INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1. A change in manufacturing methods from the Domestic System to the Factory System.
2. The development of new sources of power:
 Steam
 Electricity
 Coal
- The Industrial Revolution was a period of scientific and technological development in the
18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies—especially in Europe and
North America—into industrialized, urban ones.

What happens during the Industrial Revolution?

1. Energy: coal and steam replace wind, water, human and animal labor.
2. Organization: factories over cottage industries
3. Rural agriculture declines, urban manufacturing increases
4. Transportation: trains, automobiles replace animals, watercraft
The invention of new machines increased productivity and changed the ways goods were
produced and distributed.
- The steam engine, invented by James Watt, was used to power steam locomotives and
other machines used in factories during the production of goods.
- The steamboat, invented by Robert Fulton, made it easier to transport and distribute
goods.

WHAT IS INDUSTRIALIZATION?
The change from a farming economy to a machine economy. The “modernizing” of a place.
 Industrialization is a transformation away from an agricultural- or resource-based
economy, toward an economy based on mechanized manufacturing.
 Industrialization is usually associated with a greater average income and improved living
standards.
- Industrialization is a progressive transformation of an economic system from rudimentary
productive methods to more complex manufacturing processes. It is a systematic change
that aims to reshape the productive forces of a given country
WHAT IS FACTORY SYSTEM?
 The system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the
power loom and the steam engine and is based on concentration of industry into large
establishments.
- The factory system is an approach to manufacturing that arose during the Industrial
Revolution in England to replace the cottage industry and putting out system. Its primary
innovation was to combine machinery and other new technologies with the division of
labor in order to lower production costs and increase efficiency.

THE WAR OF 1812 CAUSE INDUSTRIALIZATION

 The War of 1812 pitted the young United States in a war against Great Britain, from
whom the American colonies had won their independence in 1783.
 When the British interfered with American trade, the Americans had to create their own
factories instead of relying on Europe.
- The War of 1812 provided tremendous stimulus to American manufacturing. It
encouraged American manufacturers to produce goods previously imported from
overseas.
- Northern industrialization expanded rapidly following the War of 1812. Industrialized
manufacturing began in New England, where wealthy merchants built water-powered
textile mills (and mill towns to support them) along the rivers of the Northeast.

HOW DID INDUSTRIALIZATION LEAD TO POLLUTION?

These factors led to the depletion of natural resources. Factories would spew smog and soot into
the air and release pollutants and chemicals directly into rivers and streams, resulting in
increased air and water pollution. The Industrial Revolution saw an increased use of fossil fuels,
including coal.
 Early factories polluted a lot.
 Cities in the 1800s were incredibly polluted.
 Living conditions were usually very bad.
- Industrialization has brought economic prosperity; additionally it has resulted in more
population, urbanization, obvious stress on the basic life supporting systems while
 pushing the environmental impacts closer to the threshold limits of tolerance. With
booming industrial growth and relatively low land mass, environmental sustainability is
now becoming a significant deciding factor in industrial development process.

THE GREAT SMOG OF LONDON

Great Smog of London, lethal SMOG that covered the city of London for five days (December
5–9) in 1952, caused by a combination of industrial pollution and high- pressure weather
conditions. 
- This combination of smoke and fog brought the city to a near standstill and resulted in
thousands of deaths. Its consequences prompted the passing of the Clean Air Act four
years later, which marked a turning point in the history of environmentalism.
- Fog, combined with smoke to produce smog, was nothing new in London, but this
particular “pea souper” quickly thickened into a poisonous stew unlike anything the city
had ever experienced.
- A high-pressure weather system had stalled over southern England and caused a
temperature inversion, in which a layer of warm air high above the surface trapped the
stagnant, cold air at ground level.

HOW DID INDUSTRIALIZATION LEAD TO URBANIZATION?

People started to move close to their factory jobs. This movement led to bigger cities.
Urbanization is an effect of Industrialization.
Industrialization is the process that takes an agricultural economy and transforms it into a
manufacturing one. Mass production and assembly lines replace manual and specialized laborers.
The process has historically led to urbanization by creating economic growth and job
opportunities that draw people to cities.
- Industrialization leads to urbanization by creating economic growth and job opportunities
that draw people to cities. The urbanization process typically begins when a factory or
multiple factories are established within a region, thus creating a high demand for factory
labor.

WHAT IS URBANIZATION?
Urbanization is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the
population comes to live in the city.
 An urban area is the region surrounding a city.
 Most inhabitants of urban areas have nonagricultural jobs. 
 Urban areas are very developed, meaning there is a density of human structures such as
houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways.
 "Urban area" can refer to towns, cities, and suburbs. 
- Urbanization, the process by which large numbers of people become permanently
concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
- This concentration leads to the transformation of land for residential, commercial,
industrial and transportation purposes. It can include densely populated centers, as well as
their adjacent periurban or suburban fringes.
URBAN VOCABULARY
 Urban Growth- Urban growth is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban
area increases. This result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural
areas to urban areas.
 Urban Sprawl- Urban sprawl can be defined as urban development with low-density
housing, both residential and commercial, segregated land-use, high level of automobile
use combined with lack of public transport, which is in high demand for land (Johnson,
2001).
- Urban sprawl is the poorly-planned expansion of human populations away from urban
centers into expanding swaths of low-density housing.
- The term urban sprawl has been used to describe low-density automobile-oriented
settlement patterns with little comprehensive public planning.
- Urban sprawl is rapid and uncontrolled low-density development that radiates from a
population center into previously undeveloped or agricultural land areas. This expansion
can lead to small suburban communities becoming urbanized over time. This creates a
new center for suburban sprawl that radiates outward from these new residential areas.
- Urban sprawl is now seen as an important issue in terms of its effects on public health.
Furthermore, it is also considered to be a major contributing factor to a range of
environmental issues, such as climate change, waste production, habitat destruction, and
air pollution.
 Suburb- is a place where people live just outside of a city or town. There are lots of
houses in suburban areas, but not as many other buildings as urban areas—maybe just
one or two small shops or stores.
- The definition of a suburb is an area of homes outside of a city. An example of a suburb
is a series of gated communities outside of a large city. The area on the periphery of a
city or large town.

KEY DRIVERS OF URBAN SPRAWL

 Preferences for living in low density areas
- People often have strong preferences for specific attributes of low density areas. Such
attributes include proximity to open spaces and natural amenities, lower noise levels,
better air quality, longer exposure to sunlight and better local visibility.
 Land-use regulations
- Land use planning and regulation restricts how land can be used.
- Building height restrictions provide a considerable barrier in the emergence of a compact
city, especially when they are too stringent. Urban containment policies, such as urban
growth boundaries and greenbelts may appear to contribute to a more compact
 development pattern. However, they may backfire by causing fragmented, leapfrog
development.
 Progress in car manufacturing
- Urban sprawl is driven by the technological advances in car manufacturing, as cheaper,
faster and more reliable cars have increased the willingness to accept longer commuting
distances.
 Low motor fuel taxes
- In some OECD countries, motor fuel taxes have been persistently low. Combined with
the increasing fuel efficiency of vehicles, the policy has contributed to the emergence of
more dispersed development patterns.

 Other policies encouraging car use

- Failure to adopt policies that incorporate the social cost of air pollution, climate change
and congestion into the private costs of car ownership and use (such as road pricing) may
fuel further urban sprawl.
- Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, and water vapor.

URBAN HEAT ISLAND

An urban heat island occurs when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby
rural areas. The difference in temperature between urban and less-developed rural areas has to do
with how well the surfaces in each environment absorb and hold heat.

- An urban area is a city. A rural area is out in the country. The sun’s heat and light reach
the city and the country in the same way. The difference in temperature between urban
and less-developed rural areas has to do with how well the surfaces in each environment
absorb and hold heat.

- If you travel to a rural area, you’ll probably find that most of the region is covered with
plants. Grass, trees and farmland covered with crops, as far as the eye can see.

- When you visit a big city, you won’t see many plants. Instead, you’ll see sidewalks, streets,
parking lots and tall buildings. These structures are usually made up of materials such as cement,
asphalt, brick, glass, steel and dark roofs.

- What do urban building materials have in common?

- First of all, materials such as asphalt, steel, and brick are often very dark colors—like
black, brown and grey. A dark object absorbs all wavelengths of light energy and
converts them into heat, so the object gets warm. In contrast, a white object reflects all
wavelengths of light. The light is not converted into heat and the temperature of the white
object does not increase noticeably. Thus, dark objects—such as building materials—
absorb heat from the sun.
 Changes in Patterns of Precipitation- Cities often receive more rain than the
surrounding countryside since dust can provoke the condensation of water vapor into rain
droplets.
- The concentrations of buildings in urban landscapes are an obstacle to surface winds. Air
is forced to go around or over the city center, creating a disturbance that leads to rain
clouds forming downwind.
- If air over a city is warmer than the air surrounding it, it wants to rise. As the city-
warmed air rises, it cools and forms rain-producing clouds that soak the area downwind.
Second, cities may be disrupting the flow of air over the Earth's surface.