous stage for information science and AI, offering a huge swath of datasets and
facilitating rivalries that challenge members to take care of intricate information issues [30].

5.2 Data Preprocessing:

After the information is assembled, information readiness is the following vital stage. This step is
vital to ensure that the X-ray filters have no commotion, blunders, or data that isn't helpful. We
will utilize various strategies to clean, standardize, and normalize the photos so they can be
utilized for more examination.

5.3 Algorithm Implementation:

When the information has been tidied up, we will begin setting a few strategies in motion. These
projects will both separate the X-ray examines into pieces and put them into bunches in view of
their highlights. Using more than one algorithm guarantees a full study.

5.4 Model Development:

Recognizing the strengths and limitations of individual algorithms, we will integrate them to
develop a model. The goal of this model is to use the combined power of the chosen methods to
provide a stronger and more accurate answer.

5.5 Model Training and Testing:

The proposed dataset will be divided into two parts i.e. training and testing. Eighty percent
(80%) data will be used for training and twenty percent (20%) will be used for testing. Model
will be fine-tuned on training dataset and will be tested on test dataset.

5.6 Performance Evaluation:

The model's performance will be measured with criteria like accuracy, sensitivity, and
specificity.

Several metrics will be used to evaluate how well the model performs:
  Accuracy: The degree of accuracy refers to the rate at which positive and negative results
match the sample population [26].
(TP+TN )
Accuracy= (1)
(TP+TN + FP+ FN )

 Sensitivity: The True Positive Rate or Recall quantifies how often a model correctly
identifies test instances as positive [27].
TP
Recall= (2)
( TP+ FN )
 Specificity: The True Negative Rate quantifies how well the model can accurately
identify cases that do not fit the criteria.
TN
Specificity= (3)
(TN+ FP)
 F1-Score: The F1-Score strikes an excellent middle ground between precision and recall
[27].

F 1 Score=2
[ Precision∗Recall
Precision+ Recall ]
(4)

5.7 Architectural Diagram

This Architecture diagram describes how brain MRI scans will be used to diagnose dementia in
its many phases. The process begins with the introduction of MRI pictures into the system. A
validation set will be prepared independently from the training and test sets. Using cross-
validation techniques ensures the model's accuracy. After creating a training and validation set,
the models will be trained and checked for accuracy. Finally, the accuracy with which these
models classify MRI scans into Mild Dementia, Moderate Dementia, Very Mild Dementia, and
Non Demented states will be assessed.
Figure. 3. Architectural Diagram