Biology SL 2025 Continuity & Change - Cell & Nuclear Division

Question 1
CALCULATOR
The graph below shows the relationship between maternal age and the incidence of non-disjunction. What relationship is suggested
by the data in the graph?
[ © Revision Village 2022]
● A. There is a positive correlation between age and incidence of non-disjunction.
● B. There is a negative correlation between age and incidence of non-disjunction.
● C. There is no correlation between age and incidence of non-disjunction.
● D. Non-disjunction only happens when maternal age is above 35.
Difficulty: EASY
A
Explanation‾Explanation:
The graph shows an overall positive correlation, as maternal age increases, the incidence of non-disjunction increases (Choice A).
Choice B is incorrect because there is a positive correlation not a negative correlation. Choice C is incorrect because there is a
correlation. Choice D is incorrect because non-disjunction does occur below 35 years, but the incidence is lower when compared to
above 35 years.
Question 2
CALCULATOR
Which stage of meiosis is represented in the diagram below?

● A. Metaphase II
● B. Metaphase I
● C. Anaphase I
● D. Telophase I
Difficulty: EASY
B
Choice B is correct because there are pairs of homologous chromosomes lined up on the equator, and each chromosome is
attached to only one pole. Choice A is incorrect because in metaphase II, chromosomes are not in homologous pairs. Each
chromosome, composed of sister chromatids, is attached to both poles. Choice C is incorrect because in anaphase I, homologous
chromosomes are separated, and one chromosome from each pair is pulled to one pole. Choice D is incorrect because in
telophase I, there are two sets of chromosomes that are already separated.
Question 3
CALCULATOR
[Maximum mark: 3]
The diagram below shows chromosomes during meiosis.

[Source: Adapted from Images, I. A. B. (2015, August 23). Image from page 172 of "cytology" (1961). Flickr. Retrieved June 5,
2022, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/20640324138 Copyright free]
1. Identify the stage of meiosis from the diagram. [1]
1. State one process, other than the one shown in the diagram that promotes variation during meiosis. [1]
2. State when the process you named in part (i) occurs in meiosis.[1]
Difficulty: EASY
Question 4
CALCULATOR
Which row correctly states the number of alleles of a single gene which would be present in the nucleus of a cell as a result of each
process?
Mitosis I Meiosis II Fertilisation
A. Two Two Two
B. One One Two
C. Two One Two
D. Two One One
Difficulty: EASY
C
Choice C is correct because meiosis halves the number of chromosomes, mitosis maintains the diploid number and
fertilisation restores the diploid number.
Choice A is incorrect because meiosis separates pairs of alleles and produces nuclei with one allele for each gene.
Choice B is incorrect because mitosis produces genetically identical cells that have two alleles for each gene.
Choice D is incorrect because, in fertilisation, two gametes fuse, and each gamete has one allele for each gene.
Question 5
CALCULATOR
Which keyword is matched to the correct definition?
Keyword Definition
A. Autosomes Chromosomes that determine biological sex
B. Linked genes Genes that are found on homologous chromosomes
C. Gene locus The sequence of genes on a chromosome
D. Segregation Separation of alleles of genes that occurs during meiosis
Difficulty: EASY
D
Choice A is incorrect as autosomes are chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes and so do not determine biological sex.
Choice B is incorrect as linked genes are genes that are found on the same chromosome. Choice C is incorrect as a gene locus is
the position of a gene on a chromosome.
Question 6
CALCULATOR
Which statement(s) about mitosis is/are true?
I. Sister chromatids are pulled apart during metaphase.
II. The nuclear envelope reforms during telophase.
III. Chromosomes supercoil and become visible during prophase.
● A. I and II only
● B. II only
● C. II and III only
● D. I, II and III
Difficulty: EASY
C
The four stages of mitosis are prophase, where chromosomes supercoil and become visible; Metaphase, where chromosomes line
up at the equator of the cell; anaphase, where sister chromatids are pulled apart and telophase, where the nuclear envelope
reforms and two new daughter nuclei are formed.
Statement I is incorrect as sister chromatids are not pulled apart during metaphase. They are pulled apart during anaphase.
Choice B is incorrect as both statements II and III are correct and should be included.
Question 7
CALCULATOR
In the micrograph below, which letter points to a cell in anaphase?
[Source: Adapted from Reischig, J. (2014, March 11). File

(261 13) pressed; root meristem of onion ... - wikimedia. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitosis_(261_13)_Pressed;_root_meristem_of_onion_(cells_in_prophase,_metaphase,_an
aphase,_telophase).jpg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
Difficulty: EASY
D
Explanation‾Explanation: During Prophase, chromosomes supercoil and become visible (Choice A). In Metaphase, chromosomes
line up at the equator of the cell (Choices B and C). In Anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart (Choice D).
Question 8
CALCULATOR
During which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down?
● A. Prophase
● B. Metaphase
● C. Anaphase
● D Telophase
Difficulty: EASY
A
The nuclear envelope is the membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. For mitosis to proceed it must be broken
down in the first stage of mitosis which is prophase so that the spindle fibres are able to attach to the centromeres. Choice A is
correct.
Metaphase (Choice B), Anaphase (Choice C) and Telophase (Choice D) all follow Prophase (Choice A) in the sequence of
mitosis and do not involve the breakdown of the nuclear envelope.
Question 9
CALCULATOR
Which is an anucleate cell?
● A. Striated muscle cell
● B. Ovum cell
● C. Spongy mesophyll cell
● D. Red blood cell
Difficulty: EASY
D
An anucleate cell does not contain a nucleus. Mature red blood cells do not have a nucleus; Choice D is correct.
Choice A is incorrect as striated muscle cells are multinucleated, so they contain many nuclei. Choices B and C are incorrect as
they both contain a nucleus.
Question 10
CALCULATOR
The diagram below represents a cell with a diploid number of 4. Which stage of cell division is the cell currently undergoing?
● A. Metaphase I
● B. Anaphase II
● C. Metaphase in mitosis
● D. Prophase I
Difficulty: EASY
D
Choice D is correct because there are four chromosomes, and each chromosome is composed of sister chromatids. Choice A and
choice C are incorrect because, in metaphase, chromosomes are lined up on the equator. Choice B is incorrect because, during
anaphase II, chromosomes are being pulled apart and towards opposite poles.
Question 11
CALCULATOR
A human pancreatic cell divides three times by mitosis. What is the end result of these divisions?
● A. Two genetically identical daughter cells.
● B. Four genetically distinct daughter cells.
● C. Eight genetically identical daughter cells.
● D. Sixteen genetically distinct daughter cells.
Difficulty: EASY
C
Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells. Three divisions would therefore produce eight genetically identical cells.
Choice A is incorrect since the eight cells are produced, not two. Choice B and D cannot be correct because mitosis only produces
genetically identical daughter cells.
Question 12
CALCULATOR
When does the random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs occur?
● A. Metaphase I
● B. Prophase I
● C. Metaphase II
● D. Prophase II
Difficulty: EASY
A
Choice A is correct because during metaphase I homologous chromosomes align at the equator and are subject to random
orientation. Choice B is incorrect as, during Prophase I, homologous chromosomes condense and crossing over occurs. Choice C
is incorrect as, during Metaphase II, chromosomes align on the cell's equator, and there is random orientation of the sister
chromatids and not homologous chromosomes. Choice D is incorrect as, during Prophase II, chromosomes align on the cell's
equator.
Question 13
CALCULATOR
Which process does not occur during meiosis?
● A. Crossing over
● B. Formation of two identical daughter cells
● C. Random orientation
● D. Separation of homologous chromosomes
Difficulty: EASY
B
Crossing over (Choice A), random orientation (Choice C) and separation of homologous chromosomes (Choice D) all occur
during meiosis. The formation of two identical cells (Choice B) happens in mitosis, not meiosis.
Question 14
CALCULATOR
If a cell with a diploid number of 36 undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will be present in each daughter cell after
cytokinesis?
● A. 36
● B. 18
● C. 72
● D. 9
Difficulty: EASY
A
Mitosis forms two genetically identical daughter cells with the same number of diploid chromosomes as the parent cell.
18 (Choice B) is incorrect as it is the haploid number of chromosomes. 72 (Choice C) is incorrect as it is twice the diploid number
of chromosomes. 9 (Choice D) is incorrect as it is a quarter of the diploid number and an odd number.
Question 15
CALCULATOR
The image shows a micrograph of a cell.
[Source: Adapted from Reischig, J. (2014, March 11). File: mitosis (261 13) pressed; root meristem of onion ... - wikimedia.
Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from
What explains the appearance of the cell in the micrograph?

● A. The cell is undergoing interphase.
● B. The sister chromatids are being pulled apart.
● C. The cell is getting larger.
● D. The cell is in metaphase.
Difficulty: EASY
D
Chromosomes in metaphase are aligned at the equator of the cell.
During interphase, chromosomes are not visible (Choice A) and the cell grows in size (Choice C). Sister chromatids are pulled
apart during anaphase (Choice B).
Question 16
CALCULATOR
Which statement(s) about homologous chromosomes is/are not true?
● I. Homologous chromosomes have the same centromere position.

● II. Homologous chromosomes have genes with the same loci.
● III. Homologous chromosomes are identical to each other.
● A. I and II
● B. II only
● C. III only
Difficulty: EASY
C
Statement III is not true, as homologous chromosomes often have different alleles (forms of genes), so are generally not identical
to each other.
Statements I and II are true, as homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have their centromeres and genes at
the same positions. Therefore, Choice C is correct.
Question 17
CALCULATOR
This karyogram is for an individual with Down syndrome.

[Source: Adapted from File: Abedi M., Salmaninejad A. and Sakhinia E. (13th November 2017). File: Peripheral-blood-karyotype-
result-belonging-to-the-subject-compatible-with-48-XYYY.png. Wikimedia commons. Retrieved 15th May 2022 from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.png.Copyright under Creative Commons 4.0 International.]
Which statement is not correct?
● A. Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21
● B. Down syndrome is caused by a trisomy of sex chromosomes
● C. Down syndrome is caused by a trisomy of autosomes
● D. Down syndrome is caused by an incorrect number of chromosomes
Difficulty: EASY
B
Down syndrome is not caused by a trisomy of sex chromosomes (choice B). The other statements are correct. Down syndrome is
caused by trisomy 21 (choice A). It is caused by a trisomy of autosomes (choice C) because chromosome 21 is an autosome.
Down syndrome is caused by an incorrect number of chromosomes (choice D).
Question 18
CALCULATOR
In the cells of a horse (E. caballus) during prophase I of meiosis I there are 64 chromosomes. What is the haploid number of
chromosomes?
● A. 64
● B. 128
● C. 32
● D. 16
Difficulty: EASY
C
Cells in prophase I of meiosis I have the diploid number of chromosomes. Thus 64 is the diploid number. The haploid number is
half the diploid number. Half of 64 is 32. Choice C is correct.
Choice A is incorrect as 64 is the diploid number of chromosomes. Choice B is incorrect as it is double the diploid number of
chromosomes. Choice D is incorrect as it is half the haploid number.
Question 19
CALCULATOR
Which arrow is pointing to a chiasma?
[© Revision Village 2022. Created with BioRender.com]

Difficulty: EASY
D
Choice A is incorrect as it is pointing to the telomere. Choice B is wrong as it is pointing to the centromere. Choice C is incorrect
as the chromatids here do not show evidence of physical linkage and hence crossing over; therefore, no chiasma is present.
Question 20
CALCULATOR
How does meiosis promote variation?
● A. Crossing over of sister chromatids
● B. Independent assortment during telophase I
● C. Crossing over during prophase I
● D. Fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction
Difficulty: EASY
C
Crossing over occurs during prophase I. (Choice C)
Choice A is incorrect as non-sister chromatids on homologous chromosomes cross over. Choice B is incorrect as independent
assortment occurs as a result of random orientation during metaphases I and II. Choice D is incorrect as the fusion of gametes
does not occur during meiosis but during the fertilization.
Question 21
CALCULATOR
Which is the correct definition of cytokinesis?
● A. Division of the nucleus of a cell to form two identical nuclei
● B. Splitting of cytoplasm in a parent cell between two daughter cells
● C. Pinching off of a daughter cell from a parent cell
● D. The pulling away of the plasma membrane from the cell wall
Difficulty: EASY
B
Choice A is incorrect as division of the nucleus of a cell to form two identical nuclei describes mitosis. Choice C is incorrect as
pinching off a daughter cell from a daughter cell describes budding, a form of asexual reproduction carried out by organisms such
as yeast. Choice D is incorrect as it describes plasmolysis, a process that happens in plant cells when they lose too much water via
osmosis.
Question 22
CALCULATOR
Which of the following statements is/are correct for meiosis?
● I. It is a reduction division
● II. It involves random orientation
● III. It produces genetically identical cells
● A. I only
● B. II only
● C. I and II
● D. I and III
Difficulty: EASY
C
Explanation: Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half (Statement I), and random orientation of chromosomes along
the equator occurs during metaphase I and II (Statement II), so choice C is correct because both statements are correct. Meiosis
produces genetically different cells, so Statement III is incorrect (choice D).
Question 23
CALCULATOR
Which word describes the formation of secondary tumours from primary tumours as a result of the movement of cells?
● A. Malignant
● B. Carcinoma
● C. Benign
● D. Metastasis
Difficulty: EASY
D
Term “malignant” (Choice A) describes cancerous tumours which can metastasize. “Carcinoma” (Choice B) is another
word for a malignant tumour. The term “benign” (Choice C) describes a tumour that is unlikely to cause significant harm
to the body.
Question 24
CALCULATOR
How many chiasmata are present in the diagram?
[Adapted from: Source Images, I. A. B. (2015, August 23). Image from page 172 of "cytology" (1961). Flickr. Retrieved June 5,
2022, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/20640324138 Public domain]
● A. 2
● B. 3
● C. 4
● D. 8
Difficulty: EASY
B
The chiasmata are the points where non-sister chromatids cross over and exchange the material. The diagram above shows 3
chiasma (Choice B).
Choices A, C and D are incorrect.
Question 25
CALCULATOR
Which statement is a similarity between cytokinesis in animal and plant cells?
● A. A new cell wall is formed.
● B. Two daughter cells are formed from one parent cell.
● C. A cleavage furrow is formed.
● D. Vesicles are used to form two layers of membrane.
Difficulty: EASY
B
A new cell wall is formed (Choice A) only in plant cells as animal cells do not have cell walls. A cleavage furrow does not form in
plant cells (Choice B). Vesicles are used to form two layers of membrane (Choice D) in plant cells only.
Question 26
CALCULATOR
Which stage of meiosis is matched to the correct description?
Stage Description
A. Anaphase I Sister chromatids are pulled to either side of the cell.
B. Metaphase II Homologous chromosomes align at the equator of the cell.
C. Prophase I Crossing over between non-sister chromatids occurs.
D. Telophase I Four haploid nuclei are formed.
Difficulty: EASY
C
During prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over can occur between non-sister chromatids at sites called
chiasmata (chiasma singular) (Choice C). During Anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are pulled to either pole of the cell; thus,
Choice A is incorrect. During Metaphase II, chromosomes align on the cell's equator; thus, Choice B is incorrect. During
Telophase I, two nuclei are formed; thus, Choice D is incorrect.
Question 27
CALCULATOR
Which statement(s) are true of meiosis I but not meiosis II?
I. Crossing over occurs during prophase
II. Sister chromatids are pulled apart during anaphase
III. Chromosomes supercoil and become visible during prophase
● A. I only
● B. I and II only
● C. I, II and III
● D. II and III only
Difficulty: EASY
A
Crossing over occurs between homologous pairs during prophase I, but not during prophase II, as homologous chromosomes
have already been separated during meiosis 1. Choice A is correct.
Statement II is incorrect as sister chromatids are pulled apart during anaphase II (Choices B, C and D). Statement III is incorrect,
as chromosomes supercoil and become visible during prophase I and II (Choice D).
Question 28
CALCULATOR
The micrograph shows an oocyte after the first meiotic division. This results in the formation of one large cell and one small cell.
What is the fate of the large cell?
[Adapted from: Source Lillie, F. R., Moore, C. R., & Redfield, A. C. (2015, August 7). Image from page 254 of "The biological
bulletin". Flickr. Retrieved August 2, 2022, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/20385682781 Copyright
free]
● A. It degenerates and dies.
● B. It undergoes mitosis.
● C. It secretes the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
● D. It becomes a gamete.
Difficulty: EASY
D
The small cell is the polar body and the large cell is the primary oocyte which will divide by meiosis again and become the gamete.
Choice D is correct.
Choice A is incorrect as the small cell (polar body) degenerates and dies, not the large cell. Choice B is incorrect as the large cell
divides by meiosis, not mitosis. Choice C is incorrect, as hCG is a hormone that is secreted by the fertilized embryo.
Question 29
CALCULATOR
Which row correctly describes diploid and haploid cells in humans?
Haploid cell Diploid cell
A. Chromosomes not in pairs; have two sex Chromosomes not in pairs; have one sex
chromosomes chromosome
B. Chromosomes not in pairs; have one sex Chromosomes in pairs; have two sex
chromosome chromosomes
C. Chromosomes in pairs; have two sex Chromosomes not in pairs; have one sex
chromosomes chromosome
D. Chromosomes in pairs; have one sex Chromosomes in pairs; have two sex
chromosome chromosomes
Difficulty: MEDIUM
B
Choice B is correct because haploid cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair, diploid cells have pairs of
chromosomes, haploid cells have one sex chromosome, and diploid cells have two sex chromosomes. Choice A is incorrect
because diploid cells have pairs of chromosomes, haploid cells have one sex chromosome, and diploid cells have two sex
chromosomes. Choice C is incorrect because haploid cells do not have pairs of chromosomes, and diploid cells have two sex
chromosomes. Choice D is incorrect because haploid cells do not have pairs of chromosomes.
Question 30
CALCULATOR
The following table shows the diploid chromosome number of a range of species.
Organism Diploid chromosome number
Yellow fever mosquito (Aedes egypti) 6
Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) 8
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 12
Carrot (Daucus carota) 18
Rice (Oryza sativa) 24
Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) 30
Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) 42
Which of these statements is correct?
● A. The giant panda has more genes than the other species
● B. The yellow fever mosquito has the fewest genes from these species
● C. The gametes of carrots have 18 chromosomes
● D. The chromosome number is a characteristic of a species
Difficulty: MEDIUM
D
All species have a characteristic number of chromosomes (choice D). Gene number is not determined by chromosome number
because chromosomes are not all the same size and do not hold the same number of genes (choice A and choice B). Choice C is
incorrect because gametes have a haploid number of chromosomes which means gametes of carrot plants have 9 chromosomes.
Question 31
CALCULATOR
What conclusion can be drawn from the karyogram below?

[Source: Adapted from Abedi, M., Salmaninejad, A., Sakhinia, E. (2017, November 13). Peripheral-blood-karyotype-result-
belonging-to-the-subject-compatible-with-48-XYYY.png. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from https://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.png. Copyright under CC BY 4.0]
● A. Crossing over occurred during mitosis
● B. Crossing over occurred during meiosis
● C. Non-disjunction occurred during mitosis
● D. Non-disjunction occurred during meiosis
Difficulty: MEDIUM
D
In the karyogram there are 3 copies of chromosome 21, this is known as trisomy and is the result of non-disjunction, which is when
homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis (Choice D). Choices A and B are incorrect as crossing over is not
associated with trisomy. Choice C is incorrect as non-disjunction occurs during meiosis, not mitosis.
Question 32
CALCULATOR
Which of the following processes is characteristic of the meiotic and not the mitotic cell cycle?
● A. Reduction division
● B. Nuclear division
● C. Interphase
● D. Cytokinesis
Difficulty: MEDIUM
A
Meiosis is a reduction division (Choice A) because it reduces the number of chromosomes by half, but mitosis maintains the
chromosome number. Nuclear division (Choice B), interphase (Choice C) and cytokinesis (Choice D) all happen in both the
meiotic and mitotic cell cycle.
Question 33
CALCULATOR
The diploid number of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is 48. Which row shows the correct chromosome number for different cell
types and cell division stages?
Sperm cell Brain cell Cell in prophase I Cell in metaphase II
A. 48 24 24 48
B. 24 48 24 48
C. 24 48 48 24
D. 48 24 48 24
Difficulty: MEDIUM
C
Choice C is correct, because sex cells, such as sperm cells, are haploid and body cells, such as brain cells, are diploid. Cells in
prophase I still have pairs of homologous chromosomes (diploid number) and cells in metaphase II have one set of chromosomes
(haploid). Choice A and Choice D are incorrect because sperm cells are haploid. Choice B is incorrect because cells in prophase I
are diploid and are haploid in metaphase II.
Question 34
CALCULATOR
At the end of which phase of meiosis I does crossing over occur, and what is the outcome of crossing over?
Meiotic phase Outcome
A. Prophase I increased genetic variation
B. Prophase I halved chromosome number
C. Anaphase I increased genetic variation
D. Anaphase I halved chromosome number
Difficulty: MEDIUM
A
Crossing over is the process through which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. Crossing over occurs during
the first phase of meiosis I, prophase I. During prophase I, homologous chromosomes are each made up of two identical sister
chromatids. Homologous chromosomes pair up to form a tetrad. Crossing over occurs if two non-sister chromatids on either side of
the center of this tetrad exchange genetic material. This process breaks up allele combinations on the chromatids to produce non-
identical sister chromatids. Since crossing over results in sister chromatids that are no longer identical, it increases genetic
variation.
Choice B is incorrect because the total number of chromosomes before crossing over occurs is the same as the total number of
chromosomes after crossing over occurs.
Choice C is incorrect because crossing over occurs during prophase I, not anaphase I.
Choice D is incorrect because crossing over occurs during prophase I, not anaphase I, and also because the total number of
chromosomes remains the same after crossing over as before crossing over.
Question 35
CALCULATOR
Which row in the table below is true of meiosis?

The number of cells produced Type of cells produced Function
A. Two Haploid Sexual reproduction
B. Four Haploid Sexual reproduction
C. Four Haploid Asexual reproduction
D. Two Diploid Sexual reproduction
Difficulty: MEDIUM
B
Meiosis produces four haploid gametes, which are involved in sexual reproduction. Choice A is incorrect because four haploid
cells are produced, not two. Choice C is incorrect because the function is not asexual reproduction. Choice D is incorrect because
four cells are produced and they are haploid not diploid.
Question 36
CALCULATOR
[Maximum mark: 16]
Membrane transport is important for allowing particles to move across the cell membrane and respond to changes in the chemical
composition of the extracellular fluid.
1. Outline the effects of placing a liver cell in a hypotonic solution. [3]
2. Outline how the fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells or to be released from cells. [5]
3. Compare and contrast four types of membrane transport. Include an example of each. [7]
Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 37
CALCULATOR
The diagram shows gametes produced from two homologous chromosomes.
[© Revision Village 2022]
What single crossover event could have occurred to produce the gametes?
●
I. Crossover between Gene A and B
II. Crossover between Gene B and C
III. Crossover between Gene C and D
● A. I only
● B. II only
● C. I and II only
● D. II and III only
Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 38
CALCULATOR
[Maximum mark: 8]
The diagram below shows chromosomes during meiosis.

[Adapted from: Source Images, I. A. B. (2015, August 23). Image from page 172 of "cytology" (1961). Flickr. Retrieved June 5,
2022, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/20640324138 Copyright free]
1. On the diagram above, label chiasma with the letter R. [1]
2. On the diagram above, label a chromatid with the letter Q.[1]
2. Describe the process of crossing over. [3]
3. Explain how crossing over results in the formation of genetically unique nuclei. [3]
Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 39
CALCULATOR
Which stage of meiosis involves the separation of homologous chromosomes?
● A. Metaphase I
● B. Anaphase I
● C. Metaphase II
● D. Anaphase II
Difficulty: MEDIUM
B
Homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis 1, specifically during anaphase I (choice B). In metaphase I,
homologous chromosomes line up on the equator (choice A). In metaphase II, individual chromosomes line up on the equator
(choice C). In anaphase II, sister chromatids (copies of the chromosome) are separated (choice D).
Question 40
CALCULATOR
[Maximum mark: 16]
1. Draw a labelled diagram to represent the process of crossing over. [4]
2. Compare and contrast random orientation and crossing over. [4]
3. Outline the stages of meiosis. [7]
Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 41
CALCULATOR
What can be concluded from the following karyogram?
[Source: Adapted from Abedi M., Salmaninejad A. and Sakhinia E. (13 November 2017). File: Peripheral-blood-karyotype-result-
belonging-to-the-subject-compatible-with-48-XYYY.png. Wikimedia commons. Retrieved 20 September 2023 from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Peripheral-blood-karyotype-result-belonging-to-the-subject-compatible-with-48-XYYY.png
Copyright under C.C BY 4.0]
● A. There was non-disjunction during meiosis in the mother.

● B. There was non-disjunction during meiosis in the father.
● C. There is one missing chromosome.
● D. There is one extra chromosome.
Difficulty: MEDIUM
B
Non-disjunction is a meiotic error where chromosomes do not separate properly. In this scenario, a sperm cell could
receive an extra two Y chromosomes due to non-disjunction events, leading to a sperm with three Y chromosomes (YYY).
Fertilising a normal egg (X) from the biological mother would result in an embryo with one X and three Y chromosomes
(XYYY). Choice B is correct.
The biological mother can only contribute X chromosomes. Non-disjunction in the mother could lead to other
chromosomal abnormalities, such as Triple X syndrome (XXX)), but not to an increase in the number of Y chromosomes.
Choice A is incorrect.
Missing chromosomes typically refer to conditions where a chromosome or a part of a chromosome is missing, such as
Turner syndrome (XO), where an individual has only one X chromosome and no second sex chromosome. This individual
has 48 chromosomes, not 45 so Choice C is incorrect.
While having 3 Y chromosomes in addition to an X chromosome does involve extra chromosomes, it specifically involves
two extra Y chromosomes, not just one. Choice D is incorrect.
Question 42
CALCULATOR
Which process(es) is/are sources of variation during meiosis?
I. Crossing over during prophase I
II. Random orientation of sister chromatids during metaphase I
III. Formation of chiasmata during prophase II
● A. I only
● B. I and II only
● C. I and III only
Difficulty: MEDIUM
A
Crossing over is the exchange of DNA material between non-sister chromatids in homologous pairs, and occurs during prophase I
(Statement I), which results in variation. Choice A is correct.
Random orientation of homologous pairs, not sister chromatids, occurs during metaphase I, Statement II is incorrect. Chiasmata
are the point where non-sister chromatids of homologous pairs cross over, resulting in the exchange of genetic material and genetic
variation. Chiasmata are formed during prophase I, Statement III is incorrect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they all include
either Statement II and/or III.
Question 43
CALCULATOR
An unfertilised egg cell belonging to the mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) contains 16 chromosomes. How
many chromosomes would be found in a cell from this species about to undergo meiosis?
● A. 8
● B. 16
● C. 32
● D. 64
Difficulty: MEDIUM
D
The diploid number for this species is 32. At the start of meiosis, the chromosomes have been replicated, so the total number will
be 64.
Choice A is incorrect as the cells of this species will never have only 8 chromosomes. Choice B is incorrect as this is the haploid
number for this species found in cells at the end of meiosis. Choice C is incorrect as it is the diploid number for somatic cells and
those that have not yet had their chromosomes duplicated.
Question 44
CALCULATOR
If the DNA in a somatic cell is changed in an animal as a result of a mutation, which of the following could most significantly affect
other tissues in the animal?
● A. Mechanisms involved in the cell cycle are altered.
● B. Apoptosis occurs in the cell.
● C. A start codon is altered which deactivates a gene.
● D. Transcription of one or more genes becomes impossible.
Difficulty: MEDIUM
A
Choice A is correct because if enough mechanisms involved in the cell cycle are altered, the cell may begin to divide
uncontrollably leading to the formation of a metastatic tumour which can spread to other tissues of the body. Choice B is incorrect
because if a single cell undergoes apoptosis, it will not affect other tissues of the body. Choice C is incorrect because deactivation
of a single gene in one cell is very unlikely to affect other tissues. Choice D is incorrect because the inability to transcribe genes in
one cell is very unlikely to affect other tissues.
Question 45
CALCULATOR
How does meiosis result in variation?
● A. New combinations of gametes fuse together.
● B. New combinations of alleles are produced in body cells.
● C. New combinations of alleles are produced in gametes.
● D. New combinations of alleles are produced by base substitution.
Difficulty: MEDIUM
C
Choice A is incorrect because it describes fertilisation, which would occur after meiosis. Choice B is incorrect, as meiosis results
in the formation of gametes, not somatic cells. Choice D is incorrect as meiosis does not substitute bases in the genetic sequence.
Question 46
CALCULATOR
The image shows an abnormal human karyotype.
[Source: Adapted from Wessex Reg. Genetics Centre. (n.d.) Down syndrome human karyotype 47,XY. Retrieved March 29, 2022,
from https://wellcomecollection.org/works/wmcdanw6. Copyright under CC BY 4.0]
What is the abnormality in this karyotype and its cause?
Abnormality Possible Cause
A. X and Y chromosomes are different in size Non-disjunction in anaphase I or II
B. X and Y chromosomes are different in size Crossing-over in prophase I
C. 3 copies of Chromosome 21 Non-disjunction in anaphase I or II
D. 3 copies of Chromosome 21 Crossing-over in prophase I
Difficulty: MEDIUM
C
A karyotype shows the chromosomes in an individual. Humans have 23 paired chromosomes, meaning there are two copies of
each chromosome. In the karyotype, chromosome 21 is shown to have 3 copies rather than 2 copies. So, the 3 copies of
chromosome 21 is the abnormality in this karyotype.
An abnormal chromosome number can arise due to non-disjunction which is the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.
Non-disjunction can occur in anaphase I, the phase of meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes separate, or anaphase II, the
phase in meiosis II in which sister chromatids separate. So, the cause of the abnormality is non-disjunction in anaphase I or II.
The karyotype shows unequal X and Y chromosomes (Choice A and B), but this is normal for a human karyotype. The sex
chromosomes are not homologous. Crossing over in prophase I (Choice B and Choice D) exchanges genetic material between
two nonidentical sister chromatids. It is not related to a failure of chromosomes to separate.
Question 47
CALCULATOR
[Maximum mark: 9]
The graph below shows the relative amount of DNA in one cell during one complete cell cycle. Each letter represents one stage of
the cell cycle.
[© Revision Village 2022]
1. State which stage of mitosis or interphase is represented by stage B in the graph. [1]
2. Explain your answer to part (i). [2]
3. Bortezomib is an anticancer medication and arrests cells in the G

2
phase. If a cell shown in this graph began the cell cycle at A with 3 relative units of DNA, and Bortezomib was
applied to the cell culture at stage A as well, estimate the relative amount of DNA in the cell at the end of C. [1]
2. Explain why the amount of DNA in one cell remains the same in stages C and D. [3]
[Source: Reischig, J. (2014, March 11). File
(261 13) pressed; root meristem of onion ... - Wikimedia. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from
3. The diagram above shows cells in different stages of mitosis. Label one cell that is in prophase and one cell that is in
anaphase. [2]
Difficulty: MEDIUM
Question 48
CALCULATOR
The diagram below shows a cross between a male cat that is homozygous for brown, long hair and a female cat that has black,
short hair.
Which of the offspring has a recombinant genotype?

Difficulty: MEDIUM
Bbll is a recombinant as it is a mixture of the parental genotypes. Choice C is correct.
Choices A and D are incorrect because they are the parental genotypes, not recombinants. Choice B is incorrect because
it is impossible to have offspring with BB, as only one parent has a B in their genotype.
Question 49
CALCULATOR
Which is a potential cause of Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome?
● A. Improper alignment of homologous chromosomes during metaphase II
● B. Formation of multiple chiasma on chromosome 21 during prophase I
● C. Formation of a polar body in telophase I
● D. Failure of sister chromatids to separate during anaphase II
Difficulty: MEDIUM
D
Down syndrome or Trisomy 21 is caused by a person having three copies of chromosome 21, due to a failure of homologous
chromosomes to segregate properly during anaphase I or a failure of sister chromatids to separate during anaphase II; Choice D is
correct.
Before metaphase II, homologous chromosomes have already been separated into 2 different nuclei, therefore, in metaphase II,
individual chromosomes are aligned on the equator of the cell, to prepare for the sister chromatids to be pulled apart; Choice A is
incorrect. Chiasma are the points on chromosomes where crossing over occurs, this contributes to genetic variation, not Trisomy 21
or Down syndrome; Choice B is incorrect. Forming a polar body during telophase I occurs during oogenesis and does not
contribute to Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome; Choice C is incorrect.
Question 50
CALCULATOR
Which gamete can result from the crossing over of non-sister chromatids shown in the diagram below?
[© Revision Village 2022. Created with BioRender.com]
● A. bj
● B. bJ
● C. Bj
● D. Jj
Difficulty: MEDIUM
A
Choice A is correct as crossing over could result in a gamete containing the “b” allele and a “j’ allele. Choices B and C are
incorrect as they are the same as the original combination of alleles, so crossing over hasn’t occurred. Choice D is incorrect
because the gamete should contain one copy of each gene.
Question 51
CALCULATOR
The photomicrograph shows a pollen grain from L. candidum (Lily). Which stage of meiosis is shown?
[Source: Adapted from Company, C. B. S. (2011, October 13). Lily pollen meiosis. Flickr. Retrieved June 5, 2022, from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolinabio/6240931651.Copyright free]
● A. Telophase I
● B. Anaphase I
● C. Telophase II
● D. Anaphase II
Difficulty: HARD
D
Meiosis produces four daughter cells from one parent cell over two cell divisions, during anaphase II the sister chromatids are
being pulled to either pole of the cell (Choice D).
Choice A is incorrect as during Telophase I, homologous chromosomes are pulled to either pole of the cell, producing two new
cells. Choice B is incorrect because during Anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are beginning to be pulled to either pole of the
cell leading to formation of two new cells. Choice C is incorrect as during Telophase II, sister chromatids (now chromosomes in
own right) are at each pole of the cell, the chromosomes are unwinding, the spindle is disassembling and the nuclear envelopes are
forming, resulting in the formation of 4 haploid cells.
Question 52
CALCULATOR
[Maximum mark: 16]
1. Outline the events which would lead to an individual being born with Down syndrome, which is characterised by the
presence of three copies of chromosome 21. [4]
2. Explain how meiosis increases variation. [3]
3. Outline the stages of meiosis. [8]
Difficulty: HARD
Question 53
CALCULATOR
[Maximum mark: 13]
Mitosis and meiosis are two ways in which cells can divide. The diagrams below show two cells from an organism with a diploid
number (2n) of 8.
1. Deduce if Cell A is a gamete or a somatic cell. Justify your answer. [1]

2. Identify the stage of meiosis represented in Cell B. Justify your answer. [1]
1. Draw a diagram which represents Cell A during metaphase I. [4]
2. Draw a diagram which represents Cell A during prophase II. [3]
3. Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis. [4]
Difficulty: HARD
Question 54
CALCULATOR
The diagrams below show a cell, with a diploid number of 8, in different stages of meiosis. Which row correctly names each stage?
I II III IV
A. Metaphase I Metaphase II Anaphase I Prophase II

B. Metaphase I Metaphase II Prophase II Prophase I
C. Metaphase II Metaphase I Prophase I Anaphase II
D. Telophase I Metaphase II Anaphase I Prophase I
Difficulty: HARD
B
Diagram I is metaphase one, because pairs of homologous chromosomes are lined up at the equator and are attached, by spindle
fibers, to only one pole. Diagram II is metaphase II, because there are individual chromosomes, composed of sister chromatids,
lined up along the equator of the cell. Diagram III is prophase II because there are no homologous chromosomes, and each
individual chromosome is composed of sister chromatids that have not been separated. Diagram IV is prophase I because there
are four pairs of homologous chromosomes visible, which have not aligned at the equator and have yet to be separated.
Question 55
CALCULATOR
The micrographs show four phases of meiosis I in a plant. In what order do these phases occur?
[Source: Adapted from Windham, M. D., Pryer, K. M., Poindexter, D. B., Li, F.-W., Rothfels, C. J., and Beck, J. B. (2020). A step-by-
step protocol for meiotic chromosome counts in flowering plants: A powerful and economical technique revisited. Retrieved January
4, 2023, from Applications in Plant Sciences 8( 4): e11342. © 2020, Windham et al. Licensed under CC BY 4.0]
● A. X-Y-W-Z
● B. W-Z-X-Y
● C. Y-X-W-Z
● D. Z-W-X-Y
Difficulty: HARD
C
Meiosis is the process through which a diploid cell divides twice to produce four haploid cells. Meiosis I is the first round of cell
division that occurs during meiosis. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate. There are four phases of meiosis I:
● Prophase I: In this phase, the chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane dissolves, and homologous chromosomes
pair up.
● Metaphase I: In this phase, spindle fibers from the centromeres on either side of the cell align homologous chromosomes
on the metaphase plate.
● Anaphase I: In this phase, the spindle fibers contract to separate the homologous chromosomes and pull them to opposite
sides of the cell
● Telophase I: In this phase, the homologous chromosomes have finished moving to opposite sides of the cell, the
chromosomes decondense, and the cell prepares for cytokinesis.
These stages are labeled on the image below.

So, the correct order in which the phases occur is Y-X-W-Z.
Question 56
CALCULATOR
[Maximum mark: 15]
Mitochondria are responsible for supplying metabolic energy in eukaryotic cells. In most eukaryotes, which reproduce by sexual
reproduction, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited from only one of the parents: the mother in the case of humans. This is in
contrast to nuclear DNA which is inherited from both parents. It has been suggested that, in some eukaryotic organisms, inheritance
patterns of mtDNA found in hybrid cells, which are the result of sexual reproduction between two different yeast species, could be
influenced by the parent’s genetic background.
In an experiment, scientists investigated if environmental factors could influence the inheritance of mtDNA in hybrid cells resulting
from the sexual reproduction between two closely related species S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus.
The first step in the experiment was to produce hybrid cells, which were then grown on different agar plates, each providing
different growing conditions, which simulated different environmental stresses. Cultures were then taken from each agar plate and
grown in a liquid medium, with the same respective environmental conditions. The procedure is outlined in the diagram below.
[Source: Adapted from Hsu Y-Y, Chou J-Y (2017) Environmental Factors Can Influence Mitochondrial Inheritance in the
Saccharomyces Yeast Hybrids. PLoS ONE 12(1): e0169953. Retrieved December 22, 2022, from
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0169953. Copyright-free]
The mtDNA genotypes of the resulting hybrid cells were then identified and compared to that of the original parents.
1. Describe how the pattern of inheritance of mtDNA in the hybrid cells is affected by the different conditions. [3]
2. Identify the liquid medium which resulted in the greatest AND smallest difference in number between hybrid cells with
mtDNA from S.cerevisiae W303 and S paradoxus YDG197. [2]
3. Calculate, for the 2% glucose condition, the percentage of hybrid cells which contained mtDNA genotypes of both S.
cerevisiae and S. paradoxus. [1]
In a subsequent trial, scientists used different strains of S. cerevisiae and S. paradox whilst applying the same method.
4. Compare and contrast the results from the first and second experiments for the 2% glucose condition. [2]
5. Identify the liquid medium condition which resulted in the greatest difference in the number of hybrid cells with mtDNA
genotype from both parents between experiments 1 and 2. [1]
In a final experiment, the team of scientists wanted to examine the activity of mitochondria, as indicated by respiratory competency,
in the hybrid cells grown under each of the aforementioned growing conditions.
Respiratory competence was measured by using a stain, which stains respiratory competent cells red. The absorbance of cells was
then measured, with higher absorbances indicating higher levels of respiratory competency.
Note that hybrid cells which contained both parents' mtDNA were excluded from this experiment.
6. State the growing condition and strain which resulted in the highest levels of mitochondrial activity. [1]
7. Discuss the hypothesis that hybrid cells inherit the mtDNA from parents who are best adapted to their environment. [3]
8. Evaluate the use of S. cerevisiae and related strains in the study of mtDNA inheritance in humans. [2]
Difficulty: HARD
Question 57
CALCULATOR
The diagram shows the dominant cyclin/CDK complexes at different time points in the cell cycle. Which cyclin/CDK complex
activates DNA replication machinery?
[Source: Adapted from Helena, J. M., Joubert, A. M., Grobbelaar, S., Nolte, E. M., Nel M., Pepper, M. S., Coetzee, M., & Mercier, A.
E. (2018). Deoxyribonucleic Acid Damage and Repair: Capitalizing on Our Understanding of the Mechanisms of Maintaining
Genomic Integrity for Therapeutic Purposes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(4):1148. Retrieved April 1, 2022, from
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041148. Copyright under CC BY 4.0]
● A. Cyclin A/CDK 2
● B. Cyclin B/CDK 1
● C. Cyclin D/CDK 4
● D. Cyclin A/CDK 1
Difficulty: HARD
A
When a cell exits the G1 phase and enters the S phase, it commits to replication. During the S phase, all of the cell’s genetic
material (DNA) is replicated. Cyclin A is the dominant cyclin expressed during the S phase. Cyclin A/CDK 2 activates the DNA
replication machinery to promote DNA synthesis.
Cyclin B/CDK 1 (Choice B) is expressed during mitosis and is involved in promoting the assembly of the mitotic spindle. Cyclin
D/CDK 4 (Choice C) is expressed during the G1 phase and is involved in triggering transitions between phases. Cyclin A/CDK 1
(Choice D) is expressed during the G2 phase and is involved in preparing the cell for mitosis.
Question 58
CALCULATOR
[Maximum mark: 15]
Studies have shown that genes such as Cyclin Dependent Kinase 3 (CDKN3) are highly overexpressed in cervical tumours.
[Source: Adapted from Barrón, E. V., Roman-Bassaure, E., Sánchez-Sandoval, A. L., Espinosa, A. M., Guardado-Estrada, M.,
Medina, I., Juárez, E., Alfaro, A., Bermúdez, M., Zamora, R., García-Ruiz, C., Gomora, J. C., Kofman, S., Pérez-Armendariz, E. M.,
& Berumen, J. (2015). CDKN3 mrna as a biomarker for survival and therapeutic target in cervical cancer. PLOS ONE, 10(9).
Retrieved December 6 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137397 Copyright under CC BY 4.0]
1. Calculate the percentage increase of CDKN3 gene expression in cancerous cervical tissue compared to healthy cervical
tissue. Make sure you show your working. [2]
Overexpression of CDKN3 in cervical tumours has been associated with decreased survival rates in cervical cancer patients and
has been shown to trigger cells to exit mitosis and begin cytokinesis.
[Source: Adapted from Barrón, E. V., Roman-Bassaure, E., Sánchez-Sandoval, A. L., Espinosa, A. M., Guardado-Estrada, M.,
Medina, I., Juárez, E., Alfaro, A., Bermúdez, M., Zamora, R., García-Ruiz, C., Gomora, J. C., Kofman, S., Pérez-Armendariz, E. M.,
& Berumen, J. (2015). CDKN3 mrna as a biomarker for survival and therapeutic target in cervical cancer. PLOS ONE, 10(9).
Retrieved December 6 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137397 Copyright under BY CC 4.0]
2. A hypothesis has been proposed that overexpression of CDKN3 in cervical tumours results in an increased chance of
patient death. Evaluate the evidence for this using the data given. [2]
3. Overexpression of CDKN3 results in increased levels of cell division. Describe how CDKs and cyclins are involved in the
cell cycle. [2]
4. CDKN3 has been identified as an oncogene. State the definition of an oncogene. [1]
c-REL is another gene that has been linked to cervical cancer and its expression is correlated with the expression of CDKN3. Using
CRISPR technology, cervical cancer cells have been created that do not express c-REL (c-REL -/-). Expression levels of c-REL
were checked using protein analysis.
[Source: Adapted from Slotta, C., Schlüter, T., Ruiz-Perera, L. M., Kadhim, H. M., Tertel, T., Henkel, E., Hübner, W., Greiner, J. F.,
Huser, T., Kaltschmidt, B., & Kaltschmidt, C. (2017). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of c-rel in Hela cells results in profound
defects of the cell cycle. PLOS ONE, 12(8). Retrieved December 06 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182373
Copyright under CC BY 4.0]
When c-REL is overexpressed in cervical epithelial cells it results in greater proliferation of cells and the cells spend less time in
prometaphase (the phase between prophase and metaphase) compared to healthy cervical cells.
[Source: Adapted from: Resichig, J. (2014, March 11). File: mitosis (261 13) pressed; Root Meristem of onion (cells in ... Wikimedia.
Retrieved November 1, 2022, from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitosis_(261_13)_Pressed;root_meristem_of_onion(cells_in_prophase,_metaphase,_anap
hase,_telophase).jpg Copyright under CC BY 3.0]
1. Looking at the photomicrograph above, identify the stage of the cell cyle that most of the cells are in. [1]
2. Based on the evidence provided, suggest, with a reason, which of the labelled cells would be present in the
highest numbers in c-REL -/- cervical cancer cells. [1]
cREL-/- cervical cancer cells and cervical cancer cells with high expression levels of c-REL were treated with the chemotherapeutic
drug, cisplatin. Both types of cells were exposed to different concentrations of cisplatin over a 21-hour period, and the effects on cell
number were analysed.
[Source: Adapted from Slotta, C., Schlüter, T., Ruiz-Perera, L. M., Kadhim, H. M., Tertel, T., Henkel, E., Hübner, W., Greiner, J. F.,
Huser, T., Kaltschmidt, B., & Kaltschmidt, C. (2017). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of c-rel in Hela cells results in profound
defects of the cell cycle. PLOS ONE, 12(8). Retrieved December 06 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182373
Copyright under CC BY 4.0]
6. Using the graph above, compare the response of cervical cancer cells that express c-REL and the cells that do not
express c-REL (c-REL -/-) in response to exposure to different concentrations of cisplatin. [2]
7. Suggest a reason for the different effects that cisplatin has on cervical cancer cells expressing c-REL and those that do not
express c-REL (c-REL -/- ). [2]
8. Suggest why some c-REL -/- cervical cancer cells have a similar level of cell death to those cervical cancer cells
expressing c-REL. [1]
9. Deduce whether cervical cancer cells expressing high levels of c-REL and CDKN3 will have a higher mitotic index than
those with lower levels of c-REL and CDKN3. [1]
Difficulty: HARD

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Question 1

[ © Revision Village 2022]

● A. There is a positive correlation between age and incidence of non-disjunction.

● B. There is a negative correlation between age and incidence of non-disjunction.

● C. There is no correlation between age and incidence of non-disjunction.

● D. Non-disjunction only happens when maternal age is above 35.

Which stage of meiosis is represented in the diagram below?

The diagram below shows chromosomes during meiosis.

1. Identify the stage of meiosis from the diagram. [1]

Mitosis I Meiosis II Fertilisation

A. Two Two Two

B. One One Two

C. Two One Two

D. Two One One

Which keyword is matched to the correct definition?

A. Autosomes Chromosomes that determine biological sex

B. Linked genes Genes that are found on homologous chromosomes

C. Gene locus The sequence of genes on a chromosome

D. Segregation Separation of alleles of genes that occurs during meiosis

Which statement(s) about mitosis is/are true?

I. Sister chromatids are pulled apart during metaphase.

II. The nuclear envelope reforms during telophase.

III. Chromosomes supercoil and become visible during prophase.

● C. II and III only

In the micrograph below, which letter points to a cell in anaphase?

[Source: Adapted from Reischig, J. (2014, March 11). File

Which is an anucleate cell?

● A. Striated muscle cell

● C. Spongy mesophyll cell

● D. Red blood cell

● B. Four genetically distinct daughter cells.

● C. Eight genetically identical daughter cells.

● D. Sixteen genetically distinct daughter cells.

When does the random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs occur?

Which process does not occur during meiosis?

● B. Formation of two identical daughter cells

● D. Separation of homologous chromosomes

The image shows a micrograph of a cell.

What explains the appearance of the cell in the micrograph?

● B. The sister chromatids are being pulled apart.

● C. The cell is getting larger.

● D. The cell is in metaphase.

Which statement(s) about homologous chromosomes is/are not true?

● I. Homologous chromosomes have the same centromere position.

This karyogram is for an individual with Down syndrome.

Which statement is not correct?

● A. Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21

● B. Down syndrome is caused by a trisomy of sex chromosomes

● C. Down syndrome is caused by a trisomy of autosomes

● D. Down syndrome is caused by an incorrect number of chromosomes

Which arrow is pointing to a chiasma?

[© Revision Village 2022. Created with BioRender.com]

How does meiosis promote variation?

● A. Crossing over of sister chromatids

● B. Independent assortment during telophase I

● C. Crossing over during prophase I

● D. Fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction

Which is the correct definition of cytokinesis?

● A. Division of the nucleus of a cell to form two identical nuclei

● B. Splitting of cytoplasm in a parent cell between two daughter cells

● C. Pinching off of a daughter cell from a parent cell

Which of the following statements is/are correct for meiosis?

How many chiasmata are present in the diagram?

Choices A, C and D are incorrect.

Biology SL 2025 Continuity & Change - Cell & Nuclear Division

Biology SL 2025 Continuity & Change - Cell & Nuclear Division