CONFIDENTIAL. Limited circulation. For review only.

Tabu Search Algorithm for Optimal Electric

Water Heating Energy Management
EL BAKALI Saida ∗ OUADI Hamid ∗ GHEOUANY Saad ∗
Jrhilifa Ismael ∗ Mounir Nada ∗
∗
ERERA, ENSAM Rabat, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat,
Morocco

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to develop an optimal energy management strategy for electric water
heaters, based on operational data such as photovoltaic (PV) production, ambient temperature
(AT ), water demand (W D), and fixed appliance consumption (F AC), electricity tariffs and
user preferences. The proposed strategy uses a multi-objective Tabu Search (TS) algorithm to
determine the optimal domestic hot water output over the next 24 hours based on this prior
data. The aim is to minimize the electricity bill while maintaining a desired level of comfort, by
keeping the water temperature within a range compatible with the user’s thermal comfort. In
addition, the temperature setpoint was varied according to operating conditions. A comparison
with particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based management, which uses a similar strategy but
employs the PSO algorithm for optimization, reveals that the proposed strategy achieves a
significant 33.2% reduction in electricity costs and a 3.8% reduction in carbon emissions.

Keywords: Water Heating Energy management, Tabu search algorithm, Smart home,
Renewable energy, Energy efficiency, Multi-objective optimization.

1 Introduction casting and demand planning (Mounir and Ouadi (2023);

1.1 Motivation
The importance of energy efficiency has never been
greater, especially at a time when concerns about sustain-
able development and energy efficiency are taking center
stage (El Bakali et al. (2023)). In this context, optimizing
the energy consumption of electric water heaters, widely
used in the home, offers a major opportunity to make
substantial savings while helping to reduce our carbon
footprint. Electric water heaters are ubiquitous in our
daily lives, and represent a strategic field of application
for innovative energy management solutions. Optimizing
the energy consumption of these appliances offers tangible
benefits in terms of reducing energy costs and minimizing
environmental impact (El Bakali et al. (2023a)). Conse-
quently, by applying demand response (DR), customers’
electricity consumption is limited during critical periods
or when market prices are high (Gheouany et al. (2023b)).
DR plays an important role in smart grid technologies that
manage electricity demand according to supply conditions
(Jrhilifa et al. (2023b, 2021)). In energy systems relying
mainly on PV and wind power, DRs can also contribute
to system stability and increase the share of renewable
energies, which will play an increasingly important role
in the future power system, mainly due to the benefits
linked to economic efficiency, system reliability and the
environment (El-bakkouri et al. (2023); El Bakali et al.
(2023b)). As modern grids are penetrated by RES, energy
management will consequently be based on supply fore-
⋆ This work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Educa-
tion, Scientific Research and Innovation, Morocco, the Digital De-
velopment Agency (DDA), Morocco and the CNRST of Morocco
(Alkhawarizmi/2020/39).
Jrhilifa et al. (2023a)). Of course, demand will never be en-
tirely planned due to the stochastic nature of energy use by
end-users. However, a large, flexible part of demand could
be planned, allowing for better integration of renewable
sources into the grid (Mounir et al. (2023a,b)).
1.2 Related works
This section summarises the challenges remaining in lit-
erature, highlighting the research gaps remaining in this
paper. We review the studies and describe their data,
methods and results, and any limitations or shortcomings.
In Kapsalis et al. (2018), the authors introduced a heuristic
algorithm for scheduling EWHs under varying electricity
prices. This approach considers factors like comfort and
energy pricing, and hot water usage patterns. The goal is
to minimize energy expenses while maintaining a desired
comfort level. In Wu et al. (2019), the authors proposed a
multi-objective optimization (MOO) model for a hot water
system based on the mixed linear programming method,
satisfying users’ needs in terms of economic requirements
and comfort. However, several gaps exist, which are ad-
dressed in this research work. In Kapsalis et al. (2018); Wu
et al. (2019), the authors applied a fixed water temperature
setpoints for their study. However, it’s important to re-
member that maintaining the water temperature setpoints
at all times is not always the best choice, especially if
the bathroom is not used for long periods of the day, or
if there are seasonal variations in room temperature. For
example, in a situation where the hot water temperature is
maintained at a constant level, e.g. 40°C, even when no one
is using the hot water for a long period of time, such as at
night or during working hours. In this situation, the EWH
will continue to heat the water to 40°C without any real

Manuscript 160 submitted to 12th IFAC Symposium on Control

of Power & Energy Systems. Received March 27, 2024.
 CONFIDENTIAL. Limited circulation. For review only.

..
Nomenclature

Symbols Oglobal Objective function

α Weighting Coefficient to assign a preference order to PEG (t) Electricity power grid at time t (W)
the multi-objectives PEW H (ti ) Optimal EWH power (W)
ξtbuy Sign function in the case of buy electricity ( It’s is equal PF AC (t) Fixed appliance consumption (W)
i
to one when PEG is positive (the home is importing Pmax & Pmin Maximum and Minimum EWH power (W)
energy from grid)). PP V (t) Photovoltaic power (W)
ξtsell Sign function in the case of sell electricity ( It’s is equal TD (ti ) water temperature setpoints at time ti (K)
i
to one when PEG is negative (the home is injecting ti & ∆T Time and Time slot duration [sec]
energy from grid)). Tbac Maximum temperature to eliminate Legionella from
ETbuy Import Electricity tariff profile [cents/kWh] the water in the absence of water demand [sec]
ETsell Export Electricity tariff profile [cents/kWh] THW (ti ) temperature of water in tank as a function of time (K)
Obill Comfort bill function Tmax & Tmin Maximum and Minimum temperature in the pres-
Odisc Comfort cost function ence of water demand (K)
TS Temperature Seasonal average (K)

demand, resulting in unnecessary energy consumption and
financial waste. In Kapsalis et al. (2018); Wu et al. (2019),
the authors undertook a study of the optimization problem
using binary decision variables (DVs). When binary DVs
are used to control the power supply to the heating ele-
ment, this means that the device operates alternately in
"on" and "off" mode. These frequent transitions between
the two states can result in oscillatory commands for
the heating element. This oscillation behavior leads to a
significant reduction in the lifetime of the heating element,
which is a crucial aspect to take into account. It is therefore
important to note that the use of binary variables does not
necessarily lead to optimal results.
1.3 Contributions and Organization
the proposed strategy uses the TS algorithm to schedule
hot water consumption based on various factors for the
next 24 hours. The main objective of this study is to
reduce overall energy costs, while taking into account the
costs associated with the discomfort caused by differences
between the effective water temperature and the water
temperature setpoints (W T S). It is essential to highlight
that the choice of the reference temperature represents a
fundamental issue. The proposed strategy is to generate
the WTS according to actual hot water demand, changing
weather conditions, PV production and energy consump-
tion to avoid wasting energy, rather than keeping the
reference temperature constant at all times. The proposed
strategy can reduce energy costs while preserving user
comfort, a key objective in the management of EWHs.
To achieve these simultaneous objectives, a MOO method
is developed, which is converted into a single-objective
optimization problem. The work presented in this paper
makes the following contributions:
-Unlike Kapsalis et al. (2018); Wu et al. (2019), this paper
presents a new strategy for the adaptation of the water
temperature set point with respect to ambient tempera-
ture, PV production, energy consumption and hot water
demand. The aim is to minimize energy costs while maxi-
mizing occupant comfort.
-Unlike Kapsalis et al. (2018); Wu et al. (2019), which
treats the heater management problem as an optimization
problem with a binary decision variable, in our work the
decision variable is considered to be continuous. This en-
sures smooth control of the heater and avoids the control
oscillations that can occur with on-off control, which can
reduce the lifetime of the system.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section
2 describes the proposed strategy. Section 3 presents the
multi-objective optimization model . Section 4 presents the
proposed optimization algorithm. Section 5 presents the
results and discussion. Finally, the paper is concluded in
Section 6.
2 Proposed Electric water heater Strategy
The electric heating system described in this paper is
designed to be scheduled with various domestic appliances,
taking into account operational energy costs and guaran-
teeing customer comfort, as well as this system tailored for
efficient power distribution within a smart microgrid con-
nected to both a PV system and the Electric Grid (EG).
In addition, it is essential to take account of electricity
price dynamics and customer behavioral characteristics to
achieve an optimal, customer-centric approach.
3 Multi-Objective Optimization Model
The objective function of this optimization problem has
two distinct objectives, and the overall function is defined
as the weighted sum of these two objectives (Gheouany
et al. (2023c)). Mathematically, this is expressed as follows:
Oglobal = α ∗ Odisc + (1 − α) ∗ Obill (1)
where, α is the weighting coefficient.
3.1 Cost minimization
The first objective is to reduce the daily electricity bill.
The electricity bill function is shown in equation (2):
Obill = minimize(Cost∗B ) (2)
The energy cost for time slot i is given by Eq.3:
X24
∆T
CostB = ((PEG (ti ) × ETbuy (ti )) × × ξtbuy
i=1
3600 i
(3)
∆T
− (PEG (ti ) × ETsell (ti )) × × ξtsell )
3600 i

Manuscript 160 submitted to 12th IFAC Symposium on Control

of Power & Energy Systems. Received March 27, 2024.
 CONFIDENTIAL. Limited circulation. For review only.
Figure 1. Summary of the Study Methodology.
The energy cost performance is estimated by the normal-
ized energy cost, as given by Eq.4:
CostB − CostB,min
Cost∗B = (4)
CostB,max − CostB,min
where, CostB,min and CostB,max are the minimum and
the maximum energy cost, respectively. For every case,
0 ≤ Cost∗B ≤ 1. The import tariff (ToU) and export tariff
(FiT) are key concepts in the electricity sector: ToU varies
tariffs according to the time of day to encourage more
efficient consumption Gheouany et al. (2023a), while FiT
pays renewable energy producers for electricity fed into
the grid, thus encouraging the adoption of clean energy
Guerrero et al. (2020).
3.2 Discomfort minimization
The comfort cost (discomfort) is described as a linear func-
tion which expresses the difference between the actual hot
water temperature and the water temperature setpoints,
normalized according to a minimum comfort cost.
Objdisc = minimize(Cost∗C ) (5)
The comfort cost for time slot i is given by Eq.6:
24
X including PV production, energy consumption, ambient
CostC = (THW (ti ) − TD (ti ))2 (6)
i=1
The comfort cost performance is estimated by the normal-
ized comfort cost, as given by Eq.7:
CostC
Cost∗C = P24 (7)
i=1 (THW,max − TD (ti ))2
where, THW,max : Represents the maximum acceptable
temperature, set at 60°C. For every case, 0 ≤ Cost∗C ≤ 1.
Manuscript 160 submitted to 12th IFAC Symposium on Control
of Power & Energy Systems. Received March 27, 2024.
3.3 Model constraints
In this paper, various constraints are considered to define
the search space boundaries for acceptable solutions.
3.3.1 Power balance constraint : The necessity of main-
taining energy balance is a critical constraint in this op-
timization process Gheouany et al. (2023d). This power
balance is given by :
PEG (ti ) + PP V (ti ) = (PEW H (ti ) + PF AC (ti )) (8)
3.3.2 EWH and grid power limit constraints : As with
all electrical loads, the power allocated to the water heat-
ing system must not exceed a value imposed by the man-
ufacturer. This translates into an inequality constraint,
given by :
0 ≤ PEW H (ti ) ≤ Pmax (9)
The power exchanged with the main grid is also subject
to limitations imposed by the subscription contract, given
by :
−P2 ≤ PEG (ti ) ≤ P1 (10)
3.4 Water Temperature Setpoints Generator
The proposed strategy aims to adjust the water tem-
perature set points with respect to operating conditions,
temperature, presence or absence of hot water demand to
guarantee energy savings without compromising comfort
for occupants. Two formulations are developed, as shown
in Eq.11. In the case of no demand for hot water, the de-
sired temperature is determined within the interval [ambi-
ent temperature, maximum water temperature], where the
maximum temperature is set at 60°C. This choice is based
on the ratio between the power generated by the PV and
the total consumption of the demand. Particularly during
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the day, water temperatures of 60°C to 75°C are crucial for the number of DVs, iteration number, tabu list length
eliminating bacteria, especially Legionella. On the other and monto carlo sample size. These hyperparameters are
hand, in the case of presence of hot water demand, the chosen experimentally, enabling the performance of the TS
WTS depends on the ratio between the ambient temper- algorithm to be optimized.
ature and the average temperature for the season. The
aim is to ensure a pleasant temperature for the user, while
optimizing energy consumption El Bakali et al. (2024). Table 1. TS Hyperparameters.
AT (ti ) + ((Tbac − AT (ti ))

 Parameter Name Value
 2 PP V (ti )
 ×( π × arctan( PL (ti ) ))) if WD (ti ) ≤ 0


Number of decision variables 24
TD (ti ) = Iteration number 3000


 Tmin + (Tmax − Tmin ) × (1 − ( π2 Tabu list length 450
×arctan( ATT(t i) Monte Carlo sample size 900

))) if WD (ti ) > 0

S
(11)
4 Proposed optimization algorithm 4.3 PSO-based management Strategy
4.1 Tabu search algorithm
The PSO is a metaheuristic algorithm that simulates the
Tabu Search (TS) is an efficient metaheuristic used to movement and collaboration of a group of particles in a
solve optimization problems, originally developed for com- search space.
binatorial problems but extended to continuous decision The Table 2 shows the hyperparameters that influence
variables. resolution performance which contains limits for the num-
ber of DVs, population size, cognitive component, social
component, inertia weight, inertia weight damping rate
and sample time. It is essential to note that the parameter
values and limits mentioned in the table may vary depend-
ing on the specific implementation, problem domain and
optimization objectives.

Table 2. PSO Hyperparameters.

Parameter Name Value

Population Size 800
Number of decision variables 24
Cognitive Component (c1) 1.0
Social Component (c2) 1.9
Stopping Criteria 3000
Inertia Weight (w) 0.9
Inertia Weight Damping Rate 0.99

4.4 Environmental Impact Assessment

Figure 2. Tabu search algorithm flowchart.
It is distinguished by its use of adaptive memory to
efficiently explore the search space (Laayati et al. (2023)),
avoiding local sub-optimal solutions thanks to a dynamic
memory mechanism, as shown in Fig.2.
4.2 Strategy for solving multi-objective continuous opti-
mization problems
In this paper, we set out to adapt the Tabu Search
algorithm by integrating it with Monte Carlo sampling
principles. The Table 2 shows the hyperparameters that
influence resolution performance which contains limits for
The traditional power grid is often identified as a major
source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.In our study,
the emissions calculation model mentioned in Chen et al.
(2022) is crucial to the environmental analysis.
P24×4
ECO2 (ti ) = i=1 PEG (ti ) × eCO2 if PEG (ti ) > 0
0 if PEG (ti ) ≤ 0
(12)
Where, eCO2 as the carbon emission factor, equivalent to
0.354 kg co2 eq /kWh for Germany.
5 Simulation results and discussion
This section focuses on the simulation study carried out
to validate the performance of the proposed strategy. In
addition, the weighting factor (α) is set to 0.8 to optimize
the multi-objective function.
The input data used in the optimization algorithm on
the day considered are shown in Fig.3. All these data
are generated at one hour intervals, equivalent to 24 data
points per day.

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 CONFIDENTIAL. Limited circulation. For review only.
(a) The Considered Daily water demand for day d+1
(b) The Considered Daily Fixed Load Consumption for day d+1
(c) The Considered Daily Ambient Temperature for day d+1
(d) The Considered Daily PV Power for day d+1
Figure 3. The Considered Daily Input Data on December
17, 2019.
The characteristics of the sources and loads used in this
paper are described, i.e. PV system, EWH system and
FAC. The EWH simulates the demand for domestic hot
water, the PV system generates electricity from solar
energy, while the FAC represents the fixed energy demand.
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of Power & Energy Systems. Received March 27, 2024.
Table 3. Specifications of EWH model, PV
system, and FAC.
Component Specifications
Capacity: 50 liters
Rated power: 5000 W
Water density: 1000 Kg/m3
Dimensions: 450 x 568 mm
EWH system
Specific heat of water: 4184 J/kg.K
Tank volume: 0.05 m3
Tank thermal resistance: 0.01 m2 .K/W
Inlet temperature: 20°C
Rated power: 30 kW
PV System Power derating: 0.9
Degradation factor: 0
FAC Average consumption: 3168.81 kWh/year
The specifications are summarized in Table 3. We use these
specifications to create a realistic simulation strategies.
December 17, 2019 is considered as the reference day for
our simulations.
The proposed management strategy requires the water
temperature to be measured. However, no real EWH
model exists to obtain this measured temperature. Un-
der these conditions, a mathematical EWH model widely
used in the literature (Abbas and Chowdhury (2022)) is
employed to calculate the water temperature.
5.1 Proposed Strategy Outcome
The proposed strategy manages EWH energy over the
coming day, using input data to minimize energy bills and
discomfort costs.
Fig.4 illustrates that the proposed approach achieve the
power balance between energy demand and supply. The
necessity of maintaining energy balance is a critical con-
straint in this optimization process.
Figure 4. Daily power distribution for each energy source
using the proposed strategy.
Fig.5 shows the EWH power distribution, as well as the
water temperature distribution in comparison with the
water temperature setpoint generator. This figure illus-
trate that the water temperature is close to the water
temperature setpoints. In terms of system constraints, the
proposed strategy rigorously respected the critical con-
straints. We took into account the constraint stipulating
that to effectively eliminate bacteria in the water, a high
temperature must be reached during the day. In addition,
 CONFIDENTIAL. Limited circulation. For review only.
we carefully maintained the water temperature within a
range compatible with user comfort when showering.
Figure 5. Water temperature tracking performances using
TS algorithm.
5.2 PSO-based management Strategy Outcome
PSO-based management adopts a similar strategy to that
of the proposed strategy, but uses the PSO algorithm as its
optimization tool, unlike the proposed strategy which uses
the taboo search algorithm. Fig.6 illustrates that the PSO-
based management strategy achieve the power balance
between energy demand and supply.
Figure 6. Daily power distribution for each energy source
using the PSO-based management strategy.
Fig.7 shows the water temperature tracking performances.ThisThe table 5 presents a comparison of the benefits be-
figure illustrate that the water temperature is very close tween the proposed strategy, using the TS algorithm, and
to the water temperature setpoints.
Figure 7. Water temperature tracking performances using
PSO algorithm.
5.3 Comparative Study
A comprehensive comparative analysis is conducted to
assess the effectiveness of the proposed strategy using
PSO-based management strategy.
Fig.8 shows the energy bills resulting from the proposed
strategy and the PSO-based management strategy. It is
clearly visible that the PSO-based management strategy
Manuscript 160 submitted to 12th IFAC Symposium on Control
of Power & Energy Systems. Received March 27, 2024.
generates the highest energy bill, reaching 1050.4 Cents.
However, the proposed strategy stands out as the most
advantageous, with a lower energy bill of 700.74 Cents.
Figure 8. Electricity bill obtained in the proposed strategy
and the PSO-based management strategy.
The table 4 presents a comparison between two water
heating management strategies: the proposed strategy us-
ing the TS algorithm and the PSO-based management
strategy. Measures evaluated include electricity bill, user
discomfort level, overall objective function and CO2 emis-
sions associated with each strategy. The strategy proposed
shows lower electricity costs, although this is accompanied
by a higher level of user discomfort compared to the PSO
strategy. In terms of overall objective function, the pro-
posed strategy performs better. However, the PSO-based
management generates slightly higher CO2 emissions.
Table 4. Comparative Analysis of Water Heat-
ing Management Strategies: Proposed Strategy
using TS algorithm and PSO-based manage-
ment strategy
Metric Proposed Strategy PSO-based management Strategy
Electricity bill (Cents) 700.74 1050.4
User discomfort (°C) 110.1 87.4
Global Objective Function 228.23 279.92
ECO2 (Kg) 19.52 20.26
the PSO-based management strategy. Several measures of
benefit are examined. Firstly, the proposed strategy shows
a significant 33.2% reduction in the electricity bill com-
pared with the PSO-based management strategy. However,
the use of this strategy results in a 20.5% increase in
user discomfort compared to the PSO-based management
strategy. Finally, the proposed strategy also reduces car-
bon emissions by 3.8% compared with the PSO-based
management.
Table 5. Benefits of the proposed strategy in
Comparison to PSO-based management strat-
egy.
Proposed Strategy
Electricity Bill -33.2%
PSO-based management strategy User Discomfort 20,5%
Carbon Emission -3,8%
6 Conclusion
This paper presents a multi-objective hot water energy
management system designed to adjust hot water heating.
The main objectives are to reduce electricity bills and
 CONFIDENTIAL. Limited circulation. For review only.
minimize discomfort. The optimization problem is treated
as a multi-objective problem with continuous variables
and is implemented using the tabu search algorithm. A
comprehensive comparative analysis is conducted to assess
the effectiveness of the proposed strategy using PSO-
based management. The proposed strategy demonstrates
a notable 33.2% reduction in electricity costs compared
to the PSO-based management strategy, along with a
3.8% decrease in carbon emissions. As part of our future
prospects, an energy storage system is planned to be
implemented in order to provide a targeted response to
night-time energy demand.
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