WHAT

IS RESEARCH?
• Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING
ANSWERS to QUESTIONS
• A scientific investigation of phenomena which includes the
collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts, that
link man’s speculation with reality.

RMA • It is a systematic way of arriving at answers to substantial and well-

defined problems.
RESEARCH METHODS FOR ARCHITECTURE • Comes from an old french “cerchier” means to search and re –
expressing intensive force

WHY DO RESEARCH?
• Presentation and improvement of the quality of life.
• Discover new facts about known phenomena
• Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of
existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new • Find answers to a problems which are partially solved.
concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include • Improve existing techniques and develop new instruments.
synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to • Provide basis for decision making.
new and creative outcomes.
• Satisfy researcher’s curiosity.
• Research teaches you better discernment
• Builds your credibility
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

• Research is directed toward the solution of a problem. • Research is characterized by patience and unhurried activity.
• Research emphasizes the development of generalizations, • Research is carefully recorded and reported.
principles or theories that will be helpful in predicting future
• Research sometimes requires courage.
occurrence.
• Research requires expertise.
• Research is based upon observable experience or empirical
evidence. • Research tries to be objective and logical, applying every possible
test to validate the procedures employed, the data collected, and
• Research demands accurate observation and description.
the conclusion reached.
• Research involves gathering new data from primary or first hand
sources using existing data for a new responses.

ROLE OF RESEARCH IN EDUCATION

WHAT RESEARCH ISNT…..

• Research isnt teaching

• Research isnt scholarship
• Testing theory
• Research isnt Encyclopaedic
• Solving problem
• Research isnt just data gathering
• For theory (application)
• Research isnt just about methodology
• Research isnt repitition
 ACADEMIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH TYPE
• The research produces findings and conclusions, but rarely
recommendations except those related to further research needs.

• Academic Research • Results are the property of society and the research community.
• Project Research
• is sponsored by an agency committed to the general advancement
of knowledge.

PROJECT RESEARCH TYPES OF RESEARCH (BASED ON APPLICATIONS)

• BASIC RESEARCH

• Results become the property of the sponsor • Called as pure research. It seeks to discover basic truths and principles.
• APPLIED RESEARCH
• Studies follow explicit terms of reference developed by the
sponsor to serve the sponsor's needs • Seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a
problem such as new system, device and method to solve a problem.
• Budget accountability is directly related to the sponsor and relates • DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
to agreed terms of reference, time frames and methodologies.
• Decision oriented research involving the application of steps in response
• The research includes applied recommendations for action to improving an existing practices.
• Use to improve existing practices to produce useful products.
TYPES OF RESEARCH (BASED ON SETTINGS) TYPES OF RESEARCH (BASED ON METHODOLOGY)
• DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• LIBRARY RESEARCH
• Done in the library where answers to the problems are found. Example of
• Describes systematically, factually, accurately and objectively a situation
this is historical or problem. Describes “what is”
• FIELD RESEARCH • CORRELATIONAL
• Research is done in a natural setting. No changes in the environment is • Describes the relationship between two or more factors.
made. Examples are descriptive and experimental research.
• EXPLANATORY
• LABORATORY RESEARCH
• Clarifies how and why a relationship exist between two or more
• This is conducted in a controlled or artificial conditions.
aspects of a situation.
• Purposes are , to test the hypothesis, control variances on research
conditions, and relationships between variables. • EXPLORATORY
• Researcher probes an area where little is known about the problem.

TYPES OF RESEARCH (BASED ON METHODOLOGY)

TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO APPROACH
• EXPIREMENTAL
• Researcher probes to the cause of an effect by exposing one or
more experimental groups to one or more conditions
• CAUSAL COMPARATIVE
• Analyze the possible effect of the factor that could not be
manipulated and controlled. • Quantitative Research
• HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• Reconstruct the past objectively and accurately or explain the • Qualitative Research
incident that happened in the past.
• ETHNOGRAPHIC
• Explains and describe a phenomena holistically through the use
of multiple data collection.
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH QUESTIONS SAMPLES
• What is the demographic makeup of Singapore in 2020?
• Quantitative research is the process of collecting and
analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns • How has the average temperature changed globally over the last
century?
and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships,
and generalize results to wider populations. • Does environmental pollution affect the prevalence of honey
bees?
• Quantitative research is widely used in the natural and • Does working from home increase productivity for people with
social sciences: biology, chemistry, psychology, economics, long commutes?
sociology, marketing, etc.

• Quantitative research methods

• You can use quantitative research methods for descriptive, correlational or ADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
experimental research.
• In descriptive research, you simply seek an overall summary of your study • Large Samples
variables. • Data from large samples can be processed and analyzed using reliable and
• In correlational research, you investigate relationships between your study consistent procedures through quantitative data analysis.
variables. • Hypothesis testing
• In experimental research, you systematically examine whether there is a • Using formalized and established hypothesis testing procedures means
cause-and-effect relationship between variables. that you have to carefully consider and report your research variables,
predictions, data collection and testing methods before coming to a
conclusion.
 DISADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Narrow focus
• Replication • Predetermined variables and measurement procedures can mean that you ignore other relevant
observations.
• Repeating the study is possible because of standardized data collection protocols and
tangible definitions of abstract concepts. • Structural bias
• Despite standardized procedures, structural biases can still affect quantitative research. Missing
data, imprecise measurements or inappropriate sampling methods are biases that can lead to
• Direct comparisons of results the wrong conclusions.
• Lack of context
• The study can be reproduced in other cultural settings, times or with different groups of
participants. Results can be compared statistically. • Quantitative research often uses unnatural settings like laboratories or fails to consider historical
and cultural contexts that may affect data collection and results.

• Superficiality
• Using precise and restrictive operational definitions may inadequately represent
complex concepts. For example, the concept of mood may be represented with just a
number in quantitative research, but explained with elaboration in qualitative research.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH QUESTION SAMPLES
• Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non- • Qualitative research question examplesHow does social
numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, media shape body image in teenagers?
opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights
into a problem or generate new ideas for research. • How do children and adults interpret healthy eating in the
UK?
• Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research, which
involves collecting and analyzing numerical data for statistical • What factors influence employee retention in a large
analysis. organization?
• Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and • How is anxiety experienced around the world?
social sciences, in subjects such as anthropology, sociology,
education, health sciences, history, etc. • How can teachers integrate social issues into science
curriculums?

APPROACH TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

• Qualitative research is used to understand how people experience • Each of the research approaches involve using one or more data collection
methods. These are some of the most common qualitative methods:
the world. While there are many approaches to qualitative
research, they tend to be flexible and focus on retaining rich • Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in
detailed field notes.
meaning when interpreting data.
• Interviews: personally asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.
• Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of
• Common approaches include grounded theory, ethnography, people.
action research, phenomenological research, and narrative • Surveys: distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.
research. They share some similarities, but emphasize different
• Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images,
aims and perspectives. audio or video recordings, etc.
 ADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Flexibility
• The data collection and analysis process can be adapted as new ideas or
patterns emerge. They are not rigidly decided beforehand.

• Natural settings
• Data collection occurs in real-world contexts or in naturalistic ways.

• Meaningful insights
• Detailed descriptions of people’s experiences, feelings and perceptions can
be used in designing, testing or improving systems or products.

DISADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE
ADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • Unreliability
• The real-world setting often makes qualitative research unreliable because of
uncontrolled factors that affect the data.
• Subjectivity
• Generation of new ideas • Due to the researcher’s primary role in analyzing and interpreting data, qualitative
• Open-ended responses mean that researchers can uncover novel research cannot be replicated. The researcher decides what is important and what is
irrelevant in data analysis, so interpretations of the same data can vary greatly.
problems or opportunities that they wouldn’t have thought of
otherwise. • Limited generalizability
• Small samples are often used to gather detailed data about specific contexts. Despite
rigorous analysis procedures, it is difficult to draw generalizable conclusions because the
data may be biased and unrepresentative of the wider population.
 THE RESEARCH PROCESS
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
• Data Collection Phase
• Idea Generating Phase • The rigorous implementation of the procedure devised in the previous step.
• The phase where the researcher identifies a topic that interest him the most.

• DATA ANALYSIS PHASE

• Problem-Definition Phase • Appropriate qualitative and quantitative techniques and procedures are applied for
• The researcher has to redefine the problem.Steps such as identification and definition of the data that has been recorded, encoded and tabulated.
the variables, development of theoretical and conceptual framework , formulates major • INTERPRETATION PHASE
and specific problems and hypothesis.
• The researcher interprets the application of data in answering the problem and its
application to knowledge
• Procedure Design Phase • COMMUNICATION PHASE
• This stage the researcher has to decide what methods to use in collecting data. • Prepare written or oral report on the study conducted.