CHP 9 - Notes (Express)

Name Class: Sec Date
: 2- :
Chapter 9: Interaction through application of force
Learning outcomes:
1. Show curiosity about the destructive power of forces in nature (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis,
Volcanic eruptions, tropical cyclones)
2. Show an understanding that a force can be a contact force (e.g., friction) or non-contact force, (e.g., magnetic
force, gravitational force)
3. Recognise that the interactions between two or more objects result in a transfer of energy which can/may
cause changes (by application of force) to the
- state of rest or motion of an object
- turning effects in objects (e.g., spanners, levers to open tins)
- size and/or shape of an object
- pressure on objects
4. Measure force, using newton as the SI unit
5. Compare weight and mass
6. Investigate pressure using the formula, pressure = force/area [optional for NA]
7. Show an appreciation of some daily life phenomena associated with [optional for NA]
- pressure (e.g., high-heeled shoes, cutting edge of a knife),
- atmospheric pressure (e.g., use of suction cups, drinking from straws), and
- pressure due to liquid (e.g., submarines have depth limits)
8. State the SI unit of work and energy as the joule. [optional for NA]
9. Identify that work is done is an example of energy transfer that occurs when an object moves in the direction of
a force [optional for NA]
10. Recognise that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it is conserved when it is transferred (from one object
to another) and/or converted (from one form to another)
11. Infer that energy can be converted from one form to another
12. Show an appreciation of the uses of various sources of energy (e.g., fossil fuels, solar, hydroelectric, wind
energy, geothermal energy, biofuels and nuclear energy) and their impact on the environment
13. Perform simple calculation for gravitation potential energy using GPE = mgh and KE = ½ mv2 (calculation
involving conversion of energies between GPE and KE will not be tested for NA)
14. Perform simple calculation involving W.D = F x d (work done against friction will not be tested)
Homework:
1. Textbook pre-reading pg 4 – 33
2. Activity book 2A Work done page 27-28
3. SLS learning package on Law of energy conservation
4. Activity book 2A Energy conversion page 29-30
Part I: Forces and Pressure

Lower Secondary Science 2023 (Express)
page 1
Dunman Secondary where Discernment, Discipline, Daring, Determination and Duty become a part of life.
1. Forces
1.1. Definition
 It is a push or a pull on the object.
1.2. Effects of force

 When matter interacts with each other through application of force, it can:
a) set a stationary object into motion;
b) stop a moving object;
c) change the speed and/ or direction of a moving object;
d) change the shape and/ or size of an object;
e) result in a turning effect.
Checkpoint activity 1
Complete the table to show the effect of force by using the terms in section 1.2.
action effect of the force
returning a tennis serve change the direction of force
squeezing a sponge .
applying brakes on car at traffic light .
hitting a golf ball .
playing on the sea-saw .
1.3. types of forces

types of force contact force non-contact force
definition Matter must be in direct contact with Matter are not in direct contact with
each other each other
examples . .
Friction
.
.
1.3.1. Elastic force

 When an elastic material is stretched or compressed, it resists the change in shape by exerting a
force in the opposite direction.
 Elastic force is the force acting on a stretched or compressed elastic object to return to its
original shape.
1.3.2. Frictional forces

 Occurs when two surfaces come into contact and rub against each other
 It always the movement of an object
page 2
 To stop a moving object, the amount of friction between the surface is equal to the amout of force
applied.
 It is useful for:
a) walking;
b) holding onto object such as a pencil, handphone etc;
c) slowing down moving objects;
d) writing or erasing pencil marks on paper.
 Friction can also be a nuisance since it:

a) causes wear and tear;
b) reduces energy efficiency of machines (large amount of energy is converted to heat);
c) slows down moving objects during competition.
5 N of force
applied
To stop the ball, the frictional force is 5N
 Identifying the direction of friction:
 To move to the right, the wheel has to  To move to the right, the foot has to
rotate in a clockwise direction (green push backwards on the ground (green
arrow). arrow).
 Friction opposes motion, therefore it  Friction opposes motion, therefore it
acts to the right (shown by the red acts to the right (shown by the red
arrow). arrow).
 Ways to reduce friction:

a) Use a smooth surface;
b) Use wheels and rollers on conveyor belt;
c) Use ball bearings around axles in bicycles, cars and machines to allow the axles to turn
effciently;
d) Use lubricating oil on moving parts of machines;
e) Having cushion of air between surfaces (e.g. Hovercraft)
Ball bearings in axles

of machine parts Lubricating oil on
moving gears/parts

page 3
1. On the diagram, draw the direction in which friction acts on the wheels of the car at the point of contact.
2. (a) The diagram below shows a man pushing a box up a rough inclined slope with an applied force F.
Fill in the blanks with the stated forces as shown in the diagram.
Force Type of force

(b) Suggest one modification such that the man can
push the box up the slope without increasing the
F  _____________ force
 push force applied force F.
W  non-contact force
 __________________
W
1.3.3. Gravitational force

 It is the force of attraction between two masses of bodies.
Anything that has mass also has gravity. Objects with more mass has more gravity.
Earth’s gravity comes from its mass and its mass makes a combined gravitational pull on all the
mass in your body. That is what gives you weight.
If you were on a planet with less mass than Earth, you would weigh less!
FYI: Do you know that graitational force is the major force that creates tides?
The Earth experience gravitational forces of attraction from both the Sun and the Moon. However, the
forces of attraction from the Moon is greater than that from the Sun due to the shorter distance
between the Moon and the Earth. Together with the rotation of Moon around the Earth, the
gravitational force of attraction between the Earth and the Moon changes over the day leading to
formation of high and low tides.

page 4
For more details, scan here
*Differences between weight and mass
mass weight
definition . .
S.I unit . .
does not change from place to place changes from place to place as the
effect of location
gravitational field strenght changes
instrument for electronic balance Spring balance
measurement beam balance Compression spring balance
Weight (in newton) = mass (in kilogram) x gravitational field strength (in N/Kg)
relationship W = mg
Note: Gravitational field strenght of Earth is 10 N/Kg
Example
1) Calvin has a mass of 60 kg. Given that the gravitational field strength of Moon is 6 times weaker
than that of Earth, calculate the weight of Calvin on Moon.
Note:
All intermediate answers must be round off to 5

significant figures (s.f.) to avoid rounding off error. All
final answer to 3 s.f with appropriate unit
1.3.4. Magnetic force

 forces of attaction/ repulsion produced by magnets.

page 5
unlike poles attract and come together like poles repel and move away from each other
 Application of magnetic force:

a) separation of magnetic materials (such as , , or )
by huge magnetic crane in a scrap yard
b) train is lifted slightly above its track to reduce friction and noise as it moves
2. Pressure
2.1. Definition and calculation
 It is force acting per unit area
Pressure = force ÷ area S.I unit: square metre, m2
S.I unit: newton per square metre, N/m2 S.I unit: newton, N
OR Pascals, Pa
Example
1) A child will receive different vaccination at different age. The tip of a needle is pressed against
the child’s skin with a force of 2N. If the tip of the needle has an area of 0.000 001 m2, what is the
pressure exerted on the skin by the needle?
Note:
For question involving calculation, it is a good

practice to write down the relevant formula as a
form of reminder
2) A ballet dancer does a pirouette on the tip of her toe. I the dancer has a weight of 580N the tip of
her ballet shoe measures 0.02m by 0.01m, what pressure does her toe exert on the stage?

page 6
1) A skateboarder lands on all four wheels after riding a railing. If the skateboarder has a mass of
90 000 g and the area on the bottom of a single wheel is 0.001 m2, what pressure does the
skateboarder exerts on the ground?
2) A box of containers is placed on a table measuring 150 cm by 150 cm.

The box containing the containers measures 50 cm by 50 cm by 30
cm. The total mass of the containers and the box is 60 kg.
Calculate the pressure exerted by the box of containers on the table
2.2. Factors affecting pressure

 Pressure can be affected by the amount of applied force. The greater the applied force, the greater
the pressure exerted on it and vice versa.
Example
With a __ mass, Charles weighs __ than
Sam. Hence, Charles exerts a __ pressure on the
chair.
 Pressure can also be affected by the area that is in contact with the applied force. The smaller the
area, the greater the presssure exerted on it and vice versa
Example
With a broad tyres (i.e. ___ surface area), the
bicycle exerts a ___ pressure on the soft
sandy area. Hence the cyclist will ___ into the
area as he cycles across it. Wheel B will be a better
choice for cycling on a soft sandy area.

page 7
Example
Edge B is __ and hence has a than that
of edge A (which is blunt). When the meat is cut with edge B, the
pressure exerted on the meat is _ and thus allowing the
user to cut the meat smoothly.
2.3. Types of pressure

 Any matter that has mass can exert pressure.
 The air around us exerts pressure on all objects that are exposed to
air. This type of pressure is known as atmospheric pressure. When
an object is immersed in water, it also exert pressure on it.
 The deeper you dive in the ocean, the greater the pressure. At point
A, the person experience a greater pressure than at point B since
there is a greater mass of water above it. This give rise to greater
force acting on the person hence greater pressure.
 Conversely, the higher you climb up a mountain, the lower the
pressure since the amount of air at higher altitude is lesser.
This give rises to a smaller force hence a smaller pressure.
 Some applications of atmospheric pressure include suction
hooks, drinking and placing water storage tank at the top of
HDB flats.
page 8
1) Under which condition will the greatest pressure be exerted by a metal plate on a surface?
A applying 20 N force using 0.1 m2 plate

B applying 2 N force using 0.1 m2 plate
C applying 20 N force using 1.0 m2 plate
D applying 2 N force using 1 m2 plate
2) A man is lying on a bed of nail but he does not get hurt. However, if he is lying on a nail, he will
get hurt.
Explain why.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

page 9
Part II: Energy and Work Done
(A) WHAT IS ENERGY?
Key Learning points:

1. Energy is defined as the ability to do work.
2. Energy can exist in many different forms.
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE):
 Gravitational potential energy (GPE) refers to the energy stored in an object due
to its height above the ground. The higher the object is lifted up, the greater is
its GPE.
Calculation of Gravitational Energy (GPE)
GPE = mgh
SI unit: Joule [ J ]
where m = mass of object (in kilograms)
g = acceleration due to gravity (approximately 10
N/kg)
h = vertical height above ground (in metres)
*For easy reference and calculations, the GPE of an object at ground level is usually zero.
Worked Examples #1:

(a) A boy of 38 kg runs up a flight of stairs of 1m height. What is the gravitational
potential energy of the boy at the top of the stairs?
(b) How much more gravitational potential energy does a 10 kg box have when it is
moved from a height of 0.4 m to a height of 1.3 m?
(c) ** How much gravitational potential energy a remote-controlled toy helicopter of mass
page 10
450 g possess when it ascends to a height of 250 cm above ground?
Check point #1
Ball X with a mass of 4 kg is lifted vertically 3 m from the ground level; ball Y with a mass of
2 kg is lifted 6 m up. Which of the following statement (s) is/are true?
1 Ball X has greater potential energy since it is heavier.
2 Ball Y has greater potential energy since it is lifted to a higher position.
3 The two balls have the same amount of potential energy.
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 2 and 3
3. Elastic Potential Energy
A compressed spring or a stretched rubber band has

energy due to its shape or condition. This form of energy is
known as elastic potential energy.
4. Chemical Potential Energy

 The third type of stored energy is chemical
potential energy. It is the energy stored in
substances such as living things.
5. Nuclear Energy
page 11
 It is RELEASED when nuclei of small atoms combine to form heavier
ones.
 Sun’s energy is a form of nuclear energy.
 Nuclear energy is also released when the nuclear of a very heavy
atom is split into smaller ones.
 Most nuclear generators of the world which produce electrical energy.
6. Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy is the energy of a body due to its motion.
Calculation of Kinetic Energy (KE):
K.E = ½ mv2
SI unit: Joule [ J ]
where m = mass of object (in kilograms)
v = speed / velocity of the object (in m/s)
Worked Example #2:

(a) A car with a mass of 800 kg travels at a speed of 20 m/s. What is its kinetic energy?
(b) A small train of mass 15 000 kg slowed down from 30 m/s to 10 m/s. How much kinetic energy
is lost?
(c) ** A ball of mass 2 kg is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 10 m/s. What is the
maximum height it can reach?
(D) CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Please complete SLS learning package on “Law of energy conservation”

page 12
 Energy Changes
When work is done, each form of energy present has been converted to another form of
energy.
Key Learning points:

Principle of Conservation of Energy:
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
 Energy can be changed / transferred from one form into another.
Energy Conversion in Roller Coaster Systems
 In a roller coaster,
there is conversion of
…………………….. energy to
…………………. energy and
vice versa.
Worked Examples of Energy Conversion

1(a) A roller coaster of mass 2000 kg is released from rest
from A at a height of 30 m. Determine the
(i) kinetic energy it possesses at the bottom
B, and
(ii) the speed of the roller coaster at the bottom B.

page 13
Check point #2
A javelin thrower used 400 J of energy to throw his javelin from a stationary position. The path
taken by the javelin is shown in the figure below.
(a) State the points (Q, R or S) in the figure, where the javelin has
(i) the highest gravitational potential energy, …………………………………
(ii) the highest kinetic energy. …………………………………………….
(b) State and explain whether the kinetic energy at point S is equal to 400 J.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
(E) WORK DONE

1. Work is done when an applied force, F, moves an object over a distance D, in the
direction of the applied force.
2. Formula for work done

Work = Force x distance in the same direction of the applied force

page 14
SI unit for work:
Joule (J)
Where force in measured in newtons (N),
distance is measured in metres (m).
3. Work and energy are both measured in joules. When work is done, energy is
converted to other forms of energy.
(F) CONDITIONS FOR WORK DONE

The conditions for work to be done:
1. There is a _____________ acting on the object.

2. The object moves in the ___________________ of the force.
Check Point #3:

Determine whether work is done in each of the following examples.
Examples Work done? (Y/N)

1 Leaning against a wall
2 Holding a backpack
3 Diving into a swimming pool
4 Dragging a sack of flour up the staircase
5 Hot air balloon rising to the sky
CALCULATIONS INVOLVING WORK DONE

1. A man pushes a heavy box across a floor. He exerts a force of 80 N and the box
moves 4.0 m. Calculate the work done by the man.

page 15
2. What is the work done when a box is pushed by a force of 20 N through a
horizontal distance of 3.0 m?
3. Caleb lifts a box weighing 50 N from the ground through a vertical height 1.1 m.
(a) What is the work done by Caleb?
(b) If Caleb carries the box and walks a distance of 2.0 m to the right, what is the work
done? Explain your answer.

page 16
Check point #4
A man holds a big piece of wood up with his arms. He then walks over to the garden and drops it
onto the ground.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A When the man brings the wood up, the wood gains gravitational potential energy.
B There is no work done on the wood when the man walks into the garden.
C The gravitational potential energy gained by the wood is converted into kinetic energy
when the man drops it onto the ground.
D All of the above.
Check point #5
A waiter uses 10 N force to keep a tray of food above his shoulders as he moved 5 m from the
kitchen to the diners’ table.
What is the work done by the waiter to carry the tray of food as he walked 5 m to the table?
A 0J B 0.5 J C 2J D 50 J
Check point #6
A 300 N force is applied to a box in the direction of XY in order to move it up a ramp of dimensions
shown.
How much work is done when moving the box from X to Y?

A 500 J B 1500 J C 2000 J D 2500 J
G. Sources of Energy
We get energy from many sources. There are generally two types of energy sources, renewable
and non-renewable.

page 17
Non-renewable sources of energy
 are limited and will eventually run out.
 Most are produced from fossil fuels that takes millions of years to form.
Example of fossil fuels and its uses:

 Crude oil is an important type of fossil fuel. Other types of fossil fuels include natural gas
and oil.
 Most power stations generate electrical energy by burning coal or natural gas.
 The burning of fossil fuels in power stations involves the following energy conversion:
Chemical potential Electrical
energy energy
Impact of using fossil fuels on the environment:

 When fossil fuels are burnt, carbon dioxide gas is produced.
 Carbon dioxide gas traps heat from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere and causes global
warming.
 Global warming causes ice in the polar regions to melt, raising sea levels. It also brings
about erratic and destructive weather patterns.
Renewable sources of energy

 can be sustained or renewed indefinitely.
 Unlimited supplies or new growth of organisms allow us to continuously use these sources
of energy.
Examples of renewable sources of energy:

1. Biofuels
- are derived from animal and plant matter such as water hyacinth and sugar cane
- are burnt to produce energy, like fossil fuels.
Impact on the environment

- Carbon dioxide produced when biofuels are burnt also contribute to global warming.
- However, the plants that produce these biofuels take in carbon dioxide during
photosynthesis. This partially offsets the heat trapped.
2. Geothermal Energy
- is derived from hot rocks deep underground in volcanic areas.
- The energy conversion in geothermal power stations is as follows:

page 18
Impact on the environment
- Some types of geothermal power stations extract poisonous substances such as
hydrogen sulfide or arsenic from deep underground.
- The land around the geothermal power stations may sink when material is
extracted, causing damage to buildings and roads.
- The flow patterns of rainwater may also be significantly affected.
3. Hydroelectric Energy
- A hydroelectric power station stores water in a reservoir behind a dam.
- The flow of water from the reservoir turns the blades of a turbine to generate
electrical energy.
- The energy conversion in a hydroelectric power station is:
Impact on the Environment

- Hydroelectric energy does not produce pollutants.
- However, when hydroelectric dams are built, extensive flooding in large areas of
forest, wildlife habitats and farmlands may occur.
- The dams also prevent the flow of sediments and nutrients down rivers.
- This greatly affects ecosystems around the hydroelectric power stations.
4. Solar Energy
- The energy conversion in solar cells is:
- Solar cells directly convert sunlight into electrical energy.
5. Wind Energy
- Wind energy is an energy source that converts the energy of wind into electricity by
rotating one or more turbines
- The energy conversion is:
Kinetic energy (wind) kinetic energy (wind turbine) electrical energy
Impact of wind energy on the environment

- Large plots of land need to be cleared to build wind farms. Resulting in the potential
loss of wildlife as natural habitats are destroyed.
- The wind blades of turbines may cause a significant number of deaths of birds and
bats.
- The rotating wind turbines produce some low-frequency noise, can be a source of
noise pollution.
6. Nuclear Energy
- Nuclear energy is the energy harnessed from the nucleus of an atom.
- Nuclear power plants generate electrical energy using heavy atoms (e.g Uranium).
When an atom splits into smaller atoms, a large amount of heat is released.
page 19
- In nuclear power plants, electrical energy can be produced through the following
energy conversion:
Nuclear energy heat energy kinetic energy electrical energy
Impact of nuclear energy on the environment

- It is a source of clean energy and requires less land to generate the same amount of
energy compared to other alternative sources of energy.
In this topic, we have learnt many physics equations. As a quick recap, please list down as many
as you can remember:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

page 20

CHP 9 - Notes (Express)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHP 9 - Notes (Express)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name Class: Sec Date

Chapter 9: Interaction through application of force

Part I: Forces and Pressure

1.2. Effects of force

1.3. types of forces

1.3.1. Elastic force

1.3.2. Frictional forces

 Friction can also be a nuisance since it:

To stop the ball, the frictional force is 5N

 Identifying the direction of friction:

 Ways to reduce friction:

Ball bearings in axles

Lower Secondary Science 2023 (Express)

Force Type of force

1.3.3. Gravitational force

Lower Secondary Science 2023 (Express)

*Differences between weight and mass

All intermediate answers must be round off to 5

1.3.4. Magnetic force

Lower Secondary Science 2023 (Express)

 Application of magnetic force:

Pressure = force ÷ area S.I unit: square metre, m2

For question involving calculation, it is a good

Lower Secondary Science 2023 (Express)

2) A box of containers is placed on a table measuring 150 cm by 150 cm.

2.2. Factors affecting pressure

Lower Secondary Science 2023 (Express)

2.3. Types of pressure

A applying 20 N force using 0.1 m2 plate

Lower Secondary Science 2023 (Express)

Key Learning points:

2. Energy can exist in many different forms.

Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE):

Calculation of Gravitational Energy (GPE)

Worked Examples #1:

1 Ball X has greater potential energy since it is heavier.

2 Ball Y has greater potential energy since it is lifted to a higher position.

3 The two balls have the same amount of potential energy.

3. Elastic Potential Energy

A compressed spring or a stretched rubber band has

4. Chemical Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy is the energy of a body due to its motion.

Calculation of Kinetic Energy (KE):

Worked Example #2:

(D) CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Please complete SLS learning package on “Law of energy conservation”

Lower Secondary Science 2023 (Express)

Key Learning points:

 Energy can be changed / transferred from one form into another.

Energy Conversion in Roller Coaster Systems

Worked Examples of Energy Conversion

(ii) the speed of the roller coaster at the bottom B.

Lower Secondary Science 2023 (Express)

(i) the highest gravitational potential energy, …………………………………

(ii) the highest kinetic energy. …………………………………………….

(E) WORK DONE

2. Formula for work done

Lower Secondary Science 2023 (Express)

(F) CONDITIONS FOR WORK DONE

1. There is a _____________ acting on the object.

Check Point #3:

Examples Work done? (Y/N)

3 Diving into a swimming pool