Quality in Construction

Chapter 4: Quality in Planning and Design

Date : 2080/06/07
 Chapter 4
Quality in Planning and Design (5 hrs)

 Quality planning process and its importance

 Quality control and assurance in design
 Quality standards and specifications
 Quality function deployment (QFD) in construction
 Constructability and value engineering for quality planning and
design
 Quality planning process and its importance

 Quality planning is a methodology to design a process that will be

able to meet established goals under operating conditions.

 QP helps the stakeholders and top-level management to check the

progress of a project.

 It determines the scope of what's going to be measured and what

metrics will define whether the project is successful
 Importance of Quality Planning Process
 Clients expectations can be achieved through Quality Planning

 In QPP strategies are made to guarantee that quality standards are

followed throughout the whole construction process (from design
to the handover stage)

 It provides a framework to resolve any issues that could arise

and have an impact on the quality of products or services

 QPP lowers the possibility of expensive rework

Thus if QP is implemented properly, it increases customer

satisfaction, builds brand loyalty, and drives business growth for the
respective organization
 Steps for Quality Planning Process

 Step 1: Elaborate Quality Objectives

 Step 2: Find out the Customer’s Requirements

 Step 3: Develop Quality Standards

 Step 4: Find out the process for Quality Control

 Step 5: Define the process for Quality Assurance

 Step 6: Establish a Quality Improvement Plan

 Step 7: Allotting Resources

 Quality Function Deployment (QFD) in construction Project
Definition

 QFD is a system for translating customer requirements into

appropriate product or service requirements at each stage of
product development from raw material to engineering,
manufacturing, marketing/sales, and distribution by utilizing the
VOC throughout the process

 By understanding and integrating the VOC into product and

service design, organizations can significantly reduce the time to
market, number of design changes, and development costs while
providing and documenting innovative design solutions
 History of QFD

 Dr. Akao developed QFD in 1966 (Father of QFD) in Japan and was
first implemented in Mitsubishi’s Kobe shipyard in 1972

 After the introduction of QFD in Japan, the methodology was

mainly used in manufacturing in the United States (Chan and Wu,
2002)

 However, the use of QFD expanded considerably and is now used

widely in product development, service development, and
educational design etc
 Concept of QFD
 It is a method for linking customer requirements to technical
specifications which can be used by designers and production
engineer

 It helps to focus on the needs of the customers by using matrices and

charts

Thus,
QFD is a systematic approach to translating customer requirements into
appropriate requirements from:

 Research and development to engineering (Design)

 Engineering to Manufacturing
 Manufacturing to distribution and sales
 Application of QFD

 QFD can effectively link the project phases through design and
construction and into operations and maintenance to ensure the
owner's project requirements

 QFD is applied in a wide variety of applications viz product design,

manufacturing, production, engineering, R&D, information
technology (IT), support, testing, regulatory, and other phases in
hardware, software, service, and system organizations
 Processes of QFD

QFD process consists of 2 parts

• Stage 1. Collecting the Customer’s Voice

• Stage 2. Construction of House of Quality

The primary planning tool which is used in the QFD is the House of Quality. It
is called this name because of its shape which is like a house.
Most managers and engineers believe that it is a primary tool for quality
planning
It is a kind of cognitive map that provides inter-functional communication and
projection
House of Quality (HOQ)
 House of Quality (HOQ)
HOQ is a process of product
development
It is a process of listening to
customers
translating their desires into a
written plan
 prioritizing execution steps based
on the most important to the
customer and
 putting a realistic plan on paper

There are 6 key steps in creating a HOQ

HOQ is used as a tool during QFD to help facilitate group decision-making.

 Key steps in creating the house of quality:

1. The customer attributes

Describing what the product must
do, a structured list of needs and
wants, determined by market
research. Represents the Voice of
the Customer (VOC)

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 Key steps in creating the house of quality:

2. The engineering characteristics:

Describing how the product may
achieve its required performance.
Represents the Voice of the
Designer

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 Key steps in creating the house of quality

3. Relationships
Between the customer attributes
and the engineering characteristics,
indicating where there are strong,
moderate or weak relationships.

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 Key steps in creating the house of quality:

4. Technical matrix
Indicating the technical priorities
based on the relationships between
customer requirements and
engineering characteristics. Also
providing quantitative design targets
for each of the engineering
characteristics, based on the
technical priorities and competitive
benchmarking.

Determine the key design requirements that should be

focused on. This is in the “basement” of the house of
quality and is commonly referred to as the “how much”
Degree of Technical Importance
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 Key steps in creating the house of quality:

5. Technical Correlations
Recording how the engineering
characteristics may be either
mutually supporting or contradictory.
Or
Evaluate the design tradeoffs.

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 Key steps in creating the house of quality:

6. Planning Matrix
Competitive assessment to determine
how well the organization meets the
customer requirements compared to the
competition

Competitive
Assessment
House of Quality
How to draw the House of Quality (HOQ)
First VOC
How to draw the House of Quality (HOQ)
Plot competitive assessment grid
How to draw the House of Quality (HOQ)

Technical requirements
Bottom part of the House of Quality (HOQ)
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Importance of QFD:

• Improved safety, reliability, delivery, sustainability (green), and

decision-making
• For meeting the customers’ requirements in construction projects
• QFD provided a means to keep the project moving forward, could
eliminate the need to backtrack for design corrections

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 What is a Specification?

• Specifications provide specific/additional requirements for the

materials, components, or services that are beyond the code or
standard requirements.

• For Example, if you want an A106 Gl B pipe with a Maximum carbon of

0.23% against standard requirements of 0.3% Max, you have to specify
your requirement in your specification or Purchase Order.

• The specification is generated by private companies to address

additional requirements applicable to a specific product or application.

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 Why is Specification required?

• It allows a purchaser to include special requirements as per

design and service conditions

• It allows customizing your product

• The requirements in the specification must meet the

requirements

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 What is the Code?

• When governmental bodies adopt the standard and become legally

enforceable, or when it has been incorporated into a business contract,
the standard will become a code.

• ASME ( American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

Codes are legally enforceable in many US states. Whereas, in the other
parts of the world, they are not legally enforceable, but such countries
have similar codes

• National Building Code

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 Why is a Code required?

• Code Provides a set of rules that specify the minimum

acceptable level of safety & Quality for manufactured,
fabricated, or constructed goods.

• Codes also refer to standards or specifications for the

specific details on additional requirements that are not
specified in the Code.

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Difference Between Code, Standard, and Specification:

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 Logical Framework Approach (LFA)

 The Logical Framework Approach (LFA) is a methodology mainly

used for designing, monitoring, and evaluating international
development projects.

 This approach helps in

Measuring change due to
project intervention.
 Logical Framework Approach (LFA)

The main steps in the Logical Framework Approach are:

 Getting to know the context

 Identify the key stakeholders
 Analysis of problem tree
 Formulating the objectives tree
 Choosing the main strategy of the project
 Formulating the log frame
 Verifying the project design
Assignment 2

Draw the House of Quality of a Office table /window/door of

a residential building

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srrtrg63bkQ
Thank You