Step 1: Define the Hypotheses

 Null Hypothesis ( H 0): The population mean is equal to 80 ( μ=80).

 Alternative Hypothesis ( H 1): The population mean is not equal to 80 ( μ ≠ 80).

Step 2: Calculate the Test Statistic

We use the formula for the t-statistic in a one-sample t-test, which measures how far the
sample mean is from the population mean in terms of the standard error of the mean:

x́−μ
t=
s/√n

Plugging in the values:

 x́=77.5 (sample mean)

 μ=80 (hypothesized population mean)
 s=6.2 (sample standard deviation)
 n=21 (sample size)
The standard error of the mean (SEM) is calculated as:

s 6.2
SEM= =
√ n √ 21
Then, calculate the t-statistic:

77.5−80
t=
SEM

Step 3: Calculate the Standard Error and the T-statistic

Let's calculate the standard error and the t-statistic.

The standard error of the mean (SEM) is approximately 1.353 , and the calculated t-
statistic is −1.848.

Step 4: Determine the Degrees of Freedom

The degrees of freedom (df) for a single-sample t-test is n−1:

df =n−1=21−1=20

Step 5: Calculate the p-value

The p-value is the probability that under the null hypothesis ( H 0), we would observe a
statistic (in this case, the t-statistic) at least as extreme as the one calculated. Since it's a
two-tailed test (because the alternative hypothesis is μ ≠ 80), we calculate the p-value
from both tails of the t-distribution:

p-value=2 × T-distribution CDF of t statistic

Let's calculate the p-value using the degrees of freedom and the t-statistic:

The p-value for this test is approximately 0.079 . This value represents the probability of
observing a sample mean at least as extreme as 77.5 under the null hypothesis that the
true population mean is 80 , given the normal distribution of the population.

Step 6: Conclusion
The p-value to significance level (commonly α =0.05 ) to decide whether to reject or fail
to reject the null hypothesis:

 If p-value≤ α , reject H 0.
 If p-value>α , fail to reject H 0.
In this case, since the p-value ≈ 0.079 is greater than 0. 05, you would fail to reject the
null hypothesis. This indicates there is not enough evidence at the 5% significance level
to conclude that the population mean differs from 80.

Rounded to two decimal places, the p-value is 0.08.