Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bloc 2
Bloc 2
Contrasts
d’hipòtesis
Pere López Brosa
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
2/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
Exemple (castanyera)
Castanyera: Un 10% de les castanyes estan
corcades.
{ H1 : p > 0, 1
H0 : p = 0, 1
3/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
Exemple (castanyera)
La primera castanya surt corcada.
dbinom(x=1,size=1,prob=0.1)
## [1] 0.1
4/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
Exemple (castanyera)
La segona castanya surt corcada.
dbinom(x=2,size=2,prob=0.1)
## [1] 0.01
5/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
Exemple (castanyera)
La tercera castanya surt corcada.
dbinom(x=3,size=3,prob=0.1)
## [1] 0.001
6/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
7/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
{ H1 : μ ≠ μ0
H0 : μ = μ0
Unilaterals
{ H1 : μ > μ0
H0 : μ = μ0
{ H1 : μ < μ0
H0 : μ = μ0
8/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
Aleshores:
( √n‾ )
σ
X̄ ∼ N μ,
O equivalentment:
∗ X̄ − μ
Z = σ ∼ N(0, 1)
√n
9/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
{ H1 : μ < 50
H0 : μ = 50
10/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
## [1] 49.99889
11/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
stripchart(mostrapiscina)
abline(v=50,col="red")
12/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
## [1] -1.573313
pnorm(z) #p-valor
## [1] 0.05782323
## [1] -1.644854
13/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
library(TeachingDemos)
z.test(mostrapiscina, mu=50, sd=.002, alternative="less")
##
## One Sample z-test
##
## data: mostrapiscina
## z = -1.5733, n = 8.00000000, Std. Dev. = 0.00200000, Std.
## sample mean = 0.00070711, p-value = 0.05782
## alternative hypothesis: true mean is less than 50
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -Inf 50.00005
## sample estimates:
## mean of mostrapiscina
## 49.99889
14/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
Errors en un contrast
Acceptem H0 Rebutgem H0
15/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
Errors en un contrast
Acceptem H0 Rebutgem H0
16/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
Aleshores:
∗ X̄ − μ
t = sn−1 ∼ Tn−1
√n
17/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
{ H1 : p ≠ p0
H0 : p = p0
Unilaterals
{ H1 : p > p0
H0 : p = p0
{ H1 : p < p0
H0 : p = p0
18/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
· n gran (>50)
· El nombre d’èxits i fracassos no són petits
(>5)
Aleshores:
∗ p0 − p
z = ∼ N(0, 1)
‾p⋅(1−p)
‾‾‾‾‾
√ n
Amb R vegeu prop.test i binom.test.
19/19
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Contrasts d’hipòtesis 1/1/24, 18:29
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