Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Formative Modernities
in the Early Modern
Atlantic and Beyond
Identities, Polities and Glocal Economies
Edited by
Veronika Hyden-Hanscho
Werner Stangl
Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History
Series Editors
Manuel Perez-Garcia, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Lucio De Sousa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Tokyo, Japan
This series proposes a new geography of Global History research
using Asian and Western sources, welcoming quality research and
engaging outstanding scholarship from China, Europe and the Americas.
Promoting academic excellence and critical intellectual analysis, it offers a
rich source of global history research in sub-continental areas of Europe,
Asia (notably China, Japan and the Philippines) and the Americas and
aims to help understand the divergences and convergences between East
and West.
Advisory Board
Patrick O’Brien (London School of Economics)
Anne McCants (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Joe McDermott (University of Cambridge)
Pat Manning (Pittsburgh University)
Mihoko Oka (University of Tokyo)
Richard Von Glahn (University of California, Los Angeles)
Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla (Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla)
Shigeru Akita (Osaka University)
François Gipouloux (CNRS/FMSH)
Carlos Marichal (Colegio de Mexico)
Leonard Blusse (Leiden University)
Antonio Ibarra Romero (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
UNAM)
Giorgio Riello (University of Warwick)
Nakajima Gakusho (Kyushu University)
Liu Beicheng (Tsinghua University)
Li Qingxin (Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences)
Dennis O. Flynn (University of the Pacific)
J. B. Owens (Idaho State University)
Veronika Hyden-Hanscho · Werner Stangl
Editors
Formative Modernities
in the Early Modern
Atlantic and Beyond
Identities, Polities and Glocal Economies
Editors
Veronika Hyden-Hanscho Werner Stangl
Austrian Academy of Sciences University of Graz
Vienna, Austria Graz, Austria
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
For Renate Pieper—Colleague, Teacher, and Friend
Foreword
vii
viii FOREWORD
which, the archivist later revealed, were stored in the so-called Casa Amar-
illa or ‘Yellow House’—an offsite multi-story building completely closed
to the public. After arranging access to this archival trove in the company
of the archivist, I discovered a veritable mountain of papers and files,
some with a bullet or bayonet holes and covered in a thick layer of dust
which hid the true extent of disorder and made research entirely impos-
sible. Only decades later did these records become accessible following
renovation and reorganization. Yet my experience illustrates one of the
predominant reasons why histories of the post-independent Latin Amer-
ican states remained in the sole purview of domestic researchers for a
significant period of time and, moreover, why they only became known
outside this region through the International Congress of Americanists
held quinquennially between the Americas and Europe.
We should not overlook, however, the founding of the journal
Hispanic American Historical Review in the United States in 1918 as well
as the rise of Latin American studies within the American Historical Asso-
ciation following the end of the First World War. By the mid-twentieth
century, these two institutions imparted a considerable influence over the
wider field of Latin American history. In Europe, on the other hand, insti-
tutionalization of Latin American history first began in the 1950s when
specific university professorships and institutes appeared across eastern and
western Europe. Concurrent with the events of the 1920s mentioned
above, Spain played a leading role through the journals Revista de Indias
and Anuario des Estudios Americanos published in Madrid and Seville.
In 1968, the Sevillian holder of the Chair of the History of Discovery,
Francisco Morales Padrón, initiated a summer course for European histo-
rians of Latin America in Santander. Similarly, Professor Frédéric Mauro,
the leading European historian of Portuguese expansion of his time,
repeated such a meeting in Paris in 1973. Following another meeting at
the University of Cologne in 1975, the Association of European Histo-
rians of Latin America (Asociación de Historiadores Latinoamericanistas
Europeos ) or AHILA was founded formally in Torún, Poland, in 1978
as the first meeting in an Eastern Bloc state with representatives from
the Soviet Union, Poland, the German Democratic Republic (GDR),
Czechoslovakia, and Hungary being present. Members of AHILA have
since then organized an international congress approximately every three
years with participants from across the globe attending. At the same time,
it is also worth mentioning that AHILA used Portuguese and Spanish as
x FOREWORD
even if they arrived at all. The same problem occurred for catalogs of
Latin American booksellers who released overviews of new publications
about every three months. This scarcity of information meant we only
had enough details to inform our orders of relevant historical works
about every two or three years. These circumstances were such a hinder-
ance that the Rockefeller Foundation provided the department with an
annual grant for this purpose. The Mexican and Cuban embassies in Paris
supplied more up-to-date media information during this time. The former
issued the Nouvelles du Mexique while the latter distributed Granma, the
official newspaper of the Communist Party of Cuba under Fidel Castro.
Conditions were more favorable in Hamburg where the Lateinamerika
Verein (Latin American Association of German Commerce) had existed
since the 1950s. As a result of the Association’s insistence, the Insti-
tute of Iberian-American Studies (Institut für Iberoamerikan-Kunde) was
founded at Alsterglacis in the mid-1950s thanks to joint funding from the
federal government and the State of Hamburg. Under Wolfgang Grenz,
the Institute employed a number of qualified documentalists who were
responsible for evaluating the press releases sent over via sea mail by the
cultural departments within the German embassies. A collection of impor-
tant newspaper clippings, arranged according to subject area, began to
amass accordingly, and steadily formed a crucial corpus of information
for numerous scientific studies across several disciplines. This collection
remained the only publicly accessible source of Latin American news-
papers dealing with political and economic developments until the late
1980s. The dawn of the internet spelled the end of this documenting
practice which then came to an end. The Institute, now more focused on
research, no longer needed the collection. The author along with Wolf-
gang Grenz succeeded in transferring the collection into the current care
of the Linga Library of the State and University Library of Hamburg.
Finally, it must also be mentioned that the correspondent of the Frank-
furt Allgemeine Zeitung in Madrid, Dr. Walter Haubrich, also frequently
reported on political events in Latin America and made occasional trips
to this region.
Another relevant point is the scholarship obtained by the author in
1964 for collecting Mexican archival material for his doctoral thesis. Prior
to sailing on a cargo ship, scholarship holders attended a week-long
training event in Berlin organized by the German Academic Exchange
Service (DAAD) which instructed them in how to behave abroad as well
as lessons on the then East-West division of Germany and the Basic Law.
FOREWORD xiii
Horst Pietschmann
University of Hamburg
Hamburg, Germany
FOREWORD xv
Literature
Archives Nationales, ed. 1984. Guide des sources de l‘histoire de l’Amérique
Latine et des Antilles dans des Archives Françaises. Paris: Documenta-
tion Française.
Bentley, Jerry H. 2002. “From National History Toward World History.”
In Vom Brasilienvertrag zur Globalgeschichte. In Erinnerung an
Manfred Kossok anläßlich seines 70. Geburtstages, edited by Matthias
Middell, 169–82. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag.
Bernecker, Walther L., et al. ed. 1994. Handbuch der Geschichte
Lateinamerikas. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Buch, Christoph. 2021. Die Karibik ist Paradies und Albtraum zugleich.
Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Internationale Ausgabe, August 4, p. 17.
Cormann, Mathias. 2021. Die EU hat eine richtungsweisende Diskussion
angestossen. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Internationale Ausgabe, August 4,
pp. 18–9.
Cossio, José María de, ed. 1956. Autobiografías de soldados (siglo XVII).
Biblioteca de autores españoles, Vol. 90. Madrid: Ed. Atlas.
Danwerth, Otto. 2021. A Basic Bibliography on the History of Ibero-
America and the Spanish Caribbean in the Colonial Period. Max Planck
Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory Research Paper Series, no.
2021-01, Online journal, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3791964.
Hiery, Hermann, ed. 2015. Lexikon zur Überseegeschichte. Stuttgart:
Steiner.
Kossok, Manfred. 2000. “Von der Universal- zur Globalgeschichte.”
In Manfred Kossok, Ausgewählte Schriften. Vol. 3: Zwischen Reform
und Revolution: Übergänge von der Universal- zur Globalgeschichte,
edited by Matthias Middell and Katharina Middell, 297–307. Leipzig:
Leipziger Universitätsverlag.
Meißner, Jochen. 1994. “IX. Bibliographie.” In Handbuch der Geschichte
Lateinamerikas, edited by Walther L. Bernecker et al. Vol. 1, 823–
1032. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
Pietschmann, Horst. 2002. “Das Lateinamerika-Werk Manfred Kossoks
aus der westdeutschen Perspektive eines jüngeren Zeitgenossen.” In
Vom Brasilienvertrag zur Globalgeschichte. In Erinnerung an Manfred
Kossok anläßlich seines 70. Geburtstages, edited by Matthias Middell,
133–39. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag.
Redaktion NZZ. 2021. Was heisst Souveränität in globalisierten Zeiten?
Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Internationale Ausgabe, August 4, pp. 8–9.
xvi FOREWORD
Agents of Modernities
Piracy and Local Alliances in an Empire of Archipelagoes 73
Elizabeth Montañez-Sanabria
The Phoenix and the Eagle: Catalan Political Economy
and the Habsburg Monarchy of Charles III/VI 95
William O’Reilly
“When a Snake Is Cut into Pieces”: Austria’s Imperial
Relations and the Downfall of Spain’s First Minister
Ensenada in 1754 125
Christoph Rosenmüller
xvii
xviii CONTENTS
Glocal Economies
The Peso or the Marsilie—The Standard Currency Unit
of the Armenian New Julfa Merchants? 275
Markus A. Denzel
Foreign Merchants and the Introduction of New
Hot Beverages in the Prince-Bishoprics of Münster
and Paderborn During the Long Eighteenth Century 295
Benita Wister
Lighter and Brighter: Indian Cottons in Brussels
in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century 317
Veronika Hyden-Hanscho
CONTENTS xix
Conclusion
Formative Modernities in the Early Modern Atlantic
and Beyond—Critical Remarks on Old Concepts 345
Veronika Hyden-Hanscho and Werner Stangl
Notes on Contributors
monetary theory and policy in early modern societies, with a special focus
on Spain and the Americas.
Harald Kleinberger-Pierer works at the University of Applied Sciences
in Graz. In his Ph.D. thesis, he addressed the visual revolution of
machine imagery and the transformation of technical practice in the eigh-
teenth century. His main research interests are the history of science
and technology in the early modern period as well as visual culture
and public science. Recently, he was part of an inter- and transdisci-
plinary research project (Connecting.Ideas4Research) which dealt with
crowdsourcing, participatory methods, and aspects of digital ethics in the
practice of research organizations. In this context, he published a paper
on participation as a method in the history of technology in the journal
Technikgeschichte 2021.
Beverly Lemire is a Professor and Henry Marshall Tory Chair, Univer-
sity of Alberta, and was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada
in 2003. Her work examines intersecting areas of material culture,
gender, race, and fashion from c.1600–1840 in British, imperial, and
comparative global perspectives. Recent works include Global Trade
and the Transformation of Consumer Cultures. The Material World
Remade, c. 1500–1820 (Cambridge, 2018). She headed the “Object
Lives” collaborative project (www.objectlives.com) which resulted in
the edited volume: Object Lives and Global Histories of Northern
North America: Material Culture in Motion, c. 1780–1980 (McGill-
Queen’s University Press, 2021). A recent open-access article, published
by the Yale University Center for the Study of Material and Visual
Cultures of Religion, explores the material practice of tobacco. “Material
Technologies of Empire: The Tobacco Pipe in Early Modern Land-
scapes of Exchange in the Atlantic World,” MAVCOR Journal 5, no.
1 (2021), https://mavcor.yale.edu/mavcor-journal/essays/material-tec
hnologies-empire-tobacco-pipe-early-modern-landscapes-exchange.
Peter Paul Marckhgott holds a Ph.D. in history from the University of
Graz. For his dissertation, he researched the role of public administration
in the revival of the Spanish mining sector in the seventeenth century. He
conducted research stays in Spain and Chile, and participated in the inter-
national research project “Información y cultura material en América bajo
el gobierno de los Austrias”. As a postdoctoral researcher, he was part of
the interdisciplinary digital humanities project “HistoGIS” at the Austrian
xxiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
the Philip Leverhulme Prize for his work in European and Atlantic
History and the Cambridge Pilkington Prize for Teaching. He has been a
visiting professor at Harvard University, at Universities Paris I-Panthéon-
Sorbonne and Bielefeld; he has been a fellow at the Weatherhead Center
for International Affairs, Harvard, and is a Fulltime Fellow of the Insti-
tute of Advanced Study, CEU Budapest and Vienna. Since 2018, he is an
honorary Leibniz Professor in History at the German National Maritime
Institute.
Christoph Rosenmüller is a professor of Latin American history at
Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. He
served as visiting scholar at the universities of Graz and Münster, the
Max Planck Institute for European Legal History, and El Colegio de
México. His recent publications include the book Corruption and Justice
in Colonial Mexico (Cambridge University Press, 2019). The University
of New Mexico Press has accepted his latest book on informality, rituals,
and politics at the viceregal court of mid-eighteenth-century Mexico.
Werner Stangl is lecturer of Economic History at the University of Graz,
Austria, and currently works for CNRS-CREDA within the TopUrbi
project at the École de Haute Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris. His
main areas of research are colonial Spanish America, historical geography,
and digital humanities. After his thesis on private correspondence written
by Spanish emigrants, published with Böhlau in 2012 under the title
Zwischen Authentizität und Fiktion. Die private Korrespondenz spanischer
Emigranten aus Amerika, 1492–1824, he led the HGIS de las Indias
project as a principal investigator from 2015 to 2019 (www.hgis-ind
ias.net). From 2019 to 2021 he was part of the interdisciplinary Digital
Tokugawa Lab at Yale University—a project he continues to support as
a consultant. In 2021, he achieved his venia legendi for Economic and
Social History with specialty in digital humanities at the University of
Graz.
Jutta Wimmler heads the Research Group ‘The Concept of Slavery
in African History’ at the Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery
Studies in Germany. She received her Ph.D. in history from the Univer-
sity of Graz, Austria. From 2011 until 2020, she was a researcher and
lecturer in Economic and Social History at the European University
Viadrina in Frankfurt (Oder), where she co-directed (with Klaus Weber)
the DFG-funded project ‘The Globalized Periphery. Atlantic Commerce,
xxvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
xxvii
xxviii LIST OF FIGURES
xxxiii
Ideas and Identity
Concepts and Viewpoints in Early Modern
Iberian Imperial History
and the Globalization of Historiographies
Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla
The last two decades have witnessed notable progress in the study of the
early modern Iberian worlds, including the Atlantic world.1 Such progress
has come hand in hand with increasing communication between histo-
rians from Europe and America (and particularly from Latin America)
and between scholars from the Lusophone and Spanish-speaking worlds.
As a consequence, scholars with very different academic, scientific and
linguistic backgrounds have gathered together in this field of study,
the outcome being a growing richness of viewpoints and intellectual
1 This chapter has been written within the framework of the FEDER research group
UPO-1264973 “In search for the Atlantic aristocracies. Latin America and the peninsular
Spanish elites, 1492–1824” PI, Bartolomé Yun Casalilla; and of the PAIDI research group
HUM 1000 “The history of globalization: violence, negotiation and interculturality,” of
which the principal investigator is Professor Igor Pérez Tostado. Both projects are financed
by the Regional Government of Andalusia. I thank Bethany Aram for her help in the
writing of this text.
B. Yun-Casalilla (B)
Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
e-mail: Bartolome.Yun.Casalilla@alumniprofs.eui.eu
proposals. This enrichment has been all the greater as far as these
researchers had contact with a huge variety of historiographies, some of
them dedicated to other imperial worlds and narratives, which have in
many ways influenced their own ideas and methodological approaches. It
is also a consequence of the swelling interest in the history of globaliza-
tion as well as an increasing globalization of historiographies, that is, the
growing convergence of viewpoints on the study of the same problems.
In the background of such a process is also the faster and easier commu-
nication of ideas in this wide field because of the use of digital tools. We
are experiencing a long-lasting trend that is crucial in the study of such
wide spaces as empires.
This subject has been analyzed in a general way in several publications
(Beckert and Sachsenmaier 2018). Many historians today—including
myself-think that both the history of globalization and the history of
empires are influenced by different researchers’ particular perspectives
(Espagne 2019; Sachsenmaier 2011). In other words, for the moment,
both approaches to the past are practiced by scholars who view it from
our own expertise and (spatial) fields of research. This bias, no doubt,
has collateral effects. One of them is that the researcher’s viewpoint
colors the outcome of the analysis. It also involves—and this is a second
effect—some problems for mutual understanding among the distinct
historiographic schools, some of them rooted in different national and
local frameworks and traditions, let alone national narratives. Finally,
nowadays historians try to contribute to the history of globalization (a
subject) or to global history (an approach), which obliges us to commu-
nicate with specialists in other empires and worlds as well as to enter
debates and subjects in which most of the specialists in Iberian history
previously have been absent (Yun-Casalilla 2022).
All of this is not in itself negative, but, on the contrary, a source of
fertility. Also, it fits with the assertion of many global historians—the
most eminent of them being Gunder Frank—that globalization cannot
be understood as something with its sole epicenter in Europe, but rather
as a process that started and was animated from different regions of the
planet (Frank 1998). It is also a source of richness as far as one can expect
that these convergent viewpoints, though sometimes causing apparent or
real contradictions, will illuminate the multifaceted character of globaliza-
tion and the polyhedric features of imperial histories. Furthermore, this
outlook is positive inasmuch as it is linked to a new vision of empires
that stresses the agency of the local societies and looks at them from
CONCEPTS AND VIEWPOINTS IN EARLY MODERN IBERIAN … 5
below, thereby making visible their variety and diversity, which can only
be understood if the complex relation between the local and the global is
not forgotten. The glocal dimension stressed in this volume is, therefore,
crucial.
The question remains, however, to what extent we historians are
moving toward a convergence of knowledge and mutual understanding.
How are we proceeding and which concepts are we using to get closer
without impoverishing this diversity of historiographies? I would like
to reflect on the use we make of some terms and concepts, such
as composite monarchies, composite imperial monarchies or composite
empires, compensatory history, or polycentric monarchies. More partic-
ularly, I wish to reflect on the way these notions affect the dialogue
among specialists on the Iberian worlds and the way we can build a global
history of the Iberian empires that also favors intellectual exchanges with
specialists in other areas of the world, civilizations, or empires. No one
ignores–this is another aspect that interests me–that both the history of
globalization and the history of empires have collateral political impli-
cations on which we, as historians, should reflect when transferring our
knowledge to our societies and choosing our subjects of study.
∗ ∗ ∗
2 Though in that book I referred mainly to the European territories, the proposal
comprises also American areas as well as the Philippines and the Atlantic world in order
to suggest a vision that, while it takes a different perspective, also complemented the
concept of composite monarchy (Yun-Casalilla 2009, p. 14).
CONCEPTS AND VIEWPOINTS IN EARLY MODERN IBERIAN … 9
entities were polycentric” and by the same token refer to their “internal
structure” (Cardim et al. 2012, p. 4). But, as the term has been debated,
some of its most convinced supporters have spoken of a “polycentric
approach” as well as of a “perspective” (Ruiz Ibáñez 2016).
One can question the outcome of the use of these terms and concepts
to date, but in principle, it is not difficult to find a point in common.
Iberian imperial monarchies are understood as disaggregate systems of
power and political practices which, despite being subject to asymmetric
relations, are characterized by forms of negotiation and coercion typical
of societies with a variety of legal and normative regimes. Moreover, we
are dealing with societies and polities whose dynamics cannot be under-
stood if we do not consider the relations between them and not only
those between the “center” and “periphery”. Be that as it may, dialogue
between these visions, I believe, is possible as long as we do not fall into
a merely terminological and exclusive struggle.
This does not mean, however, that things are easy. One problem arises
when a concept such as polycentrism is presented not as a complement
or revision that rectifies or balances some semantic deviation, but as an
alternative to previous ones. The idea of polycentrism was launched as a
“radically different model,” not only to the traditional view of empires
as exclusively metropolitan-ruled power systems but also to the idea of
“composite monarchies” (Cardim et al. 2012, p. 4).3 This has been the
case even though polycentrism recalls concepts already present in those
previous notions.
It is common knowledge that the great problem with definitions and
characterizations—in these and other cases of our work as historians—
is that they normally convey a fixed and schematized picture of reality.
3 This radical presentation comes also from a perhaps forced critique made by the
defenders of the term regarding previous views, including that of the composite monar-
chies, which they consider depart from the idea that “the ‘true’ [sic] politics only occurred
in Madrid and Lisbon, while the periphery [everywhere else] was a mere receptor that
could accept or reject what the center had to offer” (Cardim et al. 2012, p. 5). Such
criticism of the idea of composite monarchies hardly fits with the attempt to break with
the idea of political action as dictated only from the center that is crucial for Elliott and
Königsberger. It fits even less with their research on the functioning of the monarchy from
the periphery—in Sicily and Catalonia—and these polities’ conflicts with the Crown. The
rapid reception of the polycentric paradigm and terminology in Latin American histo-
riographies appears understandable and even positive, inasmuch as they stress subaltern
agency, although their novelty with respect to the “compensatory history” of Russell
Wood and the Brazilian historians is less evident.
10 B. YUN-CASALILLA
This is evident, albeit to varying degrees, in all the cases cited above, and
calls for reflection. Some authors extend these concepts to the eighteenth
century. Although with great caution and nuances, Elliott did so for the
concept of composite monarchy (Elliott 1992) and other authors have
done the same for the case of polycentric monarchy (Grafe and Irigoin
2012). But it is also true that those political systems, their degree of
uniformity, and their internal power equilibrium witnessed deep changes.
This is implicit in Elliott’s analysis when he cautioned that the composite
monarchies could not be understood without patronage as a force that
contributed to maintaining their union and changed them over time, or
when he stressed the relevance of the military-fiscal state of the eighteenth
century for their transformation (Elliott 1992, p. 64). John Elliott spoke
of the eighteenth-century “fiscal-military state” as a force for change
in the early modern monarchies which, however, “remained essentially
composite; and closer integration, where sought, remained difficult to
achieve, as Joseph II discovered to his cost” (1992, p. 70). For Elliott,
“it was to be dynastic upheaval that provided the catalyst […] for new
moves toward unification” in Spain and Great Britain (1992, p. 67).
The same idea with a stronger accent on the transformative power of
the military-fiscal state appears in Storrs (2016). Hespanha also expressed
this idea when he warned that describing the “multiple colonial status”
of the Portuguese empire was only a preliminary way to define the rules
of the game. Then, he continued, we need to study how the different
actors play the game and how they changed those rules (Hespanha 2001,
pp. 186–87).
This is a particularly important fact that explains why some specialists
in the Bourbon and Braganza period have employed the term “integra-
tion”—perhaps more useful than the concept of centralism—to describe
the period’s readjustments (Paquette 2013). All these shifts in the reality
of early modern political organizations also make it necessary to privi-
lege the concrete analysis of different cases over the established general
formulas and ideal types. They oblige us to take all of the paradigms
cited above cautiously—that of polycentrism in particular—and with high
doses of relativism, leaving aside too radical expressions, which respond
more to their use as theoretical schemes than as analytical perspectives
with heuristic value, where, I think, the real usefulness of some of them
resides. Terms such as polycentrism may be handy as a form of simplistic
communication. But, because they emphasize one aspect of reality, the
historian should not forget that there is another part—the other side of
CONCEPTS AND VIEWPOINTS IN EARLY MODERN IBERIAN … 11
∗ ∗ ∗
4 Ghosh obviously referred to the classic study Gallagher and Robinson (1953) and to
other analyses in the same directions such as Eric Wolf (1982).
12 B. YUN-CASALILLA
5 This outcome has not been the case with the concept of composite monarchies. John
Elliott’s essay speaks of this sort of political formation as something present in most of
the European monarchies of the early modern period, though different balances among
the different polities and between each of them and the ruling dynasty were present.
14 B. YUN-CASALILLA
of this situation is the fact that one of the few researchers who attempted
to contextualize Iberian empires in wider historiography, Antonio M.
Hespanha, did not use the term and reached a twofold conclusion:
first, the use of categories referring to formal institutions, which are
very present in the concepts previously analyzed, proves insufficient for
the comprehension of empires; and, second, once this barrier is over-
come, that realities emerge with many similarities to other empires and
to “traditional societies” (Hespanha 2019, pp. 13–15). This does not
mean—Hespanha continues—that all of those societies were the same.
On the contrary, important differences among them were due, in part, to
their distinct economic bases. The need to change our analytical perspec-
tive and to understand Iberian empires in a wider context that goes
beyond formal institutions emerges clearly.
The similarities and coincidences between recent trends in Iberian
and general historiographies on empires suggest possibilities for fruitful
communication. But they also suggest that those possibilities arise when
the terminology itself is left aside on behalf of its meaning, which has
not always been the case in recent years. It is important to note that
the previously cited Antonio M. Hespanha and other scholars who have
contributed to a fluid dialogue including the history of the Iberian
empires in a wider historiographical context have done so by making this
more practical and less terminological analysis a normal exercise. One of
John Elliott’s more influential books, published almost fifteen years ago,
exemplifies this way of writing the history of the Spanish (and British)
empire. Although one of the founders of the idea of the composite
monarchy, Elliott used the term sparingly. His scant use of the concept,
moreover, avoids its reduction to a sort of cliché underlying his findings
and even less as the basis for his comparisons (Elliott 2006). Authors such
as Burbank and Cooper—their book was published before some of these
terms and particularly that of the “polycentric monarchies” were coined—
refer to the Spanish empire as a political entity with a high degree of
internal disaggregation and diversity (Burbank and Cooper 2010); but
they do not present the Spanish empire as the unique paradigm in this
sense. On the contrary, the internal diversity within empires runs through
their book as a general characteristic of these polities. On his part, David
Ringrose has underlined the difficulties faced by all pre-modern imperial
formations when they tried to penetrate, and consequently homoge-
nize, the societies under their dominion, the Iberian case being only one
among others before roughly 1750 (Ringrose 2018). Similar insights can
CONCEPTS AND VIEWPOINTS IN EARLY MODERN IBERIAN … 15
***
The crucial matter at this point is that most of the approaches discussed
are calling for a globalization and convergence of the different histo-
riographies. An oversized conceptual and terminological disparity does
not help generate dialogue. Such a disparity can be inevitable and useful
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MEYER KONRÁD FERDINÁND.
Magvetők jelszava.
Alkonypír az erdőn.
Az erdőbe menekültem,
Holtra üldözött vad én,
A nap végparázsa izzott
A fák síma törzsökén.
A Canal grandén.
És a bíbor csillogásban,
Hangos hangok, kaczagás kél,
Csábitó mozdúlatok, meg
Szemek bűnös villogása.
Egyik ház előtt egy vén embert látott ereje fogytán a padon
üldögélni, a tiszta, közel eget nézve; a pad már bizton üres, de a kép
még sokszor eszébe jut, verset ír róla s azzal végzi:
Egy zarándok.
(Epilog verseihez.)
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