DYNAMICS OF RIGID

BODIES

Presented by:

Engr. KATHERINE GRACE LOPEZ

Department of Civil Engineering
and Architecture (DCEA)
 INTRODUCTION

Engineering
Mechanics
Effects of forces on rigid bodies

Statics Dynamics
Equilibrium of bodies
at rest or moving in Bodies in motion
constant velocity Effects of forces to body in motion
Forces in motion to bodies also in motion

Kinematics
Geometry of motion Kinetics
Motion of particle or body without consideration of
forces causing motion Forces causing or resulting
from motion.
Treatment of relation between displacement
Velocity and acceleration
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 MOTION OF A PARTICLE

Particle • Denotes an object of point size

Body • System of particles which form an

object of appreciable size

• Solid body in which deformation is neglected

Rigid body • Distance between two particles in a body remain

in constant even when external forces are applied
to it

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 POSITION, s
The straight line path of the
particle can be described using a
single coordinate axis, s
The origin O on the path is a fixed
point, and from this point the
coordinate s is used to define the
position of particle P at any instant
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Position
• Has the properties of a vector
• Magnitude and distance can be measured
from O to P, usually measured in meters or
feet
• (+) when particle is located to right of the
origin O
• (-) when particle is located to left of the origin
O
 DISPLACEMENT, ∆𝑠

Displacement of a particle is
defined as change in position.
Displacement
• Has the properties of a vector
• (+) when particle’s final position is to the right
Referring to the figure, if the particle of initial position (s’ > s)
moved from point P to P’, the
displacement is: • (-) when particle’s final position is to the left of
initial position (s’ > s)
∆𝑠 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑠 = 𝑠 ′ − 𝑠
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 DISTANCE TRAVELLED, 𝑆𝑇

Distance travelled…
• Positive scalar quantity which represents the total length of the
path traversed by the particle
• Always POSITIVE

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 VELOCITY, v

Units used is m/s or ft/s

If particle moved from P to P’ Occasionally, the term average

with displacement ∆𝑠 during time speed is used. The average
interval ∆𝑡, the AVERAGE speed is a positive scalar and
VELOCITY of the particle during defined as total distance
this time interval is : travelled by particle 𝑆𝑇 divided
∆𝒔 by elapsed time ∆𝑡,
𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝑺𝑻
∆𝒕
(𝒗𝒔𝒑 )𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝒅𝒔 ∆𝒕
𝒗=
𝒅𝒕

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 ACCELERATION, a

Provided that the velocities for the

particle are known at two points P and Both average and instantaneous
P’, average acceleration for the velocity can be positive or negative.
particle during time interval ∆𝑡, When particle is slowing down, it is said
∆𝒗 to be decelerating (v’ < v).
𝒂=
∆𝒕 When velocity is constant, acceleration
𝒅𝒗 is zero (0), units commonly used to
𝒂= express acceleration are m/s2 or ft/s2.
𝒅𝒕

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 CONSTANT ACCELERATION

When acceleration is constant, kinematic equations may be integrated to obtain

formulas that relate ac, v, s, t.

1. Velocity as function of time

𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒄 𝒕
2. Position as function of time
𝟏
𝒔 = 𝒔𝟎 + 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒄 𝒕𝟐
3. Velocity as function of position
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟎 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒄 (𝒔 − 𝒔𝟎 )

The three equations are only useful when acceleration is constant and when t=0,
s = s0, v = v0.
One common example is when a body falls freely towards the earth. If air
resistance is neglected and distance of fall is short, then constant downward
acceleration
Department of the body when it is close to the earth is 9.81m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2.
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 VARIABLE ACCELERATION

𝒅𝒔
1. 𝝂 = 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒗
2. 𝒂 = 𝒅𝒕

3. 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒂𝒅𝒔

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 EXAMPLE 1

The bicyclist has a constant acceleration of 2 ft/s2.

If he starts from rest, determine the velocity and
position when t = 5s.

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 EXAMPLE 2

The car moves in a straight line such that for as

short time its velocity is defined by 𝑣 = 9𝑡 2 + 2𝑡
ft/s where t is in seconds. Determine the position
and acceleration when t = 3 seconds.

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 EXAMPLE 3

A particle moves along a horizontal straight line

such that its velocity is given by 𝑣 = (3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡) m/s
where t is the time in seconds. If it is initially
located at the origin O, determine distance
travelled during time interval t = 0 and t=3.5s, the
average velocity, and the average speed of the
particle during this time interval.

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 EXAMPLE 4

A boy tosses a ball in the vertical direction off the

side of a cliff. If the initial velocity of the ball is 15
m/s upward, and the ball is released 40m from
the bottom of the cliff, determine the maximum
height SB reached by the ball and the velocity of
the ball just before it hits the ground.

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 EXAMPLE 5

A bicycle moves along straight road such that its

position is described by the graph. Construct the
v-t and a-t graphs for 0 < t < 30s.

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 EXAMPLE 6

The car starts from rest and travels along straight

track such that it accelerates at 10𝑚/𝑠 2 for 10s,
and then decelerates at 2𝑚/𝑠 2 . Draw the v-t
graphs and determine the time t’ needed to stop
the car. How far has the car traveled?

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 YOUR TURN

PROBLEM 1 PROBLEM 2

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