Blood vessels:

Theblood flows through three types of blood. They are

a. Arteries
b. Veins
c. Capillaries
Arteries:
1. Thearteries are thick walled tubes.
2. Thereareno valves
3. Theblood flows under high pressure.
4. Arteries have narrowlumen
5. They carry oxygenated blood except pulmonaryartery.
6. They emergefromheart
7. Blood flows with jerk.

Veins:

1. Theveins are thinking walled tubes.

2. Therearevalves.
3. Theblood does not flow underpressure.
4. Veins have widelumen.
5. Veins carry de-oxygenated blood except pulmonary vein.
6. They entertheheart.
7. Blood flows smoothly.

Capillaries:

Thecapillaries arevery thin walled and narrow tubes which connect arteriestoveins. The
blood fromarteries enters thecapillaries.

Circulation of blood in humans:

Thecirculation of blood can bestudied in thefollowing steps:

1. As soon as a muscles of all the four chambers of the heartarearelax,thepulmonary

vein brings the oxygenated blood fromthelungs totheleftatrium of theheart.
2. Immediately theleft atrium contracts and theoxygenated blood is pushed intotheleft
ventricle through the valve called bicuspid valve or mitralvalve.
3. As theleftventricles contracts,theoxygenated blood is pushed forcefully intothe
main artery called aorta. This main artery branches in the smaller arteries which goto
different body organs. The smaller arteries further branches into capillaries.
4. Theaorta carries blood toalltheorgans of thebody.
As theoxygenated blood passes through the capillaries to every cell of the body
organs it keeps giving oxygentothebody. Carbon dioxideproduced aswastematerial
during respiration enters into the blood. The deoxygenated blood fromthebody
organs enters to the right atriumof theheart through venacava.
5. As theright atriumcontractstheoxygenated blood pushed down into the right
ventricle through the valve called tricuspid valve.
6. When theright ventriclecontracts the deoxygenated blood is pumped intothelungs
through thepulmonary artery. Inthelungs,deoxygenated blood releases itscarbon
dioxide and absorbs fresh oxygen from the air. Through this process the blood
becomes oxygenated again.
This wholeprocess is repeated continuously without stopping.

Doublecirculation:
In humanbeingsand many othermammals the bird blood flows twicethroughthe
heart to supply blood to the body during each cycle.
Thecirculatory system in which theblood travelstwicethroughtheheartduring one
completecycleof thebody is called doublecirculation.
It includesthepulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
Pulmonary circulation: Thedeoxygenated blood is pumped by therightventricleinto
thelungs foroxygenation.
Systemic circulation:The oxygenated blood is carried fromleft auricletotheleft
ventricle and then pump tothevariousparts of the body.

Note:
1. Thewarmblooded animalssuch as mammals and birdshavehigh requirementof
energy tomaintain the body temperature. Tomeettheenergy requirement they
have doublecirculation.
 2. Cold blooded animals suchas amphibians and many reptiles whosebody
temperaturedepends onthetemperaturein theenvironment.They donot need the
energy tomaintain their body temperaturehavethreechamber heart.
3. Theaquatic animals likefish have to chambers heart. Theflowof blood in a fishis
called singlecirculation.

Transportationin plants:

Based on thematerials to be transported the plants havetwotypes of conducting tissues or

vasculartissues call xylemand phloem.

Xylem tissues carry waterand minerals

Planttissues carry the food materials prepared by the plants. Italsohelps incarrying the
hormonesmadeby theplants in their rootand shoot tips.

Xylem:

Xylem tissueis composed a fourtypes of elements:

A Xylem vessels

B. Tracheids

C. Xylemparenchyma

D. Xylemfibre

Mechanism of transport of water and minerals:

1. Thewater and dissolved minerals form the watery fluid known as xylemsap.
2. Theroothas absorb xylemSAPfromthesoil through diffusion.
3. Thexylem SAP moves fromthecell to cell bytheprocess of osmosis.
4. Thexylem vessels of therootof the plantareconnected with the xylemvessels of its
stem. So,thexylem SAP enters xylemvesselsof thestem.
5. Thisupward momentof waterand minerals is known as ascentof SAP. There is a
pressure developed in the root duetothecontinuous inflow of water becauseof cell to
cellosmosis. This pressureis known as rootpressure.
6. As a resultof root pressure the water enters thexylem vessels and push upwards
through stem to leaves.
7. Plant lose water in the formof watervapourtothetiny pose this processis called
transpiration.
8. Through osmosisthewater or xylemsap present in the leaf travels tothe cellwhere
transpiration istaking placetomakeup this loss of water.
9. This,the continuous evaporationof waterfromthecells of a leaf creates a kind of
suction called suction pressure or transpiration pull.

Transport of food and other substances :

Thefood manufactured by theleaves of aplantis transported toitsall other parts through

a kind of tubes called phloem.

Thetransport of food fromtheleaves tootherparts of the plantis called translocation.

Thephloem tissueis composed of 4 elements:

1. Seivetubes
2. Companion cells
3. Phloemparenchyma
4. Phloemfibres

Mechanism:

1. Thefood is made in thechloroplast or mesophyll cellsof a leaf. The food madeby the
mesophyllcells of a leaf entersintotheseivetubes of thephloem. Thephloem tubes
areconnected toeach and every part of theplant.
2. Thesugarmade in leaves is loaded intotheseivetubes of thephloem tissueby using
energy from ATP.
3. Water also enters into the seive tubes.
4. As a result the pressurein the phloemtissueincreases. Under high pressurethefood
produced in the leaves through thephloem tissuemoves thefood to all parts of the
plant having less pressureintheir tissue.
5. Thus,themovement of food in thephloem isbidirectional.