Had/ Pakista11 Studies for (BS-4 years)

General Elections 1990

The caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan held the Genr
al Elections on 29111
October 1990. lslami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) v.on the Elections capturing I 06 seats
against PPP's forty...,five seats m the National Assembly. Nawa7 Sharif, the leader
of the IJI, emerged as the national leader, winning seats in all provinces.
Muhammad Nawaz Sharirs first Government (November· 1990 to
July 1993)
Nawaz Sharif became the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 61h November 1990.Thc
new government concentrated on impro\'ing the econom) Some of Nawa1 Shari f's
steps like liberali;.ation of investment and lessening of burcaucrattc control m·cr
sanctioning new projects considerably restored the confidence of the domestic and
interationaJ investors.
Important steps taken by Nawaz Sharirs Government

Important steps of Nawaz Sharirs government arc as under.

1. Privatization Commission
The government constituted prit·atization comm1ss1on in 1991 Official
bank and financial institutions were reformed accordingly. Banks in private sector
\\:ere encouraged. Some banks and other institutions were sold out through this
Privatization Commission which created a positive impact on the national
eco nomy.
2. River water Distribution among the province�
A serious-dispute going on the water distribution of River Indus among the
four provinces of Pakistan. through the efforts of the government an agreement was
signed among the provinces and dispute of water was resol" cd forever.
3. Financial aid for the poor people
The government established 'Baitul Maar in 1992 which provided financial
help and aid to the poor people.
4. National Scheme
on-.1�c�i,:1�
The ovcrmncnt started national schemes like National � �l;hc.: n�
otorway project and Yellow C uh
l'rogrammc. �elf employment scheme. m_
for the betterment of People. It proved quite successful.

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Hl,1kl1 },Ian M11,uri 1111 cnrdnkcr J rimc Mini11tc
years w�s better than an)
1 lw I ll' fi performance during it, fir ,t two
fortunat cly this government also
I'• •viou pulitiCJil govcinrncnl in l'akist.m Hut un. _
rnment o� 18
, ,,11ld 110 1 u,rnplctc the term ;ir1cJ the Prc�1dcnt d1sm1sscd the gove
':>her Mu,a n was nommated
/\p,il 1 1,11, on corruption charges. Afterwards Blakh _
J>1 in11 \11 1 11&tc, ol Puki�tm1. But the Presid ent's action was challenged tn 111'
S 1 1prc11w C olllt / hr <.·ourl gHvc a verdict against the president's action. So Nawaz
Slu,til , < ,ovc111 1 11tl11t revived again. 'J he government of Nawaz Sharif was restor ed
with i11 �t>. wed·,
Mo1u·t·n ()urt1'hi 1111 caretaker Prime Minister
Hut 011 1hc interference of Chief of Army Staff Nawaz Sharif voluntarily
decided to step do\\fl ,incl resign President of Pakistan. Ghulam lshaq Khan also
1c11ig11cd. Mouc1..11 C)urc ,hi became caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan and
<"hainn:111 Senate. wa..,ccm 5a.11. ad became caretaker President of Pakistan .
Gc.·11cruf Elcc.-tiom, 1991
< 1t;m:r.1I elect ionc; \\.ere arranged under a caretaker administration headed b)
Moccn ()11rc ,hi i11 Octohcr 1993. I he elections, once again produced 11 divided
·11 111d:s1c H n.,111r Bhutto established a coalition government at the cl!ntre in
< J< lohcr I '>'JJ
Hcnazir Bhutto's Second Government (1993 to 1997)
J Bcmvir Bhutto became the Prime Minister of Pakistan for the second tenn
th
on J 9 October, 1993. She began her second term as a more secure Pnme
Minister than was the case when she assumed the office for the first time in
J 988, because she nominated Farooq Ahmed Laghari as the president of
f'ak1stan. She appointed Sajjad Ali Shah the chief justice of the Supreme
Court and repJaceded the head of the ISJ and of the 18.
Reforms
Reforms during her 2 nd regime are as follows:
2, The government setup kissan Bank for providing loans to fann ers and
launched National Tractor' Scheme.
J. Social and health policies were framed for women. Women police stations
and courts were setup for providng legal facilities to the lower classes.

158
 4. 'I hl, ptl\'l'lllllll'lll l111111d1l.'d lhl· 8 live-year pla11 li>1 ,apid <lcvclopment un<l
111

p11,,111,:nt) ol the <.·0111111 y

.
I h1.· tll'lmi'l,nl of lhl' �OVl'1'111m·nt of Ucn,ir Uhutto
I )illi:rcntl' on d1 ffi:rent mutters wus developed her ween President Mr.
I ,1rnt1q i\h1111:cJ I q.!lwri und Prime Minister Hcnt111r llhullo President of Pakistan
h1rooq Ahmed I cpluu i dismissed the governmenr of 13enn11r Bhutto in November
1996 A lor111c1 PPP lender Mnl,k M,11nti Khalid wus nom111uted us tht: l'rirnc
r-.t1111stc1 for lhl intc-rim period, und ,11 the smnc time unnounccd the <lure for next
gcncrttl elections
(,cncrnl Elnl'litrn, 1997
1
I he (11,;nerul hlect,ons were held on 1" Februury, 1997. In this election
P11kistun Muslim J eagUl: got the absolute majority seuts in Nutionul Assembly.
While! its candidate:; ulso cuptured two scats in Kuruchi.A new political purty,
I d1rik-i-l11saf' headed hy Jmran Khan cntered to the I· lcctions, hut did not win a
:iinglc sent in the National and Prnvm,i.tl Asscmhli.:s.

Muhammad N;1waz Sharirs Rcign-2"" term (1997-1999)

Muhammad Nuwuz Shnrif hccume the l'riml.' Minister of Paksitan for the
second term. lhc Muslim League also formed coalition government in all the four
prov inces
V
\. n,ccm Snjj11d 11, the cuctakcr Prc�idcnt of J>akistun
Alter one month conflict cJcvclopccJ between Chief Justice of Pakistan und
Nuw11, Sharif (,o\cmment ·1 he confrontation wa� resolved through army
intervention and ('luef justice had to resign from his orfice. F.irooq Khan legari
also resigned from the presidency on 2nd Dccembl:r 1997. Chairman Senate
i usecm Saj,1ad hecamc the caretaker president of Pakistan.

Presidential Election
I he presidential elcct10n was held in December 1997.Justicc (Rted) Rafiq
1 nra r was elected as president against Aftab Shabun Mir.mi of Peoples Party.
l{cforms during Nawa1. Sharif Government
I. Agricultural Policy
ultural policy in
Nawu✓, Sharif government announced on improved agric
l field.
<J<J8 Ten Crorc ru pees were fixed for this

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2. Education Policy . ed at opening man)

the ne w educa t 1o na 1 Policy aim
(1 ovcrn mcnt annou nce
d
new academic institutio n�
Important steps
. follows:
Important events of his second tenn are as
J. Right of Vote to Pakistanis abroad . .
. . .
rhe government gave the .right to vote to Pakistames hvmg abroad \\-hich
developed interest in them for Pakistan.
2. Census of 1998
·
· °fthe
The census of the people was conducted m 1998; the populat1on
country had reached to more tha n 13 core people accordingly.
3. Atomic Blasts
Mr. Nawaz Sharif had sha ttered the dreams of superiority of India in the
atomic field by doi n g atomic blasts on 28th May 1998 in Chaghi Hills.
4. Kargil Attack
General Pcrvcz attacked Kargil in 1999, bu t the forces
had to be called bacl
from the cap tured area on the advice of Bill Clin ton, the pres
ident of the U.S.A.
s. "Pay off loan and adorn the country", Scheme
Economic condition of th� country was
not improving and government had
to take loans from the IMF for lls budget. Na
waz Sharif started a schem e called
"Pay off loa n •. adorn the cou n t1:Y" and appeal
ed to the nation to pay off the forei�O
loan. The ?at 1 �n welcomed this scheme
and 17 billion rupees were collected ull
J u ne I 999in th 1s head.
Constitutional Amendments
1. 13 th amendment of th e Constit
ution 1973
The clause 58-2b was re
moved..flrom t_h
Government. With the sup ort e 1973 constitution y N wat
s of o pos ton
to dissolve the National As�em t t� W h t�h �ad given powers tob pres�ident
ly a any time. Th en
back through 13 th amendm b
ent po wers. is ngh t of the president w as talc

160
 H-1 Pat.isl� StJ1dies for {BS-4 ,rrrors.J
,,,.._,

Ci
2. 14 amendment of the Con,tit ution 19i3
lbroug.h lhi �ndmem the el...�rc-d member l'•f
the A ,cmbl) \\11!- bounJ tu
l
i \e the \Ote o. conhdencc onl) t..., their own pam 1�::iJc:r. Villlntur i, to h<.·
expelled from the par.).
Labore declaration
The lndian Prime Mtm.ster. .\tal Bihari \ aip,1\ee. , isited Lnh
t1rc b, bu,
v.ith a messa�e '"6ood,,ill. :-..a,,az. �harif \\ekomeJ him at \\ Jg.ah Border." Both
le:3d� ann ul'l�ed man) plan!> to norm:tlize mutu:tl relations \ J'-'int agreement
•:assigned, li1c..1 \\as called .. Lahore declaration..
-1.13 General Pervaiz �tusharaf as the Chief E)..ecthe of Puki tan
(October 1999 to June 2001)
Rea.sons of Martial Law
l. �awaz Sharif gm emment passed 11 bill \\1th m::iJOnt) for e tablishmg
!)pecial couns for speed) tri:tl and the go,emrnent reduced the number of
Judged of the Supreme Court from I , to l 2 through a notific.mon m
September I 997. The Supreme Coun rejected this notification :ind the
relations between the government andjudiciru: became more ten�ifa.-d.
2. There was a clash between Pakistan and India in \ ht) l 9Q9. On the ad, ice
of American PresidenL Bill Clinton. �a"az harif ,i ·ited America and
signed the ceasefire agreement It \\i.lS called --\\ n....J\ington Dedurotion"
.
The �ation and Arm) :showed a deep sense t1f despair and anger o,er this
step.
3. General Jahangir Kararnat ad, ised for the formation of ..'lational Securit)
Council..for securit) purposes in Ocwber 1999. Na\\37 hurif t1.1ok. the
res,gnation from Jahangeer Karrunm anJ appointed G1:ncral Penez
Musharaf in his place
4. On 12th October 1999. the Chief of •\ntl) Staff General Pl'f\ c� � lus�a.mf
v.as abroad on lLm.�1gn tom. Prime \lmist1..·r '\,\\\.\/ Sh.ml ,1pp1.'111ll:d
General Ziauddin as the ne" Ch1el ot tht.> \rm) .:t.1l1 m lus nhscnn: l!ut lht'
l1.)1.>k <.1cncr.1!
Pro-Musharaf Ami) Gent!rob re,oltcd 3g,1111st 1t. 1 he arm�
Ziaud din into its custod) .\mi on the .uri\ .1I 1.,t Uenernl Pen e, \ lu�h,11.11
the go,emment o f '-' ' - rt'llW\d lkncral Pcn.v \lu�hm1l
·"a"az ...,harif \\3"
took the control of the countr) and became thr Chief l:.:-..c:cum c ot P.,k.1-.1,111

161
 H•tll PdlslMI St•dlnfor (BS-4years) -
on I 2'h October, 1999. The "Plane Hijack Case was planned against Nawaz
Sharif He was sentenced to imprisonment and was declared unfit for any
Public post by a special court On the intervention of Saudi government, he
was sent on exile to Saudi Arabia.
Pervaiz Musharaf as the President of Pakistan (June 2001 to August 2008)
On 20 th June 2001. President Rafiq Tarar resigned and General Musharraf
became the president of Pakistan
Presidential Referendum 2002
Like General Ayyuab and General Zia-ul-Haq he �ot himself elected as the
president of the country by holding a referendum on 30' April, 2002. Afterward he
promised to hold fresh elections after introducing changes in the system of
government. In accordance with his promise he conducted the next general
elections on I 0th of October, 2002. Nawaz Sharif along with Benazir Bhutto were
banned to participate in these elections Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam group}
came into power and Mir Zafarullah Jamali from Balochistan was appointed as the
Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Presidential Election 2004
The National Assembly again elected General Pervez Musharaf as
president on 18 th January, 2004. He announced elections in January. 2008 with the
condition that he \\'Ould be elected as president for the next five years before
dissolution of the present assembly.
Chaudhary Shujaat Hussain as Prime Minister (26June 2004 to 28 August
2004)
In these situations, Mir Zafar Ullah Khan Jamali could not retain his
position and on 30 June 2004 he resigned from his office arid Chaudhary Shujaat
th

became the Prime Minister for only two months and Shaukat Aziz was nominated
85 the next Prime Minister.

Shaukat Aziz as Prime Minister (28 th August 2004 to J 5 No,•embcr, 2007)

On 28 1h Au gust 2004 Shaukat Aziz was appointed as the Prime Minister of
Pakistan. Before General Elections 2008, General Musha,raf was re-elected as
president of Pakistan for the next five years.
•·

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,.........

J/11111 /'llkltl1111 ,\'1tul/1•,j11r (IJS ,t yeanl

Reform� during Pcrvcz Musharaf's regime

1. Lo<•11I Go vtrnmcnt Plan of Musharaf Government
( ,cncral l'crvcz Musharaf Introduced local government plan in 2000. The
fl',wcr wu'I tc, be tnm.,fcrrcd to the lower level of the public. The local government
had been divided into three parts which are given as follows:
IJulon Cuvcrnmcut
Union government comprises of Nazim and Naib Nazim and members. The
people elect thirteen members of Union Council which are one Nazim, one Naib
Niuim, four male general councillors. four femafe general councilors, two male
lnrmcri, I lahour councillors, two female farmer / labour councillors and one
minority councillor. Making the annual development programme for the area
imposing taxes at the local level and solving the cases of crimes of small nature,
land and family disputes were the duties of a Union Council.
Tch�il Government
'I he ·1 chsil Government comprises of Tehsil Nazim, Tehsil Naib Nazim,
'I chsil Council and Administration the educational qualification of the Tehsil
N11zim and the Naib Nazim should be at least Matric. They are elected by all the
Union councillors present in thesil. Thcsil Nazim is the administrative head of the
I chsil gov<.:rnmcnt. 'I he 'f ehsil Nazim will be the head of the Tehsil Government.
The Naib Nazi ms of all the Union Councils will be the members of Tehsil
council, 33% of the seats in the 'lehsil Council are for women, 5% seats are for
farmers and labourers and 5% seats will be reserved for the minorities. A Tehsil
Mu nicip al Officer ('I MO) will work under the Tehsil Nazim. These departments
inclu de finance budget and account, record of land revenue, planning, rural and
urba n development municipal coordination and its stages etc.
Oi11trict Government
lt comprises of Nazim, Naib Nazim, Council and administration. The head
of lhc district government is the district Nazim. In one district, the Nazims of all the
Unio n Counc ils are included in the district council, and 33% seats for the
women,
5¾ scats for
the farmers and laboure rs and 5% seats are reserved for the minorities
out of the tota
l scats of district council.
'J he District Nazim is the head of all the administrative powers. The district
Pol ice and
adm inistration arc answerable to the District Nazim. The District Nazim

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 .,

Jludi Pakistan Studie.'5 for (BS-4 year'>)

. . . onsi'bl_ e for the development an d prosperit�

provides political leadersh. ip· and· 15 resp . ••s run through the district co-
of his district. The adm1mstrat1on f the d1st° . nc t
dep artmcnt 15 called the executive
coordinating officer {D C.O). 1 he head of every
District Oflicer (EDO).
2. Privatization Policy of General Pervez Musharaf
Musharaf also started
Like Benazir Bhuno and Na�az Sharif <?cneral
from priva tization was
Pri,atization. lts a,m was to end poverty and the income
spent on the pa)ment of foreign loans and social ':el fare.
Habib Bank was sold for only Rs. 22 billion and UBL was sold for onl) 13
billion rupees in December 2004. The Privatization Com�ission sol_d 26% shares
of PTCL to 1:-.tisalaat of Dubai Company. Pak-Arab Fert1hzer of M1rpu� �athelo
\\.as sold for 8 billion. Pak-Arab Fertilizer of Multan was sold for 13 billion and
Pak-American FcrtiliLer was sold for 16 billion rupees. So the Pervez Musharaf
Government earned 2.5 billion dollars in a year through privatization.
3. Industrialization during Pervez Musbaraf Government
Many new industries like car assembly plant industry, motor cycle
assembly, sugar industry, chemical industries, industries for making goods of basic
needs, electrical equipment industries, cement industries and steel making industr)
were set up during Musharaf Government.
4. Legal Framework Order (LFO)
According to the Legal Framework Order (LFO) General Pervez Musharaf
was given unlimited powers. He could appoint governor, three heads of the arme d
forces, Chief Election Commissioner and the Chairman of Federal Publi Service
c
Commission. He could dissolve the assemblies.
Reaction of the Opposition
Legal Framework order_ (_ LFO) became the main caus
e for dispute between
the government and the opposition. The Prime Minister of Pakistan Mir Zafar-ullah
Khan J�a_li made utmost ef!�rts for _ re�onciliation between the
government and
th� op�os1tton. All the oppos1t_1on_ parties publsished a white pape
r in 2003 on the
pnce hike, unemployment, waiving off the loans of favourite people and failure of
Musharraf government on internal and external fronts.

164
Hatll Pokiltan Studies or (BS-4 ye
f ars)

Muhammad Mian Soom ro as caretak

er Prime Minister (November 2007 to
:25March 2008)
Sha�kat Aziz was removed from his office and Muhammad.Mian Soomro was
appomted as caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan on 161h November 2007. He held
,
the General Elections in February 2008. Pakistan Peoples' Party and Muslim
League (N) gained the majority in these elections, but Muslim League (Q) failed
miserably.
Yousaf Raza Gilani as Prime Minister (March 2008 to June 2012). Raja
Pervaiz Ashraf as Prime Minister (22 June 2012 to 25 March 2013)
Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani of Pakistan Peoples Party was elected Prime Minister of
Pakistan on 25 th March 2008.. In June 2012 the Supreme Court of Pakistan
declared Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani as disqualified. In his place Raja
Pervaiz Ashraf became the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 22 nd June, 2012
Muhammad Miao Soomro as caretaker President of Pakistan (18 August 2U08
to 9 September 2008)
Muhammad Mian Soomro became the care taker President of Pakistan after the
resignation of General Pervaiz Musharaf on 18 1h
August, 2008.
Asif Ali Zardari as the President (9 September2008 to 9 September 2013)
P
In September 2008, Asif Ali Zardari was elected as the President of akistan.
Mir Hazar Khan Khoso as caretaker P�ime Minister (25 March 2013 to 5 June
2013)
On 25 0, March 2013 Mir H :5
. azar K han Khoso wa� appomted the Ca retaker
, the General Elections on 111 May, 2013. In
·
Pnme M"mister of Pakistan· He held g · · ·
. Muslim Lea ue (•N) game · d t he maJonty. Wh"t1 e Pakistan
1 an
these Elecnons p a k"st
po 1-1t1• ca I party through the General
Tahrik-e-lnsaf (PTI) also raised as a big
elections of 2013.
September 2013 to ---)Muhammad
Mumnoon .Hussam . as the President (9'h
Minister ( 5 June 2013 to ---)
Nawaz Shraf As p •me e
Shar if b comes the Prime Minister of Pakistan for the
Mu hamm1 aJ'Nawaz
. . e 2013 while Mumnoon Hussain became the President of
third time on 5 Jun , 201' 3.
h
9th Septe mber'
Pakistan on

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 J/adl Pak/Jtar, St"dlesfor (BS-4 yeort}

4.14 Amendments in the Constjtution of Pa.kistan 1973

First Amendment
This amendment was passed on 4 lh Mat, 1974 Pedefiend tnc boundrier; ,,t f><JY W:s:1
and removed reference to East Pakistan

Second Amendment
On 7th September 1974 the parliament approved second amend�ent. ·r�is
amendment defiend a Muslim and declared the status of Ahmad1e, a mmonty ar,d
non- Muslim.
Third Amendment
tJ;
Extended the period of preventive detention on J8 f·ebruary ''J75.
Fourth Amendment
On 21 s• November 1975. Decreed additional seats for minorities, it also deprived
courts of the power of preventive detention.
Fifth Amendment
On 51h September. I 976. widened the scope of restriction on the High C..0.1rt.
Sixth Amendment
On 22 nd December. J 976, Provided that ( h1ef Justice of Supreme �rt will be
r
retired at the age of sixty five and High ourt Judges at the age of sixty two.
Seventh Amendment
On l 6th May, 1977, enables the Prime Minister to obtain a vote of confidence of
the people 6f Pakistan.
Eighth Amendment
On 14 1h November l 985, the pariliament approved eighth amendment. It
introduced major changes in the 1973 constitution It JS explained as under:
Article�
Accordirlg to amendment article 5 l in the constitution 1973, article 5 l, and
the age of voter has been raised to twenty one years.
The general seats of the national assembly have been enhanced to 207. In
addition to this, ten seats have been reserved for religious minorities like
Christians t Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and the Qad1anis or Lahore group. Twenty
seats have now been reserved in the National Assembly for women for a specified
period of time. The members belonging to minority communities are now to be

166
 Jfadl Pak/\1011 Stutlle� or BS-4 ear.,;

elected on the basis of separate electorates, 1.e. the registered voters of each
community electing their representatives.
Article 58
Und er this article the Eighth amendment has authorized the president to
dissolve the National Assembly as per his discretion and the circumstances.
1. Where a vote of no-confidence having been passed against the Prime Minister.
no other member of the National Assembly is likely to command the
confidence of the majority of the members.
• 11. Where a situation has arisen in which the federal government cannot be carried
on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and an appeal to the
electorate is necessary.
Article 59
Under this article by the Eighth amendment, the number of senate seats has
been enhanced from sixty three to eighty seven; eight senators are to be elected
from the federally Administered Tribal Areas against five prior to the amendment.
From the capital area, three instead of two are now to be elected. Five additional
seats have been allocated to the Ulema, technocrats. or other professionals from
each province to be elected by the concerned provincial assembly. Half of the
members of each category are to retire after every three years. Previously the term
was for two years.
Article 60
According to this article, the term of the office of chairman and deputy
chainnan has been extended from two years to three years.
Article 75
Before the amendment, the president was required to give his assent to a bill
within seven days after it had been presented to him. If he failed to do so, he was
demanded to have assented there to. According to the amended article, it requires
the president to
give his assent to the bill with-in thirty days. He is also empowered
to return a bill
other than a money bill to the parliament for reconsideration of the
Whole or a part of the bill. If the parliament, in a joint sitting, again passes the bill.
the preside
nt cannot with-hold his assent.

167
Article 101 p0111lcd hy
. ti ,
c umc ndm cnt l 11c ( , ovc,nm ,s. to IK· 11p
Under this ar uclc, u ft er
. , . . e. Minister But bclorc the 11tlll'll(I llH.'111,
the Presiden t in consullot1on with thc Prim
1dcnt.
the Governor was to be oppotntcd by the Pn.:s
Article 105
Before the amendmen
r_
t, the unve rnor l)t' the prnvincc w11s rcqum:d to ud Ill
. - m.lvH.:c• wns. 1lll\J ing, on
accordance with the advice of tI1c• C'I uc·t· Mmistcr ,11H.I such
htm.
of the
But after the amendment, the (iovcrnnr sttll hus to net on _the mlvicc
Chief Minister. but now he cnn nsk the Chief Minister und th.c cnbind to n:consid l.!I
the advice. The Governor is required to uct in uccor<lance with the n<lv11..:e tcnth:n.:d
afler reconsidcmtton.
According to the other amendment tn th,-. .irtteh:. alkr the dissolution of thr
provincial as::.cmbl). the C1 0\crno1 shull uppomt u carctukcr go\crn1m:nt .ll lus
discretton but with pnor apprco\'al of the P1csidcnt.
Article 106
1
According rn sub-duu:-c ( 4) ot the unid:.• uflcr tu11endment, th'-· powers
conferred on the Govl!rnor. by ,·inuc of the umcm.lll\\;l\t fot <.h'isolut ,on of 11
provincial ussemhl) are similar to tl\O:;c 1..onfc11ell on the Pn.!'>1<lcnt for the
dissolution of the auonal Asscmbl) under mtick 58.
Article 116
Unde!r this article niter amendment. the pow ....•1:-; of th1..· gmcrnor
me :-imilM
in nature ns the pl)\>vl!rs of th� president under tu ti<.:h.: ]'i It en, i:mgcs th,\I thl'
governor is to g1, e his assent to a bill ,, ith in thirl) d�1\s ol the p,1ssing of thl' hill
by the prm inc1al assembl). [ he go,cmor can send b.1d. a bill c,ccpt nHll\C bill
u )
to the assembly for n;considerutton. fhe govemo1 hns to give his
assent to the hill
after it ha� bel!n recons1dercd b) the nsscmbl)
Article 270
13) Fighth amendment. this urt1dc .indemn1liC's all the
pn:s1dcnt s tmkr
ordinance. martini law regulations. martial la\\ ord
....•rs mcludinl). the r....·ten•nd \llll
order mudc bet"ccn 5 Jul) 1977, and D September
19�5 At\cr tlu\l lh\l1..' the
president's order, Martial h1\, rcgulntitn1s. mart
ial la\\ llr\lcrs arc ll) he c,mtin c,t
only to making such provisions us nrc to focilitl\tc
or incident.,! to th...• 1\!, <)�•oth'I\ 1..ll
1<>8
ihi· p1ml1111111l11111 ul S J!lly l'J77 /\ list of above mentioned secured enactments
th

11 utck 11111r111m l1n111 the Jtn1•,d1tt1on of courts after with drawl of martiai ,av.
�
ltrrn p,uvi(l\.:d 111 lh1. fllncnckd constitution. In this v.ay a blanket indemnitv and
l·1111�1,11111111111I t·11vc1 was pr'>v1dcd to all the actions and orders of the miJitan
vovr111111r111 ol /,1;1 111 I Jnq form s•t, July I 977 to 30 December I 985..
lnth Auwudml•ut
Bill lo �mpnw ,lia,iuh luw as the supreme law of land: The bill was passed b�
Sl·11utc 111 l'JH S hut rnuld never be passed by 1 ational Assembly O\\ing to the
Inlier '!i d1,;i,olutton
l'rnth Amendment
On 29 Murch I 'JH7, hxcd the interval period between sessions of the National
th

t\s'icmhly not to exceed J 1() days.

Elncnth Amendment
, In 19H<J the reserved scats for women in the nation assembly and the prO\ incial
usscmhlic'I were rcvi-,cd. J Jowever, two years latter on 23rd August 1992 the bill
ww1 withdrawn hy its movers that the government intended to introdu� the same
bill very soon.
Twelfth Amcmlmcnt 1991
Created speedy tnul court for three years
Thirteenth Amendment
In Fchruary, 1997, the Muslim League led by Na\\,'az Sharif s"ept the
general clectioni; by winning a comfortable majority which crossed the figure of
two third majority. Taking advantage of such strong support in the parhamenL the
government got a new amendment (Thirteenth amendment) passed b} the
parliament on J st ApriJ J997, curtailing the powers of the President and enhancing
lhc powers of the Prime Ministers.
. lhc President's power under article 58 (2b) \.\h1ch empowered him to
di!!solvc the N
ational Assembly in his discretion was omitted. He could dissohe lhe
l\s,emhly only on the advice f the Prime Minister as envisaged in the ongmal
19 o
73 constitution. After the vote of no•confidence no other leader could comm311<l
a majority in the National Assembly.

169

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 1/11,11 l'ukl\tfm ,\'t1ull1•\
•
ft,, (IJS-4 vea,9 -
I hc thirteenth timended ulso amended the constitution to the extent that the
< i< 1 vernor. like the President, was also deprived of the power to dissolve the
provinciul ussembly ut his discretion.
According to the thirteenth amendment, there shall be Governor for each
province which shall be appointed by the president on the advice of the Prime
M mister. Under urticlc 247, this commission has further weakened the authority of
the President and has enhanced the position of the Prime Minister for the
appointment of chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, the Chief of the Army
Stuff, the Chief of the Navy Staff, and the Chief of Air Staff, and determining their
c;ularies und ullowanccs. This has obviously strengthened the position of Prime
Minister in relation 10 armed forces.
f'ourtccnth Amendment
On ) rd July. 1997 the parliament approved the fourteenth amendment to
introduce a new article 63-A in the constitution. The object of insertion of this
article was to add one more item in the long List of disqualifications for
membership of the parliament, already existing in the form of the article 63.
The new article was intended to eliminate the malpractice of changing part)
loyalties by the elected members of ·the parliament and the provincial assemblies
for personal gains and other ulterior motives. The prartice of defecting from one
party to another is known in common parlance as indulging in "horse trading" and
had been one of the major factors contributing to political instability in the past.
Under this clause (2). the procedure of action against a member charged with an act
of defection is provided.
Seventeenth Constitutional Amendment
By seventeenth amendment certain articles of LFO were changed while
others were made the part of the constitution even without the approval of the
parliament. Sali�nt features of the seventh amendment are as under.
I. Under the LFO Perviaz Musharraf could hold two offices of COAS and the
President of Pakistan. But according the article 63 after the seve nteenth
amendment, he will have to relinquish the office of COAS by 31 December,
st
,.
2004.
at
.., The President's authority of dissolving the assemblies was conditioned to th
the
of the president, after dissolving the assemblies, will have to refer

170
 Studies for (BS-4 year5)
Hadi Pakistan

dissolution to the Supreme Court with in 15 dJys I he Supreme court v. ill

explain the constitutional status of the pres1dent1al action with-in 15 <la>�-
3 The LFO had set up the National Security Council. But according lo
seventeenth amendment the NSC would be established by 1he purliament
legislation and it will not be considered an institution.
4. According to the seventeenth amendment the age limit of the judge of higher
courts was enhanced for three years under LFO. Under tbis amendment 1t was
withdrawn and put under article 62 and 65 in the constitution.
5. According to the LFO Prime Minister had no role in the appointment of
Chairman joint Chief of staff Committee and the chief of three anned forces.
6. It was compulsory for the president to see k vote of confidence from the
parliament and four provincial assemblies.
Eighteenth constitutional amendment
The National Assembly passed the landmark constitutional reforms bill on
111
8 April 2010, and the senate passed it on 12th April, 2010. Its details are as
follows.
I. According to the eighteenth amendment president's power to dissolve the
Assembly on his own under article 58/2(b) has been with-drawn.
2. The name of the NWFP will be changed and re-named as Khyber
Pakhtunkhaw.
3. A proper system to appoint members of the superior judiciary will be proposed.
4- Concurrent list to be abolished to give more autonomy to the provinces.
5- Chief Election Commissioner to be appointed in consultation with the leader of
the opposition.
6 · Islamabad High Court to be revived.
Ninet eenth Constitutional Amendment
National Assembly passed the amendment on 23 December 2010 and the
rd

Senate passed on 25th December, 2010. Its details are as follows:

1· nder ad-hoc
U Article 182 Chief Justice of Pakistan recommends the name of
�Udges to the Pre;ident through the Prime Minister, in consultation with the
JUdicial commission of Pak istan. . .
2· n
U der Article 175-A clause (2) four senior most judges would be appointed 10
the judicial commission of Pakistan instead of two.

171
 Hadi PaJ.,�tan Smtli�Jor (BS-4 rears) ""-t

Lak.ki ,Man,at and Tank districts

3. Under article 246 the tribal areas adjoining
have been declared part of FATA.
of Islamabad High Coun was
Under the articles 81 and I 75. the name
tal territol) to Islamabad High
changed from High Court for 'the Islamabad capi
court.
20'h Constitutional Amendment
The ational Assembh passed the 20 constitutional amendment on 3
th r:!

February. 2012 and the Senate passed it next week. The 20'h amendment is aimed at
making the election commission trul) independent and to establish a naruraJ
caretaker set up both in centre and in the provinces.
The tenure of the members of the Election Commission has been fixed for
five years. Amendment and additions in articles 48 and 22-l of the constitution
details the procedure that will be adopted if PM and the leader of the opposition do
not agree on who to be appointed as caretaker PM and CM. The incumbent Prime
Ministrr and Chief Minister shall continue to hold office till the appointment of the
caretaker Prime Minister and Chief Minister. According to an amendment in article
215 of the constitution, the Chief Election Commissioner and members of the
Election Commission would hold office for a period of five years.

EXERCISE-4
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1: Encircle the correct options.

l . Pakistan was created as independent Islamic state on
(a) 14th August 1947 (b) 15 th August 1947
th
(c) 13 August 1947 (d) 141h August 1948
_ .
2. Quaid-e-Azam left Dehh for Karachi on
(a) 11 th August 1947 (b) 121h August 1947
th
(c) 13 August 1947 (d) 14th August 1947
3. The first Cabinet of Pakistan took Oath on
(a) 14 th August 1947 (b) 15 th August 1947
th
(c) 13 August 1947 (d) 14 th August 1947
4. Quaid-e-Azam Died on
(a) 10th September 1947 (b) 11 th September 1947
(c) 10 September 1948 (d) 11th September 1948

172
Hadi Pakistan Studiesfor (BS-4 years)

5. The first governor general of Pakistan was

(a) Quaid-e-Azam (b) Liaquat Ali Khan
(c) Khawaja Nazimuddin (d) Sikandar Mirza
6. The first Prime Minister of Pakistan was
(a) Liaqat Ali Khan (b) Khawaja Nazimuddin
(c) Quaid-e-Azam (d) Mirza Ghulam Muhammad
7. The first interim report of the basic princjples committees was presented by
(a) Liaqat Ali Khan (b) Malik Ghulam Muhammad
(c) Sikandar Mirza (d) Ch. Muhammad Ali
8. Liaqat Ali Khan was killed on
(a)16 October 1951 (b)17 October 1951
(c)16 October 1952 (d)17 October 1952
9. Second Governor General of Pakistan was
(a) Quaid-e-Azam (b) Khawaja Nizimuddin
(c) Malik Ghulam Muhammad (d) Sikandar Mirza
10. Second Prime Minister of Pakistan was
(a) Liaqat Ali Khan (b) Khawaja Nazimuddin
(c)Ch. Muhammad Ali (d) Muhammad Ali Bogra
11. Third Prime Minister of Pakistan was ______
(a) Muhammad Ali Bogra (b) Ch. Muhammad Ali
(c)I.I. Chundrigar (d) Feroz Khan Noon
12. Third Governor General of Pakistan was
(a) Khawaja Nazimuddin (b) Malik Ghulam Muhammad
(c) Sikandar Mirza (d) Hussain Shaheed Soharwardi
13. Last governor general of Pakistan was
(a) Sikandar Mriza (b) Khawaja Nazimuddin
(c) Malik Ghulam Muhammad (d) Ch. Muhammad Ali
14. First president of Pakistan was
(a) Malik Ghulam Muhammad (b) Sikandar Mirza
(c)Ayub Khan (d) Ch. Muhammad Ali
IS. Muhammad Ali Bogra Formula was presented on
(a)l955 (b)l956 (c)1953 (d) 1952
16. The first constitution assembly was dissolved by
(a) Sikandar Mirza (b) Malik Ghulam Muhammad
(c) Khawaja Nazimuddin (d) Ayub Khan
17. The first constituent Assembly was dissolved on
(a) 1954 (b)1955 (c ) 1952 (d)1951

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 /Jadl Paklt.tart St11dle�for (BS-4 ytum)

18. One unit of Pakistan was promulgated on

(a) l952 (b) J 953 (c) l 954 (d) 1955
19. The first constitution of Pakistan wos implemented on
(a)23 March 1956 (b) 14Augu�l 1956
(c)8 June 1956 (d)24 March I 956
20. The constitution of Pakistan was consisted of ______ Clauscf-1
(a)234 (b) 240 (c)242 (d)250
21. Ayub Khan became president of Pakistan on
(a)1955 (b) l 956 (c) l 957 (d) 1958
22 . Family laws ordinance was implemented on
(a)1960 (b)l961 (c) l962 (d)1963
23. The constitution of1962 was implemented on
(a)8th June 1962 (b)23 March 1962
th
(c)14 August 1962 (d)15 August 1962
24. General Yaha Khan took over the charge as president of Pakistan on ___
(a) 1968 (b) I 969 (c) 1970 (d) 197 l
25. The first General· elections were heBd in Pakistan on
(a) 'J 969 (b) 1970 (c) 1971 (d) 1972
26. East Pakistan became an independent country as Bangladesh on _____
(a) 16th December 1971 (b)17'hOctober 1971
(c) 1 g lh October 1971 (d) 19th October 1971
27. Z.A. Bhutto took over the charge as civilian Martial Law administrator of
Pakjstan on
(a) 1969 (b) 1970 (c) 1971 (d) 1972
28. The constitu tion of Pakistan 1973 was enforced on
(a) 8th June] 973 (b) 23 rll March 1973
th
(c) 14 August 1973 (d) 15 th August 1973
29. The constitution of1973 having ____ _ Articles.
(a) 234 ·t (b) 280 (c) 28 I (d) 285
30. ' presented six points before general elections 1970
(a) Yahaya Khan (b) Z.A Bhutto
(c) Shaikh Majeeb-ur-Rehman (d) Noor-ul-Ameen
31. Objective Resolution was passed in
(a) 1948 {b) 1949 (c) 1950 (d) 1951
32. According to �bjective resolution the system of the country will be.
(a) Unitary (b) Non-federal (c) Federal (d) Presidential
33. Hadood ordinance was implemented in

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Hadl Pakistan Studies for (BS-4 years)

(a)\979 (b)\980 (c)1978 (d)l981

34. Who implemented the system of Basic democracies?
(a ) Zia-ul-Haq (b) Sikandar Mirza (c) Ayub Khan (d) Yahaya Khan
35. In which year Pakistan made nuclear explosions?
(a)1997 (b) 1999 (c) 1998 (d) 1996
Q.2: Tick the True and False.
\ Quaid-e-Azam came Karachi form Delhi on 11 th August 1947. True/ False
1 Quaid-e-Azam died on 11 th September 1947. True/ False
3 Objective resolution was passed on 1949. True/ False
4 Liaquat Ali Khan was the first president of first principles True/ False
committee
S First interim report of the basic committee was presented in 1950. True False
6 Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated at Rawalpindi in 1950. True/ False
7 Khawaja Nazimuddin presented the second report of the Basic True/ False
principles committee in 1952.
8 Sikandar Mirza was the first Governor General of Pakistan. True/ False
9 Khawaja Nazimuddin was the second Governor General of True/ False
Pakistan.
l O Sikander Mirza was the first president of Pakistan. True/ False
l \ Constitution of 1956 was the first constitution of Pakistan. True/ False
\ 2 Presidential system of Government was introduced in the True/ False
constitution of l 962.
\ 3 Ch. Muhammad Ali presented Muhammad Ali Bogra formula True I False
in the constituent assembly on 1953.
14 Khawaja Nazimuddin did not dissolve the first constituent True I False
Assembly.
\ S The first constitution of Pakistan was not enforced during the True/ False
regime of Ch. Muhammad Ali .
. . .
16 Shaikh Mujeeb-ur-Rheman presented his six pomt before Tr�e/ False
general elections of 197 0.
17 Mr. Z.A Bhutto was the president of Pakistan. True/ False
18 The president is a hea d of the state. True/ False
19 ln lslam sovereignty belongs to Allah Almighty. True/ False
20 Fede ral syste m wa s introduced in the objective resolution True I False
21 The consti tution of Pakistan 1962 was passed by Y aha ya Khan . True/ False
22 The system of ba�ic democr�cy was introduced by Zia-ul-Haq. True/ False
23 The Hadood Ordinance was implemented in 1979. True/ False

175
1/urll J>ukl\t1111 sr,11//1•\ or 11.\'·4 '1'11"

Q.1: Fill in tht• Ulnnk . _

n d. p ·ndcnt Jslumic stat e _ ____
I When did Puk1stnn emerge as u 111
� � - . ,chi ---------
()mud e A1 um lea ve D elhi I or K,tn
2 When did
1 When tltd ()uu1d-e-A1am die
4 When wus the ObJecti"e resolution p uss
uth
5 When did the first cu binet of Pnki5lun take O
committee
Who wus the president or first basic principles • . •.
ciple s com mitt ee pre s ente d m the ftrst mtcnor
�: When was the basic prin
report in . · . ·ct·
8 When was Liaqu at Ali khan s assm ated at Rawa 1pmi 1
u s
nd :
in
9. When was the ba sic principles committee presented the 2 .mtenor report

I 0.Who was the first Governor General of Paki stan __________

11. Who was the second Governcr General of Paki stan ________�
12. Who was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan ___________
13. Who was the s econd Prime Minister of Pakistan __________
14. Who di smiss ed the government ofKhawaja Nazimud-Din ______
15. Who was the third Prime minister of Pakistan___________
16. When was Muhammad Ali Bogra formula presented in the constituent
assembly _________ ___
17. Who di ssolved the First Constituent Assembly of Pakistan ______
18. When was the first constitution assembly of Paki stan dissolved __�-
19. Who was the fourth Prime Minister of Pakistan ______ ____
20. When was one unit of Pakistan promulgated ___________
21. When was the first constitution of Pakistan implemented ___ ___
22. The constitution of 1956 wa s consisted of _________ clauses.
23. Who was first president of Pakistan__________ __
_ _
24. Who wos the last governer General of Pakistan _________
_
25. When did Ayub Khan become pre sident of Pakistan, _____
26. When was the family Laws ordinance issued _____ ____
__
27. When was the constitution of 1962 implemented __ ___ _
___
28. When did general Yahaya Khan take over the charge as pres ident of
Pakistan --
29. When were the first general elections held in Pakistan
____ ___
30. Who launched civil disobedience movement in Bangl
adesh, _____
31. When did general Tika Khan start Military operation in Bengal ___.
_

176
Hadi Pakistan Studies for (BS-4 years)

32. When did Indian Anny enter jn Dacca---------------

33. Who presented six Points
34. Which was first capital of Pakistan------------·
35. The constitution of 1973 having ___________ c1fticle'.l.
------·
36. When was the constitution of 1973 of Pakistan inforccd
37. When did Z.A Bhutto take over the charge as c1vHtan Martial Law
administrator of Pakistan------
38. Objective Resolution was passed in ------------
- --------
39. The Hadood ordinance was implemented in -
40. In which year Pakistan made nuclear explosions ________

'
ANSWERS
Q No.I: Encircle the correct options.
1.(a) 2.(a) 3.(b) 4.(d) 5.(a) 6.(a) 7.(a) 8.(a) 9.(b) 10.(b) 11.(a) 12.(b) 13.faJ 14.(bJ
15.(c) 16.(b) 17.(a) 18.(d) 19.(a) 20.(a) 21.(d) 22.(b) 23.(a) 24.(b) 25.(b) 26 fa)
27.(c) 28.(c) 29.(b) 30.(c) 31.(b) 32.(c)33.(a)34.(c)35.(c).
Q No.2: Tick the correct ehoice.
l.(T) 2.(F) 3.(T) 4.(F) 5.(T) 6.(F) 7.(T) 8.(F) 9.(T), 10.(T) 11.(T) 12.(T) 13.(FJ
14.(T)15.(F) 16.(T) 17.(T) 18.{T) 19.(T)20.(T)21.(F)22.(F)23.(T).
Q No.3: Fill in the blanks.
th th
(1)141h august 1947 (2) l 1 august 1947 (3) 1 I September 1948 (4)1949 (SJ
ISaugust 1947 (6) Moulvi Tamiz-ud-din (7)1950 (8) 16th October 1951 (9)22nd
December 1952 (10) Quaid-e-Azam (11) Khawau Nazim-ud-din (12) Liaquat Ali
Kh an (13) Khawaza Nazim-ud-din (14) Malik Ghulam Muhammad
{15)Muhammad Ali Bogra (16) 1953 (17) Malik Ghulam Muhammad (18) 1954
(19)Choudhry Muhammad Ali (20) 1955 (21)23 rd March 1956 (24)Sikandar Mirza
(25) 1958 (26) 1961 (27) 8th June 1962 (28) 1969 (29) J 970 (30) Sheikh MuJeeb­
ur-Rehman (31) J 971 (32) 16th December J 97 l (33) Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman
(34) Karachi (35) 280 (36) 14th August 1973 (37) 20th December 1971 (38) 1949
(39)1979 (40)1998.

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llatl
a , Pakista11 Studies
' fior (BS-4 tat'l
J )

Short Questions
1 • Write down any two o s of · . .
t the obJ ect1 ve resolutions.
m
2. Write any two featuresp of M uh amrna d Ali
. Bogra Formula.
3. Wnte any t wo features of the constitution of Pakistan 1956.
4. Write any two featu res of the constitution of Pakistan J 962.
5. Write an) two Islamic provisions of constitution of Pakistan 1956.
6. Write a short note on lndusBasin treaty of 1960.
7. Write an) two Labour reforms, during Ayub Khan Regime.
8. \Vhat wns Ayub Khan's in heritance reforms.
9. Write in c;hort about family laws ordinance 1961 of Ayub Khan.
1 O. Write down any two reasons of separation of East Pakistan.
racy system.
11. Write down any two reasons of failure of parliamentary democ
12. Write any two educational reforms of Mr Z.A Bhutto.
13. What is Islamic Ideology council?
e-58.
14. Write the Eight constitutional Amendments, the Articl
LONG QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the provisions of obJ_ective Resolutionc;

2_ Write down the Islamic provisions of the constitution of 1956.
3 Write dov.n the Islamic provu,ions of the constitution of l 973.
4 Write do}\n the features of the constitution of 1973.
5. Write dov.n the main points of family laws ordinance 1961.
6 Write dov,n the educational policy of Mr. Z.A Bhutto?
7 Write down the Labour refonns of Muhammad Ayub Khan.
g Write down the causes of separation of East Pakistan.
9 Wnte down the causes of failure of Parliamentary democracy in Pakistan.

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Hadl PaJ..l.stan Studi� f()r (BS--4 years)

'
CHAPTER-5
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN PAKISTAN

5.1 INDUSTRIALIZATION DEVELOPMENT AND PROBLEi\.tS

Industry
More than one, firms producing the same commodit} is called industry .
Industrialization
"Industrialization is a process of building up a countr:i ·s capactl) to process
raw material and to manufacture goods for consumption or further production"
Industrialization is the basic solution for economic development of a
developing country. The history shov.s that all the developed countnes of the \\J)rld
got development by industrialization. Pakistan requires industrialization to achie\:e
higher standard of living.
Importance of Industrial development
1 Improvement in Balance of Payment
Industrialization can change the pattern of foreign trade of the country. Bj
the process, of industrialization, the export of manufactured goods can be
increased. On the other hand, import substitution industries can save foreign
exchange. The export orientation and import substitution effects of industrialization
can improve the balance of payments.
2 Increase Employment Opportunities
Industrialization enhances the employment opportunities. People can get
jobs in small and large scale industries. In developing countries, industr) provide
employment to underemployed and unemployed workers of agricultural sector.
3. Increase in National Income
A country can make the optimum, utilization of the scarce resources
through industrialization. It increases the quantity and quality of a Yariet} of
manufactured goods. So national income increases due to progress of this sector.

179
""'" l't1kl\tw, S1t11/11•'1 for (/IS 4 ytllr,'1) a

4. ICn1<1y to Control Industrial Activity

The role of nature is more in agriculture than industry. In industry_, the r�le
of' humun beings is more and industrial activity is easy to co�!rol. The industrial
production can be increased or decreased according to the conditions of the market.
5. Rilic in Agricultural Production
lndu�triali,.ation provides mechanical equipments like tractors, thrashers,
harvesters, bulldozers, transport etc. These mechanical equipments increase the per
hectare yield. As a result, income of the farmers increases.
<,. Higher Standard of Living
Duc to industrialization, the value of output per worker increases. The
laborers arc awarded high rewards and incomes. The rise in income raises the
standard of living of the people.
7. l◄:conomic Stability
Industrialization creates economic stability in the country. A country by
export promotion industries and import substitution industries can increase its
foreign trade and earn foreign exchange. This will increase in the productivity of
other sectors.
8. Progress of Other Sectors
Other sectors of the economy can flourish due to industrialization. Industry
has backward link with agriculture and forward link with trade and other sectors. A
development of one industry is the development of other sectors.
9. Promotes Specialization
Industrialization promotes division of work and specialization of labour.
The speciali zation of labour increases the productivity of labour. So, the income
and standard of living of industrial worker is more than agrarian worker.
JO. Large Scope for Technological Progress
Technological progress has a larger scope in industrialization. Modern
technology increases production and reduces cost of production. Quality and
quantity of production improves.
J]. Reduction in Population Pressure
Due to industrialization, surplus labour migrates from agriculture to
r
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Jlodl Pakistan
Stud ies for (BS-I years)

. dustries mostly situated in urban areas. In these areas, people adopt family
;i anning measures which reduce the population growth rate.
1 2 • Increased Saving and Investment
Industrialization increases the income of people. So, their power to save
enhances and process of capital formation starts which can be helpful in brooking
the vicious circle of poverty.
13. Provision for Defence
Due to industrialization, a country can manufacture arms and ammunition
for the defence of the country. Its dependence on foreign countries can be reduced.
This will save the precious foreign exchange.
14. Increase in Government Revenue
Due to industrialization, production increases. The government gets
customs, excise duties and other taxes levied on the production of goods and
revenue of the state increases. These rev,enues are spent for the welfare of the
people.
Industrial Problems.
l. Lack of Technical Know how
Technical know how are a pre requisite for establishing industry. Even the
availability of capital will be of no use if we do not know techniques and methods
of production of different goods.
2. Weak Infrastructure
Roads, water supply, power supply, telephone services which provide the
basis to establish industries are called infrastructure. If infrastructure is available in
abundant quantity, it stimulates industrial growth.
3. Shortage of Capital
This is the most serious problem in industrial growth. Pakistan has a low
national and per capita income. So our national savings are small. Against this;
modern industry which is mostly large scale, require huge amounts of capital. To
tnake up the deficiency in domestic resources for development, Pakistan has
bor r owed heavily from other countries. Still capital is not available in sufficient
quantity and rate of investment in industry is unsatisfactory.

181
 4. Shortage of Raw Materials
Many industries depend on important nm materialc;, e.g. silk yam �
plastics.Because of shortage of foreign exchange, most of them are frequently in
trouble.
5. Smuggling
Due to broader situations, smuggling is wide spread. Many foreign goods
are available at cheaper rates than locally manufactured ones. This., situation has
forced some local industries to close down.
6. People's Craze for Foreign Goods
People's craze for foreign goods creates problem It keeps the demand for
local industrial products limited.
7. Inadequate Facilities for Transport and Communication
Inadequate facilities for transport and communication also act as a
constraint in industrial expansion To move raw materials to the factories and the
finished goods to market needs transport
8. Labor Unrest
Labor is an integral part of every mdustrial umt. Jn Pakistan due to political
and social reasons, there have been labor unrest, industrial d i sputes and strikes.
Under these circumstances, the capitalists are discouraged to invest their money.
9. Inadequate Industrial Finance
Credit facilities for industrial projects are limited. ln many cases. inspite of
technical know-how and favorable marketing conditions. people cannot setup
industry due to inadequate funds. If somehow capital is available it is provided at
high interest rate which leads towards high cost of production i n indusuies. So,
thes� industries are not able to compete with the production of foreign industries.
10. Inferior Quality
In most cases, the quantity of our industrial prod
.
quality goods cannot successfully compete with ucts is inferior. Our poor
foreign goods.

.________________ 182 _____________�--

 St11tliesfor (BS-4 years)
lfudl Pakistan
,:;.->'

lt. Lack of Entrepreneurial Class

Existl!nce of dynamic entrepreneurial class is very helpful in industrial
l!xpansion. Pakistan has a limited number of such enterprising people who can take
risks and can promote new, non-traditional type of industries, e.g. electronics.
t2. High Cost of Production
The cost of production of many industrial goods is very high.
13. Neglect of Capital Goods
In Pakistan, there is imbalance in industrial growth. Manufacturing of
consumer goods is preferred over capital goods and machinery because return on
capital goods is irregtllar and lower.
14. Lack of industrial research
Research is needed to reduce cost of production; greater use of local
materials; improve quality and to develop new products. But due to shortage of
capital only limited facilities for industrial research exists
15. Working Environment
Working environment in most of small scale industry is unsatisfactory
which has negative effect on labor productivity.
16. Changes in Industrial Policy
There are frequent changes in industrial policy. In 1960s private sector was
encouraged so industrial growth was rapid. During 1970s policy of nationalization
resulted in sharp fall in private investment. During 1980s and 1990s the
?overnment again encouraged private investment, but due to the frequent changes
tn go v ernment policy, misuse of bank loans and terrorist activities, industrial
growth remained low.

Solution of Industrial Problems

1. Quality Control
Quality is very important for the boost up of industry .Strict quality control
should be observed.

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Hadi Pakistan Studies for (BS-4 years) -
2. Supply of raw materials
To ensur,e regular supply of raw materials, industrial and agricultural sectors
should be developed through integrated planning.
3. Establishment of Basic Industries
The government should patronize the establishment of steel-based and
electronic industry.
4. Tax Concessions
Tax concession for selected industries can also help to increase investment.
5. Increase in Saving and Capital Stock
Capital is a life blood of industry. All efforts have to be made for
accumulation of capital. Capital must be created either through savings or
borrowing.
6. Trained Manpower
More and more people should be given technical and vocational training.
7. Protection
To those new industries for which raw-material is available locally, the
government should provide protection.
8. Deletion Policy
Deletion Policy in the industries established with collaboration of foreign
investors the policy of deletion should be followed actively and that share of locall }
made part increase.
9. Revival of Sick Units
Government has established with collaboration to sell or restructure sick
industrial units.
10. Technical Know-how
Pakistani firms should seek collaboration with foreign firms for of transfer
of technology and establish those industries for which we lack technical kno w-ho�-

.'

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11,1 1111'11A/\11111 \111,/11•\ or ►
/JS 4 '•'fir\)

11. lnd1111tri11I nc11curch

Mon.· lu11d'i should he ,1lloca1�d for R&D (l{l.-;�earch and Development).
( ·onstunt dimls 'iho11ld be made 10 improve design materials and methods used in
111dustr111l prodm.t1on
12. l)ircct Forci�n Investment
l!l'fort� should he made to attract direct foreign invcstn:1cnts.
13. lncrcusc in Industrial Credit
More institutions should be cstabl ishcd for indu�trial loans. Small industries
should be given preference.
14. Industrial Estates
·1 o help private investors, industrial estates should be established in more
towns and basic focilities like water, power and roads be provided.
Industries Promotion Measures Taken by the Government
Pakistan had a very weak industrial base since 1947. There were 921
industrial units in the subcontinent at the time of partition. Pakistan inherited onl)'
34 industrial units. These units were related to 0our, rice, sugar, cement, glas�.
matches, ginning and' cotton textiles. There was not a single jute factory in East
Pakistan (Bangladesh). Under the circumstances, the government of Pakistan took
the following steps for the promotion of industries in the country.
I. Establishment of Financial Intuitions
Government of Pakistan has established various financial institutions for the
promotion of industries in the country.
a) Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation
Pakistan [ndustdal Development Corporation (PIDC) was established in
I 950. The objectives of PIDC were planning. promoting, organizing and
implementing programmes for the establishment of large scale industries in
Pakistan. It started its operation in I 952. PIDC set up industries in those fields
where private sector was not interested due to low profits and in the fields where
huge capital was required. PfDC established 60 industrial and mining projects
during 1952-1972.

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b) Pakistan Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation

Pakistan Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation (PlCIC) was created
in 1957 in order to meet the working and fixed capital requirements for industries
set up in the private sector. It provided loans to newly established industries in local
and foreign currencies. The duration of loan was between 7 to 15 years The loa n
was paid in installments.
c) Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan
Industrial Development Bani< of Pakistan (IDBP) was established in 1961
The objective of IDBP was to give credit for the projects which use domestic raw
material and were export oriented. IDBP provided credit facility for the
development of engineering, chemicals, paper. rubber and transport industry.
d) National Investment Trust
National Investment Trust (NIT) was established in 1962. lts head office is
in Karachi. The main objective of NIT was to mobilize saYings of the people and
provide loans to industrial sector.
e) Investment Corporation of Pakistan
Investment Corporation of Pakistan (ICP) was established"in 1966. State
life insurance and federal government subscribed capital to run ICP. The objecti,es
of ICP were to develop a capital market in the country and increase the equit)
investment.
f) Equity Participation Fund
Equity Participation Fund (EPF) was established in I 970. Its, head office is
in Karachi. The main objective of EPF was to provide loans for the growth of small
and medium industries.
g) National Development Finance Corporation
National Development Finance Corporation (NDFC) was estab.ijshed in
J 973. The main objective of NDFC was to provide capital for the public sector but
under some conditions, it also provided capital for the private sector. NDFC gave
loans for project assistance, industrial expansion and modernization of indus trial
units.

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Had/ Pakistan St11d/es far {IIS-4years)

h) Bankers Equity Limited

Bankers Equity Limited (BEL) was established in 1980. H is public limited
company. The main objective of BEL was to provide loans for the growth of
industries.
2. Industrial Policy of 1948
For the establi$hment of industries in the country, government announced
Industrial Policy of April 1948. In this policy, government w� mainly concerned
in setting up those industries which had the raw materials. in the country and which
had demand for the products at home and abroad. The jute. cotton, consumer
goods, hides and skins industries were given preference.
3. Protection Policy
Government of Pakistan established Tariff Commission to promote
industrialization in the country by giving tariff protection to local industries during
from 1953-64. All imports of Pakistan were regulated by quantitative controls.
4. Establishment of Industrial Estates
Government has set up industrial estates in all provinces of the country for
the promotion of industries. These industrial estates are located in the outer edge of
big cities of Karachi, Hyderabad, Larkana, Suk.kur, Lahore, Gujranwala.
Sialkot,Gujarat, Multan, Peshawar and Quetta. Government has provided land, gas.
water,electricity, roads, banking facilities in these industrial estates for the
promotion ofindustries.
s. Export Bonus Scheme
Export Bonus Scheme (EBS) was introduced* in 1959 to increase the
exports /According to this scheme, foreign exchange bonus on all exports (except
�ajorprimary commoditie s) was given to the exporters. This scheme was originally
introduced for one year but it was later extended to the end of 4th plan period
(1970-75). The scheme showed encouraging results regarding exports for a few
Years. This Scheme supported a lot in the promotion of industries.
6. Foreign Investment
. The inflow of foreign investment is very vital for the promotion of
�ndustries in the country. Foreign capital contributed a lot for the rapid increase in
Industrializ ation in 1960s. Government provides various incentives to attract the
�eign investors.
1
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 llmli J>nJ.i\11111 S11ulii:,for (BS-4 l't'lln)

7. Dcrcgulution nnd Libcrnlization

nt in the
Deregulation and libcrulization mean� the role. of �ov�mme _
economy should be minimized. A deregulation . and h_berall zat1on po _licy �as
presented 111 sixth the )ear plan I 983-88 for industrial growth. This pohc)
cncoumgc<l the prh ntc sector to participate in industrial development of the
Cl..lllnlf).

R. Pri, nti1ution Policy

Pri\'atization is the comer stone of the successful economic reforms of the
Go, cmmcnt. Gon!rnment of Pakistan announced privatization policy in 1991 in
order to obtain capital both from domestic and foreign in the private sector. The
state owned enterprises are now gradually privatized by auctioning to local and
foreign investors. The privatization policy is pla) ing an important role in industrial
development of the country.
9. E:\.port Processing Zones
Government has established export processing zones at Karachi, Lahore,
ialkot, Ra\.\alpindi and Peshawar for providing facilities to exporters. Government
has provided land, gas, water, electricity, roads. banking facilities in these
industrial estates for the promotion of industries.
10. Fiscal and Monetary Incentives
Government has provided many fiscal and monetary incentives for rapid
industrialization. These incentives include three years income tax holiday to new
industries, reduction in custom duties and sales tax on imported machinery etc.
11. Improvement in the Performance of Public Sector Industries
National Fertilizer Corporation (NFC), Pakistan Automobile Corporation
(PAGO), Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC), State Cement
Corporation Pakistan (SCCP) and Pakistan Steel Mills Corporation (PSMC) etc are
major public sector industries in Pakistan. Government has taken many steps for
the improvement in the performance of public sector industries.
12. Long term Textile Policy
Pakistan's textile industry ranks amongst the top in the world. Pakistan i s
world's fourth largest producer of cotton and the third largest consumer of the
same. Cotton based textiles contribute over 60% to the total exports, accounts for
46%of the total manufacturing and provide employment to 38% manufactuci:!;.
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/liull 1•ul.ht1111 St111II••\ tir ll.\'-4 1•t•11n

lnbor force. /\ long term te,tilc policy is being drown to prepnrc Pakistan to
compete in u 4uow free 11nd rcslnct1on free markets I rnm 2005 onward
5.2 AGRICULTURAL Dl�VELOPMENT ANO PROBLEMS
/\gricultun.: sector cun play u vital role in the progress of any country 1.c. 1f
agriculture sector is promoted, tt will leud u country towards development. So, the
developing countries should conccntrnte lo develop their agriculture sector. But in
practice, we sec that n lot or problems exist in agriculture sector of developing
countries owing to this per acre yield is low.
A�riculturc problems urc u� follows;
I. Wutcr Lo��in� und Sulinity
·1 his problem is said to he u twin problem becau'ic 11 is believed that water
logging ond salinity ure produced at the sume time. Water logging and salinity are
very harmful for crops Wute1 logging un<l Salinll) as t.aus..:d \\h-:n hl!avy amounts
or water drip into the soil due to excessive mig.tt1on or rainfall 111 the re�ult of
which water table rises. Sahnlly 1s n:sulted from water-logging. As the water table
rises, the snits present in the subs01I ulso rise to the surface of the soil. Due to
cvuporation of water from the soil surface, the salts arc left on the surface in the
form of a powdery or fluffy mass. thus the rise of water table causes water logging
while accumulation of suits 111 large quantities in the upper layers of the soil give
rise lo salinity at the ns\! in water tublc causes water logging. A large part of
cultivable lund in Pun.1ab and Sindh is udversely aflected by this problem. About 15
lnck acres of cullivablc land has been destroyed und productivity of one lack acre
land is decreasing due to water logging und salinity.
2. Plant Disusc!J
Pests usually uttack the crops like cotton� sugarcane wheat and rice. The
pests andplant disease reduce the agricultural production annually.
3. Flood11
Despite the existence of good irrigation canal network in the world,
Pakistan stilt suffers from wastage of u large amount of water in the irrigation
process. During the monsoon season (July- September) the normal rainfall is 240
nun. Therefore, the rivers urc flooded every year and millions of acres of crops are
damaged by the tloods. The fertility of land is destroyed due to floods and soil
erosion exists. Million ucrcs of fertile lnnd urc destroyed hy these noods every year.

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 Had/ PaALlitan Studie., far (B -" yearli)

-t cllrcit) of Irrigation Water

It i� "ell-1-.nown that an efficient irrigation system is a pre-r�quisite for
mcreasing agriculturol production since water is a basic input for agn�ulture. In
Pnki tan. 67°.0 is bnrani area where irrigation completely depends-on rainfalls. At
times. rainfall does uot start at required time or sometimes there is heavy rainfall
which is not needed and often no rainfall is received. So, scarcity of irrigation water
is a serious problem in the expansion of crop areas in Pakistan.
5. Consumption Oriented People
In de,eloping countries, rural people are consumption oriented. They spend
more on the occasions of marriages, births and death, Urs and fairs. So, they have
shortage of capital for cultivation. They can not purchase the desired agriculture
inputs.
6. Litigation
Major part of farmers' income is spent on litigation. They can be seen in
irrigation office. police station and in courts. So, they can not give their proper time
and money to cultivation.
7. Under-Utilization of Land
Total Cropped Area means the aggregate area of crops raised in a farm
during the year including the area under fruit trees. The total area of Pakistan
contains 79.6 I ·million hectares, out of which 22.5 I million hectares area is
cultivable land. Total Cropped Area is about 28.27% of total area. About 9 million
hectares is used for Culturable Waste that is uncultivated farm area which is fit for
cultivation but was not cropped. About 24.23 million hectares is used for fatm
home steads, farm roads and other connected purposes and not available for
cultivation. Therefore, there is huge wastage and under utilization of land in
Pakistan.
8. Inadequate Use of Inputs
Modem inputs like chemical fertilizers, -improved seeds, pesticides and
machines are compulsory for rise in productivity. But agriculture inputs are costly
and are not regularly available in desired quantities. Implements, seeds, fertilizers,
insecticides and electric supply are often in short supply. The farmers in Pakistan
are poor so they can not purchase such costly inputs therefore; they use outdated
techniques e.g. a wooden plough drawn by animals for cropping.

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Had/ Pakistan Studies for ( BS--4 years )

9. Poor Health and Illiteracy

The he"llth condition of farmers is also very poor due to unhygienic
conditions and malnutrition therefore, their physical and mental capabilities are
very low. ln addition, majority of rural population in Pakistan is illiterate. They do
not knowabout fertility and requirements of land. They make use of their own
physical labour. These are over contended people mostly depend upon fate.
10. Landlordism
Landlordism or feudalism is a major obstacle in the way of development of
the agriculture sector. Landlords own thousands acres land and reside in cities away
from lands. They get produce without any expenses through tenancy. So they do
not take any pam for increasing prodaction. Lack of interest by the landlords is the
main cause of low per acre yield.
11. Uneconomic Land Distribution
Population of Pakistan is increasing day by day and land is being distributed
into so many small pieces due to law of inheritance These pieces of land are so
small and scattered at vanous places that the farmer can not use modern methods of
cultivation Mechanization requires large pieces of land which is only possible
through consoh<lat1on of land into one place. The apphcatton of machinery to small
farms results in high cost of production that it becomes uneconomical to use them
for cultivation. According to statistics of 1982, 30% of farmers ov.ned less than
12/2 to 25 acres of land and 18% landlords had 50 to 150 acres of land.
12. Non-Availability of Credit
Agricultural credit provides financial resources to the farming communit}
particularly, for the purchase of primary inputs like fertilizer, seed, pesticides,
machinery, equipment etc. In Pakistan, majority of farmers own small units of
cultivable land. These fanners do not fulfil the requirements for the grant of credit
by credit providing authorities. So, they can not purchase inputs to improve output.
13 Lack of Agro-based Industry
Agro based industries has backward link with agriculture. There is lack of
agro based industries in the rural areas. The agriculture inputs do not reach
industries at proper time which again causes low income and low per acre yield.

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Hadi Pak/start Studies for (BS

Markets
l-'. Un-organized Agricultural
e
e to meet the requirem nts of growth of
Rural infrastructure is inadequat y
to market are not on ly ve� old and time
agriculture. The roads from farm
r. So the �armers sel l t�e•� prod uce to the
consuming but also its condition is poo
seJJs his products w1th111 a short period
traders at \er) lo\\ prices. The grower also
areas.
because there are no storage facilities at rural
15. Low Cropping Intensity
Crop intensity means th e number of crops grown on a piece of land per
year. In Pakistan, many lands are under cultivated and only one crop is grown in
every t\.\elve months. So crop in�nsity is very low and limited. Double cropping is
done on the area.
16. DefectiveLand Tenure System
Th� system of ownership of land, rights and terms of cultivation and sharing
of output is called land tenure system. Land tenure system in Pakistan is defecti,e
due to two major reasons:
i) Absentee landlord
ii) Exploitation of tenants
Landlords or feudaJs live in cities and do no l take active · · the
part m
activ1·f1es of cultl\at1
· •on. Tenants cultivate their I and h fh eartedly. Therefore,_ I�d
is not properly cultivated. Similar] }, _L�dlords exploit �
the tenants b, not gl\ing
them fair return and share and product1v1ty remains
low.
17. Poverty and Shortage of Capital
Majorit) of our tanners is poor. The
purchase agriculture inputs like . y have lo\\ savings. The) can not
ed se�ds, fertilizer , tube wells, tractor., �nd
many other instruments for cult\�!::� �
g e il
o, the) are unable to invest 1• 11 th . · A ncultu re credit is not availabl e nslan)•d
eir lands and the productivit) of their
remains low.
Solution of Agriculture Problem
s
Following steps and me asur the
· 1 ture .s4ictor, and increase . es are necessary, to solve the p roblems o t·
agncu tn per acre yield.

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 Hadi P�kl.\tu11 Studies/or (BS-4 yeurs)

l. Supply of Agriculture Credit

The poor farmers cannot purchase the costly agriculture technology from
.
their owh resources. Provision of agriculture credit ,s essential to formers bec,tUsc
all agriculture inputs like seeds, fertilizers, agricultural muchmcs and irrigut10n
would-be purchased by agriculture credit. Government cons1c.krs it an ,mportant
instrument for achieving higher production and attaches high pnOrll)' to t:nsurc tts
timely availability to the farmers. For this purpose, rural co-operative societies.
rural shopkeepers can play an important role. Credit to the farmers is bcmg
provided through Zarai Taraqiate Bank Limited (ZTBL), Commercial Ban"-s.
Cooperatives and Domestic Private Banks.
2. Water Logging and Salinity Control
Proper steps and measures of reclamation of affected lands, are required to
increase the per acre yield. A large part of cultivable land in Punjab and Sindh is
adversely affected by this problem. For this purpose, installation of tube wells.
repair of canal banks and drainage of water etc. arc needed. Government of
Pakistan is paying attention for reclamation of cultivable land. For this purpose.
W APO A started SCARP-I and twelve thousand acres land was reclaimed between
the rivers of the Ghenab and the Ravi. In I 961, twenty nine million acres of land
was reclaimed with the help of USA. In 1962, und1:r central Rechna Doab project,
1796 tube wells were installed while under the Ghuj Doab project, 2500 tube wells
were installed. 2000 thousand acres of land was reclaimed and 450 miles long drain
were constructed. Under Upper Rachna Project, 1900 thousand acres of land was
reclaimed by installing 2500 tube wells. With the help of Yugoslavia 4500 acres of
land was recJaimed by installing tube wells. WAPDA and private sector are hdping
a lot to control of water-logging and salinity by installing tube wells. SC ARP-11 ha,
aJso been started to improve the agriculture sector productivity.
3. Flood Control
Heavy rainfalls are key reason of floods. Floods destroy the lcrtilit) of land.
Suitable measures like small dams and 'bands' should be taken to control the floods
Pakistan has 4.01 million hectares area of forests, which is very small according to
desired level. Plantation campaign is highly required to protect the fcrtilit) of land
4. Mechanization
Mechanization is essentiaJ for all agriculturaJ operations. Mecham1a1ion
facilitates in managing the crops in a short period of time. It lessens the losllCS or

193
Halli Pakista11 Studies for (BS-4 years)

. capaci• ty o f mac hines is better than outdated

the farm.i ng community. The workin g
and old equipments. The barren lands can be b._roug ht under cultivat ion b}
. in farm O erati
mechanized. In consideration of the role of mechanizati�� _ � s,_ t_he
n
of �
credit a\aila
Use ot. mach.mery has been encouraged through the prov1s10n b1ln\
by commercial banks.
5. Land Management
Land management is essential to increase produc tivi ty of ag:i culture sector
S mall and miles over scattered pieces of land should be c onsolidated to make
possible the use of modem machines. Small scattered lands can not be properly
looked after due to distances. If a farmer's all holdings of land are consolidated at
one place, per acre yield would increase.
6. Provision of Improved Seeds
In P akistan, farmers usually use substandard seeds whi c h are stored at their
home.Low production is destiny of inferior seeds. If farmers use improved seeds.
peracre yield can be high. For this purpose, farmers should be educated and
persuaded to use better quality seeds.
• Certified seed plays a pivotal role in boosting agri cultural producti on.
Certifiedseed in Pakistan is limited to wheat, cotton. padd} as major crops besides
maize,gram pulses fo dder and oilseeds as well as minor crops. The Federal
SeedCertification & Registration Department regulates quali ty during the flo\.\ of
seedfrom the breeder to the growers. The Department performs its functions
throughseventeen Seed Testing Laboratories and Field Offi c es, established in
variousecologi cal zones of the country.
To pr�vid� certified �rop seeds to the growers from the public sector. the
.
SeedCo�orat1on m the PunJ ab and Smdh and the Departments of Agriculture
in8alo ch1stan an� NWFP ha�e been assigned the task of seed
production ,processmg _and markeu�g. Government has permitted about 550
National Seed Compani es for production and marketing of certified seeds.
7. Use of Fertilizer
Fertilizer is one of the basi c inputs of agri culture an d . ts time
· or
ti agn· cu 1 tur
. .
a1 production · D
i . 1.y ava1·1abil it·,
cru ial .
is very 1ert1l1zer, per acre
ue to 1-tttle use o f &:
c
. .
),ield re m a l ns low m our count ry. Fa nners use cow dung as . manure so use of
che i cal f�rt1· ltz · v1· tal t� i· ncrease output.
· er is
� ti ,. Government should give subsidy on
fertilizer pnces because ert1 1zers are costly.
194
/lad/ Poklsllm Swdlesjor (BS-4 years)

8. Better Irrigation Facilities

It is well-known that an efficient irrigation system is a pre-requisite for
increasing agricultural production since water is a basic input for agriculture. In
Pakistan, 67% is barani area where irrigation completely depends on rainfalls and
the remaining is irrigated by canals, tube wells and karezes (Underground Canals).
A large quantity of water is wasted by these means of irrigation. Following steps
should be taken for irrigation.
1. Rehabilitation of canals to save water
11. Providing subsidies to private tube well owners
iii. Providing credit facilities for tube wells
9. Plant Protection
Proper, effective and timely plant protection measures help in increasing per
hectare yield by protecting crops from damages because without effective
protection against the attack of pests and diseases. the beneficial outcome of other
inputs may not be realized either. ln this regard, the Department of Plant Protection
provides facilities." such as, Locust Survey and Contml•, Aerial pest Control.
Pesticide Registration and Testing etc. while the private sector carries plant
protection measures including ground sprays. The department did not receive any
emergent demand from the provincial government for aerial spraying. The regular
aerial spray on orchards is conducted during April every year. During (July-March.
2000-10) 27.0 thousand tons of agricultural pesticides were locally form ulated.
10. Support Price Policy
Agriculture production function is lagged price function i.e. Qt = f (Pt-i).
Fanners decide about the production of crops to see the previous year prices which
they had got. The support prices can help in deciding the output decision. The
support prices are announced before the start of planting season. These prices are
infact, the price guarantee by the government to the grower. The agricultural price
commission APCOM recommends price policies for important crops.
11 Agricultural Research
The progress and expansion in agriculture is closely related to agricultural
educati�n and research. For this purpose, agricultural universities at Fa.isalabad.
Peshawar and Jamshoro, agricultural colleges at Rawalpindi, Quetta, and Multan
are providing agricultural education to our fa rmers up to the PhD level. For the

195
 Hadi Pakista9 Studies/or (BS-'I �•ears)

spread of latest technology of crop production. training S) stem ha bee-n started in

Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) 1s
the major organization which is dong agricultural research. PARC has aLo started a
prograrµme to give audio/video material to farmers for impro\'ing agricultural
productivity.
12 Agricultural Marketing
Agricultural marketihg is very-important for the farmers and consumers.
Agricultural Marketing and Storage Limited (AMSL). and Pakistan Agricultural
Storage and Service Corporation (PASSCO). ha, e been established for this
purpose. For proper marketing following things are necessM):
1. Treatment of the old market system
11. Reduction in the number of commission agents
111. Weights and measures should be checked regular!}
1v. Godown facilities should be made available
v. lnfonnation about current market rates
13 Agricultural Reforms
Agrarian reforms are a comprehensive concept than land reforms. Land
reforms refer to the concept of redistribution of land ownership. While, Agrarian
reforms includes the removal of disadvantages of land tenure system, safety of
tenants, eradication of big jagirs (landlordism) and adopt such polices which help
the agricultural society. Land reforms were taken by former President Ayub Khan
and former Prime Minister Z. A. Bhutto at various times but reforms are required to
improve land tenure system.
J 4. Diversification
Pakistan is a country comprising of areas, which have all types of climate
andseasons. There is a large potential for diversification of agricultural activities.
15 Change in the Outlook of Farmers
The key factor in the solution of agriculture problems is the farmer himself.
There should be basic change in the attitude of farming community. Farmers should
be educated and trained to organize their activities in scientific lines.

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5.3 POPULATION GROWTH

Achieving world population in balance with its resources is essential to the
future of our planet and the welfare of its people. Population growth is a complex
issue that directly or indirectly impacts all aspects of our lives.
Today, the world's population is approximately 6.5 billion and grows by
nearly 80 million people each year. It is expected that world population would
increase to 9.1 billion people by 2050.
The problem of over-population becomes even more serious in context of
the developing countnes like Pakistan. The population boom has resulted in an
economic disturbance in developing countries. Population is associated with
pollution, depletion of land resources etc. Almost half of the world population is
urbanized because of which traffic problems have been multiplied. Land erosion,
and solid waste disposal are the major civic problems of today.
Pakistan being a developing country also faces the problem of over
population. The growth of population is alarming in Pakistan. It is born out from
the fact that the annual growth rate of population rose from I I% in 1931 to I. 7%
in 1951 and to 2% in 2010.
In 1947, the Pakistan' Population was 32.5 million. By 2009-10, the
population is estimated to have reached 173.51 million. Thus in roughly three
generations, Pakistan's population has increased by 124.27 million or has grown at
an average rate of 2.6 percent per annum. Pakistan was at the 14th position in the
world in 1950 and now Pakistan is the 61h most populous country in the world.
Causes of Increase in Population
J. Drop in Death Rate
Death rate is defined as the yearly number of deaths per I000 population.
The crude death ratehas come down from 30 in 1947 to 8.2 per 1000 population.
Death rate in Pakistan is declining due to control of infectious diseases, improved
health-facilities and better nutrition etc.
2. Increase in Birth Rate
Birth rate is defined as the number of children born alive each year per I 000
population. J ligh birth rate in Pakistan is due to early marriages, religious beliefs,
joint family system and polygamy etc.

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3. Low Standard of Living

It is observed that poor people have more cllildrcn Bl·•1idc:'i thiH� Ilic pc,c,r
people have no recreation. They do not care of their foiling :,tanclurd ol Jivu,g din- 1,,
excess of children.
4. Warm climate
Due to warm climate, puberty (youth) is attained ut �n early ..igc. Sc,, a
female is able to produce a baby at the age of approximately twelve year� 11nd
population mcreascs.
S. Early Marriages in Pakl'ibrn
The child bearing age of a woman is between 15 to 4'J years. ln l'akic;wn,
marriages normally occur between 15 to 22 years or ngc. So, the duration of
producing children becomes longer.
6. Joint Family System
The joint family system is also a main cause for rupid incre!:!Sl: in
population. People in joint family system arc compelled to marry even they arc
dependent people.
7. Religious Belief
The Muslims hnvc a solid faith that Allah gives food to everyone. As Jloly
Quran says, "Don't kill your children for the fear of starvation". So, they do nol
reduce their size of famiJy
8. Source of Power
Large family size is considered power tor political reasons. People with
large size of family can influence and control the people in election and after
election.
9. Illiteracy
Due to illiteracy, people do not produce children according to their
resources. They do not understand the blessing of small si,c family So, they face
economic problems due to large family size.

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10. Existence of Polygamy

The religion of Islam allows a male to marry up to four females. Muslim
people have more than one wives and result is population increase. So, the
existence of polygamy (more than one wives) also increases population.
11. Opposition to Population Control
People in Pakistan, oppose the population control drive. Government can
not force the people to adopt family planning programme due to ethical resistance.
12. Arrival of Refugees
Movement from one place to another place is called migration. Pakistan is
facing the problem of migration from East Pakistan, East Punjab and from
Afghanistan. Pakistan has been a heaven for refugees.
Solution of the Overpopulation Problems
For the long tenn solution of the overpopulation problem, following
economic measures should be taken which are related to increase in GDP.
1. Increase in Agriculture Productivity
Agriculture sector is the foundation of our economy. The productivity of
thfasector should be improved by providing improved varieties of seeds, fertilizers.
irrigation facilities etc so that agricultural productivity, may increase manifold.
So, standard of living and income of the farmers will rise and population
problem would be solved.
2. Increase in Industrial Productivity
Small, medium and agro-based industries should be promoted in rural areas
of the.country. Large scale industries would be encouraged due to these industries.
The government should setup industrial states, credit facilities etc. for the rapid
industrialization in the country. So, standard of living and incomes of the surplus
labor force will rise and population problem would be solved.
3. Employment Opportunities in Rural Areas
Major part of our population lives in rural areas. The government should
provide credit facilities to the rural people for non-fanning activities like poultry,
fisheries, diary fanning etc.. People will not migrate to cities in search of jobs due
to setting up these industries. They would get employment at home which will raise
their income level and will help in the reduction of birth rate indirectly.
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S1)rcnd of education ...

Tl)c provision of cducntion both in rural and urban areas can help m
arresting the rapid growth of population.
5. Improving the Status of Women
The status of females should be improved. The role and respect of females
should be the same as males. Providing them employment in all sectors of the
economy will effectively reduce the birth rate of population.
6. Restricting Early Marriages
Early marriages should be restricted. This can be done by awareness in the people.
7. Family Planning
The family planning measures are successful measures to control population
in the world. Awareness in the people about the usefulness of family planning can
-help in controlling the growth rate of population. For this purpose, family planning
centers should be established.
Importance of Population Growth
1. Overcome the shortage of capital

. Less developed countries have a shortage of capital. This shortage can be

overcome through labour. Labour-intensive techniques of production can be used to
overcome the shortage of capital in LDGs.
2. Promote the Pace of Growth
Due to division of labour and specialization, a coW1try can not only produce
commodities in surplus but also can export the commodities to earn foreign
exchange. This will increase the pace of growth.
J. Creative and Produ�tive Resource
Population is a creative and productive resource. For proper investment an d
operation of the projects at low cost, we need the services of technicians, engineers,
administrators, etc.
4. Rise in Marginal Efficiency of Capital
Human resources are the most powerful source of economic growt h. So by
the quantity and quality of labour, output and marginal efficiency of capital can be
increased.

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Had/ Pa/.istan Studie,ft,r (BS-4 yean)

5. increase in Aggre�ate 0cmnnd

Due to increase in population. aggregate demand for goods a�1d sc_n ices
\\ ill rise. o. the producers ha, e to produce in bulk "and the economies ol scale
will benefit the country
6. r-heap E:xports
om1ally. dcYeloping countries arc labour abundant countnes therefore thc
_
prioe of labour (wage) is lo" in these countries. In this way. a country can benehl
from cheap labour e,ports
7. Large Share in International Trade
A countr} can have a large share of mtemational trade due to the
aYailability of cheap labour m the production process.
Problems of Population Growth
1. Obstruct development
Due to high population growth, scarce resources are diverted to meet the
basic consumption needs of the people. Therefore. sa\ ings remain lo� and capital
formation stops.
2. ocial problems
A rapid increase in population in LDCs creates sufferings for the people.
Growing- populuuon generates economic and social problems such as housing.
educ:ition. health, transport. water. power, etc.
3. Low per capita Income
Per-capita income means a\erage income per person. lt is calculated by
following formula: Per-capita income = National income / Population. High per­
capita income is a main indicator of economic Oe\'clopmcnt but as the population
grows it reduces per capita income of the people.
4. Inflation
Tl-ie fast growing population increases the demand for goods and services
which' ·results in a rise of general price level. So. inflation decreases standard or
living of the people.

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5. I ncreascs the Population Density

Population density means the number of persons living per square
kilometre. fhe rapidly gro.....,ing population increases the population density in the
country. The most popu!ous country is not considered a good country due to socio­
economic problems.
6. Unemployment
Unemployment is a serious problem of developing countries. As the size of
population increases, the size of labour force also increases. This creates .the
problem of unemployment which leads to fall in national income.
7. Burden on infrastructures
The rapidly increasing population of a country creates burden on
infrastructure. Providing suitable facilities of education, health. housing, water,
power, transport and communication to the people is a difficult task for the
government.
8. Increase in lmpo11s _
The existing resources of developing countries are unable to fulfil the
requirements of growing population. So, these countries have to import ,, hich
creates dependency on countries.
9. Pollution
Pollution is also a serious problem of developing countries. As the size of
population increases, pollution also increases 'hhich results in deceases in these
countries.
I 0. The qualita�ive aspect of population is ignored due to gro\\ing population
1 1. The food shortage problem arises.

5.4 UNEMPLOYMENT
Definination
Unemployment is the situation where job set:kers are willing to work but
there are no jobs available for them. Or we can define it as "Unemployment is the
situation where an able-bodied person seeks job but is unable to find at cun·ent
w,ge rate".
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 !lad/ Pul.l\lat1 StudIt•, f11r (BS -I Y;,'"'J
•

t. llndcrcmplo) mcnr
Un<lcn:mplo)mcnt 1s a situntion in which persons llll' \Hllk1ng less than the)
\\Ould hle to work either dntl) \\t.:t.:kl). month!) or sc,1son.1II\
2. Disguised llncmplo)·mcnt
Disguised uncmplo) cd 1s the sttuotion ,..,here ,1vt11labh.: ,,ork task:-. ure s�lit
_
among resources (I) picall) l ahor). such thut nil sl!em full) employed. but 111 rcultty
much of their time ,s spent tn unproductl\c resources.
l, oemplo} ment in Pakisinn
According to Labour 1 orcc urvc). ubout ., 91 "mtllton people were
estimated to be uncmplO)ed during thl! liscnl )\!Ur 2008-09 Un-employment rate
has decreased from 7 69°o.>in.2005 to5 5°'o in 2008-9
Employment in Pakistan
Accord i ng to Labour Force Stirve). about ,o 79 million people were
estimated to be cmplo)cd during the: lisc,tl ) ear 2008-09 as compared to 38.88
milhon in 2001-2002
Causes of Unemployment
1. PoHrt)·
It is well rccogn11ed that employment pla)s a central role in po, ert)
reduction. Both po, crt) and uncmplo )ment urc cause: .met l!ffcct of each other. 1 he
poor persons ha,e less opportumties of fin<lmg l'mplo)mcnt or creating self­
employment. So. po, ert) is the fate of the unemployed persons. Unemployment is
rising in Pakistan due to po,ert) and unemplo)ment 1s again generating pO'-'Crt).
2. Rapid Population Growth
Rapid population growth is the main factor of rising unemployment.
Pakistan's population is rising quiclly with-2 °'o annual!). It is the highest in the
world. Pakistan is the 6thmost populous countf) m thc "orld Rough I). one million
job seekers are entering the job murlet each )ear. l abour fore\! has 111creased
to53.72 million in 2008-0Q On the other side. employment oppo1tunitics are not
enough to absorb all the ne,.., job seekers. So. unemployment is rismg.
3. Shortage of Capital
It is an. important obstacle of developing countries that the} have the
shortage of capital. The capital i-. called the blood of economy. so the countries
including Pakistan having shortage: of capital remain bach,ard and poor. Prof.

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Hadi Paki.ua11 Studiel for (BS-4 rears)

�urkse says that in developmg countries required capital 1s low in relation to their
population. Shonnge of capital is due to low productivity, low income, low savings.
and low investment. Employment opportunities cannot be expanded unless tools,
1·quipment and materials are available in sufficient quantity. But there is serious

sh011age of capital in Pakistan.

-t Mechanization in Agriculture and Manufacturing
Due to the installation of improved automatic. machinery in agriculture and
industry. population is getting unemployed. A tractor and tube well displaces man)
people. The surplus agricultural laborers search emrloyment in the urban centers
Similarly. absorpuon of persons in large scale industri�s has gone down due the use
of automatic machinery and computers. This has resulted 111 unemployment.
5 Imbalance in Prevailing Education S) stem
The pre\ ailing education c;ystem is not Job or skill oriented. Most of the
student::. choose general education. The) w..int 'to �et some white-collar jobs. They
have degrees but no work trainmg In the abs--ncl: of vocational and technical
education. emplo�··ment opportunities for 5uch penple are limited
6. Capital Intensive Industries
Appropriate technology is very important for .t country In Pakistan, most of
industries are capital intensive i.e. capital labour ratio is high. It means that more
capital is required to produce commodities rather labour. So, capital intensive
industries create unemployment for the labour force
7. Slow Industrial Development
Growth of large and small-scale industry is slow due to different economic.
social and political reasons. The industrial sick units are also increasing in the
country. Jobs are not available in industrial sector to employ the labour force.
8. Low Public Sector Employment
ln Pakistan, people give more value and prestige to public sector Jobs
instead of private �ector jobs. P_ublic secto1 service means less effort, job securit�.
chances of corrupti on etc. In pnvate sector, more labour and risk of job security 1s
mvolved. So peo()le prefer to public sector jobs. But government jobs" are not
available to employ every candidate.

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J/adi Paki.sta11 Studiel /or (BS-4 years)

9. Rural Urban Migration.

Rural urban migration 1s another factor of unemplO) ment. People from rural
areas migrate to the cities in search of jobs. But the) remain unemployed under­
employed due to lack. of employment opponunities in the urban areas.
10. Fall in Over eas Employment Opportunitie
In 1973, increase in oil prices created boom in Middle East and man)
Pakistani got employment opportunities. But no,.., foreign remittances ha, e started
decreasing due to return of Pakistani workers from \,(iddle Fast after the
completion of projects. This has also contributed to the rise in the unemployed
labour force.
11. Political Instability in the Country
Political instabilit, 1s another factor of unemplo)ment in de, eloping
countries. There is a rapid change in the governments. Political system in the"-:
countries is not stable. The next government does not follo,, polices of the pre, lllU�
government. o, the in\'estors hesitate to im est and caplt.11 fonnat1on is not
promoting to the desired level In Pakistan, due to the regular change in
governments, appropriate polices and strategies can not be adopted All the e
factors have caused unemployment in the counl:I)
12. easonal Unemployment
Seasonal unemployment occurs in agriculture and somi;: other industries ltk.e
fan and air-cooler industry
13 Trade Unions
Trade unions are responsible for unemployment. l rade unions demand vel)
highwagcs so the producers havt: to downsize the \\Orkers to reduce the cost
ofproduction.
14. . Depression
Depression is a ph�e of trade cycle in which all economic act!\- ittes go
_ .
down. Ifthe economy 1s pass111g from the depression phase, unemployment rises.
Solutions of Unemployment's
1. Population Control
Population control is essential lo reduce unemployment. When population
growth decreases. unemployment rate also decreases because the number of jobs
seekers will be lowered. Government is making serious efforts to reduce the r..ipidl)

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rising population growth by the steps such as spread of education. popularization of

the concept of small family etc.
2. Increase in Capital Formation
Capital formation decreases the unemployment rate. More capital 1eads to
rapid economic development. Savings and foreign direct investment (FDI) should
be encouraged in order to increase capital formation because it helps to undertake
new projects.
3. Rapid Industrial Growth
Rapid expansion of industry is a key solution for unemploymenl Industry­
can provide more employment opportunities. More jobs will increase the standard of
living an<l eradicate poverty. Establishment of industries in backward areas by giving
tax holidays. subsidy on industrial inputs will create jobs in the backw:u-d areas.
4. Small Scale and Agro-basell Industries
Small-scale and agro- based industries are labour intensive industries. The
small scale industries should be promoted and encouraged by providing technical.
credit facilities. This will increase employment opportunities for the labour force.
5. Technical Training and Skill Formation
The vocational and technical institutions should be promoted to provide the
job, training and skills to people. The technical and skilled persons have more
scope for employment.
6. Encouragement of Self-employment
Self-employment can be encouraged in the form of small business:
workshops etc by suitable financial schemes. This will reduce the unemployment of
educated people.The financial institutions should be directed to sanction loans for
these projects.
7. Diversification of Agriculture
Besides, farming rural people should do non-farming activities e.g. fruit
growing, dairy, poultry, fish and bee farming, processing and packaging of foods.
So that employm ent opportunities for the labour force may increase.
s. Upgrading the quality of labour
Human capital formation is vital for the development of a country. Human
capital formation fund should be created for improvement in the quality of labour.

206
 l lum.m t\''-'l\111.'1.' de..•, c..'lopmc..·nt will hdp in ,kcrcasirw lhc �ost c,f rm,du<.:ti,m ,m d
itwn·us1.• c..•mplo, 1111.•nl 111 1h1.· ,·0111111 v
'>. Chnnt,:t' in Sodnl AHthadt.•s
Thwugh cduc111ton. people's utt1tude towards work and jobs needs to be
d,ungl•d lnmml luhour $hould he given du1.: respecl .so th.it young people willingly
a1.h.lpt tl 1 lw, shlllild bc..· ttu1ght not to hesitate 10 work in factories.
10. Purdrn�t• of locuJJy n111nufncturcd �ood.
(hwc..·mmcnl should cncoutllge the pcopk to purchase locally manufactured
g_\lllds. llm, nH>,·c ,,11! ..1bt' crcutc employment opportunities in the country.
1 l. F,h,blishmcnt of Con,truction f ndu,try
lhc housing und constrnction sector provide substantial additional employment
l,pportuni11cs os it contributes through a higher multiplier effect with a host of
lx·ndiciul frwwurd und backward linkages in the economy. The sector. through
lin\..ug1.:s ctlcct with ubout 40 bwldmg material mdu:,trics, supports investment and
g,,,wth chmotc and help reduce poverty by generating income opportunities for poor
households Dunng lhc le.1st two ycurs. by government measures, construction activity
111 Pakistan 1s booming; dcmund for construction· re luted.
5.5 POVERTY
Definition-;
Rawntrcc descri�cd that poverty is a situation in v..hich under-consumption.
malnutrition. precarious housing cond1t1ons, low educational levels and bad
sanitary cond1t1on prevail to leave the v1cums devoid of basic needs.
Accordi11g to Aristotle:"Povert) 1s the parent of revolution and crime·•
Prof. Denis Gault smd that "A Person is considered poor if his or her income level
falls below some minimum le\ld necessary to meet basic needs."
Condition ?r havin� insuffici�nt rcsourc �s or income is known as poveny.
. .
o. Poverty 1s a cond1t1on of having insufficient resources and income or poverty is
the prominent deprivation of well being.
Kinds of Povel'ty
Poverty has two kinds; its detail is as unders;
1. Absolute Poverty
Lack of means in relation to needs is called Absolute Poverty. It is also
called

207
 ----��-·-----------
'I \t1r11w'nt'I h'sli111111H1 poverty'
II l'1111 lw tkl11wd 11s;
"I h· lud: til s11rt1c1.:11t n.:so11rccs with which to kcrp hody and soul together"
2. ltt'lnth '-' l�OVl'a-ty

I 11cl-. ol 111c11ns 111 rclution to means ol others is called Relative Poverty.

"Rd,\liv · powr1> defines income or resources in relation to the average It is
l'OIICl'tncd with the nbscncc of the material needs to participate fully in accepted
d11ily ltlc."
"Rclnltw. poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than
others withan u society or country, or compared to the worldwide average."
Poverty Linc
"I he estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life.''
"A person is considered poor if his or her income level falls below someminimum
kvcl necessary to meet basic needs This minimum level is usuallycalled the
"poverty linc."There arc two main ways of setting poverty lines-relative and
absolute.
Relative Poverty Lines
These are defined in relation to the overall distribution of income or
consumption in a country; for c,ample, the poverty line could be set at 50 percent
of the country's mean income or consumption.
.,, Ab!lolutc Poverty Lines
These arc attached in some absolute standard of what households should be
able to count on in order to meet their basic needs. For monetary measures. these
absolute poverty lines are often based on estimates of the cost of basic food needs.
that is, the cost of a nutritional basket considered minimal for the health of a typical
family, to which a provision is added for nonfood needs. Considering that large
par1s of the populations of developing countries survive with the bare minimum or
less, reliance on an absolute rather than a relative poverty line often proves to be
more relevant.
International Poverty Line
International measurement of poverty line is $2 per day. This is defined
differently br different governments and institutions. A person who earns $2 per

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da) is on the poverty lines If he has less than $2. he io; poor If he has more than
S2. he is not poor. In Pakistan; a person \\ho has Rs. 948 per month. he 1s on
po\erty Imes.
Approache / l\otea urement of Povert)
f· ollowmg are the approache::. to measure of po\ crt).
I. .tlorics ba1>ed approach
According to this approach ..if a person. wholes income does not meet the
dail) intake of about 2350 calories per person. are considering falling below the
povert)' !me."
2. Basic eed Approach
According to this approach ...if a person \\ith a fixed income cannot bu) his
basic needs i.e. food. cloth, house, education, basic health etc. he is considered to
fall below the poverty line.
3. Opportunity Approach
According to this approach, if due to fall in
1. Income
2. 1 lealth
3. Education
The human sufferings increase. the people are considered to have fallen
below the poverty line. In order to examine the gender dimensions of poverty we
apply the standard poverty measures. i.e.. head-count ratio. income (expenditure
gap), and FGT-mdex. These measures are defined as:
I. Ifead-Count Measure
This is most common!) used measure. It gi\ es the proportion of population
with a standard of living below povert) lines. But it docs not tell us ho\\ poor the
poor are. Jt will not change if the poor become poorer. This measure determines the
incidence of poverty but ignores its severity.
Vicious Circle of Poverty
Vicious circle of poverty (VCP) is also called underdevelopment circle
Ranger Nurkse says that poverty is basic cause of under-development of

209
dcvelopmg countncs and descnbcs .. V,ciou!> cir�le of poverty (VCP) means that a
circular arrangemenl of force:. tcndmg to act and react in such a way as to keep a
countr)' in thi: '-late of povert� -
Creation of Vicious Circle of Po, erty
The people in less developed countric" have lo"' real income which results
in low '-{Wings When Oow of sm ing is small in a country. investment is bound to
be low. Lov, lc\cl of investment would create "hortage of capital which leads lo
low producth ti}
1 his again results in low real income. So. the circle is responsibk for the
k1\\ le\ el otdcv1.:k)pmcnt. The , icious circle is complete. The vicious circle
operates both on the demand and supply side. which in brief. is explained as under:
Demand Side Vicious Circle Po, ert)
The \ 1cious circle of povert) on the demand side operates in this manner. In
dcvclopmg countnes. lov� real income leads to lo,, purchasing po,�·er. When the
purchasing of th\! pl!ople 1s lov.. the size of the marl..ds remains small. In the small
size of the marl..et. there is no inducement to im est and deficiency or capital
creates. Due to lo\, capital foIJ11alion and lov. rate of investment. the productivit�
remains lo,-\. Llm productt, it) again leads to lo,, real income. This is hov. the
, icious circle is complete on demand s1dt:!.
Supply Side Vicious Circle PoHrty
The \'icious circle- of po\erty on the suppl)' side operates in this manner. In
de, eloping countries, people have lo,, real income. When the income of the people
is low. ·the sa, ing is low The low level of saving leads to low investment and the
deficiency of capital in turn leads to lov. level of productivity. The productivity per
worker being lmv, the real income is obviously lov. and so there is poverty. This is
how the vicious circle is complete on suppl, side. So. the cause of a countf) 's
povert} is poverty itself as Nurkse says, "a country is poor because she is poor:·
How to Break Vicious Circle of Po,'erty ?
The fight against poverty represents the greatest challenge of our times.
Considerable progress has been made in different pans of the world in reduc!ng
po,erty. Developing countries can break vicious circle of poverty by taking
following steps:

210
Hudl Pakistan tutlie., for (8 -4 l't't1�)

l. Rai. ing tht- S"' ing Poh'ntinl

The ,ic1ou. circle of pt)\l'rt\ c,m lw hh,kl'1' b) 11W1l•u,inµ lhl ,11111111\' 111
realsaving . m indh iduul. corpomtt· und puhh� ll·, d l hl· p1 1, 1•111111l·111 rnn
mobihzeand mm. fer the ,n in�s of tht• h,)usl•h1,lds 1,, 1lw h11,11w,..,nw11 "IH1 l 1111
im est these -,a, ings into the p�Juction p1\,1..'l's:-- 111d 1.'l l'.tl1..•s 1.. 11p11ul r,1rn 1.1111m i 11
thecountr)
2. Efficient U ·e of ntunll R('souret•s
Economists no" rccog.nil'l' thnt .,long ,, 1th ph,s11..·:1I 1111d h11m.111 l·:tl'llnl.
natural resources should be cons11.kn.•d ,ls 11npMl,11H c,:,,nnnrn ,,swts Ill l'l'dll\.'1..'
povert). In deH:loping countries. nmuml rc'inmt·1..•s Ml t\llt p, ,,,wrl\ l' pl,1111..·d du,•
to lack of technolog). The ad,anc1..·d 1..·ountnc'i ,Ill' 1..• ph111111g tlh:s1..• 1,•-;m1H'c,:s li 11
their own economic bendits lhus. \\rlh thl· .n.11labilit) lll 1.·-.:i,1c.•11n· nl' thc:-.l'
re ources. proJ>l!r ut1lizat1on is also requm·ll w b1r11I,, 1lw t111d 1.•rd 1.·, 1..•l 11p11tc.'lll 1. 111. h.:
3. High Capital Form:,tion
An American economist Rostl)\\ ,,1, s 1hnt to bn:.11-. tl w ,11.1011, l m, ll Ill
po,ert). rate of imcstment must be n:-.c Imm ''11, to lll" u 1)1 (il\/P l'l1 1Htl,1111 111
pressure can be reduced to 111c1e.1se 1.•mplcl\mcn1 l1p1w1w11itk, ( .1p1t.1l futtnllllllll
decreases povert). More cnpital leads to rnp1d 1.•1..·n1h1111i1.. d 1.·\ l'll'Pll\l.'111 '-. " 1ws ,llld
foreign direct imestment (I 01) should he c.•n1.·m11,1�cd 111 1..'1d 1.•1 to 1111.·i-1.\tsl 1.-.,pi1al
fonnation because it helps to rc:Juce pm l'rt)
4. Reduction in Population
�apid p��ulat io� gr0\\1h is �hµ mnin fo1.·tor ol rising po,1..•, 1, P.tk.i:-.t,m's
_
population ts rising qurckl) \\ 1th 2 'o unnunll). ll 1, th1..• hi,•h
c:o 1..•st 111 th '-. ,, t, I I lI ·
. · the.• \\01 Id
Pak'1st� 1s. the 6th most popu1ous countr) 111 Populati lm l'l\tllrl,I i:,.
essential to reduce unemployment \\ hen pop ul,1t1on gt\)\\lh d1.·1.·tc,,sl.'s.
u� employ m ent and poverty ra�e also .dccrcn�es hccuusc the numb 1.•r tlf 1 ,,bs ''-''-'"-1.'t"
v.111 be lowered. Government ts makmg senous dfo 1 ts· to r1..•1.hicc ti,. 1.: 1 11 p11.. II, 1 1,mg
·
population growth• b y. th e steps sueh as spread of cducmion • l)"fllll·,
' • ,·iz·it'
., lllll• () 1. ti 11.'
concept of smaJl lam1ly etc.
5. Balanced Growth Strateg_)
N urkse s uggests the strategy of balnnccd growth lot ti,t:• ur1.:,l"-
'- , , t1uoug
. . . . . h of
v1c1ous circle ot poverty. Accord"mg ·to Nurksc --11 .!\lflHrlt·,r, ,, 1,ls. 111\
' c-. •
· CSI llll.'lll Ill
many sectors of the econom) ts made 11 can prm id� n m·i' rl-.1:t •lll l1 ,.ouicc nt , uppl\
for one another:·

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6. Rapid Industrial Gron th

· · I ut t011 fior po\ert\. lndustn- can.
Rapid e,pans1on of mdustl) 1s a ke, so
pro\1de more emplo,ment opportunittes. �tore J?bs \.\ t�l in�rcase th� Slundard of
li\ing and eradicate po,ert,. Establishment �f industries .in backward areas b)
gi\ mg tax holida) s and subsidy on industrial inputs "' 111 create Jobs m the
backward areas.
7. Employment of Human Resource
De\eloping countries including Pakistan are focmg unemplO) mcnt pn.)bkm.
I he qualtt� of lahour force is poor due 10 lo"' l1tcrac,: mnlnutri1ion. absence or
proper medical cure!> e1c. Effec1ive measures -;hould be 1,1kcn for 1m cstmcnt in
human capital 10 breal-. "icious circle.
8. Technical Trainin� and kill Formation
1 he \ oca1ional and technical institutions should be promoted to prO\ 1de on
the job training and skills to people. The technical and skilled per.,ons ha\e more
�cope for cmplo) mcnt and result in povert) eradication.
9. Upgrading the Quality of Labour
If uman capital formation is vital for the development of a countr). f Iuman
capital formation fund should be created for impro\ ement in the qualit} of labour
Human resource development \>,,ill help in decreasing po\'ert) and increasing
employment in the country
JO. Technological Progress
Technology means the body of knowledge to produce goods and sen ices.
Technological progress means an increase in technical efficiency. fechnological
progress has prime importance for poverty reduction. !he countries, \\ h1ch ha\e
brought rapid progress in technology, have achieved faster rate of gro\, th. o.
developing country should use advance technology in different sectors of the
economy.
11. Self Reliance Policy
The less developed countries like Pakistan should reduce their dependence
of foreign aid. The policy of self- reliance should be follo\\,cd for financing
development projects.

212
/Judi Puklmm S1tulle\ for (BS-4 y�ars)

12 Change in Social Attitudes

fhrough education, people's attitude towards work and jobs needs to be
changed. Manual labour should be given due respect so that young people \\.illingl)
adopt 1t. They should be taught not to hesitate to work in factories.
13 Encouragement of Self-employment
Self-employment can be encouraged in the form of small business.
workshops etc by suitable financial schemes to break poverl}' circle. This \\.Ill
reduce the unemployment of educated people.The financial institutions �hould 1->t::
directed to sanction loans for these projects. 1he pm ate sector should be
encouraged to increase the rate of investment in the country.
14 Government Policy
I:,conom1c gro\.\th is the engine of employment generation and P\>' ert)
alleviation. fhc go"crnment by \.arious steps and policies can generate emplO)nll!nt
opportunities. Small and Medium Enterprises ( ME) represents a :-1gn1(\.lng
component of Pakistan's economy in terms of \.alue The) are highl) labour
intensi\'e anJ pro, ide emplo)'ment to the bulk of the non-agricultural lahour force
·1 he growth of SMfs has mainly been hampered b) the non-,nailabilit) or credit m
the past Reali✓ing this constraint the government has opened t\\o spcc1alued non­
credit banks namely. the SME Ilank and Khushali Bank. 1 he Small ,tnd \kdium
I nterpnses Oe\.elopment Authority (SM EDA) 1s also acu, el) de, eloping
programmes for managerial skill development and technical and informatl\ c
'iupport to the SMEs.
Poverty Reduction Strategics in Pakistan
J hesc strategies should be adopted to reduce po\erl) k, cl m Pakistan
1. Moti\.Jtc the poor because most of them fact: markets. state 111stitut,ons nnu
local structures of ro-:-ver tl! at �iscriminate against the poor and dcprn·c
them of u large pn>pon,on of their actual and potential income.
11. Allocate more natural resources.
11i Allocate 111orc resources to the poor or to th� local gll\ crnmcnts "ho arc
supposed to represent them. So that mis-utili.aition of resources \\ill be
red11cl.!d
,v Women should also be promoted to do worJ... with mc11 side by side
Had/ Pakl:.ta11 Studies ft1r (BS-4 years)

v. Educational sector is very poor. It should be improved.

vi. Expenditures must be reduced.
vii. Population growth rate should be reduced.
\ iii. Oependenc:r on single person should be removed.
1x. Employment opportunities should be increased.
x. Govt!rnment should provide soft loans so that people. who have talent but
lack mone:r. can start their business on initial level.
omc of the large NGOs operating in many different district� pursue
poverty alk\ iation by trying to provide micro credit to the poor. Increased
n:�ource:-. b> the government or micro credit by NGOs may be a necessar:r but is
not a sufficient condition for overcoming poverty.

EXERCISE-5
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUE TION
Q. I: Kncircle the correct options.
I. In I 9--t 7 the population of Pakistan was:
(a) J::!.5 million (b) 33.5 million (c) 34.5 million (d) 35.5 million
2. In Pakistan barani area is:
(a) 65% (b) 66% (c) 67% (d) 68%
3. I IO\\ many million hectares area is cultivable in Pakistan?
(a) 22.51 million (b) 23.5 million (c) 24 million (d) 24.5 million
4. Ho"' many million hactars area of forest is in Pakistan?
(a) 3% (b) 4.01 % (c) 5% (d) 5.6 %
5. Pakistan had a very weak industrial base since:
(a) I 947 (b) 1949 (c) 1950 {d) 1951
6. How many Industrial units were in the sub-continent at the time of
partition?
(a) 621 (b) 721 (c) 821 (d}021

214
1/adi Paki�tan Studie\ for (BS-4 yean)

7. How man) industrial units which Pakistan inherited')

(a) 30 (b) 34 (c) 40 (d) 45
8. Pakistan industrial development corporation (PfDC)was established in:
(a)l950 (b)l951 (c)1952 (d)l953
9. The head office of--National Investment Trust" (NIT)is in:
(a) Karachi (b)lladarabad (c)Pishawar (d)Lahore
I 0. Investment Corporation of Pak.istan (ICP)was established in:
(a) 1965 (b)1966 (c) l 967 {d) 1968
1 1. The government of Pakistan announced industrial polic> of April:
(a)1947 (b)1948 (c)1949 (d)1950
12. There is lack of agro based industries in the rural areas of:
(a)Pakistan (b)Chaina (c)Japan (d) Austaralia
13. The key factor in the solution of agriculture problems is the:
(a)Farmer himself (b)Government (c)Landlord (d) Education
Q.2: Tick the True and False
Unemplo}ment is rising in Pakistan due to poven}. True/ 1-alse
Poverty is the fate of the unemployed persons. True I False
Political instability is main factor of unemplo}ment in Pakistan.True/ False
The technical and skilled persons have more scope for emplo> ment.True/ False
I ligh birth rate in Pakistan is due to early marriages and religious belief.
True False
1 he pests and plant disease redusce the agricultural production annually.
True/ False
Major part of former's income is spent on litigation. True/ False
Lack of interest by the landlords is the main cause of low per acre y ield.
True/ False

215
)
lladi PaJ.inan Studio/or (B� y,�ars) =
There is lad. of agro based industnes in the rural areas elf P.ik.iSmn.
True l-,1h:t>
Hea\ y rainfalls arelhe ke) reason of floods. frue l als�
lhe ke) factor in the solul1on of agricullure problem is 1he fom\er htmsd f
True l ,1lse
The Go\emmem of Pakislan announced industrial polic� of I 0-tS.
True fabe
Q.3: Fill in the Blanks.
Industry can pro\ ide more employment---------------
The technical and skilled persons ha\ e more scope for-------------­
.
Political instabilil\ is main factor of------------ in Ptlismn .
Maj our part of population of Pak.istan lives in-----------­
Water- logging and salinit) are vet") harmful for----------
Pakistani formers usuall) use sub- standared seeds v. h1ch are tored at their---------

Who said that po\erl) 1s the parent of re,olution anJ crime ) ----------­
The barani area of Pak.istan 1s ---------------
The barani area complete!) depends on: -----------------
The population of Pakistan ,., as the-------- position in the \\ orld in 19-0.
Now Pakis1an is the---------- most populous coun� in the \\ orld.
-------- million hectores area is culti\'able land m Pak.i-.tan.
Pakistan has --------- million hectores area of forests

Heavy rainfalls are key reason of-------------

The Bankers Equity Limited (BEL) was estab lished in---------
There were ----------- industrial units in the sub- continent at the time of panitto n.
Pakistan inherited only --------- industrial units.

216
1/udi PuJ.i\tan \tu,/i,�\ 11, (8\-4 rrunJ

Q. O. l: Encircle the correct options.

(b) 11. (b) 12 (a)
1 (a) :! ( c) :;. (.ii 4. (ll) 5. (a) h. \Ol 7.1h) X. W) 'J. Cu) 10.
Q 1'0. 2: f ick the corn�ct choice.
.CT) 1\.(1> 12.(1)
\ (1)2 (1)3.11)4 (l>S.(1)6.(T) 7.(J')R.(T)9.(I) IO
Q. ....,0. 3 Fill in the Blanks.
(\) Opponunitics (:!) [.mplo)ments (3). Uncmplo)mcnts (4). Rural areas (5).
Crops (6) Homes (7). Anstolc (8) 67% (9). Rainfalls (\0). 4 (11) 6 (12).22.51
1h 1h

m,lhon ( \3). 4.0 \ million (14) floods (IS) I 980 (\ 6). 921 ( 17). 34
EXERClSE-5
Write Short Answers
Write an) tow problems of Agriculture sector
., What is water logging and salinity?
3. Write an) two solutions of Agriculture problems.
4. Write an) w.o points of importance of industrial development.
5. Write down an) two problems which ha,e to face Pakistan industry.
6. Which steps Y.c1c taken by the go, emment of Pakistan for the solution of
Industrial problems, write an) l\\.O points.
7. Write an) tY. o main factors due to population is increasing <lay h) da).
R Write an) two causes of unemployment in Pakistan
lJ. Ho"" to Break ,icious circle of poverty. '-Hite any one point.

LONG QUESTION
Write down the Agricultural problems in Pakistan
2. Write do,\n the steps of Government of Pak1 ....1an about thl.! ,olutinn of
Agricultural problems.
3. Write dov.n the importance of industnal sector m Pakistan.
4. Write do\.\n the industrial problems in Pakistan.
5. Write do\.\n the solution of industrial problems.
.
6. Explain the po, erty reduction strategies in Pakistan.
7. Explain the causes of increase in population of Pakistan.
8. Suggest the solution of the over populatio n proble ms
9. Explain the causes of unemployment in Pakistan.
l 0. Suggest the solution of unemployment in Pakistan.

217
 .,

llutfi Pu!..·l\(0
11 <· . 1 fo
1(1tdte r ( BS�4 H'llf\)

Chapter- 6

RELATIO�S WITH, 'E!GHBORS AND \JL�LIM WORLD

6-I PAKISTAN- CHINA RELA flONS
Pal,.1stJn and China arc neighbouring countnc"' The rdati_on bet,�ccn them
ts deep-rooted. That is descnhcd by Pakisrnn's ambassudor to China as higher _than
the:: mountains. deeper than oceans. :-;trongcr than �tcel. deare r than C) cs1gh1.
s" ect er than hl)nC). and so on.

In October I949Pakistan recognized China at its birth. Tlwir relations

former!) established m J 950. 1 he Prime \1imster of the both countries met in
Bendong Conderence 1111955. After that the. senes of ,isits continued up till no,,
Pakistan and China staned their stntggle to resolH� the boundary issue in 196 I.
\\hich was finally resohed m 1963 Aften\ards. the good relationship. and trade
pact ,11,as signed by them The 900 Km long �111,.-routc of Karakara111 was
completed in 1969 that connecteJ Pal,.istan ,, ith China b) road It became a S) mbol
and glo,11, in� l:,ample of Pakistan Ch11ia friendship.
During theSino-lndian War of 1962. Pakistan supported China on man)
important issues. cspr.::ciall) those \\hich \\Cn: relatcJ to the quest1<.m of China's
so, ereignt) like Taiwan, and Tibet and other scnsiti, e prohkms such as human
rights Pakistan cncournged it for its pcm1ancn1 membership nt "'ecunt) Counctl of
l nited at io ns Thi.: C 1m�·sc lcader�hip has ackno\\ !edged Pal,.1stan's firm suppon
on key issues.On the othe1 hand. China stren�thcncJ Pal,.istan and prm i<lcd arms
during the \\Jr of 1965 and a!so on the i.., , c ot the Russian inter\'cntton m
Afghanistan.
Mam ddcncc pa1:ts ,,ere signed bet,,ccn P.1kistan and Chinn in 1985
China also ·pro, ided economic and technical assistance m building the Kamra
Complex and Ordinance Factory at W ah. China nlsu pro\ idcd the ass1!>tance of
Rs.273 million for sellrng up heav y electnc comple, in K p K
k
China ha<; become Pa istan's largest suppher of arms and its third-largest
n ion
trading pa rtner Recently. both at s h�ve decided to co-operate in impro, iPg
Pakistan's ci, ii nuclear pow er sector. Chm_a has supplied equipment to suppot1
Pakistan ·s nuclear program_, and has p rovided n�dear technolog) to Pakistan
China has supnlied the equipm�n! to nd vancc their nuclear weapons program to
Pakistan. Chinese helped in buildm_g the �ushab reactor, "' hic h plays a kl!) role
plutoni um. Chma has also prO\ id�d tec hmcal a1�
in Pakistan's production of
218
IJdl l'oldstun Stu11i�J11r (BS-4 l'etm)

material suppo11 m the comrletion· of the ( hashma Nude•1r Pnwl!r Complex ,tncl.
plutonium repwtcssing facility. which wac; built rn lht.. mid- i lJ91Js.
China •� the largest investor in Pakistan's Gv.adar Deep St:a Port. which is
strategically located at the mouth o1 the Strait of Honnuz lt 1s a source of anxiety
both Am eri'ca and India as a possible launchpad for the Ch111ese Navy
6.2 PA KISTAN-INDIA RELATIONS
fhe rel ations bet\\een Pakistan and India could not be de'veloped from their
independence. Because India did not accept the creattun of Pakic;tan for the core of
its heart I he main dispute bet,,el'll P.ik,._t,rn and India ,s the Kac;hm1r issue. without
its solution the relJtio'ls ..::onnot be 1mrro, ..'.I
?\1oreo, er. �oon Jfter their mdependenc.e lnd1J and Pakistan established
theu diplom.ttic rda11ons but the ,iolent pJrtitwn anJ nu1mrous territonal disputes
alv.,a)'s O\ershado\\ed thetr relall<>'lsh1p The K,!'-hm1.- dispute 1s the main centre­
p0int of all the.e C-'ill1cb �met their mdl;"p':'n<1e'lle, the two countries ha"e
fought three maJor "Jr<- 1 c ! 948. 1965 ,md 1971 Ir 1960 lnd•J-v.ater tn:at} ,..,as
)lgned b.:t,\et:n PJk1st.in .ind lnd1J to solve the \\Jttr d1�rute between them The
project ,,as complek<l \,\, 1th tne h, Ip of World 13ank P.1k1..,tan bmld \1angla and
I arbala damr, and lmk canal" ,Hth the help of WorlJ B,.,1k.
India supponed the ,epara1i,;t dernents dunng th1. \\af of 1971 in East
Pakistan and f-a,;t Pakistan dppcared on the n'ap ol tht: '"ornJ \.\ith the 11Jme of
B ..111gladtr,h or t 6't December 197 l After the 'iepJr.tt1on 01 bl'll Pakistan. Ol)th
countnec_, made ,km progress towards the n0rmal11at1on uf rebtlons. In July 1971.
ln.Jians. Pnm�' !\11m t.:r lndra GJndh1 1nJ th1. PrtsiJent ot Pakistan Mr. Zultiqnr
. \It BhultC' met .it the Indian hill stc1tton of %1mla. fhe) signed thi: Shimla
\greement. b) which lnd1r.1 v.ould return all Pakistc1111 pers,mm:1 lo,er 90.0U0) and
the captun:·d temtor)' in th... we.,t. and agreed that tht') v.ould "c;ettlt: their
J1fkren.:.:s b} p�.:.1.ct 11l me...ns through bilntcrnl negot1a1ton:· " Diplomatic and trnue
rdationc; ,-.ere r.:-e.,tt1blishcd between them in llJ:'6
The Prime \111mtcr of Pak1,;,tan and India met on the occasion of SAAR(
\ ,,nft:r�nu: in 1988 anJ 1gned J pact. Both the colmtne-. agreed not to attack the
,1.Klear Cl:ntcrs ot e,H. h other In 1989, the freedom lighters of Kashmir started their
-,truggk ••h•.11nst lndm lnJi.1 bagan to hl.irne Paki�tan tor the mil1tar;, mtcr,e11tion in
Kashmir. but Pak•� tan reminded India to l!" e the right of sdf-determinat1un to the
p1.:t1pk of Kashmir in the light o( l fN rcr;0lutions I here ,-.ere some 1mprm cmcnts
Ill rclatinn-. hd,,ccn India and Pakisl:m 111 the dccadt' of I 990.Mutual lraJc and

219
/lutf/ PaJ.b,tt111 Stu
tlie, Jor (BS-4 l'etin)

tru\-cJ of pa\scngcrs reluctant

incre ased but 1t remained limned because In�ia w�s
sol�:e the Kashm ir dispute 1 appeared
!o peacefully. Some bettcnnent ot: �c!auonsh �
in Pakista n and India in 1990. increased.
Mutual trade and travelling facil1tics were
In ?OO I. a summit-meeting was caHed in Agra. Presiden_t of Pak_1st8" Perve,
Mus_harraf attended the meeting and met Indian Prime Minister YaJpayee. The
president of Pakistan presented his v 1 ew-pomt. which was appreciated b) the whole
wo�ld. But the meeting ended fruitlessly after three days. In response to the 20�I
(suJrat earthquake in India. President General Pene1 Mushrraf sent a plane to India
that earned ]00 tents and more than 2,000 Blankets. Furthermore the President
called Indian Pnmc Minister to express his 's7mpathy' over the loss from the
iarthquakc.
On 20 th June 2004 the government of India and Pakistan agreed to extend
1 nuclear testing ban and to set up a hotline between their foreign secretaries aiming
o prevent misunderstandings that might lead to a nuclear war. Both India and
>akistan have launched several mutual confidence-building measures (CBMs) to
ase tensions between the two. These include more high-level talks. easing
isa restrictions. and restarting ofcricket matches. The new bus service
etween Srinagar and Muzaffarabad has also helped in bringing the two sides
loser. The session of UN General Assembly held in Septmber 2004, the president
f Pakistan and the Prime Ministr of India met, and resolved upon the continuation
f negotiation. which resulted in a series of meetings of foreign ministers and
·cretaries of both countries.
India offered generous aid to Pakistan in response to the 2005 Earthquake.
dian and Pakistani High Commissioners th
consulted with eachother regarding
operation in relief work. India sent 25 tonns 1h
of relief material to Pakistan
;luding food, blank ets �d medi�ine. On 1_4 October: India dispatched the
-::ond consign men t of relief material to Pakistan, by tram through the Wagah
,rder (Rediff).
Pakista n and India have also decided to co-operate on economic fronts. On
ia agreed t� resume talks with Pakistan which were
h February 20 J I, In_d
Attac�s. ln?1a p�t more press�re on all the diplomatic
n ded after Mumbai
� only contmue if Pakistan takes action against the accused of
ttJons. saying it will 1h ·
b ttack s. On 7 Sep
tember 20.
I 2' Ind'ian Extema I Affairs Mi·nister would
n� � ys visit to Pakistan to review the progres s of bilate ral dialogue with hb
e a
art.
ist ani counterp

220
 11111/1 Pakl\11111 Stutl/t, or BS-4 )'l!(lf'\)

<,.3 PAKISTAN-IRAN RELATIONS

Pokiston nnd l_mn ha�e close religious and cultural relationi.
since long.
When Pnk1stan cume mto bemg. Iran was the first country \\ hich recognized it as
no independent state. The King of Iran was also the first head of state \.\ho \isned
Pukistn n ofter it cnme tnto existence. At the \'arious cabinet meetings. J i nnah
I
Jv.cllcd ot length on the importance of fostering cordial relations \.\Ith Iran · n
p,1rt1cular nnd the Muslim world in general. RaJa Ghazanfar Ali was appointed as
r11k1Still\ 1s lirst ambassador to Iran. Jinnah told him that he was going to a countr).
v.hich 11lrc.1tly had the most cordial rdat1ons with Pakistan since centunes al!o.
""'
1 he Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawab Liaqat Ah Khan \tS1ted Iran in 1949
and in rcspons1.: to this visit. Shah of Iran also , isited Pakistan in 195 0 and a treaty
ul fn1.:n<lship was sig n ed Since 1950 s, Pakistan a,\ards t,i.enty eight scholarships t�
lrnninn studen ts to come and contmuc their education in the discipline
or cng1111.:c1mg. medical professions. theology and di" mil). and Pharmac). wider
the Pakistan I cchrncul Ass1stam:e Programme (PI AP) ln addition. many self­
tinancc lmnmn students arc given adm1ss1on in , anous educational institution!) of
Pnk1stan. nc1.:or<ltng to Pak1stan.Ptinjah U n hersit). K,1rach1 l'ni\ersit) and Quaid­
c-A,.n m U111vcr!)1ty in Islamabad. arc the most popular 111st1tut1ons for the Iranian
,tudcnts.
Pakistan and Iran had worked together in different organization�: both had
Joint arrogcmcnts in regnrd to CENTO which "' as earher called as the Baghdad
l\1ct. Both the countries joined the Economic Coopt:rnuon Orgamlllllon (ECO). a
derivative of Region al Co-operation for Dc:Yelopment (RCD).. which "'as
cstnblishcd in 1964. Iran played nn important role i n l n do-Pakistan, war in l Q65
l Iran sent its qualified nurses. medical supplies. tlfl� a . gilt of 5.000 tons �•
llCtrolcum to Pakistan and ind,cuted thut it was con s,denng an embargo on 011
\Upplics to Ind in for the duration of the fighting. Iran again playe� .1 , ital r��e in
Pakis tnn's I C>71 contlict with India. this time. Iran sheltered Pakistan s m1ht�
Jqhlt und equipment. During the 1971 ,i.nr with _Ind,n. Pakbtan recel\cd full
11ilit11ry nnd diplom,itic support from lrtlfl against India. In a1!. tntt'n tc\\ '"It�a local
cwspapcr in Paris. Shah of Ira n openly acknowledged that: \\ c arc oppos\.J to.all
11tcrfcrcncc in intl!rnal affairs of Pakistan and arl! hundred percent bdund
,,c.!
11�istun.
id •�
In nd dition, the hah of Iran offered consider:iblc dc�elopmcn_t �
,1k 1 stan includin11 oil and gus on preferential terms. lru n ,,as mdu Slrtalw:d an
e l)
· d hr
• g ·t ·1rm
• ,
. a d was the c ear
1
t1:rnuttonully considered ns the 5th strongcst an cs
1, n

231
lladi PukiMu11 Stutlie, for (BS--4 ye1m1

unJispntcd rt>gmndl -.;upcrpl>Wer l\1oliamm.!J ReL:i P:::hlav1 of !ran did not attenJ
till' lsl,1m1c ( u11tcrcnce in 1974 at L nhorc bel:JUSC L1hyan leader Muam1na1
( ,addati was 111\ !led 10 it despite the kno,, n hm,tility of the Shah for Gaddafi.
In 1979. Pakistan ,vas one of the fir!it countries in the world which
recognized the reH)lutionary regime in Iran. foreign Mmister of Pakistan Agha
Shah1 immediate!) paid a state visit to Tehran who met the Iranian counterpart
Kanm Sanjabi on March l 0. 1979. Both expressed confidence by stating that Iran
:ind Pakistan were gomg to march together towards a brighter future. The next day.
Agha 'ihah1 held talks "ith the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. in "h1ch the
de\.elopments in the region were discussed On 11 April J 979. Zia famously
declared tl1 ut· "Khome!ni i� .i symbol ol lslam1c 111surgem;t:'".
In 1987 Pak1'-tan and Iran public8li ,;:E.ncd 1 muttwl agreement on c1, ii
rudear energ\ 1.ooprmion lnternat1onall). l1a-1il-l lnq c.1lculated that the ci, ii
nullear cuoprat,on with !ran '""" purel) a ··ci, ii mutter·· and marntaming good
rdationswid1 I an.
The Pres1d--nt of Pa\w,tan Gen.Pcrvau M<iharnf paid a vis:t to Iran 1n �000
and offered his coopernllon for the programmt of setting ur of gas pipeline. fn)in
Iran to lrdia. Prec;ident of Iran Mohammad Kltatam1 visned Pakistan in 200�. It
'"H a h1�h-level delegation. cons1st111g the lrnni�r. cabinet. members of
111e Parliament. lraninn Vice-President and President Khatami .They paid a three­
li,1y state vi�it 111 December 2002.The Prime Minister of Pakistan Zafarullah Jamali
paid a state v1c;1t in 2003 where he held talks about economk cooperation. security
(,t the reg1011, and better bilateral ties bet\.\-een Pah.istan and Iran. During this nsit.
fomuli gi.J\ e valuahle suggestions to Iranian leadership on their nuclear programme"
agai11st thi: backdrop .)f the country's" negotiations with the lntern::nional Atomic
[ nergy Agcnc.� (I \l"A), and measures to strengthen economic relations between
the two countnc,.
In 2005. Iran .and Pakistan had conducted US$500 million uf 1rade. The
1.md bordc:r at I dftan 1s the conduit for trJde in electnc1ty and oil Iran j,_ extending
its rmlwa: 11d\\ork tow�irds lattan Tracie ht:tv,een the t\,o countries has incrcas\.'J
h) £1.4 biilion in 2009. ·1 he Iranian governor general says that P 1 cs1dcn1
AhmadinciuJ renwin,; keen to strengthen ties bet,v�en the two countries
rhc Iran. Pol-..1stan ond India p1pclme is und�r discuss1onThe:;e d 1 :..cus:..w11�
lt i r the gas pipcl111es and energy security started in 1994: Pakistan and Iran ha\l:
finally signed the 1111tial agreement 111 Tehran in 2009 The project, termed us thl.'

222
H11t1i P11/ii.,tu11 Suulie, Jor ( BS-4 ye,,n')

peace pipeline h) orficiab tn1m boih th\! cour,1ri 1:�. \\,IS :,1g11ed b} the Prcs1dcn1
/.1rdan o.nJ Pre�1dent MahmouJ .l\hmaJ,neiaJ nf Iran In 200',. !nuia wiLhdn..:w
fr )111 the project Jue tu securny i:--sucs Jf tlw, rroiect ,.., materialized naturally the
relattons \,ould furt_her expnnd m the cconrnmc u,1niai1t
6.-1 PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN RELATIONS
A rgha11ist::111 is a neighboring sLutc. At the 1110111cm Pak istan hm, g uod Jnd
l'iicndly relations ,, ith Afghanistan but ,f we go back especially tn the cnrly ytJr',
uf independence \\ c do !ind problL:n1s in the rd:11 ionship. So. A fg haniswn
recognized Pakistan , Ct") late and diplomatic relations were ,_kvelopcd in Febrw.1r)
1948. Durand line d1v1dc:s the borders of PakistHn and Afghanistan, which 1s about
2252km long Foreign Secretar) Government of India. Sir Durand a nd Afghan
Kind Atneer Abdul Rehman signed and agreed for the permanent solution of the
horder issue in 1893 It finaliLed the border line:;. Afthanistan :.iccepted the Durand
l ine as tts intl.!rnat1L1nal border. The rdat1<..1ns bcv,,een Pakistan and Afgh£111istnn
hegan to 1mprove 111 I 970 The P1 ,me M irnster of Pnkista;1 and the Pr\!'ii d ent of
Arghani stan ",sited each others. country and si�nt!d a pact <.if regiona! securit) and
11011-inlen ent il)J 1
fhe � l>\'id 1111lita!) eallered Atgha111'ita11 111 December 1979. The Afghan
people startcJ their jihad to oust the Russian arnl) from Afghanistan. Pakistan
t1pp0sed the SO\ 1ct 111tenent1011 and supported the r�s1sta11ce against the So\ 1et
L nion ,..,hicl, t!aH: h1rth to the Muj..1h1deen group'>. I aliban. Pakistan became one ol
the major traming grounds fc.,r the multi-national mu,1ahidt:en fighters who began
c,ossmg into Algha111stan on daily bases lo \\age ,var against the Democratic
Rt: public or A l'glldni-.;Lan und the Soviet forces
In 1988 C iene\ a Pact be tween Rus::.ia. Pakistan :rnd \ tgh,mic;tnn \\.1S ::>i!.!.111.:J
,rnj tht: Rusc;ian army was withdra\A.ln in 1989 under the auspi ces ol United N::niuns.
Gtivcmment of Mu1ahidecn wu5 formed in Afghanisw.n in April 199::!. Pakistan
n.'l.Ognized the n e,._ GoH·�nmcnt. Un fortunate!) thi.: dilforcncL:s alllong the
\1UJ::thide en emerged and a gr�1up of l\.fo_j?hidt.'t'fl i.e.· I al�)nn L'CCup icd the maior
rart of At"ghanistan and established Islamic Gov ernment 111 1990. Pakistan again
recogniL.ed the Taliban Government
r he Islamic Government of Al"ghani swn c:c:tab!ishl'd close rclntit,ns ,vith
t11,;ighburing Pnkistn n . however. the relations began lo decline when the Taliban
reruscd to endorse 1hc !)11rnnd Line anei- pressure f'rom Islmnahad. arguing that
there shall bi.! 110 borders among Muslims. After the inciden t of 11 ih September
 ~llodi Pal,;·t\fan .\rudle5/or (b:�-4 rean)

::!00 I oi �·orld Trade Center. America attacked Afghanistan a nd the Islamic

(,ovcmmcm 0f Afghanistan \\..'.\S toppled. The new pro-American government was
formed and I lammed 1'.arza i became the President of Afghanistan. Pakistan again
rccogn1 ✓cd the nc.:\\ government.

Afghan President Hammed .'(arzai labeUed Pakistan as Afghanistan's "Nin

brother". Such words in diplomatic r.:dks mean that Afghanjstan cannot tum enem)
against the state of Pak i stan to please others. The t•,vo states are working together t:,
lind solutions to the problems afTect1 ng them. ·1 his includes possible defense
cooperation and 111telhgence shanng as \\\'!JI as further enhancing the two-,va� trade
und abolishment of \lsas for "holders of diplomatic passports to fac1htate , isa fn:e
tra"el (or the d i plomats trom the two natiom,.
In Octoher 2010, the landmark. Afghan -Pak Transit Trade Agreemc=nt
(/\PTTA) \\.3S s1gr1ed b} Pakistani CommerC'e M1ruster Makhdoom Amin
fahim and An,,ar ul-Haq Ahady ( Afghan MinislI) of Commerce) The APITA
allowed Afghan trucks to be driven inside Pakistan\ o the Wagah border\\ 1th India.
including to the port c1t1es of Karachi and G\.\adar. In Jul} 2012, Afghanistan and
Pakistan agreed to extend AP ITA to TaJikistan in w1,at will be the first step for 1he
establishment of a North-South trade corridor The proposed agreemel't ,.,ill
provide facilities to Tajikistan to use Pakistan's Gwadar and Karachi ports for Its
imports and exports v.hile Pakistan will enjoy trade with TaJ ikistan under terms
similar to the transit arrangement \"ith Afghanistan I rade between Pak i stan and
Afghanistan is expected to reach $5 billion b} 2015 Afghanistan's econom\ � is one
of the fastest gro, ., ing econ omies tn the "orld.

6.5 PAKISTAN TURKEY RELATIONS

Turke } is a Muslim country. Tl�e relation bet\,ee,11 Turkey and Pak i �-,tan are
- pe p of bot� side are close!) as!;ociated with each other
deep root ed a nd the> � Jc
z d I ak1stan _as a� mdepende�t slate m 11 947. Turkey established
1 urkey recogni �
ateral relat1o�s. m 1?47, wh ich became .increasingly close O\\inu
diplomatic and bil
ious and geopoht1cal links between them.
¥

lO cult ural. relig

Turkey had stood by Pakist .
an in all kinds of situations 1·n
wars or peace
Turkey op enl) enc ou rage d t h c point?f n. e,.. of Pakistan on Kashmir conflict. It has
cere support to the. right ?f self-determination of the eople of
extend ed sin p
mir. Turkey supported Pak1sta� durm,s th e wars of 1965 1971.
K a s h _ and On the
e h and Puk1,u1� su�ported Turk ish point of view on Cyp us
oth r r issues I urkish
· tes were u minority a nd there was a problem of the' , . ·
C ypn o 1r ng hts un d mtcrcsts in

224
Hadi Pakistan Studies/or (BS-4 rean)

Cyprus. In 1974. Turkey la'lded its troops in ·or.hem Cyprus a.mi T.:Ikisb
Cypriotes established their own separate emjt). Pakis:.an is in fa,our of es-ia· Ii.shin;
an independent so,ereign and federaJ republic of C) prus thal is the demand of
Turkey.
Hoth countries. joined the U.S.-led Central Treaty Organization (CE\r:fO} aimed to
bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of corrh-nunism
and Soviet influence in the region. Pakistan. Turkey and Iran established the RCD
in 1964 which was replaced by ECO (economic cooperation organinuion) in 1985.
So, they are founding members of the Economic Cooperation Organization and par.
of the Developing eight Countries organization. Both have great contribution in I.he
multilateral arrangements of CENTO, RCD, ECO, etc.
Both the contries decided to increase trade and invesnnems. especiall� in
transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries. S~
they have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million �o
inore than $1 billion by 20 1 0. Palcistani exports to Turke) include rice. sesame
seeds, leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. � tr.,1'e)
exports to Pakistan include wheat, chickpeas, lentils. diesel. che!Illcal.s. transpon
vehicles, machinery and energy products.
They are also members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. It is due
to the dialogues between Ministerial commission of Pakistan and Turke}. four
agreements were signed in 2002 in Islamabad. Pakistan has completed the �!etro
Bus project with the help of Turkey. Turkish private corporations haYe also
invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highwa) s.
pipelines and canals.
In 2005 Kashmir earthquake, Turkey stepped up its effons to help the
Pakistani people of the affected areas. Turke} announced a package of S 150 million
for the quake-hit people. The Turkish aid organization Kizila) also constructed a
mosque in the Azad Kashmir region. The mosque is being built in the Ottoman
Style in Pakistan's Bagh District
A container train service was launched b) the Prime Minister of
Pakistan Yousuf Raza Gilani between Islamabad and Istanbul on 141h August, 2009
The first train carried 2 0 containers with a capacit) of around 75 0 t and would
travel 6, 500 km from Islamabad, through Balochistan. Tehran. to Istanbul in two
weeks' time. According to the Minister for Railways Ghulam Ahmad Bilour. after
the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched There arc
also hopes that the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia

225
l..'111U l'.J/.l\t11n Stu die-. /Cir (BS-4 r,·ars)

6.6 PAKISTAN-SAUDI ARABIA RELATIONS

di bi e
l'hc rd,uions bet\\ een Palisttut and the Kingdom ol Sau Ara a ar
lustoncalh ,md mternationalh dose. Before the emergence of Pakistan. Saudi
independence Saudi Arabia
• \1--.1bi.1 s�pp(irtcd the Pakis;an r-.1ovement. Atter
11nnwdi:.1td� recognized Pakistan.
� audi \robia and Pakistan have sought to develop exlensi\e commercial.
c ultural. religious and strategic relations since the establishment of Pakistan in
1947.Thc first pact ,,as signed between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in 1951 . Thjs
agreement upported the friendly relationship of both the countries. In 1954 Shah
.\bdul ..\ziz of audi Arabia, isited Pakistan on official tour and provided sufficient
aid for the rehabilitation of refugees. In 1966 . Shah Faisal came to Pakistan on
onicial tour and declard Pakistan his second home. He also announced economic
aid for Pakistan. The major Pakistan city of Lyallpur was renamed Faisalabad in
the honour of King Faisal in 1977. Shah Faisal also provided economic aid to
construct Faisal mosque in Islamabad.
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are leading members of the Organization of
Islamic Cooperation (OIC). They work together on the Organization of Islamic
Conference. Both countries consult each other on regional and international issues
from time to time . Saudi Arabia was one of the strongest supporters of Pakistan
during the war of 1_965 and 1971 \\i th India. especially opposing the creation
of Bangladesh. Saudi Government supported Pakistan on Kashmir conflict. Saudi
G oveITI?1_ ent supported Afghan_ policy of P _ akistan. 1t provided extensive financial
and poht1cal support to the Taliban. Saud1 Arabia being sacred country is a centre
'
of the Mualim ·Ummah .
Saudj · Arabia and Pakistan. have an extensi·ve econo mic •
· h'1p th at
re 1auons
expanded rapid a er
ly ft I 972. Saud1a had always provi·ded ce and
· • . economic . ass1s • 1an
• . An
loans to Pak istan an d 1t· ha d also mvest ed capita l in . .
Pak1stan m vanous pr oJects
• o!I. sup
importa_ nt aspect of re Iat1_o· nsh ip· is ply to Pakistan from Saudi Arabia. Since
I 998, H h ad b een supplymg• crude 011 to Pakistan on detierred payment bases. This
has helpe d to c..ase economic pressure on Pak.istan 8:11d Pakistan .
has been able 10
ob tain oil. 20 05 earthquake-Sa udi Arab ia topped the list of don or countries.
Pakistan supported Saudi Arabia du ring . .
troo ps �� prot�ct the Isl amic hoty
th�_Per�1an Gul� War l� I99 0·!991
and sent
' citi e� !n Saudi Arabia. paJ.jstan
maintains close military ties with Saudi Ar ct·abta, P�o:.idmg extensive support, arIT1:,
an d training for the Military of Sau 1 Arabia.

226
In the 1970 s an d 198 05'
--
/ lat// Pak/.\ta11 Stu1/ie.'i for (RS-4 yearv)

approximatdy 15,000 Pakistani soldiers were stationed in the kingdom of Saudi

Arabia. It is also speculated that Saudi Arabia secretly funded Pakistan's atomic
bomb programme and seeks to purchase atomic weapons from Pakistan. Both
nations have received high-level delegations of scientists, and Saudi military
experts of seeking to study the development of a Saudi Arabia government nuclear
programme. In May 1998, after the atomic tests, Saudi Arabia. along with United
Arab Emirates, were the only countries that backed Pakistan and they congratulated
for making the "bold decision". Saudi Arab1a promised to supply 50,000 barrels per
day of free oil to help Pakistan.
ln 2 006, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia was awarded the Nishan-e­
Pakistan, the h ighest civilian decoration of Pakistan. In recent years, both countries
have exchanged high-level delegations and developed plans to expand bilateral
cooperation in trade, education, real estate, tourism, information, communications
and agriculture.
6.7 PAKISTAN-BANGLADESH RELATIONS
Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971. lt achieved
independence after the Bangladesh Liberation War and the lndo-Pak War of 1971.
In the initial years there was a lot of bitterness between the two countries. The
second 0. 1.C summit Conference was held at Lahore in 1974. The first Prime
Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman came to Lahore and participated
the O.I.C Summit Conference. On that occasion, Pakistan recognized Bangladesh
and from that time its relation with Bangladesh have gradually improved. The
Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto desired restoration of brotherly
links between the people of Pakistan and Bangladesh. Afterward the relationship
between Bangladesh and Pakistan began to thaw. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
withdrew the bans on some pro-Pakistan organisations that had operated before
Bangladesh's independence. After restoring relations with Bangladesh Mr, Zulfiqar
Ali Bhutt went to Bangladesh on official visit. I le was accored a warm welcome by
the Government and the people of Bangladesh. But Sheik Mujibur Rehman was not
sincere in cultivating friendly relations with Pakistan. On the behest of India he
demanded the division of assets and refused to accept any liability. So the relations
between Pakistan and India could not become cordial so long as Sheik Mujibur
_
Rehman was m pow er.
When the rule of Sheik Mujib�r Rehma � came ,10 end on J 5 August J 975,
. _ _
the Pnme Mm1ster Mr. Zul fiqar Ah Bhutto 1mmedtately recognized the new
_
Governmept a�d expressed hi s keenness to have closed relation. The government

227
lladi Pakistat1 St11diesfor (BS-4 years)
, -
of Pakistan donated economic aid like clothes and 50, 000 tons of rice for th e peop e
l
of Bangladesh as a token of goodwill. Mr. Khurshid Ahmed was appointed as first
Ambassador of Pakistan to Bangladesh on 9 December 1975. Whereas Bangladesh
appointed Mr . Zahir-ud-Din Ahmed as their first Ambassador to Pakis tan
Different agreements were signed in July 1976 in Dhaka among members for
improvement in the fields of ship building, banking and telecommunication. Air
service was also started to maintain communication link.
Relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh improved considerably under
the governments of Zia-ur -Rahman and Hussain Mohammad Irshad in,Banglade!>h
Defence cooperation improved considerably under the military regimes of Ziaur
Rehman and Hussain Muhammad lrshad. The meeting of the joint Ministerial
Committee of two countries was held on 8th September, 1984 at Islamabad where
trade agreements were signed. In this meeting it was decided that Bangladesh
would export jute, tea and carpets to Pakistan and Pakistan would export rice, pig.
iron, railway carriages and steel items to Bangladesh.
In 1985, President Ziaul Haq visited Bangladesh, and said "Your heroes are
our heroes." Bangladeshi president lrhsad visited Islamabad in 1986. In 19°3.
Meeting of heads of SAARC was held in Dhaka where an agreement was signed
between Pakistan and Bangladesh according to which Pakistan would provide 300
tractors to Bangladesh in the future two years. In 1998, Prime Minister Sheikh
Hasina Wajid visited Pakistan. In July 2002, Pakistani General Pervez
Mush arraf also visited the war memorial and said "Your brothers and sisters in
Pakistan share the pain of the events of 1971.
In the present day both the countries have cordial relations tra de has
th
improved and the visits of senior official and political leaders have been 'there. Bo
worked �ogether within the frarn�work of SAARC, OIC. With the passage of time
the relations of both these countries are going to expand.
6.8 PAKISTAN- INDONESIA RELATIONS
Indonesia is a Musli� country. Its old name was "East Indian Islan d". lt had
been a colony of Holand till March 1942. Afterward it remained under Japan ese
rule till 1945 . In 1_945 Jap�ese_ forces were defeated due to dropping of Atom
Bomb �t Nagasaki and H1rosh1ma. In those cirumstances the Nationalists of
Indonesia, Dr. Ahmed Soekamo and Dr · Hatta dec1ared .1t R epu 1·1c, on 17th August.
1945. But m • the meanw _ mle th_e hostilities between the Indonesian Nativnalists and
Dutch eru� ted which continued for four years till r
the . ' 1949 · Aft.er the. Wa deinaded,
cl>
· the first mtenm Government of Indo nesia was set up Pakistan 1m e t . s
m
recogmzc• d the government of Indonesia. The
Republic of Indonesia�
228
Hedi Pat.istar, Studio for (BS-4 yean.)

established on I 5 lh August 1950 under the leadership of Dr Sockarno ln<l<111l ,i:1 is

the v.orid largest 1uslim countl) in terms of its population. It cover-; u lot.ti ,uc:t!;
of 788,662sg.miles. 1.e.12618859 Km.and divided into 27 provmces.
President Soekamo came to Pakistan on official visit in I cbruary
1950. The GO\ emment and people of Pakistan gave h11n a warm welcome During
exchange of his , iews with the prime minister of Pakistan Nawah Liaqu:11 Ali
Khan. he expre!)sed his thanks to the people of Pakistan for showing great
hospitality. He also expressed thanks to the Governmcn1 of Pukiswn for :tending
troops to fight independence struggll! of Indonesia. Alter :-;eparation of Easl
Pakistan as Bangladesh, Pakistan 1s the world's second largest Muslim country.
Both countnes are, members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and
de\eloping eight Countries.
Pakistan's relationship with Indonesia greatly developed under <,en Ayub
Khan. President <ioekamo came to Pakistan in I 964. An ugrccment for thi:
promotion of cultural and economic was signed This agreement is known as
Indonesia Pakistan Economic and Cultural Cooperation (IPECC). During the 1965
v.ar v.ith India. Indonesia offered to pro\ide military help to Pakistan. ln<lonc!lia
openJ� supported Pakistan b} sending its nm y to <lcfcn<l l· ast Pakistan. Pakistan
i�?' a memorandum of understanding on defense cooperation. lndo�sia and
Pa!':Jstan also exchange milita.r)· personnel for training. Indonesia also condemnl.!<l
So, iet intervention in Afghanistan and advocated Pakistan point of view on
th
Afghanistan. On 14 January. 1966 an air pact of bilatcrnl air travel was signed
between two countries. On 15th Februar). 1966, t1 trade pact was abo signed hy
v. hich Pakistan agreed to pro\:ide goods ,, onh Rs.16 crores to 1 ndoncsia. Pakistan
exports seafood. textiles, cotton yarn. medical cquipn11.:nt. nee, wheat and carpets,
\\:hereas Indonesia exports Pakistan palm oil
Pakistan Army Task Force and the Pakistan Islamic Medical Association
provided medical 'and relief items to Indonesia, following the 2004 ·1 sunami. In
response to Pakistan. Indonesia sent 15 tons of medicine and food supplies
amounting to the equivalent of S1 million and dispatching some doctors to Paki ..;tan
during the 2010 P�istan floods. In�onesia's President Megawati Sukarnoputri paid
_
a 3-day offic1al v1s1t to _Islamabad
_ _ m D�
cembcr, 2003. Indonesian president Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono v1s1ted Pakistan m 2005. Former Pakistani president Pcrvc:,
�usharraf visited Indonesia in January, 2007, and held talks with presidents Susilo
Bambang Yudho�on�. _In Novem�r, 2010, Pakistan Foreign Minbtcr Shah
Mehmood Qureshi v1s 1ted Indonesia and supervised b 1 lutcral talk!, 011 intdc
terrorism and current si tuation in Afghanistan and Middle East.

229
Hudi Pakistu11 Studies or BS-4
f ( years)

EXERCISE-6
Objective type Questions
Q. l: Encircle the correct options.
1. Pakistan recognized China on its birth on October:
(a) 1949 (b)1950 (c) 1951 (d) 1952
2. The relation between Pakistan and China began in:
(a) I949 (b)1950 (c)1951 (d)1952
3. The ilk-rout of Karakaran1 was completed in:
(a)1949 (b)1950 (c) 1969 (d) 1970
4. lndia and Pakistan signed Indus waler treaty in 196 0 with the help of:
(a)World Bank (b) China (c)America (d) Soviet Union
5. Ho\\ man) major wars between Pakistan and India have fought .
(a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)5
6 . Shimla agreement was signed between Indra Gandhi and Z.A Bhutto in:
(a)l970 (b)1971 (c)1972 (<l)l974
7. The Soviet Union directed a farewell message to Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan in:
(a) 1948 (b)1949' (c)1950 (d) 1951
8. The American President Turman requested prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan
to provided a military base to the central intelligence Agency (CIA)in:
(a)I 948 (b)1949 (c)1950 (d) 1951
9. Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan was appointed as Pakistan's first ambassador to:
(a)Iran (b)China (c)Afghanistan (d)America
1 O. The diplomatic relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan den-:loped in Februarf:
(a) I9 4 7 (b) 1948 (c)I950 (d)195l
J 1. Durand line divides the borders of Pakistan and:
(a)Afghanist an (b)Iran (c)China (d)lndia
1 2. The Metro Bus project was started with the help of:
(a) Turkey (b)Iran (c)China (d)America
] 3. A container train service was launched between Pakistan and Turke) on:
(a) 2007 (b)2008 (c)2009 (d) 201 0
1 4. Shah Faisal declared, Pakistan his second home in:
(a)l954 (b)l960 (c)1964 (d)l966
1 5. Pakistan rcognized Bangladesh in:
(a) 1972 (b)1973 (c) 1974 (d)1975
· ·
1 6. AJotnt· · E conom1cs Comrmss1on was establ 1'shed between Pakistan and
·
Bangladesh in:
(a)1972 (b) 1973 (c) 1974 (d) 1979

230
 ,
1/111/1 #'111./\(llfl \11111/t•\ /If /1,\ ,/ \'l'llf\)
------.....:,""""',.eo,,-=oo,-----_,......,.__
(.).2: l'i,·k tlu.• 1'1 u,• und F11I,,·
I. lnth111e:-i.1 i:-. th1: ,1;111 Id l11r�•e,t Mw,li111 cm111t1y in tl!llll., of its population.
·1 rul! / False
li11fo11csw di\ kkd into ?7 1m1, im:l!s ·1 rue/ False
1. Second() I ( M1mm11 conlbcncc wus held 111 L.ilHlll! 111 1978. True/ Fulse
4 I hl· l'11vc1 nmcnt of �hl·tl-. M1�jihur Rehman w,,., toppk<l 011 I 5 1h August
I 97't I rue/ False
�. l } ,1ll pur w.is ,1lsu 1e11an11:d 1:11isnl11ha<l 111 honour of' King Fuisul. True/False
6 P,1l-.1st,ltl s1.111ed the metro hus pm,1cct with the help of'Turkey. True/ False
5. Pul-.1st11n had nu pkosunt fl'h1tions wi th A lghunistun 111 very lx:ginning.
True/ False
6. Alghamst,m ueccpted the DurunJ linens theinternational border in 1893.
True/ False
7 Gene,,, P.ict hctwcet Russiu, Pukistun un<l Afghunistun was signed in 1988.
True/ False
8. I he Prime �hnistcr of Pukistun NU'.\ilh Lia4u1 Ali Khan visited Iran in
1949 'I nie/ False
Q.3: 'Fill in the Ulukk.11
l lndonesi,1 is l,11gc�t Muslim countr) ,.,,hich di, ide<l in---------- provinces.
2. Put..,stun rclutton with lndoncsm gn.•atly developed under ----------­
g<1\ ernml'lll.
3 Bunglude�h wus n part uq>ut..istun from 1947 to----------
4. Mr Khurshid Al1111cd 1'.han \.-vus appointed Pakistun lirst Ambassador to
Bangladesh on 9'h lkcemher--•- -
5. Put..istan rccogm,cd 13nngludcsh in-------------
6. Suu<.li Ar.1b1a supportcd Pnktslun during the war of 1965 and ----------
7. A contamcr train sen 1cc wus launched by -------------- between Islamabad
,utd lstunhul in 2009
8. fhc rdution between Pakistun nnd C'hinu began in -----------
9. l'hc Silk- route of Kamkurnm wns compk·ted in--------------
10. lhe Srlk route of'Karnkiinun is ·····-------long.
11. rhc muin dispute between Pa.kistun un<l India is the-------------
12. Jndiu und Pakistan signed Indus water treaty in------ --------
13. Shimlu agreement was signed between Pakistan and Indio in-----------
14. Iran wus the first country which rccogni,cd Pakistnn ns on-------------
15. Raju Gtuu.Ju1for Ali khan was uppointcd ns Pnkisuu1's first nmba-.sador to---- ----

231
lladi Paki:,ta11 Stutlief for (8S-4 rears)

16. The <l1plomat1c relations bel\'.een Afgha!')istan und Pakistan d •\/eloped in ---

17. Durand line dinded the border of Pakistan .md----------------

18. Durand line finalized between Pakistan and Afghanistan hy Afghan Kiug
and----------------in 1893
ANSWER
Q No. I: Encircle the correct options.
I. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. {c) 9. {a) 10. (h) 11 . (u) 12. (u)
13. (c) 14. (d) IS. (c) 16. (d)
Q No. 2: Tick the correct choice.
I. (T) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (T) 5. (T) 6. (T) 7. ('l) 8. (T) 9. (T) I0. (T)
Q No. 3: Fill in the Blanks.
I. 27 provinces (2). Gen. Ayub Khan (3). 1971 (4). 1975 (S). 1974 (6).1971 (7),
Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani (8) 1950 (9). 1969 ( 10) 900 K m ( 11) K,,..,hmir
Issue (12). 1960 (13). 1972 (14). Independent state (IS). lmn (16).1948 (17)
Afghanistan (1 �). Sir D, rand Foreign secretary of India
Short questions
1. Write a short not on Shimla Agreement of 1972 bctwc..:en Pakistan and India.
2. What is Indus water treaty of 1960?
3. Which is the largest Muslim country? Oescrib� m short
4. What was the role of Indonesia, during the Pak-India war 1971?
5. Write the role of Iran during the Pak-India war 1971.
6. Write a short not on diplomatic relations between Pakistan und I u1kcv.
7. Write a short :1ote on the Military relation between Pakistan and Snu<li
Arabia.
8. Write a short note about economic aid of America under the prcssler
Amendment.
9. Write the relations between Pakistan nnd Afghamstan after 1996.
\ O When was Bangladesh rccogni,�d h) Pakistan? And � hl.'rc
11. What is ilk-Route'! Write in Shott!
12. Which country is the l�u·gest supplier of Am1s to Pnki :!'.1\'?

LONG QUESTIONS
I. Discuss the relation bet\\ccn P:\kistan and Chinn.
2 Explain the rebtions between Pakistnn nnd United States
J. Lxpb:11 the relations betv:ce11 Pakistan �nd Saudi Arnlrn,

-=--------------------------
4. Discuss the relation between Pakistan and lrnn.

232
Hadi Pakista11 Studiesfor (BS-4 years)

APPENDIX
(For University of Education Lahore "Multan Campus")
l. SOCIETY AND ITS STRUCTURE
Definition of Society . .
Society means the system of living together in groups . According to Linton.
a society is "any group of people who have lived and worked together long enough
to get themselves organized anJ to think of themselves as a social unit with well­
defined limits·· Bertrand considers society ·'that group within which men share a
total common life".
l'iature and Characteristics of Society
Characteristics of human society are as follows:
1. Permanent social group
Society is permanent and largest social group of people living together for a
long period. where the members of society learn the norms of social life in various
social groups
2. Classification of society
Societ} can be classified on the basis of profession. i.e. caste n�e "ex.
literac}, race and religion. All these groups perform their respective purpose and
have their own structure.
3. Main organs of human societie
There are at least five main organs of human societtes which are famil},
education, econom), polities and religion. The interrelationship amon� institutions
creates structure for the society .
.i. Aspects of human societies
Human societies have at least two aspects rural and urban . Rural 5ociety is
sparsely residing group of people with simple culturt:. The urban group lives in
cluster with complex culture.
S. Culture of human societies
�II human . soci.eties have their �wn culture. It is the way of life of people
and provides the d1rect1on to the people m their social actions. r
6. Human needs
Society fulfils human needs through social relationship amon , the
members. g
7. An organized unit
":' s�ciety
.
is or�anized b� the process of interdependence among the grou
p::,
and the mstttuttons . This need bmds them all together into an orga
nized unit

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 !!_atJI Pakl,;tq,r Studie�for (BS-tJJg
N}

8. Territorial bounda11
The human socictie, have political go..,emments in which territorial
houndary 1s an essential cond i tion.
Types of ociety
Human so;iet) can be di H ded into three sets detail of these sets is as
follows.
I. Nomadic V/S Sedentary societies
(i). Nomadic ocicty
The people of nomadic societies do not have their permanent place of
residence the)' do not have agricultural or ance�1ral propert)'. The} roam from place
to place wi t h their luggage on the back camels, hor�es. donkeys in search of fodder
and water for their animals and food for themselves. Their way of living is old and
traditional.
ii. Sedentary Society
People of this society are permanently settled in rural or urban areas. They
have agricultural and resident1aJ lands, which transferred from generation to
generation. Tribal people hke muree tribe, Kutchi tribe etc. are also part of this
societ}. .
2. Traditional V/S Modern Societies
(i) Traditional Society
Population size of this kind of society are vef) small People of this societ}
arc settled on thl!ir land. They are associated with agriculture profession. labour and
small scale. business. Because this society 1s non industrial. Facilities like
electricity, gas telephone etc are not ava1lahle
Modrrn Societ
y
(ii)
This soci ety is model of urbanization which is having advance industrial
y
and technologi cal s stems. Population size of this society is very high ha\ ing
millions of people in citi.es. Modem urban facilities like electricity, gas, fax
etc a re available in it. Women of this societ) ar e
telephone school. colleg e airports
highly educated and work paraJlel to men in different walks of life.
3. Rural V/S U rban Societies
People of this s?Ciety are rusociated with agri'culture profession. ome of
them are also in voh ed in labour r�lated to agriculture. They have open residences
covering vast areu for c?urtyard. Literacy rate in thjs kind of societies is general!)
low and females arc discouraged go for fonnal education. Basic facilities like
hospitals, schools, colleges, electricity, gas etc are lacking behind in this societ) ·

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 · · '
I •
l'n,p I l' nl 1111 ,rn,:1c1y 111 • r.1 1111111111;1 II y 1111 he }l"tI w·1tt1 r••l' o ,)U'> bcl'1cf'i, J,ut their
.. 1r11'
knowledge aho,11 "livi1111 i H•·11�1t.lly pc,,,r.
(Ii) \Jrh1111 Sot·h•t,y • •
1 11 thi !l •.m tl·ty 11 u,111plcx life i I fou11cl i11 wh1c h tli 1• people of d1ffc!cnl r�s.
p1olt.",•,in11 , c1"11ci-1 1111d u li!,( i111111 live tc,Bctlu.:r, 'I he people of tlus soc!ely
upp1cd 1ttl·d L,llci(tl l l1 1111J•l·, 'I ht 11111 of 1,c;ial cl11111ge i 1 1:iittcr due to education.
h:d 11 1nlnpy i 11 dwl11 y 1111d 1111!,1111111111111 I 11<.:iliticN like clcclricity gai;, _ 1:�cpho�e.
:11qH,1t ct, 111 c 11v11il11 hlc i11 11,h,111 oucty I ,111 111 nviailahility of urhan fac1hues, high
-.1amh11d ul' livi11� l!i fn1111d t·o111p;11i11J w1lh 1111,11 f,11ciety,
1

Strudun- of Uu• Soc:it•ty

/\ sol.· kty is co111p11!!ccl of :i l11rgc 111 11nhcr of' .ocial instit11tions. An
in,titut1un .-. ,, nclwnr� of' ,<ll.'i,.t 11or111 . 'I he 11ctw111k of ,11cial rdationship among
v1 111uus 1m,ltllt11011s ,., i.:11llul ,111.:i11I t1\l1tct11rc. 'I he 1,ocicty cswblishcs a permanent
�•nup lo, 111.:1:d qt11li1<:t1<>n lhis gwup is called institution. 'J hcsc societies which
h,1vc complex i.:ult111c have II huge 1111111her of insti1111ions. ·1 he simple societies have
srn,ple ..,rn:n1l c.11111:lurc with II few i11•,titutio11:1. 'I here me at least fine hasic
1m,lllutio11s in u pie litcrutc sociely i.e. family, education, politics, economy and
religion I hesc 111s11tutions arc 1 cl,1tcd lo hil'iit. needs of human society. On the
1 dat1onsh1p of these inslit111to11,, lhe slwctur� of oeicty stands. Relationship
among instit11tio11s i� culled 'IO(..IUI stnacturc.
Sociol Structure umon� in\titution
Rcl,11mnship 11111ong inslltutiun'i i"i titlkd !>ocial structure. 'I he detail of thl!
rclutionship mnm1g vuriuus M1c111l g, 011ps hclo1wi11g to vwiou� institutions arc as under.
I. J,'11mily 1md cduciation
·1 he hurnly is the first institution of' a society which reproduces human
ge11emt1on uml folfi Is ulmost ull the 11ccds of' its mcmbcrc, Education is the baste
need which is husicully ptovidcd by f,muly first. Family teat.hes basic nom1s of life
to 1ls members i.c culturul vulucs, utlltudc, hclicfs, cushunc,, 111tcrcsts. In this way.
the busic uims of education urc fulfilled with 111 the family. When the family sends
their children lo cducntionnl institution und lulfils its conditions of hooks, uniforms.
dues und punctuality of t1111c, the cducutionul in. titutio11o; help the P11nily in
providing education to thejr children. By educution the children learn the norms of
life nnd udopl independent thinking on sociul life. /\1\cr completing their education
they become carntn� member� of society.
2. Social !ltr�cture betwtcn f11�1ily, e�ucation 1uu.l economy
_
Relnhun sh1p , umon g three mstitut101 1s fumily, education and economy
. _ .
constitute u socml stnicturc. hlucatmn and family have direct relationsh i p between

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/lad/ Pal.lMtm St11tll1!!ifor (BS-4 year.<i)

them. In the same direction the education and economy also support each other
because without finance the education system cannot run. On the other hand with
out education the techniques of economic system cannot be learnt. Similarly, the
family needs money to make a successful living and the economic institutions need
workers who come from their families In this network, all these three institutions
constitute a social structure.
3. Social structure of economy, polities, religion family and education
The five basic institutions of a society have their relations with all other
institutions. Politics cannot succeed without education. An illiterate candidate gets
least votes against his literate opponents in Pakistani society. Education provides
controlling power to politics and teaches principles of politics to the family
members. Religion provides code of ethics and morality to politics, economy,
family education. All institutions support religion by money, teaching methods,
social power and students. Economy plays very important role in influencing all
other institutions. No institution functions without economic resources. This is a
great social �tructure of a simple society.
2. FEATURES OF PAKISTANI SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Definition of Culture
Culture means the overall behaviour of any commw1ity. This behaviour
includes all the aspects of our life. Our language, dress style, food, residence,
habits, customs and traditions, religious beliefs, education and all these activities
are included with which we arc in contact with, as a member of the community.
According to Edward Tyler
"Culture is related to all type of knowledge and arts, laws and
beliefs, traditions and customs. It is also relaled to the tho1tghts and
actions of humans".
Mix Culture
Before Pakistan came into being, people coming from different parts of the
world settled in. These included lranians, central Asians, Arabs, Greeks, Iraqis and
Europeans. Every group which came here brought along their tradition, customs,
festivals, dress style, food and their life style. These groups influenced each other,
with which a mixed culture started emerging.' When the Muslims came to South
Asia, they gave a new living style i.e equality brotherhood, communal justice and
truth to the people. The people of different provinces of Pakistan have their own
values and traits like languages and traditions differ from one another but they are
connected with a common Islamic culture. Pakistan is a beautiful example of
multicultural society.

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Hudl Pakistan Studiesfor (BS-4 years)
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Religious Festival
' The majority of the population of Pakistan are Muslims �d �ey celebrat�
their religious and social festivaJs like Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ui-Azha, Eid Milad-un-Nabi
(P.B.U.H). Shab-e-Miraj and Shab-e-Barat with great devotion and respect. These
festivals are part of our centuries old culture. Moreover, non-Muslims also enjoy
· full liberty to c elebrate their festivals.
Dress
People of every province and region of Pakistan wear traditional dresses. In
villages and urban areas, different dresses are worn. The dresses in Pakistan are
made keeping in view the religious needs and weather. Weaming a cap or having a
turban on the head is liked. Both save you from the extremities of weather. In the
rural areas of Punjab, men wear dhoti Kurta and turban. Now the trend of shalwar
is also growing. Women like dupatta, shalwar and kurta. In urban areas sl.alwar,
shirt, pants and coat. sherwani and waistcoat are in vogue. In cities the influence of
western dress is clearly visible. In GiJgjt Baltistan, different dresses are worn
according to the weather. It is a common practice to wear shaJwar kameez and a
cap. In the provinces of 'Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Baloehistan and Sindh, loose
shalwar is worn. All over Pilistan, the dress is prepared as per the requirements of
purdah. Women prefer to wear embroidered dresses. On the occasion of marriage a
beautiful dress is got prepared for the bride.

Urses and Fairs

Urses and fairs are held every year in Pakistan. They reflect our culture. The
urse of the great saints like, Hazrat Data Ganj Baksh Ali Hajveri (R.A), Hazrat
Baba Farid-ud-Din Shakar Ganj (R.A), Hazrat Shah Rukn-e-Alam MuJtnai (R.A.),
Hazrat Baha-ud-Din Zakariya Multani (R.A.), Hazrat Madhu Lal Hussain (R.A)
(Mela Charghan), Hazrat Hazrat Saidan Shah (R.A), Hazrat Sacha! Sarmast' Sindh.
Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhaitai {R.A) are held yearly.
Every year before and after the harvesting season, official and unofficial
fairs are arranged in ?i�erent cities. As soon as the spring season starts, Pakistani
peopJe head to the fairs m droves. Some important days of historical persona · lities '
fairs and sporting events are as under:
Horse and Cattle Show in Fortress Stadium, Lahore Sahandur (Gilgit) Polo
Matches, Annual festival at Sibi, l 4th August, the Independ�nce day of Pakstain J st
May, Labour Day etc, Date of Births and deaths of Quaid-e-Azam (RA) �d
Allama Iqbal (RA) and Takbeer Day.

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Foods
Pcoph: lil...l· dit1�rl'lll foods Ill diffl·rcnt rq;iuns of 1'11k.i�111n In Punjab ,111d
Sindh. meat. , cgct,tbks. pulses nnJ rice 1m: lil...cJ , l'r\ Much In Kh}bcr
Pnl...htunl...hwu und Balcochistun, t\ll'Ut, Jr) nnd frl•sh fruits 111c prckm:d \\ he.it und
rice art> spcdalknll) ll'-l'c.i In fond. lhnsc ,., ho ll\ c m:nr Sl'll hl'aChl'S 111...l' lhh , er)
much. In Punjub. f\till... nml I nssi nrc the fovnuritc dnnl...s whc1c,1s qalH1,,u is the
l�\\Ouritc drink in Khyber Pnl...htunl...ll\\11 and Bnlnch1st.m. Sujji um) K,ualu (,usht
obout hulf ,\ ccnlltr) bncl... were limited to Kh ) bcr PaJ...htunl...hw,1 and North1.:rn
Punjab onl) . tm from Pcshnwnr to Karachi nnd Qucllu. ,t 1s e4Li.1ll) liked,
Regarding food. the lil-..ing and prclercnccs of pl!opk nrc 1.:hunging. I he fuvouritc
dish of Pali toni people is meat.
Values
In all the regions and provinces of Pnkistnn. excellent nnd <.hstinct ,ulucs .trc
found. Lit't- is simple and respectable. Elders arc respected. It is the custom to 10\c
the young ones. To fulfil the needs of the helpless. the ncl.!d) nnd the poor people.
the systems of Zakat and adqn. etc. is existing ut officio! nnd non-otlicial le\d
Women are looled upon , ith respect and dignity. People shore feelings on sod and
happy occasions. Problems arc solved through mutual discussion. In rural area.'-.
panchayats comprising the village elders solve many quarrels at the local it:, d.
Marriage
Marriage is a religious obligation in Islam. On a specific day, the ikah
ceremony is held. Food is arranged by the bride's family. After this the
br:degroom:s family invites people for Yalima.

The birth of children

Immediately after birth, the azaan is recited in the child's ear so thnt 1t
should be known that he was born in a Muslim family with Allnh's bles ing. The
aqeeqa ceremony is also arranged. The relatives and friends especially express joy
at the birth of children and gift are also given to the newborn.

Death Rites
At the death of a person. the relatives, and acquaintances gather at the house
of the deceased. The dead body is bathed and a shroud is wrapped around the bod).
Later on, the namaz-e-Janaza is offered, the body is buried in the grave)ard . QurJil
Khawani is arranged for essal-e-Sawaab. Nothing is cooled in the house of the
deceased on the day of mourning. The relatives and neighbours arrange the food for
a couple of day.

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Sport
ln Pakistan competitions of different traditional and modem
. games are held.
Pakistan has teams of cricket, hockey, squash and Kabaddi. Other
than these.
volleyball, football and tennis are also famous games. Tournaments are held
at the
district, dh isiona1, provincial and national level in these games. Pakistan is also
famous for the art of wrestling. Pakistani wrestler Gama, popularly known as
Rustam-e-Zaman. In Gilgit and the northern areas, polo is very popular and has
been played for approximately two thousand years.

FINE ARTS
Architecture
The art of architecture is hereditary for the Pakistanis. Many historical
buildings were built by the Muslim rulers. They constructed beautiful gardens. The
Shahi fort of Lahore Shahi Masjid Lahore Wazir Khan Masjid. Shalimar Gardens.
Chnuburji, Tombs of Jehangir and Noor Jahan are the models of our old culture.
The sher Shahi Majsjid Behra, Jamia Masjid Thatta, Mahabat Khan Masjid
Peshawar and other such historical sites are inherited by Pakistanis. Some
magnificent beautiful buildings have also been constructed after the creation of
Pakistan like the tomb of the Quaid-e-Azam, Karachi, Alfalah Buildings. I ahore.
Faisal Masjid. Islamabad etc. All such sites are great attractions for the tourists.
Handicrafts
Handicrafts have great importa..11ce in Pukistan. The people have been
producil lg handicraft� in cottage industry. Man and women make h=indicrafls.
These handcrafts like sports and surgical goods at Sialkot, Carpets arc
manufactured in the houses in all the provinces. Khadar of Kamalin, Sheets of
Bhera and Multan, embroidery of Bahawalpur nud Multan are much appreciated in
foreign countries.
Pain.ting
The art of painting in Pakistan is very ttnique. It is considered Pakistan's
identity. In the art of calligraphy famous calligraphists in Pakistan have created
unrivalled master pieces. Works of art of painting and Caligraphy belonging to
Mugh31 times and modern times are displayed in the Lahore Museum and Shahi
Qila.
The educated people greatly oppreciatc the classical and modem pieces of
Art. Abdur Rehman Chughttui has produced the illustruted Diawan-c-Ghalib.
Shakir Ali Sadiqain, Aslam Kamul and many other Pakistani Artists haw touched
the heights of fume.

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llutll l'ul.i{tu11 St11d/ef/or (BS-4 years)

3. NATURAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN

Introduction
Natural resources mean all the material and forces under and abO\ e the land
'-\ith which nature has blessed any count'). Natural resources include land its
fcrtilit) and situatJOn . forests. minerals. climate, \',ater resources. sea resources etc.
According to Alfred Marshall. ..Natural Resources mean the materials and
the forces which Nature gives freely For man's aid. in land and water in atr and
light and heat" According to M P. Todaro " aturaJ resources comprises the natural
environment. on the surface of the earth, belov. its crust, m the air. and in the
ocean, so whatever is available on the eartb comes under this categof) i.e. in the
form of minerals. forests, fisheries".

Mineral Resources of Pakistan

Natural resources are very important for the developmen1 and prosperit) of
a country. Allah almigAty has blessed Pakistan with a lot of natural resources But
there resources remained unexploited for years. It is due to lack of technical �kill.
finances and technology. Some minerals like Coal, iron, copper etc are found in
solid form and some like gas, petrol, oil etc. are found in liquid form. l he mineral
n:sources of Pakistan are as follows:
J. Natural Gas
Natural gas was discovered in 1952 al Sui (Balochiston). More than T!. ga s
fields have been discovered in Mari, Uch. Khairpur and Jacobaba d t:tc. It 1s a
Cheap substitute for coal and petroleum. The importance of natural gm, to the
country has been increasing rapidly. It is used in ge n eral industr) to prep,1r�
consumer items and to generate electricity. Jn the forn1 of C G, it t!> used in
transport sector. The use of CNG is being encouraged to reduce pressu re on
petroleum imports and improve environment.
2. Crude Oil
Oil is called the liquid gold. It is an important source of energy. It 1s mostl)
imported from I ran and Gulf slates. Now some valuable rcsenes are foun d in
Jhc lum, Mianwali, Attock, Balkassar, Mia!, Chakwal and Dhodak. It contributes
about 29% to the total energy supply of the country.
•3. Coal
Coal is one of the important minerals produced in Pakistan. It is u ed in
power generation. Pakistan has coal resources estimated at over 185 billion tonnes.
including I 75 billion tonnes identified at Thar coalfields in Sindh. There art •th0
thr ee main coalfields around Quetta.

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4. Chromite
It is used in preparing othl!r metals. leather tanning, making of steel
products and stainless steel. I he deposits of Chromite are found in Zoab (Muslim
Bagh). Chaghi. Mulakand. Mahmood, Wazirsistan. Fort Sondaman etc.
5. Gypsum
Gypsum is found at Jana and salt range. It is mined at Khewra. Dandot and
Daud Khel. Gypsum' is a stone which is used in the production _of cement, chemical
fertilizers. plaster of paris etc.
6. Sulphur
It is very useful ore for the chemical industry. Its deposits are found in
Kalat, Kha1rpur. \1ardan and Jacobabad etc.
7. Iron Ore
Availability of iron is equally imperative like oil and coal for industrial
advancement. In PaJostan, it is found in limited quantit) and low qualit). Most of
the required Iron ore is imported from abroad. Its deposits are found in Chitral.
Chaghai. Kohat, Khurram Agency, Mardan, Hazara. Mianwali (Kalabagh) and DG
Khan.
8. Lime Stone
It is used in cement industry, paper. paints, bleaching powder and
constructional material. It is found in Kohat, Kalabagh, Daud Khel and some
regions of Sindh.
9. Rock Salt
It is used for domestic .ind commercial purposes. Its main deposits are
found in Jhelum. Mi,mwah and Kohat district.

IO. Silica Sand

ft is mainly used in chemicals, metallurgical and refractory industries. It is
found in Mianwali. Dera Ghazi Khan. Dadu and Hazara districts.
11. Soap Stone
It is used as a raw material in many industries like paints, roofing tiles, soap
insecticides etc. Il is found at Zhob, Safcd Koh and Sherwan. �
12. Marble
Marble is available in different colour and varieties iq Mulla Ghori (Khyber
Agency) Mardan, S�1at, N?sham, Bazar, Chaghi (Balochista11) and Gilgit f3alack
_ _
and White Marble 1s avatlable 111 large quantity in Kala-Chitta Hills (District
Attack), Other important areas of marble are district Mutaffarabad and Mir Pur of
Azad Khashmir.

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 lladi Pakb,tan Studie:.Jor (B.§•4Jleur\)

13. China Cla) and Fire Clay

Chma cla) is available 111 Mangora (District �awat) and Nagar Par�ar
(Smd). Fire cla} deposits arc avaiJahle in Salt range and Kala-Chitta I fills. Fire
Clay 1s used for making bricks for use m steel melting furnaces
Land
The economy of Pakistan is basically dependent on its agricultural
development. which is interlinked with the nature of available soil. Fertilit} of land.
for instance. increases agricultural yield while baren land stands obstruction to this
end. In Pakistan all t}pes of soil exist while fertile land is also considerably vast. In
mountainous regions of the Nonh. the soil is rock )' . hence unsuitable for
cultivation.
Forests
Forests are yery important natural resources. They play a dominate role in
the development of a country and for the elimination of environmental pollution. In
the opinion of economic experts, forests should cover at least one fourths of the
total area of a country. Keeping in view this requirement. Pakistan suffers from the
lack of forests. Some of the regions have sufficient fort:sts \Vhile !urge areas are
conspicuou� b} the absence of vegetation and green belts. For example. in
mountains forests are found in abundance but in desert li..lnds no , egctation is
.
, isible.

IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS
Forests arc very important in the econom) of a co11ntf). The importances of
forest are given below:·
J. Forests pro\ ide timber, firewood, gum hone) nnd oth�r ust!ful things. which
are very important for the trade of a countt")
2. Forests are very useful in water logged and salinity affected areas. Trees
absorb water. from the soil and lower ,1.atc1 le, cl of underground reserve.
3. Forests herbs are used for the preparation of medicines
4. Forests provide raw material for paper industry
5. Forests provide us various fruits and fodder to animals.
6. Forests are very important for the wild life.
7. Forests cause, to a great extent, rainf!}II in a region. The presence of forests
measures the amount of water vapours that causes rainfall.
8. Forests make the climate of an area very pleasant. They lessen the intensity
of heat.
9. Forests Promote tourism.

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l·orcsts have an important role in the economy of Pakistan. About 5 million peoplt:
depend upon forests to earn their livelihood.

4. ILLITERACY
Concept of Illiteracy
flliteracy means those people who cannot read a paragraph in any language
with understanding. But according to the census of Pakistan 1981, illiteracy has
bl!tm defined as reading a paragraph of a language v.ith understanding. According
to the census of Pakistan 1998 the literacy rate ts about 45% and the rest of the
people 55% are illitciate.

Causes of Illiteracy
J. Poverty
In Pakistan 40% people are living below povert� line. In such condition
hov. it is possible for tliem to send their children to schools colleges and
universities. According to UNICEF, 17.6% ch1ldrc>n \\Ori-. and support their
families.
2. Feudal system
Feudal system is a big obstacle 10 the identification of dream of better
literacy rates. Because Pakistani policies are controlled b} feudal lords. the feudal
lords enjoy political power as well as they depri\'e people from getting education.
3. Culture
Illiteracy is our traditional culture based on pure agricultural profossion in
which education is not considered to be a foundation of life. Mostly. the farmers
have been illiterate people through out centuries in the h1stor) of our social life. lt
was considered that 1f a boy becomes highly educated. he will become useless for
the farms.
4. Conservative Approach
Ilhtcracy rate is higher among women than men, because most of the
women are illiterate in rural areas. The people of rural areas dislike women to be
employed in any government or private office. A woman is preferred to be a good
wife, a good mother and a good daughter, if she works within the famil). Now a
change has come into the social structure of rural life that an educatl!d girl is like to
be married as a \\. ife but working within the household duties.
5. 111iterate Parents
J n rural areas most of the parents are illiterate that is why they do not like to
send their children to schools specially the daughters. In urban area� this pcrcl!ntagc
243
 ol' il litcrn<:y is ulso higher among
_ the women than that of men. The c�ltural value of
l'nkistmu socic1y dominates both in rural and urban areas to restnct the women
within till' boundary of the house.
(,. Poor Govt. Schemes
I he mo-st of the Govt. schemes of literacy are ill planned, based on adhoc
policy. I his is also a reason of illiteracy. In the present scenario Pakistan counts
umong those 12 cnuntries of the world which are spending less than 2% of GDP on
L'ducution. Free education 1s the right of every person but unfortunately this is not
happening in our country. 1 he Govl. should devise a better plat111ing regarding
education in the hudget.
7. Low Social Contacts with Cities
The people of rural areas have not been in contact with big urban
scttll.!mcnts. Social relations with urban life arc very important factors for bringing
chnng\,; in their attitude and actions. Bccaust! the fanners remain busy with their
. lands, animols and tbe1r crops finding little time to visit citie5.
8. Poor Transport
Transport facilities are not sunicicnt that is a hindrance in social change.
Mostly the schools arc �1t long distances from the houses of villagers.

Effect of Illiteracy
EfTccts of ill itcrncy arc as follows:
J. Minimacs social relations
Ill itcrncy minimizes social rclallons 111 society which leads to less
development of resources.
2. Barrier in the Social Progl'�Ss
lllitcracy is itself a barrier in the social progress among people for better
standards. !llitcracy is major hurdle in understanding techniques for advancement
und progress.
3. Less Prestige
An illiterate person is given-less prestige while sitting with other people. He
is given only a labor work and not allowed to sit on table and chair in offices. He is
considered to be at low class in society by the educated people because he is poor
nnd illitcrnte..
.a. To create Deprivation among the people
lllit�rncy creates �eprivation among people to enjoy recreations of the
:-ociety. llhtcrntc person 1s unable to read books, maguzine, articles and other

244
 lladl Pd.utan Studlnfur (BS-4 yt>ars)

n:ading 'materials. He cannot participate in forums and platfonns uf t:ducatc<l

people.
5. Attitude of Illiterate people
Illiterate people are unable to deal with the social situ�tions in � better way.
In such kind of situation, their attitude is abnonnal and some times deviant too.
6. Backwardness
Illiterate people are unable to understand the problem and its solution.
There Illiteracy cerates backwardness among the people.
7. Hamper Social Change
. . . .
Illiteracy hampers social change because the 1lhterate do not like social
change. They want to live with their existing environment and resist any change.
8. Crime and Violence
Illiterates commit more crimes than the educated people. Violent attitude is
more in illiterate than the literate persons.
9. Low quality of life.
Illiterate people enjoy poor quality of life, and their status in ;he society is
also poor.
SOLUTION OF ILLITERACY
Some solutions ofilliteracy are suggested as under:
J. Awareness about Problem
To bring these illiterate people into the liens of progress, advancement and
change it is necessary to aware them about problems and consequences of illiteracy
as ·their problem. They should be provided infonnation through mass media of
communication.
2. Attitude Change
Illiterate people can be drained into channel of progressive people with
attitude change through showing movies, leetures by officers and programs of
literacy on radio and television. lbese people can be given incentive of prizes. if
they take classes ofliteracy in the union counoil offices or schools of the village.
J. Literacy Programs
The literacy program includes teaching the basic subject in the lang
the people, Ena)isb, Urdu or what ever they like. This uage of
work can be done by other
. educated yo� men of� rural areas on �ohmtary basis. The build
ing is available
as school, hospital, councd office and even the mosque of the area.
.f. To provtde free Eduaflonal ltt1111
The people who attend this literacy program should be
provided stationary
and books free ofcost.

245
 1/1111/ J•11J.l,11111 S11111/n or Jt.\' ,I 1'1'111\) ¥ea£ ---

s. Pt.•,·iod of T,·n,·hin� Pro�•'nun ·

. .
(hi.' tlllll' 1,1 ll'itd1111l' and k,11111111' lllll , I'l. I I \ n • ( ill th� C\ l.'111111' •, 1 1 tit•'·
• • 1" s·11nkk11t Ill lllLll\l.'
1 t1.',ll,1 11ng , l1 11.·m
complctron <)I 1lw11 \\01k I <HII 11, s1, ,,1.•l•11.:,;
ht.,;rutc us to �·ml .iml ,Hite tlw bas1t· thmr'- ,,r 1l11:ir 111..•1.•d. l'111s l.'an b-.: c,HtllH\11.'li up
to nnothcr two to 1hrl'C ,,·.,;1.·ks at 1lw11 homes <'ll their in11:11.·st
6. lmporhrnct.· of 11:dm·ntion
.
1111.· ii literate p1.:opk �II\ I 1mt l 111.·) ,m:• ll 1 II11.:• 1,•1._, ,t - '11•1.·
i.: ul. t111.·11• a c:,1'l.' so
. . . · ·J (lll thl.' l,1d thi.11
-� 1,•1,1.
1.:dm:ut1011 or l111.:r,tl'} rs ll'-1.'1 l''>S hn tI 11.·m ') '- u1 n1' g111 II 1.:'Ill ·,L
th1.:ir htc1,1c) ,..,,11 b1.• hl'lpful to 1.·lh11.·u11.· th1.•11 d11ldu:n. l h1.') \\ ill h:d impot l,11\�1.• <'I
l'ducotion and \\ill 1.:duu1t1.· !heir d1dd11.·n al ,111y l'<lst.
7. Injection of l'1111n�,·d untl prof.!n·�,
I .ducation is on 11\Jl.'Cttnn ol ch,lllg1.• 11ml progn::-s "<' 11 chung1.•:,; thl.' m11H.I
firs! and then 11 hnngs changes 111 till' Int.ti s1.Kial lit�•. C'hang1.• of nund ts lhl.' ch:mg1.'
ot general soctal lil'i:. and tlw mind c;tnnot be ch:ingl.'d until the 1.·Juc.1tion is tll)l
given 10 the pcopk. Fducutio11 is an 11\l�ction lll drnngt• ,111d pmgrl.'ss. ·th1.· us\! ot
,adio, tclcv1s1on . 111.·,,spapcts and the muss mcd1,1 ()r cnmmtmicati1.lll nrc the
suppor1111g sourcl'S for the accl.'pllu1cl.' ol cducnt1on for pwr,n::-s.

5. FOREIGN POLICY OF ISLAMIC Rl�PUBLIC OF PAKlSTAN

Ocfinition or Forci�11 Policy
f'h.,; forl.'1gn poltc, t!-i to 1.·stnhlish 11ml d1.·vl'l<lp n..·lali,,ns \\ ith 1.lth<:1 countries
LO vH1tch the n.ilional inh.:re'-tS hy taking ,1ppropn,lll.' stl.'ps al intcrn,11ion,1I k\ d.
Principles of Forei�n Polic)
rorl.!ign policy of Pakistan is b.1sed 011 thl.' folkH\'ing Hosie pnncipks.-
i. Peacefu l Co-e�istence
Pakistan believes in pcacdul Cl H!:\istcnc..; ,U1d rcspl.'ct" the hol.!rt). freedom
and sovereignty of other countries, and expects thi: same from others. Pakistan is
always disinterested in the intl.'rnal affairs of other::-. and opposl.'s impcriuli::-m and
aggression of every type.
ii. Non-alignment
Pak1�lan bus �<loplcc.l the policy of non-uligmncnt by maki
ng changes 111 1ts
forei� policy. Pak1s�an hus not shown alignment with t\11) bloc
_ . k. und hns
estobhshcd good relut1onsh1p with nil the countries. ( hcn:fc..1rc. n<.>\\
P,tk.ist,m 1s
trying to establish good relutionsh1p with Russiu. Unttcd
Statc.:s. China United
Kingdom. Fruncc and other countries and expects
the smm: from o�lh!rs or
significant importuncc. At prcs..;111 Pukislun is
ulso a ,cgular member ol Non­
aligned Mcn,emcnt (NAM),

246
1/utli Pak/Har, Vr,ulfr!\f!n (BS-4 •can

iii. Bilatcralism
Pakistan \.\ants Lo 'develop its relations with all countries on the
basis of
bilatcralism. Pakistan also wants to solve its conflicts with neighbouring countne
s
on the basis of' hilatcralism. Therefore, Pakistan has invited India many times to
sohc the Kashmir dispute by negotiation.
" lJnitcd Nations Charter
Pakistan is a mcmbl!r of United Nations and follows its charter strictly.
·1 herefore. Pakistau has supported every action or tht! United Nations and pro\ided
military assistance to implement its decisions.
v. Support to Right of Self-determination
Paki..,tan supports the right of ·self-determination of all the suppressed
nations Pakistan believes that l!VCI) nation must have the right of self­
dctermination. Therefore, Pakistan has supported the demand of aboltshmg the
colonialism and every movement for the exercise of the right of self-determination
in Europe, Africa and Asia. Pakistan has playeJ very important role in the struggle
of independence of Kashmir, Palestine, Bosnia, Namibia and Vietnam. It has also
opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by Russia. and helped the Afghanis to get
tht! liberation trom foreign rule.
vi. Unity of lslamit: \\'orlll
Pakistan is the supportt!r of the unity of lsl11m1c world. and is folio\.\ ing the
policy to-establish good relations with Muslim countries. Pakistan has alv.ays tried
to solve the conflicts oflslamic world and playe<l very important role m Iran - Iraq
war. Kuwait's occupation by [raq, Palestine's liberation, and Atghanistan's
liberation. Pakistan 1s an act1\C member of the Organization of Islamic Conference
(OfC') Pakistnn has provided a platfom1 for Muslim countries of Central Asia to
solve their economic problems hy establishing Economic Cooperation Organi1at1on
(ECO).
vii. De-wcaponi�ation
Pakbtan is the main supporter of dt!-v�caponisat1on and supported all
international efforts to de-weaponise the world. ·1 ht:refore. Pakistan is not in the
race of weapo,1isation. Pakistan uses atomic energ) for peaceful purposes. Pakistan
tries to avoid the danger of nuclear war in the world. Pakistan has repeatedly
suggested for the de-weaponisation of South Asia, but India has not responded it
accordingly.
viii. Elimination of Racial Discrimination
Pakistan wants to eliminate the racial discrimination throughout the world.
Pakistan has protested over racial discrimination in South Africa, Namibia and

247
 Iladi PaAl,run Stu
die\ for (BS-4year.)
SC,

Rodeshia. ·1 here is no racbl discrimination in Pakistan and all the minorities 111
_
:akistan ha\"e equal rights.
tx. Establishment of Peace
Pakistan wants establishment of peace througho711 the world. Pakista 11 h.is
als� protested agamst aggressive powers' dcsll"C'> and .supporlcd the oppressed
nations for .;etting the pc;c.1ce Pakistan h,tS rep�atcdly invited India to ncgotintc
peace in South Asia but it has rcJected every move.
:\. Good Relations with Neighbours
Pakistan ,,ants good relationship with all neighbours including India.
Pakistan also wants 10 solv_c all the issues ,,ith ncighhouring countries including
Kashmir issue \\ith India peaceful!). Thcrefure. Pakistan has invited India for talk�
at an} time. at every level and at e\'ery place.
xi. International and Regional Cooperation
Pakistan 1s an active member of international and regional organizations i.e.
United 1\auons. ·on-aligned Movement (NAM). Organization of Islamic
Conference (OIC). Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and SAARC.
Pakista n always cooperates with all these organizations for the security of world
peace.
OBJECTIVES OF FOREIGN POLICY
Pakistan emerged on the map of the world on 14 AUL'USt I 94 7 and it
inherited the foreign policy from British India. After independenLc, Pakistnn mndc
·some chang es in British policy according to the ideology and the objectives o f
Pakistan Movem ent. The main objectives of the foreign pl)lic) of P,tkistnn arcpas
under:-
l, National Security
The main objective of foreign policy of Pakistan is its n.ttH.>nJI sccurit) or
• dC,pendence. Pakistan was a new born stute. · and there wa, a need to m ake
in •
ecunt�. s o p ak'1�tan 'tormulatcd its Jon:1gn pohc) on the ba::,1�
ar rang emenrs for i�:; s
ty. It g�,e �ue 11�1ponance to the national sc�unt\ v,h1k
of national secun
onsh1ps w1tb other cow1trics. Pakistan respects th e
t blishing external rdat1
�:t�ona l integritY, and the political independcnct. of other countri�s, and expect from
others the same.
..•
11 Economic Development
en
Pakistan is a developing country and inspires for its economic de, elopm �-
stablish and maint ain cordial relations with those states with whom 1(
It n eeds to e i trade reIat10.
ns or from whom .1t can obta i. n maximum
. 1.:conon11c
axi mize . ts
�:�ts. P akistan has made changes in its fQreign policy keeping in view the n�v..

248