GEO PLANNED 10 MARKERS

Examine the contribution eco city design could make to the management of urban
challenges in the future.

- Eco city is infrastructural changes, immediate change, and relies on city cooperating
- Hoy no Circula México
- Smart city is technology based, may have longer impact as not reliant upon current
infrastructure, reduction of emissions
- Internet of Things
- Hong Kong controlling traffic flow remotely
- Malmo in Sweden, 0.65 parking spaces, bicycle underpasses, handrails at junctions to
make it easier for cyclists (all encourage change whereas smart mandates it)

Examine ways in which deindustrialization has helped bring positive changes to some
urban areas and communities.

- Decrease in air pollution, increase in health and less spending on healthcare

- Can lead to a 2 -> 3 shift if harnessed correctly, gov helps with retraining and adjusting
to demands of the new job
- Increased unemployment, spiral of decline, mental health decrease
- Gentrification both pos (economic diversification, influx of wealth, urban regeneration)
and neg (social displacement, increase in expense of living in the area, cultural dilution,
conflict between communities)
- Detroit, Battersea

Examine the management challenges in cities experiencing rapid population growth.

- Rapid population growth due to rural-urban migration, necessity of urban system growth
responding to the centripetal movement
- Air pollution, pollution dome (localised and elevated concentration of pollutants)
- China Beijing, annually 1.1 mil deaths, national health crisis, due to increase in cars
(doubled to 3.3 mil) and use of afforestation to combat it
- Urbanisation can result in disparities between urban and rural areas, China and Hukou
- Developments of slums - Ghana and favelas in Rio

Evaluate the main opportunities and challenges for indigenous groups in extreme environments

- Yakutia Siberia
- Challenge of adapting to climate change, process of melting ice sheets, rely upon ice as
their main source of water since pipes freeze, would shorten the time for harvesting ice
which is traditionally November
 - Challenges associated with adapting to the modern world, education, no access to
higher ed in the community, example of both older sisters having to leave to attend uni,
have to attend school up to -54
- Health related challenge, unable to grow fruit and veg so v dairy based diet, high energy
in order to combat the extreme temps, can’t spend longer than 10 mins in outside due to
frostbite
- Conflict between stakeholders, contested land
- Opportunities for economic development ot be facilitated, able to deal with above
challenges better, may lose traditional way of life tho i.e traditional hunting

Evaluate the success of strategies of sustainable city management in one or more

urban areas.

- Eco cities, infrastructure promoting environmental sustainability, Malmo in Sweden 0.65

parking spaces per person, cycle underpasses, handrails at junctions to make cycling
easier
- Only works if population cooperates, i.e Hoy no Circula in Mexico City
- Beijing and air pollution, despite afforestation of 35 billion trees no city in China has
reached the WHO air quality suggested level
- Smart city will reduce emissions regardless of cooperation, Internet of Things monitoring
remotely the energy consumption, Hong Kong controlling traffic flow

Examine the varying impact of human activity on urban microclimates and air pollution.

- Air pollution, pollution dome as a result of vehicular exhaust, in LIC less strict
environmental laws and tendency towards industry in order to promote economic
development means increased pollution
- Beijing and air pollution, mainly due to car emissions, no. has doubled in Beijing to 3.3
mil, responsible for 70% of emissions, despite afforestation of 35 billion trees no city in
China has reached the WHO air quality suggested level
- Human activity can mitigate urban heat island effect, afforestation in NYC planted 1
million trees, cool roofs use in Japan decreased temp by 15 degrees, whereas previous
year 90 ppl in hospital due to heat stroke, positive impact
- Increased urban heat island effect, longer wavelengths and buildings are exposed
absorb more sun rays, increased temp
- Emissions impact on composition of air, less H20 and more CO2, retains heat better

Examine the costs and benefits of urban redevelopment for different groups of stakeholders

- Urban regeneration, v expensive to develop brownfield compared to greenfield but can

massively change image of area, influx of wealth, make it a place (i.e Battersea)
- Gentrification pos (influx of wealth, economic diversification, decrease in crime) but neg
(social displacement, cultural dilution, unemployment and spiral of decline)
 - Displacement of minority communities as in Macedonia
- Too costly for the current gov state, can cause a lot of unrest due to cultural feelings
(appropriation of greek culture claims) in Skopje, creates issues as contested land
causes arguments, conflict between people

Examine reasons for the location of different economic activities in one or more cities.

- Accessibility, physical factors of relief and close proximity to the coast, temperature
- Political factor of planning and interests of various stakeholders, Skopje has located a
nationalist economic activity in the centre due to historical reasons
- Social factor of deprivation, areas in high in deprivation such as slums are more likely to
have informal economic activity (produce market value but aren’t formally registered),
slum in Ghana and selling of copper from old technology
- Land values and proximity to CBD are economic factors, residential areas are more
likely to be located further away from CBD, hence why suburbanisation sees a boom in
private house building, in NYC low density residences are located on the periphery vs
high density residences located in Manhattan