- EFFECT = so, thus, hence, then therefore,

ENGLISH 8 – Q4 as a result, in effect, as consequence,

LESSON 1 - Using Grammatical consequently, leads to, one of the effects
Signals Suitable To Each Pattern Of is, and that is why.
Example:
Idea Development a. Many people neglect the importance of self-
care. As a result, their physical and mental
PATTERN [OF IDEA] DEVELOPMENT health are tremendously compromised.
Claim and Counterclaim
Refers to the structure of writing on how the ideas are
- Structure of presenting a side of an issue in an
being presented. It is the process of outlining and
argumentative manner. A claim is the writer’s
arranging ideas logically to come up with coherent
stand on a topic supported by pieces of evidence
compositions. This process aids writers in sorting and
and logical reasoning. Also, the writer presents
grouping ideas.
the counterclaim or the opposite stand of an issue
Five of the commonly used patterns of idea to disprove it through pieces of evidence and
development: logical reasoning.
General to specific (deductive) However, nevertheless, on one hand, on the other
hand, admittedly, some people say, some may
- Discusses the general topic by presenting specific
say, of course, and but not only that.
details that support the topic. The writer starts
with the general idea stated in the topic sentence. PROBLEM SOLUTION
Then elaborated and explained through specific
- Is used when a writer identifies a problem and
details and examples.
addresses it by presenting one or more solutions.
Examples: A problem refers to an unsatisfactory situation
that causes troubles or difficulties. A solution, on
a. In addition to that, reading a book, going
the other hand, refers to how solving or
outdoors once in a while, and eating fruits
minimizing the problem.
and vegetables are other simple ways of
- Because, cause, since, as a result, in order to, and
prioritizing oneself.
so that, as a solution, and one way.
b. Practicing self-care matters, especially
when things seem to move fast. As an
example, exercising has been proven to
relieve stress LESSON 2 - Expanding The Content Of
Words such as: first, second, third, next, last, as an
An Outline Using Notes From Primary
example, in addition to, for example, for instance, And Secondary Sources
that is, to illustrate, thus, such as, including, typically,
In writing, it is normal to experience moments when
also, on one hand, on the other hand, and examples of
you would have a hard time generating ideas. One
these.
way of overcoming this difficulty is by practicing
CAUSE AND EFFECT different brainstorming techniques as a form of a
rewriting strategy: One way of engaging your mind
- explains the causes and effects of something. to generate ideas is by creating an outline.
When a writer presents reasons, he or she is
explaining the causes. When a writer explains the OUTLINE is a framework used to
results, he or she is explaining the effects. present the main and supporting ideas
- CAUSE = if, for, since, due to, because. of a subject matter. It indicates the
Owning to, because of, one cause, and
resulting from.
order by which ideas are presented and
the relationships of these ideas with
 each other. Outlining is an important
step that writers take to generate ideas,
organize thoughts, and save time in
writing.
Choose a topic.
Select a topic that interests you, benefits others, and
provides sources of information. Your choice of
topic may also be determined by the purpose,
situation, and event of your essay or speech.
- These present secondhand information that
Determine the purpose of writing.
The content of your outline may depend on the
purpose of your essay or speech. Is your purpose to
inform, to persuade, or to entertain?
Research about your topic.
Initially, you always recall and get information from
your personal experiences and other people's
experiences. Aside from tapping on one's
background knowledge, you may also look for
factual details, substantial evidence, and statistical
information from credible sources, and note
important details. You can categorize sources into
two kinds—primary and secondary.
a. Primary sources – Ideas and
information described These present
secondhand are based on the firsthand
information that has been accounts of
those who were interpreted based on the
primary able to see or experience a source
event. A source may include a first-person
point of view and his/her personal opinion.
Original documents and original data are
considered primary sources.
Examples:
Diaries: journals, speeches, interviews,
letters, manuscripts, correspondences,
and autobiographies
Published materials: sources that are
written and published at the time of the
event, and academic research
Media: photographs, audio and video
recordings, and recorded histories or oral
traditions.
Secondary Sources
has been interpreted based on primary
sources.
Examples:
encyclopedias, chronologies, textbooks,
general history books, biographies,
magazine articles, dissertations,
dictionaries, and atlases
Develop the main idea/s.
How would you like to elaborate on your ideas?
What are your main points? Usually, the main
points may be in the form of reasons, points of
comparison, categories or types, solutions, or
effects. Then, based on the data you have
gathered from primary and secondary sources,
you can further expand the main points you want
to discuss.
Support your main ideas.
From your researched information, look for
details based on the items you have gathered
from primary and secondary sources that will
support your main points. List down pieces of
evidence from the sources and write down your
inferences or conclusions based on your findings.
Organize your ideas in a structure that is
appropriate to the chosen topic.
The basic format of an outline is an alternating
series of numbers and letters indented according
to the level of importance. The important
elements that need to be considered in outlining
are the thesis statement and the supporting
details.
The thesis statement is the main idea of the
essay. It summarizes your stand on the issue, the
main points you intend to tackle,
and the order in which they appear in the text.

You can use the checklist below to

evaluate if you are writing a good thesis
statement.
 It contains the subject of the essay.
 It expresses one major idea or stand about
the subject.
 It lists two or three subtopics that are
parallel in form.
 Each subtopic is the basis for writing the
topic sentence of each body paragraph.
Supporting details are useful information that
you include to elaborate and expand on your
main points. These strengthen the credibility of
the paper. They may be in the form of examples,
explanations, descriptions, and experiences.

Review your outline and revise it as

needed.
Read your outline again. Are the needed pieces
of information stated? Are the ideas organized?
Are there unnecessary details included?
To make sure all important elements are included
in your outline, a second eye may be of help.
This is when you can ask a peer to check your
outline and make comments and/ or suggestions.