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Fabrizio Danti
2
E-Band and SDB antenna gain and beam width
To make a comparison, a 60 cm. 38 GHz antenna has 0.9⁰ beam width and a gain of 45 dB.
So the beam width is as narrow as the 30 cm. E-Band antenna.
3
E-Band and SDB antenna radiation pattern envelope (RPE)
RPE represents the maximum gain guaranteed for the antenna and must be lower than ETSI masks
The angle for a 3dB beam loss is 0.45°for 30 cm. and 0.25°for 60 cm. antennas
30 cm. 60 cm.
4
E-Band and SDB antenna real radiation pattern
5
Antenna stability ETSI Requirements
ETSI 302217-4-1: For installation on trellis or towers, this results in a maximum angular deviation of the antenna
main beam axis not higher than 0,3 times the -3 dB beam width under the conditions specified in below table .
Antenna Wind velocity Ice load
type m/s (km/h) (density 7 kN/m3)
Normal duty 30 (110) 25 mm radial ice
Heavy duty 45 (164) 25 mm radial ice
Above requirements applied to 80Ghz e-band antennas gives the following results:
Antenna 3dB 0,3 times -3 dB -3 dB Angle So, the antenna and
type Beam beam*
30 cm. 80Ghz 0.9⁰ 0.3⁰ 0.5⁰
corresponding mounting kit are
60 cm. 80Ghz 0.5⁰ 0.15⁰ 0.25⁰
designed to maintain a limited
deviation even in harsh
*correspond to max antenna deviation respect to the pole/tower and not conditions (max. deviation is
include pole/towere twist/sway effect
less than 3dB loss angle).
6
Effect of tower sway on radiation pattern
Tower sway
In next chapters, these conditions will
be analyzed to define the structure
requirements for the E-Band and SDB
installation.
7
Introduction
8
Calculation of wind effect on structures
Calculation of wind effects on the design of steel structures (towers, masts) are regulated in
the European Union by two main standards: EN 1991 and EN 1993.
Similar standards exists also outside the EU.
The standards state that the fixed variable actions (like wind) should be characteristic
values with a probability of exceeding of p=0,02 per year, which corresponds to a return
period of 50 Years.
So, towers/mast deflections and rotations are calculated on the basis of a wind velocity that
derives from the basic wind velocity defined as:
9
Pole/Tower deflection specifications
10
Pole/Tower deflection impact on E-Band link
As defined in slide n.5, the max attenuation level can be found around
0.5÷0.7 degrees for 60 cm. antenna and 1.3÷1.5 degrees for 30 cm.
antenna.
So, when the intensity of the wind causes a structure deflection close to
that angles, we can have an attenuation that is 20÷30 dB on the link.
The curve of the radiation pattern is very sharp, so the attenuation will
have a lot of variability like this one:
attenuatio
n
time
Fade Margin of E-Band link is usually >>30 dB, so the effect of wind will typically result in a down-
shift of the modulation. So the availability of higher modulation can be reduced, but the lower
modulations should not be affected.
In case of Super Dual Band, the effect will be even more mitigated by the traffic carried on the lower
band that will not be affected at all by the tower sway.
11
Pole/Tower recommendation against wind effect on E-Band
Structure Deflection
Recommendation for E-Band antenna Installation Impact
(degrees)
Max deflection is 1 degree (probability once every 50 years), but deflection of Very limited, the
0.5 degrees may occur for 10 minutes almost once in a year. degradation introduced at
1 - 30 cm. Antenna: link is not affected highest moduation is only a
- 60 cm. Antenna: Availability of higher modulations can be reduced by an small percentage of the rain
average of 5 min/year, Lower modulations should not be affected unavailability
In this case, antenna stability must be carefully verified to avoid link Impact to be carefully
>1
degradation, in particular if 60 cm. antenna are used. analyzed
12
Introduction
13
Sun heating deflection effects on Monopoles
We have experienced some cases of «abnormal» behavior of
E-Band antenna links installed in high positions on Monopole structures.
Height:30 m.
In these links, received level in strongly attenuated for several
hours during sunny days.
Rx level variations along the hours have same pattern every
sunny day:
14
Deflection measured in field to verify root cause of the problem
∠t = ∠a * (L/h) * coefficient
E-Band antenna
Heigth:30 m. Here: ∠t = tangent angle of tower on top (antenna)
∠ß = straight deflection angle of tower
∠a = deflection angle from measure point
coefficient = tower thermal bending correction factor
Remark:
all the above angles are tiny angles, so it can be calculated
by linear geometry approximately.
Pole deflection is caused by the temperature difference between the sunny and the
shadowy side of the pole.
15
Deflection increased as temperature difference is going up.
1
0
7:30:00 8:45:00 9:30:00 1:34:00
-10
0,8
-20
RSL
-30
Temp Diff
0,6
Tilt deviation
-40
-60
7:30:00 AM 87.65 0.2 -45.0 4
16
Worst case (like in this example) is when link direction is East-West
30m 0.9° down tilt 0.9° up tilt 30m
29.5m
0.6m: 2x 21.4dB = 43dB loss 29.5m
0.3m: 2x 11.6dB = 23dB loss 0.6m
0.6m
24m Mis-aligned 24m
due to sun deflection
(tower thermal bending)
18m 18m
17.5m
17.5m
In this link, the sun irradiation comes parallel to the link and
12m therefore both monopoles where affected at the same time, 12m
doubling the attenuation effect.
At lower height, attenuation is much less because the deflection
angle will be limited.
6m 6m
0m 0m
17
Attenuation found in different scenario
18
Introduction
19
Installation Guidelines for Monopoles
Verify on tower design that sway caused by wind is not more than
1 degree for the antenna installation position.
20
Installation Guidelines for Lattice Towers
Recommended positions for E-Band antennas on Lattice Towers
30 cm. antenna at max 70%. height
60 cm. antenna at max 50% height
Keep antenna closer to the main structure
Verify on tower design that sway caused by wind is not more than
1 degree for the antenna installation position.
21
Installation Guidelines for Rooftop Trellis
22
Installation Guidelines for Rooftop Poles
23
Installation Guidelines for Concrete Towers/Wall Mounting
24
Installation Guidelines for Guyed Masts
25
E-Band Installation Guidelines from customers
Vodafone GNED (global engineering team) issued a recommendation that is in line with what is
reported in previous slides:
26
Thank You.
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